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Li Z, Pu J, Chen X, Chen Y, Peng X, Cai J, Jia G, Zhao H, Tian G. Betaine addition to the diet alleviates intestinal injury in growing rabbits during the summer heat through the AAT/mTOR pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38454493 PMCID: PMC10921597 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of different levels of betaine (Bet) inclusion in the diet on the intestinal health of growing rabbits under summer heat. A total of 100 weaned Qixing meat rabbits aged 35 d with body weight of 748.61 ± 38.59 g were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: control group (basal diet) and Bet groups (basal diet + 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg Bet). The average daily temperature in the rabbitry during the experiment was 30.48 °C and the relative humidity was 69.44%. RESULTS Dietary addition of Bet had no significant effect on growth performance and health status of growing rabbits (P > 0.05), but it increased ileal secretory immunoglobulin A content compared to the control under summer heat (P < 0.05). Addition of 0.75 g/kg Bet up-regulated jejunal IL-4, down-regulated ileal TNF-α expression (P < 0.05). The addition of 1.0 g/kg Bet increased the villi height (VH) in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Serum glucose levels were reduced, and the expression of SLC6A20 was up-regulated in jejunum and ileum of rabbits fed with 1.5 g/kg Bet (P < 0.05). When added at 2.0 g/kg, Bet reduced serum HSP70 content, increased jejunal VH, and up-regulated duodenal SLC7A6, SLC38A2, mTOR and 4EBP-2 expression (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that intestinal mTOR expression was significantly and positively correlated with SLC7A6, SLC38A2, SLC36A1 and IL-4 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary addition of Bet can up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factors through the AAT/mTOR pathway, improve the intestinal immune function, alleviate intestinal damage in growing rabbits caused by summer heat, and improve intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Junning Pu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yanbin Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Al-Qaisi M, Abdelqader A, Abuajamieh M, Abedal-Majed MA, Al-Fataftah ARA. Impacts of dietary betaine on rectal temperature, laying performance, metabolism, intestinal morphology, and follicular development in heat-exposed laying hens. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103714. [PMID: 37740994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
This experiment assessed the influences of betaine (BET; 2000 mg/kg) on rectal temperature (Tr), laying performance, metabolism, intestinal morphology, and follicular development in heat-stressed hens. One-hundred and twenty-eight Hisex white hens (42wks) were housed in 4 battery cages (8 pens/cage; 4 hens/pen) and divided into 4 treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) environments and a control diet (TNCON), 2) TN and a diet accompanied with BET (TNBET), 3) heat stress (HS) environments and a control diet (HSCON), or 4) HS and a diet accompanied with BET (HSBET). Following acclimation (15d), hens of TNCON and TNBET remained in TN, while HSCON and HSBET hens were subjected to cyclical HS (5d; 16.9-37.5 °C). Cyclical HS increased Tr compared with TN hens (1.6 °C; P < 0.01), but supplemental BET decreased Tr (0.4 °C; P < 0.01). Relative to TN treatments, HS declined egg production, weight, and mass (18, 4.2, and 26%, respectively; P < 0.01), but BET ameliorated the egg production and mass (13.1 and 16.2%, respectively; P < 0.01). Compared with HSCON, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were improved in HSBET hens (12.3 and 6.25%, respectively; P ≥ 0.03). Relative to TN hens, HS elevated glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (15 and 4%, respectively; P ≤ 0.04). Supplemental BET decreased BUN levels (6.6%; P < 0.01) relative to HSCON hens. Furthermore, HS diminished jejunal villus height and villus surface area (∼27 and 35%, respectively; P < 0.01) relative to TN hens but were unaltered by BET supplementation. Relative to TN hens, HS decreased oviduct's weight, ovary's length, and ovarian primordial and primary follicles count (18, 23, 34 and 44%, respectively; P < 0.01) and caused fibrosis in shell gland (3-fold; P = 0.05). Collectively, HS impaired productivity, metabolism, intestinal architecture, and reproductive efficiency. Feeding BET reduced Tr, improved laying performance, and slightly altered metabolism but did not affect intestinal and follicular measurements in heat-stressed hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | - Anas Abdelqader
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohamed A Abedal-Majed
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Guo W, Han D, Zhang F, Zhan Q, Liu Y, Peng Q, Huang S, Xue Z, Yang X. Effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan addition on the growth performance, mRNA expression in jejunal barrier, and cecal microflora of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102349. [PMID: 36470029 PMCID: PMC9719862 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to explore the interaction of β-1,3-glucan and Clostridium perfringens on the growth performance, intestinal health and cecal microflora of broilers. A total of 384 one-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were sorted into 4 treatments with 6 replications. There were 2 factors in this trial: dietary β-1,3-glucan addition including 0 and 250 mg/kg, intestinal enteritis challenged with Clostridium perfringens attack or not. Results showed that Clostridium perfringens infection disrupted the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by reducing the jejunal Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNA expression of broiler chickens at 21 d of age (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, when considering Clostridium perfringens as the main effect, it also decreased the mRNA expression of the glucose transporter recombinant sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) at d 21 and the fatty acid transporter liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) at d 42 (P < 0.05) as well as affect cecum microbial diversity, especially in relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. In addition, Clostridium perfringens infection reduced body weight, daily weight gain, and feed-gain ratio (FCR) in broilers at d 42 (P < 0.05). The dietary β-1,3-glucan could alleviate intestinal mucosal damage caused by the Clostridium perfringens to some extent. When considering β-1,3-glucan as the main effect, it increased the SGLT1 at 42 d of age (P < 0.05), and stabilized gut microbiota disorder caused by Clostridium perfringens. More over dietary β-1,3-glucan addition increased body weight at 42-day-old (P < 0.05), and improved daily weight gain and FCR during 1 to 42 d (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary β-1,3-glucan could improve growth performance and intestinal health in broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Di Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qinyi Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingyun Peng
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Shengshu Huang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Zhen Xue
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd. Zhuhai, 519040, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China,Corresponding author:
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Duan Y, Xing Y, Zeng S, Dan X, Mo Z, Zhang J, Li Y. Integration of metagenomic and metabolomic insights into the effects of microcystin-LR on intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994188. [PMID: 36212851 PMCID: PMC9537473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hazardous substance that threaten the health of aquatic animals. Intestinal microbes and their metabolites can interact with hosts to influence physiological homeostasis. In this study, the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were exposed to 1.0 μg/l MC-LR for 72 h, and the toxic effects of MC-LR on the intestinal microbial metagenomic and metabolomic responses of the shrimp were investigated. The results showed that MC-LR stress altered the gene functions of intestinal microbial, including ABC transporter, sulfur metabolism and riboflavin (VB2) metabolism, and induced a significant increase of eight carbohydrate metabolism enzymes. Alternatively, intestinal metabolic phenotypes were also altered, especially ABC transporters, protein digestion and absorption, and the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acid. Furthermore, based on the integration of intestinal microbial metagenomic and metabolome, four bacteria species (Demequina globuliformis, Demequina sp. NBRC 110055, Sphingomonas taxi and Sphingomonas sp. RIT328) and three metabolites (yangonin, α-hederin and soyasaponin ii) biomarkers were identified. Overall, our study provides new insights into the effects of MC-LR on the intestinal microbial functions of L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifu Xing
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Zeng
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueming Dan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zequan Mo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiasong Zhang,
| | - Yanwei Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yanwei Li,
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, El-Naggar K, Taha AE, Khafaga AF, Madkour M, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, El-Saadony MT, Abd El-Hack ME. Betaine and related compounds: Chemistry, metabolism and role in mitigating heat stress in poultry. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abudabos AM, Suliman GM, Al-Owaimer AN, Sulaiman ARA, Alharthi AS. Effects of Nano Emulsified Vegetable Oil and Betaine on Growth Traits and Meat Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Reared under Cyclic Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071911. [PMID: 34199048 PMCID: PMC8300220 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nano-emulsified vegetable oil (NEVO) and betaine (BET) supplements on growth performance and meat qualities of broilers reared under cyclic heat stress (HS) were investigated. Two hundred and eighty-eight mixed-sex broilers at 21 d were randomly distributed to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments formed by two environmental temperatures (thermoneutral (TN; 24 ± 1 °C) and cyclic high-temperature (HT; 35 ± 1 °C)) and three dietary treatments (control (CON), NEVO, and BET). The cumulative performance (21-35 d) revealed a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) in the CON compared to NEVO. NEVO and BET groups had a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance efficiency factor (PEF) compared with the CON (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). The environmental temperature affected daily feed intake (DFI), ADG, FCR, and PEF. The addition of BET improved breast fillets yield, temperature, pH15min, and pH24hr (p < 0.05) in comparison with the CON. Moreover, the TN group had lower fillet temperature and higher pH15min compared to the HT. Moreover, HT increased shear force (SF), hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the fillets compared to TN. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with BET and NEVO could effectively improve performance parameters and meat characteristics under HS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.S.); (A.N.A.-O.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.A.); (A.S.A.); Tel.: +966-59-763-4578 (A.M.A.)
| | - Gamaleldin M. Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.S.); (A.N.A.-O.)
| | - Abdullah N. Al-Owaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.S.); (A.N.A.-O.)
| | - Ali R. Al Sulaiman
- National Center for Environmental Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.S.); (A.N.A.-O.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.A.); (A.S.A.); Tel.: +966-59-763-4578 (A.M.A.)
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SOUSA RFD, LEANDRO NSM, CARVALHO FBD, STRINGHINI JH, CAFÉ MB, JARDIM FILHO RM, REZENDE PM. Pre-starter feed thermally processed to feed broiler chicks. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402122102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal processing of pre-initial diets on performance, morphometry of the organs of the digestive system and nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks. The test sample consisted of 180 broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design, with two treatments, six replications of 15 birds each. The treatments consisted of pelleted feed (70°C) and extruded feed (150°C). The metabolism test was realized from 4 to 7 days of age, while the performance and morphometry of the organs of the digestive system were evaluated at 7 and 21 days of age. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. At seven days of age, chicks that consumed extruded feed had lower feed intake, less development of digestive tract organs, lower nitrogen absorption rate, dry matter, in addition to less metabolizable energy compared to pelleted feed. Likewise, at 21 days of age, chicks that consumed extruded pre-starter feed performed worse than pelleted feed. The conclusion is thus reached that feed extruded at 150 ° C for broiler chicks in the pre-initial phase, results in lower nutrient digestibility and an inferior development of the organs of the digestive system at 7 days of age and worse performance at 21 days.
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Goes EC, Cardoso Dal Pont G, Oliveira PR, da Rocha C, Maiorka A. Effects of putrescine injection in broiler breeder eggs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:294-304. [PMID: 32954521 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of putrescine injected in ovo on hatchability, intestinal morphology and pre-starter performance of broilers. For this purpose, 720 eggs from broiler breeders were separated into a negative control (no injection) and injection treatments with increasing doses of putrescine (0.05; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2%), totalling five treatments of 144 eggs each. Eggs were distributed in a completely randomized design inside the setter and the injection of solutions occurred at 17 days of incubation. After hatch, 330 birds were housed in mixed lots following the original treatments, totalling 5 treatments of 6 replicates with 11 birds each. Six birds per treatment were weighed and euthanized by cervical dislocation to collect the liver, intestine and breast 24 hr after injection, at hatch and 24 hr after hatch. At 2 days of age, intestines were collected from 4 animals per treatment to analyse histomorphology. The effects of putrescine levels were evaluated by polynomial regression models, ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% probability. The hatchability decreased linearly in response to increased doses of putrescine. The percentage of residual yolk was lower in animals that received putrescine compared to the control. After injection, the percentage of breast increased linearly, and the percentage of intestine had a quadratic response to increased doses of putrescine. However, 24 hr after hatch, the percentage of intestine linearly decreased, and the percentage of liver linearly increased in response to increased doses of putrescine. Villus height increased quadratically, crypt depth decreased linearly, and goblet cells increased linearly in response to the putrescine dose. FI and BWG were not affected in the pre-starter phase; however, FCR increased in response to increased levels of putrescine. Due to putrescine effects on embryos, it is recommended that the doses injected in ovo not exceed 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chayane da Rocha
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alex Maiorka
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
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Azzam MM, Qaid MM, Al-Mufarrej SI, Al-Garadi MA, Albaadani HH, Alhidary IA. Rumex nervosus leaves meal improves body weight gain, duodenal morphology, serum thyroid hormones, and cecal microflora of broiler chickens during the starter period. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5572-5581. [PMID: 33142474 PMCID: PMC7647857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 192 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 4 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 6 chicks (3♀ and 3♂) per cage according to a completely randomized block design. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control) and a control diet supplemented with 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg/kg Rumex nervosus leaves meal (RN). Gallic acid and some volatile compounds were detected in the RN extract. On day 10 of age, BW was improved (P = 0.016) with supplemental RN (1,000-5,000 mg/kg). On day 14 of age, dietary application of RN up to 3,000 mg/kg increased BWG (P = 0.003) compared with control, while a 1,000 mg/kg RN had the best feed conversion ratio (P = 0.016). On day 10 of age, samples were taken on a single female bird per replicate. The addition of RN (1,000-5,000 mg/kg) increased (P < 0.001) serum albumin and triiodothyronine levels and maximized the relative weight of breast meat (P = 0.003). Feeding a diet with 1,000 mg/kg RN resulted in greater duodenal villus height (P < 0.001) than control and the diet with 5,000 mg/kg RN. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg RN had the best duodenal villus surface area (P < 0.001). Feeding a diet with 1,000 mg/kg RN decreased (P < 0.001) cecal Escherichia coli count compared with control and the diet with 5,000 mg/kg RN. Salmonella spp. count tended to increase with 5,000 mg/kg RN leaves meal (P = 0.069, linear P = 0.026). In conclusion, R. nervosus leaves meal could be considered as a phytogenic feed additive in broiler diets up to a 1,000-mg/kg inclusion rate because of its combined positive effects on BWG, feed conversion ratio, villus height, villus surface area, serum albumin and triiodothyronine hormone, and cecal E. coli during the starter period (day 10-14 of age). Further study is required to elucidate its molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Azzam
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud I Al-Mufarrej
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Albaadani
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alhidary
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Shakeri M, Cottrell JJ, Wilkinson S, Zhao W, Le HH, McQuade R, Furness JB, Dunshea FR. Dietary Betaine Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Ameliorates the Impact of Heat Stress in Multiple Vital Organs as Measured by Evans Blue Dye in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:E38. [PMID: 31878074 PMCID: PMC7023412 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 60 male Ross-308 broilers were fed either a control or 1 g/kg betaine diet and housed under thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) conditions. Broilers were acclimated to diets for 1 week under TN (25 °C), then either kept at TN or HS, where the temperature increased 8 h/day at 33 °C and 16 h/day at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Respiration rate (RR) was measured at four time points, and on each of 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days of HS, 12 broilers were injected with 0.5 mg/kg of Evans Blue Dye (EBD) solution to quantify regional changes in tissue damage. Betaine was quantified in tissues, and ileal damage was assessed via morphometry and transepithelial resistance (TER). Heat stress elevated RR (p < 0.001) and resulted in reduced villous height (p = 0.009) and TER (p < 0.001), while dietary betaine lowered RR during HS (p < 0.001), increased betaine distribution into tissues, and improved ileal villous height (p < 0.001) and TER (p = 0.006). Heat stress increased EBD in the muscle and kidney of chickens fed the control diet but not in those receiving betaine. Overall, these data indicate that supplemented betaine is distributed to vital organs and the gastrointestinal tract, where it is associated with improved tolerance of HS. Furthermore, EBD markers help reveal the effects of HS on organs dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shakeri
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.J.C.); (W.Z.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Jeremy James Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.J.C.); (W.Z.); (H.H.L.)
| | | | - Weicheng Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.J.C.); (W.Z.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Hieu Huu Le
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.J.C.); (W.Z.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Rachel McQuade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - John Barton Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Frank Rowland Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia; (M.S.); (J.J.C.); (W.Z.); (H.H.L.)
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A mutated rabbit defensin NP-1 produced by Chlorella ellipsoidea can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12778. [PMID: 31484978 PMCID: PMC6726607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for alternatives to antibiotics to improve the growth performance of food animals is increasing. Defensins constitute the first line of defence against pathogens in the innate immune system of animals and humans. A transgenic Chlorella ellipsoidea strain producing mNP-1 (a mutated rabbit defensin NP-1) was previously obtained in our laboratory. In this study, a process for producing the transgenic strain on a large scale was developed, and the C. ellipsoidea strain producing mNP-1 was used as a feed additive to improve the health and growth performance of chickens. The volume of C. ellipsoidea producing mNP-1 can be scaled up to 10,000 L with approximately 100 g/L dry biomass, and the mNP-1 content of transgenic microalgal powder (TMP) was 90–105 mg/L. A TMP-to-regular feed ratio of 1‰, as the optimal effective dose, can promote the growth of broiler chickens by increasing weight by 9.27–12.95%. mNP-1 can improve duodenum morphology by promoting long and thin villi and affect the microbial community of the duodenum by increasing the diversity and abundance of beneficial microbes. These results suggested that transgenic Chlorella producing mNP-1 can be industrially produced and used as an effective feed additive and an alternative to antibiotics for improving the health and growth performance of broiler chickens or other types of food animals/poultry.
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