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Chao S, Weber W, Iserson KV, Goett R, Baker EF, McGuire SS, Bissmeyer P, Derse AR, Kumar N, Brenner JM. Best practice guidelines for evaluating patients in custody in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2024; 5:e13143. [PMID: 38524358 PMCID: PMC10960077 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients in custody due to arrest or incarceration are a vulnerable population that present a unique ethical and logistical challenge for emergency physicians (EPs). People incarcerated in the United States have a constitutional right to health care. When caring for these patients, EPs must balance their ethical obligations to the patient with security and safety concerns. They should refer to their institutional policy for guidance and their local, state, and federal laws, when applicable. Hospital legal counsel and risk management also can be helpful resources. EPs should communicate early and openly with law enforcement personnel to ensure security and emergency department staff safety is maintained while meeting the patient's medical needs. Physicians should consider the least restrictive restraints necessary to ensure security while allowing for medical evaluation and treatment. They should also protect patient privacy as much as possible within departmental constraints, promote the patient's autonomous medical decision-making, and be mindful of ways that medical information could interact with the legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Chao
- Department of Emergency MedicineMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - William Weber
- Department of Emergency MedicineRush UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kenneth V. Iserson
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Rebecca Goett
- Department of Emergency MedicineRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | | | | | - Paul Bissmeyer
- Department of Emergency MedicineOrange Park HospitalJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Arthur R. Derse
- Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities and Department of Emergency MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nishi Kumar
- College of LawLoyola University New OrleansNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Jay M. Brenner
- Department of Emergency MedicineSUNY‐Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
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2
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Lamneck C, Alvarez A, Zaragoza C, Rahimian R, Trejo MJ, Lebensohn P. Assessment of immigration law enforcement presence in a teaching hospital along the US/Mexico border. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:199. [PMID: 37770859 PMCID: PMC10540385 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, the United States (US) has seen a spike in migration across the US-Mexico border with an increase in hospital admissions of migrants and asylum-seekers under the custody of immigration law enforcement (ILE). This study aimed to determine how the presence of ILE officials affects patient care and provider experience in a teaching hospital setting. METHODS This cross-sectional online survey solicited quantitative and qualitative feedback from medical students, residents, and attending physicians (n = 1364) at a teaching hospital system with two campuses in Arizona. The survey included participant demographics and addressed participants' experience caring for patients in ILE custody, including the perception of respect, violations of patients' privacy and autonomy, and the comfort level with understanding hospital policies and patient rights. Thematic analyses were also performed based on respondent comments. RESULTS 332 individuals (24%) responded to the survey. Quantitative analyses revealed that 14% of participants described disrespectful behaviors of ILE officials, mainly toward detained patients. Qualitative thematic analyses of respondent comments revealed details on such disrespectful encounters including ILE officers violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and using intimidation tactics with patients. Nearly half of the respondents did not have knowledge of policies about ILE detainees' medical care, detainees' privacy rights, or ILE's authority in patient care. CONCLUSIONS This study points out the complexities, challenges, and ethical considerations of caring for patients in ILE custody in the hospital setting and the need to educate healthcare professionals on both patient and provider rights. It describes the lived experiences and difficulties that providers on the border face in trying to achieve equity in the care they provide to detained migrant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lamneck
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mario Jesus Trejo
- University of Arizona Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Gallen K, Sonnenberg J, Loughran C, Smith MJ, Sheppard M, Schuster K, Kaufman E, Song JS, Hall EC. Health Effects of Policing in Hospitals: a Narrative Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:870-882. [PMID: 35267188 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Law enforcement activity, in the form of outside agencies or hospital security forces, is increasingly common in American healthcare. Little is known about the potential effects of this prevalent, modifiable exposure on hospital staff and patient health. This narrative review characterizes existing evidence on the direct and indirect health effects of law enforcement activity in hospitals. OBSERVATIONS Law enforcement activity in hospitals can affect health outcomes through four mechanisms: (1) physical health effects related to workplace violence, restraint use, excessive force, and weapon use; (2) mental health effects involving perceptions of safety and psychological distress; (3) social effects related to the patient-provider relationship, mistrust, and bias and discrimination; and (4) legal and ethical considerations affecting overall well-being. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Unchecked law enforcement activity in hospitals may risk patient physical and mental health, reduce patient trust, result in bias and discrimination, and contribute to legal and ethical rights violations. Importantly, law enforcement activity in hospitals may also contribute to staff perceptions of safety. To fill knowledge gaps on the measurable impact of law enforcement activity in the hospital on staff and patients, hospitals should collect and publicly share robust data on law enforcement activity in their facilities, create and adopt patient-centered policies to ensure safety and protect patient health and privacy, and implement evidence-based interventions that safely reduce law enforcement involvement with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Gallen
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jake Sonnenberg
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mildred Sheppard
- Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kirsten Schuster
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elinore Kaufman
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ji Seon Song
- School of Law, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Hall
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
- Community Violence Intervention Program, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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4
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Schroeder ME, Brandolino A, Williams K, McIntosh B, Pilarski AM, Milia DJ, deRoon-Cassini T. Addressing the educational gap in the role of law enforcement personnel in the resuscitation bay. Surgery 2023; 173:804-811. [PMID: 36272772 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers are often uncertain of the role of law enforcement personnel in the resuscitation bay. A cross-sectional, quality improvement project was designed with an educational intervention to address the knowledge gaps. METHODS There were 2 sessions for trauma surgery and emergency medicine faculty, residents, and staff. The first was a formal presentation by hospital risk management and security focused on answering questions generated by real-life scenarios. After reviewing feedback from the first session, the second session was designed as a panel discussion led by attending physicians who reviewed various clinical scenarios. A pre/postsurvey was administered, including potential clinical scenarios with multiple-choice answers and open feedback. RESULTS There were 64 presurvey and 31 postsurvey respondents from the first session (48.4%). Significantly more questions were answered correctly from pre to postsurvey (5.5 vs 6.7/16 questions; U = 798.0, P = .048). Of the 14 (45.2%) respondents who provided open-ended feedback, 50% indicated confusion, and 21.4% expressed strong, negative emotions. In the second session, there were 39 presurvey and 18 postsurvey respondents (46.2%). Again, significantly more questions were answered correctly after the second session (2.2 vs 4.5/7 questions; U = 115.0, P ≤ .001). Feedback highlighted that the panel format was considered more helpful than the formal didactic of the first session. CONCLUSION Confusion about the role of law enforcement personnel in the clinical environment can be partially addressed using multidisciplinary joint conferences that should be led by clinicians to ensure real-life clinical applicability. Further education and law enforcement personnel role clarification for health care workers are critical to protect patient rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Schroeder
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Amber Brandolino
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. https://twitter.com/AmberBrandolino
| | - Kathleen Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. https://twitter.com/kshwilliamsmd
| | - Brady McIntosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. https://twitter.com/grimsley20
| | - Alicia M Pilarski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. https://twitter.com/apilar33
| | - David J Milia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Terri deRoon-Cassini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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5
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Khatri U, Kaufman E, Seeburger E, Alur R, Richardson L, South E, Jacoby S. Emergency Physician Observations and Attitudes on Law Enforcement Activities in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2023; 24:160-168. [PMID: 36976602 PMCID: PMC10047729 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2022.12.57098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Law enforcement officers (LEO) interact with patients and clinicians in the emergency department (ED) for many reasons. There is no current consensus on what should comprise, or how to best enact, guidelines that ideally balance LEO activities in the service of public safety with patient health, autonomy, and privacy. The purpose of this study was to explore how a national sample of emergency physicians (EP) perceives activities of LEOs during the delivery of emergency medical care.
Methods: Members of the Emergency Medicine Practice Research Network (EMPRN) were recruited via an email-delivered, anonymous survey that elicited experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of policies that guide interactions with LEOs in the ED. The survey included multiple-choice items, which we analyzed descriptively, and open-ended questions, which we analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Results: Of 765 EPs in the EMPRN, 141 (18.4%) completed the survey. Respondents represented diverse locations and years in practice. A total of 113 (82%) respondents were White, and 114 (81%) were male. Over a third reported LEO presence in the ED on a daily basis. A majority (62%) perceived LEO presence as helpful for clinicians and clinical practice. When asked about the factors deemed highly important in allowing LEOs to access patients during care, 75% reported patients’ potential as a threat to public safety. A small minority of respondents (12%) considered the patients’ consent
or preference to interact with LEOs. While 86% of EPs felt that information-gathering by LEO was appropriate in the ED setting, only 13% were aware of policy to guide these decisions. Perceived barriers to implementation of policy in this area included: issues of enforcement; leadership; education; operational challenges; and potential negative consequences.
Conclusion: Future research is warranted to explore how policies and practices that guide intersections between emergency medical care and law enforcement impact patients, clinicians, and the communities that health systems serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsha Khatri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York, New York; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute for Health Equity Research, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, New York, New York
| | - Elinore Kaufman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Seeburger
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Emergency Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rucha Alur
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynne Richardson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York, New York; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute for Health Equity Research, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, New York, New York
| | - Eugenia South
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Penn Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara Jacoby
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Walk the line: An ethical framework for interactions with law enforcement in trauma care environments. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:e20-e22. [PMID: 36253908 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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HIPAA and video recordings in the clinical setting. Nursing 2023; 53:15-19. [PMID: 36573862 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000902940.51519.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The advent of cellular network technology has increased the use of photography in the clinical setting. This article reviews several areas regarding protected health information (PHI) and the use of video: the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); The Joint Commission requirements for the use of images; areas of concern for exchanging PHI with law enforcement at the bedside, and the need for the development of formal guidelines regarding the use of video in the clinical setting.
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Policed Patients: How the Presence of Law Enforcement in the Emergency Department Impacts Medical Care. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:738-748. [PMID: 34332806 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We sought to examine how physicians understand the role of law enforcement in the emergency department (ED) and to identify how the presence of law enforcement officers may impact the delivery of emergency medical care. METHODS In this qualitative study, we conducted semistructured interviews with 20 emergency physicians practicing in county EDs across 3 health care systems in Northern California between November 2017 and September 2018. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling and included 10 board-certified physicians and 10 resident physicians. We analyzed the interview content using grounded theory, where concepts from interview data were coded, grouped by theme, and compared over consecutive interviews to identify recurrent themes. RESULTS Participants reported interacting frequently with law enforcement officers while treating patients. Most participants characterized their experiences with law enforcement as "mixed" or "variable." Positive interactions with officers, who were described as helpful and collegial, contrasted with instances in which respondents felt police presence led to interruptions in treatment, breaches in health privacy, and potentially diminished patient trust. Participants reported that, at times, the authority of officers in the ED felt unclear and ill-defined, leading to contentious interactions between officers and health care personnel. CONCLUSION Lack of clear definition of the role of law enforcement officers in the ED may lead to contentious interactions with emergency physicians. Further research on the medical impacts of police presence in health care settings and on best practices for mitigating negative impacts is needed.
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Rosen DL, Travers D. Emergency department visits among patients transported by law enforcement officers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244679. [PMID: 33439860 PMCID: PMC7806121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement officers frequently encounter people with health conditions. We sought to estimate the rates, diagnoses, and characteristics of emergency department (ED) visits among patients transported directly by law enforcement. We analyzed statewide North Carolina Emergency Department data for adults, aged 18+ years, from 2009 to 2016. We estimated transport rates using census data; categorized primary ED diagnoses into 13 major and 8 substituent categories; compared county transport rates by rurality; and examined patient characteristics. There were 136,240 patients transported by law enforcement; annual rates increased from 186.9 (per 100,000 adult residents) in 2009 to 279.2 in 2016. Among visits, 67.7% were among men, the median age was 37 years, and 20.4% resulted in a hospital admission. Most common primary diagnoses were Mental Health Diagnoses (43.1%)-including Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders (7.6%), Mood Disorders (9.7%), and Alcohol and Substance Use (10.7%)-followed by Injury and Poisoning (12.4%) and Circulatory conditions (4.1%). Involuntary commitments constituted 22% of all visits. The median transport rate in rural counties, 291.1, was 2 times that of large metro counties, 145.1. The visit rate increased by nearly 50% during the study period, with the highest rates in rural counties. Many transports were for Mental Illness and involuntary commitments. The relatively common occurrence of law enforcement transports suggests the need for greater research to understand factors influencing law enforcement transport decisions, the impact of these transports on patient health and safety, and the repercussions on patient care of a growing officer presence in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Rosen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Debbie Travers
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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10
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Du L, Xu J, Chen X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu R, Ji H, Zhou L. Rebuild doctor-patient trust in medical service delivery in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21956. [PMID: 33319841 PMCID: PMC7738514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Doctor–patient trust is not strong in China, but studies examining this factor remain insufficient. The present study aimed to explore the effect of doctor–patient communication, medical service quality, and service satisfaction on patient trust in doctors. Five hundred sixty-four patients with tuberculosis participated in this cross-sectional study in Dalian, China. They completed questionnaires assessing socio-demographic characteristics, doctor–patient communication, medical service quality, service satisfaction and patient trust in medical staff. A structural equation model was applied to examine the hypotheses, and all the study hypotheses were supported: (1) doctor–patient communication, medical service quality and service satisfaction were positively associated with building doctor–patient trust; (2) service quality positively mediated the relationship between doctor–patient communication and trust; (3) medical service satisfaction positively mediated the relationship between doctor–patient communication and trust; (4) medical service satisfaction positively mediated the relationship between medical service quality and doctor–patient trust; and (5) medical service quality and service satisfaction were the positively sequential mediators between communication and doctor–patient trust. Based on these findings, improvements in doctor–patient communication, medical service quality, and service satisfaction are the important issues contributing to the rebuilding of doctor–patient trust in medical service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
This article focuses on confidentiality and capacity issues affecting patients receiving care in the emergency department. The patient-physician relationship begins with presumed confidentiality. The article also clarifies instances where a physician may be required to break confidentiality for the safety of patients or others. This article then discusses risk management issues relevant to determining a patient's capacity to accept or decline medical care in the emergency department setting. Situations pertaining to refusal of care and discharges against medical advice are examined in detail, and best practices for mitigating risk in informed consent and barriers to consent are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Kahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 1 Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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12
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Emergency Department Documentation of Alleged Police Use of Excessive Force in Cases Where Formal Complaints Are Ultimately Filed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 39:309-311. [DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Emergency department utilization by a jail population. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 36:1631-1634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Moukaddam N, Shah A, Shah AA. Emergency Psychiatry: How Far Have We Come? Psychiatr Ann 2018. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20171128-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Derse
- From the Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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