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Sullivan PS, Castel A, Fenton K, Rodriguez-Diaz C, Reisner S, Dean HD. From equality to equity: Increasing the use and reporting of equity-based approaches in epidemiology. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 98:32-35. [PMID: 39146758 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Sullivan
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Amanda Castel
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Fenton
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Sari Reisner
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hazel D Dean
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Ku B, Yuan Q, Christensen GM, Dimitrov L, Risk B, Huels A. Exposure profiles of social-environmental neighborhood factors and psychotic-like experiences. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.21.24312315. [PMID: 39228699 PMCID: PMC11370530 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.21.24312315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Recent research has demonstrated that domains of social determinants of health (SDOH) (e.g., air pollution and social context) are associated with psychosis. However, SDOHs have often been studied in isolation. Objective To identify distinct exposure profiles, estimate their associations with persistent distressing psychotic-like experiences (PLE), and evaluate whether involvement with physical activities partially explains this association. Design Setting and Participants This population-based study used data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Participants were recruited from 22 US sites between September 2016 and January 2022. Data from baseline and three follow-ups were included. Exposures Area-level geocoded variables spanning various domains of SDOH, including socioeconomic status (SES), education, crime, built environment, social context, and crime, were clustered using a self-organizing map method to identify exposure profiles. Main Outcomes and Measures Persistent distressing PLE was derived from the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version across four years. Generalized linear mixed modeling tested the association between exposure profiles and persistent distressing PLE as well as physical activities (i.e., team and individual sports), adjusting for individual-level covariates including age, sex, race/ethnicity, highest level of parent education, family-relatedness, and study sites. Results Among 8,145 participants (baseline mean [SD] age, 9.92 [0.63] years; 3,868 (47.5%) females; 5,566 (68.3%) White, 956 (11.7%) Black, 159 (2.0%) Asian, and 1,480 (18.4%) Hispanic participants), five exposure profiles were identified. Compared to the reference Profile 1 (suburban affluent areas, 2521 children, 30.9%), Profile 3 (rural areas with low walkability and high ozone; 1459 children, 17.9%; adjusted OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09-1.64) and Profile 4 (urban areas with high SES deprivation, high crime, and high pollution; 715 children, 8.8%; adjusted OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08-1.81), were associated with persistent distressing PLE. Team sports mediated 6.14% of the association for Profile 3. Conclusion and Relevance This study found that neighborhoods characterized by rural areas with low walkability and urban areas with high socioeconomic deprivation, air pollutants, and crime were associated with persistent distressing PLE. Further research is needed to explore the pathways through which different environmental factors may impact the development of psychosis.
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Altamirano-Lamarque F, Lim C, Shah AS, Vanderveen DK, Gonzalez E, Oke I. Association of Neighborhood Opportunity With Severity of Retinoblastoma at Presentation. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 261:1-6. [PMID: 38232897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between the Child Opportunity Index (COI) and severity of retinoblastoma at presentation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Children (age <18 years) treated for retinoblastoma at a tertiary care center between January 2000 and May 2023 were included. Residential census tract was used to determine the overall and domain-specific COI score for each child. Collected variables included age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) Group at initial examination. The primary outcome was Group D or E retinoblastoma at presentation. Mixed effects regression models were used to estimate the association of COI scores with disease severity at presentation. RESULTS This study included 125 children (51.2% male). Median age at diagnosis was 13 months (IQR, 5-24 months). One hundred nine (87.2%) children presented with Group D or E retinoblastoma and 33 (26.4%) resided in low or very low opportunity neighborhoods. Children residing in neighborhoods with low overall COI scores (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.01-2.58; P = .044) and low education COI scores (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.13-2.79; P = .013) were at increased odds of presenting with ICRB Group D or E retinoblastoma after adjusting for individual-level socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSION Children residing in low opportunity neighborhoods-particularly low education opportunity-more often presented with advanced stage retinoblastoma than children residing in neighborhoods with higher opportunity scores. Efforts to improve preventative vision care and access to eye specialty care for children residing in low-resource areas are needed to reduce existing disparities in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Altamirano-Lamarque
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (F.A.L., A.S.S., D.K.V., E.G., I.O.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caleb Lim
- Boston University School of Medicine (C.L.), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ankoor S Shah
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (F.A.L., A.S.S., D.K.V., E.G., I.O.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K Vanderveen
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (F.A.L., A.S.S., D.K.V., E.G., I.O.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Efren Gonzalez
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (F.A.L., A.S.S., D.K.V., E.G., I.O.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isdin Oke
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (F.A.L., A.S.S., D.K.V., E.G., I.O.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Kumar A, Zhang S, Neshteruk CD, Day SE, Konty KJ, Armstrong S, Skinner AC, Lang JE, D'Agostino EM. The longitudinal association between asthma severity and physical fitness by neighborhood factors among New York City public school youth. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 88:37-42. [PMID: 37944678 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to examine the association between asthma severity and one-year lagged fitness in New York City Public school youth by neighborhood opportunity. METHODS Using the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 and individual-level repeated measures NYC Office of School Health (OSH) fitness surveillance data (2010-2018), we ran multilevel mixed models stratified by neighborhood opportunity, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, poverty status, and time. Asthma severity was based on a physician-completed Asthma Medication Administration Form (MAF) from each school year and drawn from the Automated Student Health Record (ASHR). RESULTS Across all youth in grades 4-12 (n = 939,598; 51.7 % male; 29.9 % non-Hispanic Black, 39.3 % Hispanic; 70.0 % high poverty), lower neighborhood opportunity was associated with lower subsequent fitness. Youth with severe asthma and very low and low neighborhood opportunity had the lowest 1-year lagged fitness z-scores - 0.24 (95 % CI, -0.34 to -0.14) and - 0.26 (95 % CI, -0.32 to -0.20), respectively, relative to youth with no asthma and very high opportunity. CONCLUSIONS An inverse longitudinal relationship between asthma severity and subsequent fitness was observed. Study findings have implications for public health practitioners to promote physical activity and improved health equity for youth with asthma, taking neighborhood factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advika Kumar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sue Zhang
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cody D Neshteruk
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sophia E Day
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Konty
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Armstrong
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Asheley C Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason E Lang
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emily M D'Agostino
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA.
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Neshteruk CD, Chandrashekaran S, Armstrong SC, Skinner AC, Delarosa J, D’Agostino EM. The longitudinal association between neighbourhood quality and cardiovascular risk factors among youth receiving obesity treatment. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13080. [PMID: 37905354 PMCID: PMC10697697 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neighbourhood factors are associated with cardiovascular health in adults, but these relationships are under-explored in youth. OBJECTIVES To characterize the associations between neighbourhood factors and child and adolescent health among youth with obesity. METHODS Data were drawn from patient health records at a pediatric weight management clinic (n = 2838) and the Child Opportunity Index (COI). Exposures were area-level neighbourhood factors (commute duration, walkability, greenspace and industrial pollutants). Outcomes included BMI relative to the 95th percentile (BMIp95) and blood pressure (continuous variables). Longitudinal models examined associations between COI indicators and outcomes. RESULTS Shorter commute duration (β = -4.31, 95% CI: -5.92, -2.71) and greater walkability (β = -4.40, 95% CI: -5.98, -2.82) were negatively associated with BMIp95. Increased greenspace availability was positively associated with BMIp95 (β = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.19, 3.67). None of the COI indicators were associated with cardiovascular outcomes in the full sample. Analyses stratified by sex and race/ethnicity showed similar patterns for BMIp95. For commute duration, there was a negative association with blood pressure for female, non-Hispanic White and other race/ethnicity youth. CONCLUSIONS Neighbourhood factors should be considered as contextual factors when treating youth with obesity. Additional research is needed to understand the relationship between neighbourhood factors and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D. Neshteruk
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sarah C. Armstrong
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Asheley C. Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jesse Delarosa
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Emily M. D’Agostino
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Occupational Therapy Doctorate Division, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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Zewdie HY, Zhao AY, Ogletree SS, Messiah SE, Armstrong SC, Skinner AC, Neshteruk CD, Hipp JA, Day SE, Konty KJ, D'Agostino EM. Longitudinal Associations Between Neighborhood Child Opportunity and Physical Fitness for New York City Public School Youth. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1278-1287. [PMID: 37083846 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neighborhood environments can support fitness-promoting behavior, yet little is known about their influence on youth physical fitness outcomes over time. We examined longitudinal associations between neighborhood opportunity and youth physical fitness among New York City (NYC) public school youth. The Child Opportunity Index (COI), a composite index of 29 indicators measuring neighborhood opportunity at the census-tract level, along with scores on 4 selected COI indicators were linked to NYC FITNESSGRAM youth data at baseline. Fitness outcomes (measured annually, 2011-2018) included body mass index, curl-ups, push-ups, and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) laps. Unstratified and age-stratified, adjusted, 3-level generalized linear mixed models, nested by census tract and time, estimated the association between COI and fitness outcomes. The analytical sample (n = 204,939) lived in very low (41%) or low (30%) opportunity neighborhoods. Unstratified models indicated that overall COI is modestly associated with improved youth physical fitness outcomes. The strongest opportunity-fitness associations were observed for PACER. Stratified models show differences in associations across younger vs. older youth. We find that neighborhood factors are associated with youth fitness outcomes over time, with the strength of the associations dependent on age. Future implications include better informed place-based interventions tailored to specific life stages to promote youth health.
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D'Agostino EM, Zhang S, Day SE, Konty KJ, Armstrong S, Skinner A, Neshteruk CD. The longitudinal association between asthma severity and physical fitness among new York City public school youth. Prev Med 2023; 170:107486. [PMID: 36931475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe persistent childhood asthma is associated with low physical activity and may be associated with poor physical fitness. Research on the asthma severity-fitness association longitudinally and across sociodemographic subgroups is needed to inform fitness interventions targeting youth with asthma. We evaluated the relationship between asthma severity (categorized as severe, mild, or no asthma) and subsequent fitness in New York City (NYC) public school youth enrolled in grades 4-12 using the NYC Fitnessgram dataset (2010-2018). Longitudinal mixed models with random intercepts were fit to test the association between asthma severity and one-year lagged fitness z-scores by clustering repeated annual observations at the student level. Models were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, poverty status, time, and stratified by sociodemographic factors. The analytic sample included 663,137 students (51% male; 31% non-Hispanic Black, 40% Hispanic; 55% in grades 4-8, 70% high poverty; 87%, 11% and 1% with no, mild, and severe asthma, respectively). Students with severe asthma and mild asthma demonstrated -0.19 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.17) and - 0.10 (95% CI, -0.11 to -0.10), respectively, lower fitness z-scores in the subsequent year relative to students without asthma. After stratifying by demographics, the magnitude of the asthma severity-fitness relationship was highest for non-Hispanic white vs. all other racial/ethnic subgroups, and was similar across sex, grade level, and household poverty status. Overall, we observed an inverse longitudinal relationship between asthma severity and subsequent fitness among urban youth, particularly non-Hispanic Whites. Future research should examine how neighborhood-level factors impact the asthma severity-fitness relationship across racial/ethnic subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M D'Agostino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - Sue Zhang
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Sophia E Day
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Konty
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of School Health, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Armstrong
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America; Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Asheley Skinner
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Cody D Neshteruk
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Adomfeh J, Chinn RN, Michalak SM, Shoshany TN, Bishop K, Hunter DG, Jastrzembski BG, Oke I. Association of Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index with presenting visual acuity in amblyopic children. J AAPOS 2023; 27:20.e1-20.e5. [PMID: 36581151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the use of a novel measure of neighborhood quality, the Child Opportunity Index (COI), for investigating health disparities in pediatric ophthalmology. METHODS This study included children 2-12 years of age from a registry of patients diagnosed with amblyopia at an urban pediatric hospital between 2010 and 2014. Children previously treated for amblyopia were excluded. Patient demographics, residential addresses, and logMAR visual acuities were collected. The association between visual acuity at presentation and COI was examined using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for individual-level factors, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, and insurance type. RESULTS This study included 1,050 amblyopic children, of whom 317 (37%) were non-White and 149 (19%) were Hispanic; 461 (44%) had public insurance. Regarding residence, 129 (12%) lived in areas of very low opportunity (COI <20); 489 (47%) in areas of very high opportunity (COI ≥80). Children residing in the lowest opportunity neighborhoods correctly identified approximately two fewer letters at presentation with their better-seeing eye compared with children from the highest opportunity neighborhoods after adjusting for individual-level factors (-0.0090 logMAR per 20 unit increase in COI; 95% CI, -0.0172 to -0.0008; P = 0.031). No difference was appreciated in the worse-seeing eye. CONCLUSIONS Amblyopic children residing in communities with low neighborhood opportunity had slightly worse visual acuity in the better-seeing eye at presentation. Although statistically significant in the better-seeing eye, the two-letter difference attributable to neighborhood environment may not be clinically significant, and the impact of this disparity on treatment outcomes deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Adomfeh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan N Chinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne M Michalak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Talia N Shoshany
- Wills Eye Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaila Bishop
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David G Hunter
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin G Jastrzembski
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isdin Oke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Li J, Chen Y, Cai K, Fu J, Ting T, Chen Y, Folberth C, Liu Y. A high-resolution nutrient emission inventory for hotspot identification in the Yangtze River Basin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115847. [PMID: 35981504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution nutrient emission inventory can provide reliable and accurate identification of priority control areas, which is crucial for efficient decisions on water quality restoration. However, the inventories widely used in large-scale modeling are usually based on provincial inputs, which induce the challenges of lacking localized parameters and missing localized characteristic when provincial scale inputs are converted to finer scales with the down-scale methods. Based on elaborate investigations and statistical data at the county scale with multi-scale data conversion, the China Emission Inventory of Nutrients (CEIN) was developed with a spatial resolution of a 0.1° grid and sub-basin scales. The Yangtze River Basin was used as a case study to illustrate the potential applications of CEIN. The emissions of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of Yangtze River Basin is 0.43 Mt and 0.04 Mt for point sources, 11.09 Mt and 4.64 Mt for diffuse sources in 2017. The hotspot analysis for 2606 sub-basins indicated that cropland is the key source of nutrient emissions, accounting for 58.88% and 79.15% of TN and TP, respectively. Industrial sewage and freshwater aquaculture accounted for 27.39% (TN) and 21.98% (TP) of the point sources, which is substantial due to their direct discharge into surface waters. The current results also reveal that, in contrast to CEIN, the previously used common emission factors based on GDP per capita produced considerable overestimations of 2.37 and 2.65 times the actual TN and TP emissions, respectively. Additional advantages of the CEIN have been demonstrated in identifying priority control areas more accurately with reduced bias and quantifying the effects of policies at much smaller scales. For example, the CEIN helps to distinguish hotspots, which was neglected when identifying sources at the level-III sub-basin scale, and indicates that the management of fractional areas (TN: 16.97%; TP: 13.44%) provides the highest nutrient emissions control (TN: 44.34%; TP: 48.65%) for the entire basin. The evaluation of China's toilet revolution policy demonstrates that achieving equitable access to safe sanitation has resulted in a reduction of 7240 t of TN and 833 t of TP, which is extremely critical for rural water quality and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Chen
- United Center for Eco-Environment in Yangtze River Economic Belt, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kaikui Cai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiaxing Fu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tang Ting
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 - A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Yihui Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Management of Plateau Lake-Watershed, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Christian Folberth
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 - A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Shanahan KH, Subramanian SV, Burdick KJ, Monuteaux MC, Lee LK, Fleegler EW. Association of Neighborhood Conditions and Resources for Children With Life Expectancy at Birth in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2235912. [PMID: 36239940 PMCID: PMC9568807 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.35912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance To address inequities in life expectancy, we must understand the associations of modifiable socioeconomic and structural factors with life expectancy. However, the association of limited neighborhood resources and deleterious physical conditions with life expectancy is not well understood. Objective To evaluate the association of community social and economic conditions and resources for children with life expectancy at birth. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study examined neighborhood child opportunity and life expectancy using data from residents of 65 662 US Census tracts in 2015. The analysis was conducted from July 6 to October 1, 2021. Exposures Neighborhood conditions and resources for children in 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was life expectancy at birth at the Census tract level based on data from the US Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015). Neighborhood conditions and resources for children were quantified by Census tract Child Opportunity Index (COI) 2.0 scores for 2015. This index captures community conditions associated with children's health and long-term outcomes categorized into 5 levels, from very low to very high opportunity. It includes 29 indicators in 3 domains: education, health and environment, and social and economic factors. Mixed-effects and simple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between standardized COI scores (composite and domain-specific) and life expectancy. Results The study included residents from 65 662 of 73 057 US Census tracts (89.9%). Life expectancy at birth across Census tracts ranged from 56.3 years to 93.6 years (mean [SD], 78.2 [4.0] years). Life expectancy in Census tracts with very low COI scores was lower than life expectancy in Census tracts with very high COI scores (-7.06 years [95% CI, -7.13 to -6.99 years]). Stepwise associations were observed between COI scores and life expectancy. For each domain, life expectancy was shortest in Census tracts with very low compared with very high COI scores (education: β = -2.02 years [95% CI, -2.12 to -1.92 years]); health and environment: β = -2.30 years [95% CI, -2.41 to -2.20 years]; social and economic: β = -4.16 years [95% CI, -4.26 to -4.06 years]). The models accounted for 41% to 54% of variability in life expectancy at birth (R2 = 0.41-0.54). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, neighborhood conditions and resources for children were significantly associated with life expectancy at birth, accounting for substantial variability in life expectancy at the Census tract level. These findings suggest that community resources and conditions are important targets for antipoverty interventions and policies to improve life expectancy and address health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H. Shanahan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael C. Monuteaux
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lois K. Lee
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric W. Fleegler
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Liu C, Yang M, Hou Y, Xue X. Ecosystem service multifunctionality assessment and coupling coordination analysis with land use and land cover change in China's coastal zones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149033. [PMID: 34303237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem services (ESs) have received widespread attention worldwide for their potential to solve sustainability issues. However, extensive land use and land cover change (LUCC) driven by human activities has raised concerns regarding its impacts on ESs, especially in coastal zones. More importantly, spatial-temporal changes, their coupling relationships with LUCC, and their underlying drivers have not been thoroughly analyzed. This study focuses on China's coastal zones to investigate the spatial-temporal changes of ecosystem service multifunctionality (ESM) from 2000 to 2018. Coupling coordination degree (CCD) analysis of the relationship between ESM and comprehensive intensity of land use was applied to identify coastal cities with low-level coordination and their main drivers in 2018. The results show that: (1) the proportion with high levels of ESM decreased by 1.01% from 2000 to 2010 and then increased by 3.29% from 2010 to 2018; (2) the ESM of China's coastal zones present significant spatial heterogeneity, and the low levels of ESM are mainly distributed in the north and urban areas, while most areas in the southern coastal zones have high levels of ESM; (3) forest land is the leading land cover type for ESM, and China's forest conservation policies significantly contribute to the increase in ESM; (4) the CCD of most cities in the southern coastal zones, apart from Shanghai and the Pearl River Delta, is at a relatively high level and experiences no significant changes, while most cities in the northern coastal zones display an improving trend; (5) the land use type, landform type, and leaf area index are the determinants of ESM, and the annual average temperature, population density, and surface elevation are the greatest influences on the CCD. The findings of this study can inform ecological conservation and landscape planning and are beneficial to the sustainable development of coastal zones in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- International Business School, Guangzhou City University of Technology, 510800, China; Research Centre of Accounting and Economic Development for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 510006, China; Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Yuting Hou
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, China
| | - Xiongzhi Xue
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, 361102, China; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, China; Fujian Institute for Sustainable Oceans, Xiamen University, 361102, China.
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Daily Physical Education Linked to Higher Youth Aerobic Fitness Levels: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:1261-1268. [PMID: 34433701 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical education (PE) provides opportunities for youth physical activity during the school day, yet daily PE policies remain low. This study investigated whether daily PE was linked to youth aerobic capacity across a 4-year period in Greenville (South Carolina). METHODS Youth in grade levels second to eighth at 2 schools providing daily PE and 2 schools that did not provide daily PE participated in the study (N = 466). The 2 schools used as comparisons provided standard PE outlined by South Carolina, which included one 50-minute session per week (elementary) and daily PE for one semester (middle school). Aerobic fitness was measured using the FITNESSGRAM® Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test (May 2011-2015). Number of Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps completed, age, gender, ethnicity, body composition, and school attended were included in multilevel linear regression analyses. RESULTS Across the sample, aerobic fitness increased with age. Throughout the study, males demonstrated growth in aerobic fitness compared with a slight decline for females (P < .001). Youth participation in daily PE was linked to increases in aerobic fitness compared with youth who did not receive daily PE (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that exposure to daily PE may contribute to increased aerobic fitness in youth.
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Appleton AA, Lin B, Holdsworth EA, Feingold BJ, Schell LM. Prenatal Exposure to Favorable Social and Environmental Neighborhood Conditions Is Associated with Healthy Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6161. [PMID: 34200387 PMCID: PMC8200992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood and individual level risks commonly co-occur for pregnant women and may cumulatively contribute to birth outcomes. Moreover, the relationship between favorable social and environmental neighborhood conditions and perinatal outcomes has been understudied. This study considered the accumulated impact of prenatal exposure to positive neighborhood social, environmental, and educational conditions in relation to maternal health during pregnancy and birth size outcomes. In a prospective study of a multi-ethnic and socioeconomically diverse cohort (n = 239) of pregnant women and their infants, neighborhoods were characterized by the Child Opportunity Index (COI), a census-tract composite indicator representing favorable social, environmental, and educational community conditions. Adjusted generalized estimating equations showed that favorable neighborhood conditions promoted the growth of longer and heavier infant bodies, and reduced the risk of intrauterine growth restriction. The associations were stronger for female versus male infants, though not significantly different. Moreover, COI was associated with better maternal mental health and diet during pregnancy; diet significantly mediated the association between COI and birth size outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering the accumulated benefit of neighborhood assets for maternal and infant health. Interventions that capitalizes on the full range of contextual assets in which mothers live may promote pregnancy health and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A. Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany College of Arts and Sciences, 1400 Washington Street, Albany, NY 12222, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Holdsworth
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany College of Arts and Sciences, 1400 Washington Street, Albany, NY 12222, USA;
| | - Beth J. Feingold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
| | - Lawrence M. Schell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany College of Arts and Sciences, 1400 Washington Street, Albany, NY 12222, USA;
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