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Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet MF, Saegerman C. Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1622. [PMID: 37631965 PMCID: PMC10458895 DOI: 10.3390/v15081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to free countries over the last 10 years, particularly countries in Europe, Central and South East Asia, has highlighted the threat of emergence in new areas or re-emergence in countries that achieved eradication. This review aimed to identify studies on LSD epidemiology. A focus was made on hosts, modes of transmission and spread, risks of outbreaks and emergence in new areas. In order to summarize the research progress regarding the epidemiological characteristics of LSD virus over the last 40 years, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed, via two databases, i.e., PubMed (biomedical literature) and Scopus (peer-reviewed literature including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings). A total of 86 scientific articles were considered and classified according to the type of epidemiological study, i.e., experimental versus observational. The main findings and limitations of the retrieved articles were summarized: buffaloes are the main non-cattle hosts, the main transmission mode is mechanical, i.e., via blood-sucking vectors, and stable flies are the most competent vectors. Vectors are mainly responsible for a short-distance spread, while cattle trade spread the virus over long distances. Furthermore, vaccine-recombinant strains have emerged. In conclusion, controlling animal trade and insects in animal transport trucks are the most appropriate measures to limit or prevent LSD (re)emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Bianchini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Xavier Simons
- Unit Veterinary Epidemiology, Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marie-France Humblet
- Department of Occupational Protection and Hygiene, Unit Biosafety, Biosecurity and Environmental Licences, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07121. [PMID: 35106095 PMCID: PMC8784982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD.
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Annandale CH, Smuts MP, Ebersohn K, du Plessis L, Thompson PN, Venter EH, Stout TAE. Effect of using frozen-thawed bovine semen contaminated with lumpy skin disease virus on in vitro embryo production. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1539-1547. [PMID: 30892826 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important transboundary animal disease of cattle with significant economic impact because of the implications for international trade in live animals and animal products. LSD is caused by a Capripoxvirus, LSD virus (LSDV), and results in extensive hide and udder damage, fever and pneumonia. LSDV can be shed in semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods and transmitted venereally to cows at high doses. This study examined the effects of LSDV in frozen-thawed semen on in vitro embryo production parameters, including viral status of media and resulting embryos. Bovine oocytes were harvested from abattoir-collected ovaries and split into three experimental groups. After maturation, the oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen-thawed semen spiked with a high (HD) or a lower (LD) dose of LSDV, or with LSDV-free semen (control). Following day 7 and day 8 blastocyst evaluation, PCR and virus isolation were performed on all embryonic structures. After completing sufficient replicates to reach 1,000 inseminated oocytes, further in vitro fertilization (IVF) runs were performed to provide material for electron microscopy (EM) and embryo washing procedures. Overall, in vitro embryo yield was significantly reduced by the presence of LSDV in frozen-thawed semen, irrespective of viral dose. When semen with a lower viral dose was used, significantly lower oocyte cleavage rates were observed. LSDV could be detected in fertilization media and all embryo structures, when higher doses of LSDV were present in the frozen-thawed semen used for IVF. Electron microscopy demonstrated LSDV virions inside blastocysts. Following the International Embryo Transfer Society washing procedure resulted in embryos free of viral DNA; however, this may be attributable to a sampling dilution effect and should be interpreted with caution. Further research is required to better quantify the risk of LSDV transmission via assisted reproductive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Henry Annandale
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Mario P Smuts
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Karen Ebersohn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Lizette du Plessis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline: Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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