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Guinan M, Huang N, Hawes CS, Lima MA, Smith M, Miller GJ. Chemical synthesis of 4'-thio and 4'-sulfinyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1401-1406. [PMID: 34806745 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the canonical nucleosides required for nucleic acid synthesis have a longstanding presence and proven capability within antiviral and anticancer research. 4'-Thionucleosides, that incorporate bioisosteric replacement of furanose oxygen with sulfur, represent an important chemotype within this field. Established herein is synthetic capability towards a common 4-thioribose building block that enables access to thio-ribo and thio-arabino pyrimidine nucleosides, alongside their 4'-sulfinyl derivatives. In addition, this building block methodology is templated to deliver 4'-thio and 4'-sulfinyl analogues of the established anticancer drug gemcitabine. Cytotoxic capability of these new analogues is evaluated against human pancreatic cancer and human primary glioblastoma cell lines, with observed activities ranging from low μM to >200 μM; explanation for this reduced activity, compared to established nucleoside analogues, is yet unclear. Access to these chemotypes, with thiohemiaminal linkages, will enable a wider exploration of purine and triphosphate analogues and the application of such materials for potential resistance towards relevant hydrolytic enzymes within nucleic acid biochemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Guinan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ningwu Huang
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Chris S Hawes
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Centre for Glycoscience Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Mark Smith
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Centre for Glycoscience Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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2
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Geraghty RJ, Aliota MT, Bonnac LF. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategies and Nucleoside Analogues. Viruses 2021; 13:667. [PMID: 33924302 PMCID: PMC8069527 DOI: 10.3390/v13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence or re-emergence of viruses with epidemic and/or pandemic potential, such as Ebola, Zika, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) viruses, or new strains of influenza represents significant human health threats due to the absence of available treatments. Vaccines represent a key answer to control these viruses. However, in the case of a public health emergency, vaccine development, safety, and partial efficacy concerns may hinder their prompt deployment. Thus, developing broad-spectrum antiviral molecules for a fast response is essential to face an outbreak crisis as well as for bioweapon countermeasures. So far, broad-spectrum antivirals include two main categories: the family of drugs targeting the host-cell machinery essential for virus infection and replication, and the family of drugs directly targeting viruses. Among the molecules directly targeting viruses, nucleoside analogues form an essential class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this review, we will discuss the interest for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies and their limitations, with an emphasis on virus-targeted, broad-spectrum, antiviral nucleoside analogues and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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3
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Alexandre FR, Badaroux E, Bilello JP, Bot S, Bouisset T, Brandt G, Cappelle S, Chapron C, Chaves D, Convard T, Counor C, Da Costa D, Dukhan D, Gay M, Gosselin G, Griffon JF, Gupta K, Hernandez-Santiago B, La Colla M, Lioure MP, Milhau J, Paparin JL, Peyronnet J, Parsy C, Pierra Rouvière C, Rahali H, Rahali R, Salanson A, Seifer M, Serra I, Standring D, Surleraux D, Dousson CB. The discovery of IDX21437: Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyl branched uridine pronucleotides as potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4323-4330. [PMID: 28835346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery of IDX21437 35b, a novel RPd-aminoacid-based phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyluridine monophosphate. Its corresponding triphosphate 6 is a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Despite showing very weak activity in the in vitro Huh-7 cell based HCV replicon assay, 35b demonstrated high levels of active triphosphate 6 in mouse liver and human hepatocytes. A biochemical study revealed that the metabolism of 35b was mainly attributed to carboxyesterase 1 (CES1), an enzyme which is underexpressed in HCV Huh-7-derived replicon cells. Furthermore, due to its metabolic activation, 35b was efficiently processed in liver cells compared to other cell types, including human cardiomyocytes. The selected RP diastereoisomeric configuration of 35b was assigned by X-ray structural determination. 35b is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-René Alexandre
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Eric Badaroux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - John P Bilello
- Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA; IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stéphanie Bot
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Tony Bouisset
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Guillaume Brandt
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Sylvie Cappelle
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christopher Chapron
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Chaves
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Thierry Convard
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Clément Counor
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Daniel Da Costa
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - David Dukhan
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Marion Gay
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Gilles Gosselin
- UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Griffon
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Kusum Gupta
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Marie-Pierre Lioure
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Julien Milhau
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Paparin
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Peyronnet
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christophe Parsy
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Claire Pierra Rouvière
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Houcine Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Rachid Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélien Salanson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Maria Seifer
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilaria Serra
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Standring
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Surleraux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Cyril B Dousson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
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4
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Boldescu V, Behnam MAM, Vasilakis N, Klein CD. Broad-spectrum agents for flaviviral infections: dengue, Zika and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:565-586. [PMID: 28473729 PMCID: PMC5925760 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with flaviviruses, such as dengue, West Nile virus and the recently re-emerging Zika virus, are an increasing and probably lasting global risk. This Review summarizes and comments on the opportunities for broad-spectrum agents that are active against multiple flaviviruses. Broad-spectrum activity is particularly desirable to prepare for the next flaviviral epidemic, which could emerge from as-yet unknown or neglected viruses. Potential molecular targets for broad-spectrum antiflaviviral compounds include viral proteins, such as the viral protease or polymerase, and host targets that are exploited by these viruses during entry and replication, including α-glucosidase and proteins involved in nucleoside biosynthesis. Numerous compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity have already been identified by target-specific or phenotypic assays. For other compounds, broad-spectrum activity can be anticipated because of their mode of action and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biopharmaceuticals, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mira A. M. Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Dept. of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, 2.138D Keiller Bldg, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555–0609, USA
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Jordan PC, Stevens SK, Tam Y, Pemberton RP, Chaudhuri S, Stoycheva AD, Dyatkina N, Wang G, Symons JA, Deval J, Beigelman L. Activation Pathway of a Nucleoside Analog Inhibiting Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:83-91. [PMID: 28103684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense RNA virus and a significant cause of respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. No effective vaccines or antiviral therapies are available for the treatment of RSV. ALS-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside prodrug inhibitor of RSV replication currently under clinical evaluation. ALS-8112, the parent molecule of ALS-8176, undergoes intracellular phosphorylation, yielding the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite. The host kinases responsible for this conversion are not known. Therefore, elucidation of the ALS-8112 activation pathway is key to further understanding its conversion mechanism, particularly given its potent antiviral effects. Here, we have identified the activation pathway of ALS-8112 and show it is unlike other antiviral cytidine analogs. The first step, driven by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), is highly efficient, while the second step limits the formation of the active 5'-triphosphate species. ALS-8112 is a 2'- and 4'-modified nucleoside analog, prompting us to investigate dCK recognition of other 2'- and 4'-modified nucleosides. Our biochemical approach along with computational modeling contributes to an enhanced structure-activity profile for dCK. These results highlight an exciting potential to optimize nucleoside analogs based on the second activation step and increased attention toward nucleoside diphosphate and triphosphate prodrugs in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sarah K. Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ryan P. Pemberton
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Shuvam Chaudhuri
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Antitsa D. Stoycheva
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part
of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South
San Francisco, California, United States
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6
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Nainar S, Beasley S, Fazio M, Kubota M, Dai N, Corrêa IR, Spitale RC. Metabolic Incorporation of Azide Functionality into Cellular RNA. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2149-2152. [PMID: 27595557 PMCID: PMC5115926 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-time tracking of RNA expression can provide insight into the mechanisms used to generate cellular diversity, as well as help determine the underlying causes of disease. Here we present the exploration of azide-modified nucleoside analogues and their ability to be metabolically incorporated into cellular RNA. We report robust incorporation of adenosine analogues bearing azide handles at both the 2'- and N6-positions; 5-methylazidouridine was not incorporated into cellular RNA. We further demonstrate selectivity of our adenosine analogues for transcription and polyadenylation. We predict that azidonucleosides will find widespread utility in examining RNA functions inside living cells, as well as in more complex systems such as tissues and living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nainar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
| | - Samantha Beasley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
| | - Michael Fazio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
| | - Miles Kubota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
| | - Nan Dai
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 (USA)
| | - Ivan R. Corrêa
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 (USA)
| | - Robert C. Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 2403 Natural Sciences I, Irvine CA 92617 (USA)
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7
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The search for nucleoside/nucleotide analog inhibitors of dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:12-9. [PMID: 26241002 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs represent the largest class of antiviral agents and have been actively pursued for potential therapy of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Early success in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the recent approval of sofosbuvir for chronic hepatitis C have provided proof of concept for this class of compounds in clinics. Here we review (i) nucleoside analogs with known anti-DENV activity; (ii) challenges of the nucleoside antiviral approach for dengue; and (iii) potential strategies to overcome these challenges. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on flavivirus drug discovery.
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8
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Iglesias LE, Lewkowicz ES, Medici R, Bianchi P, Iribarren AM. Biocatalytic approaches applied to the synthesis of nucleoside prodrugs. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:412-34. [PMID: 25795057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides are valuable bioactive molecules, which display antiviral and antitumour activities. Diverse types of prodrugs are designed to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, however this strategy faces the troublesome selectivity issues of nucleoside chemistry. In this context, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the opportunities provided by biocatalytic procedures in the preparation of nucleoside prodrugs. The potential of biocatalysis in this research area will be presented through examples covering the different types of nucleoside prodrugs: nucleoside analogues as prodrugs, nucleoside lipophilic prodrugs and nucleoside hydrophilic prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth S Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Medici
- Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, INGEBI-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Characterization of the activity of 2'-C-methylcytidine against dengue virus replication. Antiviral Res 2015; 116:1-9. [PMID: 25614455 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a severe mosquito-borne viral pathogen. Neither vaccines nor antiviral therapy is currently available to treat DENV infection. Nucleoside inhibitors targeting viral polymerase have proved promising for the development of drugs against viruses. In this study, we report a nucleoside analog, 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC), which exerts potent anti-DENV activity in DENV subgenomic RNA replicon and infectious systems, with an IC50 value of 11.2±0.3μM. This study utilized both cell-based and cell-free reporter assay systems to reveal the specific anti-DENV RNA polymerase activity of 2CMC. In addition, both xenograft bioluminescence-based DENV replicon and DENV-infected Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) suckling mice models evaluated the anti-DENV replication activity of 2CMC in vivo. Collectively, these findings provide a promising compound for the development of direct-acting antivirals against DENV infection.
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10
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Abstract
Liver disease is currently one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in HIV-positive individuals. Coinfection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major contributor to this trend. Besides hepatic damage, which is enhanced in the presence of HIV-associated immunosuppression, HCV may contribute to disease in coinfected individuals by potentiating immune activation and chronic inflammation, which ultimately account for an increased risk of cardiovascular events, kidney disease, and cancers in this population. Fortunately, hepatitis C therapeutics has entered a revolutionary era in which we hope that most patients treated with the new oral direct-acting antivirals (DAA) will be cured. However, many challenges preclude envisioning a prompt elimination of HCV from the coinfected population. Issues that should be addressed include the following: (1) rising incidence of acute hepatitis C in men who have sex with men, and expansion/recrudescence of injection drug use in some settings/regions; (2) adverse drug interactions between antiretrovirals and DAA; and (3) high cost of DAA, which may lead many to defer or fail to access appropriate therapy.
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11
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Dusheiko G. Treatment of HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B: interferon or nucleoside analogues. Liver Int 2013; 33 Suppl 1:137-50. [PMID: 23286858 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon alpha has restricted efficacy in as much as only a proportion of patients show a response. However, in appropriately selected HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients, sustained suppression of viral replication can be achieved, and HBeAg or even HBsAg seroconversion can be attained. Thus, finite course of interferon alpha can be successful, and offer an advantage to patient. Interferon (IFN) remains a benchmark therapy for chronic hepatitis B. The main advantages of IFN-α over nucleoside analogues are the absence of resistance and the possibility of immune-mediated clearance of hepatitis B. Unfortunately, side effects preclude the use of interferon alpha in substantial proportions of patients, and prolonged maintenance therapy to suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not feasible. Nucleoside analogues are given by mouth, once per day, and the safety, potency and efficacy have improved and facilitated treatment. However, maintenance of long-term suppression is required for the majority of patients. In general, treatment of chronic hepatitis B should target patients with active disease and viral replication, preferably before the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis or significant injury has occurred. Current EASL guidelines suggest that treatment be based on the evaluation of three criteria: Serum aminotransferase levels, serum HBV DNA levels and histological grade and stage. Many questions remain unanswered on the optimal treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B with a nucleoside vs interferon alpha. Both forms of treatment have benefits and the choice should be selected and tailored. Stopping or futility rules can be implemented in patients who fail interferon. Recent data suggest the safety and efficacy of nucleoside analogues in the third trimester of pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission from mothers to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Dusheiko
- UCL Division of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, and Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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12
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Von Ohlen T, Luce-Fedrow A, Ortega MT, Ganta RR, Chapes SK. Identification of critical host mitochondrion-associated genes during Ehrlichia chaffeensis infections. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3576-86. [PMID: 22851751 PMCID: PMC3457586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00670-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). To determine what host components are important for bacterial replication, we performed microarray analysis on Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells by comparing host gene transcript levels between permissive and nonpermissive conditions for E. chaffeensis growth. Five-hundred twenty-seven genes had increased transcript levels unique to permissive growth conditions 24 h postinfection. We screened adult flies that were mutants for several of the "permissive" genes for the ability to support Ehrlichia replication. Three additional D. melanogaster fly lines with putative mutations in pyrimidine metabolism were also tested. Ten fly lines carrying mutations in the genes CG6479, separation anxiety, chitinase 11, CG6364 (Uck2), CG6543 (Echs1), withered (whd), CG15881 (Ccdc58), CG14806 (Apop1), CG11875 (Nup37), and dumpy (dp) had increased resistance to infection with Ehrlichia. Analysis of RNA by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that the bacterial load was decreased in these mutant flies compared to wild-type infected control flies. Seven of these genes (san, Cht11, Uck2, Echs1, whd, Ccdc58, and Apop1) encoded proteins that had mitochondrial functions or could be associated with proteins with mitochondrial functions. Treatment of THP-1 cells with double-stranded RNA to silence the human UCK2 gene indicates that the disruption of the uridine-cytidine kinase affects E. chaffeensis replication in human macrophages. Experiments with cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), a CTP synthetase inhibitor and cytosine, suggest that the nucleotide salvage pathway is essential for E. chaffeensis replication and that it may be important for the provision of CTP, uridine, and cytidine nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Von Ohlen
- Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Kansas State University, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | | | - M. Teresa Ortega
- Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Roman R. Ganta
- Kansas State University, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stephen K. Chapes
- Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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