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Zheng C, Su H, Liu M, Qian Y, Fan H. miRNA‑mRNA network contributes to HBV‑related hepatocellular carcinoma via immune infiltration induced by GRB2. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:90. [PMID: 38682088 PMCID: PMC11046184 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical causative factor in the tumorigenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve a critical role in the process of viral infection. However, there has been insufficient evaluation of HBV-associated miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in HCC. The differential expression levels of miRNAs were compared in HBV-associated HCC tumor and normal tissues using the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The present study evaluated potential target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs using protein-protein interaction network, hub gene, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, gene set enrichment and immune infiltration analysis. A total of five miRNAs and seven target genes were identified in the HBV-associated miRNA-mRNA network. miRNA-93 could positively regulate the growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) gene, while there was a positive correlation between GRB2 and cancer immune infiltrate function in Tumor Immune Estimation Resource. Collectively, the present study investigated the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in HCC with HBV infection and showed that miRNA-93 positively regulated immune infiltration-related GRB2. Restoring GRB2 may be a candidate strategy for the treatment of HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqian Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongmeng Su
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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2
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Zhang MH, Yuan YF, Liu LJ, Wei YX, Yin WY, Zheng LZY, Tang YY, Lv Z, Zhu F. Dysregulated microRNAs as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4706-4735. [PMID: 37664153 PMCID: PMC10473924 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i31.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with a high incidence and fatality rate worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important risk factors for its occurrence and development. Early detection of HBV-associated HCC (HBV-HCC) can improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Biomarkers are extremely helpful, not only for early diagnosis, but also for the development of therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a subset of non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length, have increasingly attracted scientists' attention due to their potential utility as biomarkers for cancer detection and therapy. HBV profoundly impacts the expression of miRNAs potentially involved in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current progress on the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of HBV-HCC. From a molecular standpoint, we discuss the mechanism by which HBV regulates miRNAs and investigate the exact effect of miRNAs on the promotion of HCC. In the near future, miRNA-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications will make their way into the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-He Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wan-Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhuo-Yin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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3
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Abdel Halim AS, Rudayni HA, Chaudhary AA, Ali MAM. MicroRNAs: Small molecules with big impacts in liver injury. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:32-69. [PMID: 36317692 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A type of small noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) fine-tune gene expression posttranscriptionally by binding to certain messenger RNA targets. Numerous physiological processes in the liver, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, are regulated by miRNAs. Additionally, there is growing evidence that miRNAs contribute to liver pathology. Extracellular vesicles like exosomes, which contain secreted miRNAs, may facilitate paracrine and endocrine communication between various tissues by changing the gene expression and function of distal cells. The use of stable miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers was made possible by the discovery of these molecules in body fluids. Circulating miRNAs reflect the conditions of the liver that are abnormal and may serve as new biomarkers for the early detection, prognosis, and evaluation of liver pathological states. miRNAs are appealing therapeutic targets for a range of liver disease states because altered miRNA expression is associated with deregulation of the liver's metabolism, liver damage, liver fibrosis, and tumor formation. This review provides a comprehensive review and update on miRNAs biogenesis pathways and mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene silencing. It also outlines how miRNAs affect hepatic cell proliferation, death, and regeneration as well as hepatic detoxification. Additionally, it highlights the diverse functions that miRNAs play in the onset and progression of various liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, hepatitis C virus infection, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Further, it summarizes the diverse liver-specific miRNAs, illustrating the potential merits and possible caveats of their utilization as noninvasive biomarkers and appealing therapeutic targets for liver illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa S Abdel Halim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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5
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Sartorius K, An P, Winkler C, Chuturgoon A, Li X, Makarova J, Kramvis A. The Epigenetic Modulation of Cancer and Immune Pathways in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Influence of HBx and miRNA Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661204. [PMID: 33995383 PMCID: PMC8117219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) pathogenesis is fueled by persistent HBV infection that stealthily maintains a delicate balance between viral replication and evasion of the host immune system. HBV is remarkably adept at using a combination of both its own, as well as host machinery to ensure its own replication and survival. A key tool in its arsenal, is the HBx protein which can manipulate the epigenetic landscape to decrease its own viral load and enhance persistence, as well as manage host genome epigenetic responses to the presence of viral infection. The HBx protein can initiate epigenetic modifications to dysregulate miRNA expression which, in turn, can regulate downstream epigenetic changes in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. We attempt to link the HBx and miRNA induced epigenetic modulations that influence both the HBV and host genome expression in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. In particular, the review investigates the interplay between CHB infection, the silencing role of miRNA, epigenetic change, immune system expression and HBV-HCC pathogenesis. The review demonstrates exactly how HBx-dysregulated miRNA in HBV-HCC pathogenesis influence and are influenced by epigenetic changes to modulate both viral and host genome expression. In particular, the review identifies a specific subset of HBx induced epigenetic miRNA pathways in HBV-HCC pathogenesis demonstrating the complex interplay between HBV infection, epigenetic change, disease and immune response. The wide-ranging influence of epigenetic change and miRNA modulation offers considerable potential as a therapeutic option in HBV-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Sartorius
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Julia Makarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Iacob DG, Rosca A, Ruta SM. Circulating microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for hepatitis B virus liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1113-1127. [PMID: 32231417 PMCID: PMC7093315 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i11.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can alter the expression of host microRNAs (MiRNA s) and modulate the immune response during a persistent infection. The dysregulation of host MiRNA s by hepatitis B virus (HBV) contributes to the proinflammatory and profibrotic changes within the liver. Multiple studies have documented the differential regulation of intracellular and circulating MiRNA s during different stages of HBV infection. Circulating MiRNA s found in plasma and/or extracellular vesicles can integrate data on viral-host interactions and on the associated liver injury. Hence, the detection of circulating MiRNA s in chronic HBV hepatitis could offer a promising alternative to liver biopsy, as their expression is associated with HBV replication, the progression of liver fibrosis, and the outcome of antiviral treatment. The current review explores the available data on miRNA involvement in HBV pathogenesis with an emphasis on their potential use as biomarkers for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
- Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest 050098, Romania
| | - Adelina Rosca
- Virology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ștefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Simona Maria Ruta
- Virology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ștefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
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7
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Wakasugi H, Takahashi H, Niinuma T, Kitajima H, Oikawa R, Matsumoto N, Takeba Y, Otsubo T, Takagi M, Ariizumi Y, Suzuki M, Okuse C, Iwabuchi S, Nakano M, Akutsu N, Kang JH, Matsui T, Yamada N, Sasaki H, Yamamoto E, Kai M, Sasaki Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Tsutsumi T, Yamamoto H, Tokino T, Nakase H, Suzuki H, Itoh F. Dysregulation of miRNA in chronic hepatitis B is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk after nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment. Cancer Lett 2018; 434:91-100. [PMID: 30026054 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy effectively reduces the incidence of HCC, but it does not completely prevent the disease. Here, we show that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in post-NA HCC development. We divided chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who received NA therapy into two groups: 1) those who did not develop HCC during the follow-up period after NA therapy (no-HCC group) and 2) those who did (HCC group). miRNA expression profiles were significantly altered in CHB tissues as compared to normal liver, and the HCC group showed greater alteration than the no-HCC group. NA treatment restored the miRNA expression profiles to near-normal in the no-HCC group, but it was less effective in the HCC group. A number of miRNAs implicated in HCC, including miR-101, miR-140, miR-152, miR-199a-3p, and let-7g, were downregulated in CHB. Moreover, we identified CDK7 and TACC2 as novel target genes of miR-199a-3p. Our results suggest that altered miRNA expression in CHB contributes to HCC development, and that improvement of miRNA expression after NA treatment is associated with reduced HCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Wakasugi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Niinuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takehito Otsubo
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takagi
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ariizumi
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Michihiro Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Japan
| | - Chiaki Okuse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Japan
| | - Shogo Iwabuchi
- Center for Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Digestive Disease, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Akutsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jong-Hon Kang
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norie Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases, Kiyokawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sasaki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokino
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fumio Itoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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8
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MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:280. [PMID: 26927063 PMCID: PMC4813144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of liver enzymes, such as alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and α-fetoprotein, provide insight into liver function and are used during treatment of liver disease, but such information is limited. In the case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is often not detected until an advanced stage, more sensitive biomarkers may help to achieve earlier detection. Serum also contains microRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression. miR-122 is specific to the liver and correlates strongly with liver enzyme levels and necroinflammatory activity, and other microRNAs are correlated with the degree of fibrosis. miR-122 has also been found to be required for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, whereas other microRNAs have been shown to play antiviral roles. miR-125a-5p and miR-1231 have been shown to directly target hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcripts, and others are up- or down-regulated in infected individuals. MicroRNA profiles also differ in the case of HBV and HCV infection as well as between HBeAg-positive and negative patients, and in patients with occult versus active HBV infection. In such patients, monitoring of changes in microRNA profiles might provide earlier warning of neoplastic changes preceding HCC.
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9
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Wu SY, Lan SH, Liu HS. Autophagy and microRNA in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:176-187. [PMID: 26755869 PMCID: PMC4698484 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV causes severe liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In about 25% of affected patients, HBV infection proceeds to HCC. Therefore, the mechanisms by which HBV affects the host cell to promote viral replication and its pathogenesis have been the subject of intensive research efforts. Emerging evidence indicates that both autophagy and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in HBV replication and HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize how HBV induces autophagy, the role of autophagy in HBV infection, and HBV-related tumorigenesis. We further discuss the emerging roles of miRNAs in HBV infection and how HBV affects miRNAs biogenesis. The accumulating knowledge pertaining to autophagy and miRNAs in HBV replication and its pathogenesis may lead to the development of novel strategies against HBV infection and HBV-related HCC tumorigenesis.
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10
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Lamontagne J, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus and microRNAs: Complex interactions affecting hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virus-associated diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7375-7399. [PMID: 26139985 PMCID: PMC4481434 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With nearly 750000 deaths yearly, hepatocellular carcinoma is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in the world. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC remain incompletely understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of small non-coding RNAs that play a role primarily in post-transcriptional gene regulation, have been recognized as important regulators of cellular homeostasis, and altered regulation of miRNA expression has been suggested to play a significant role in virus-associated diseases and the development of many cancers. With this in mind, many groups have begun to investigate the relationship between miRNAs and HBV replication and HBV-associated disease. Multiple findings suggest that some miRNAs, such as miR-122, and miR-125 and miR-199 family members, are playing a role in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, including the development of HBV-associated HCC. In this review, we discuss the current state of our understanding of the relationship between HBV and miRNAs, including how HBV affects cellular miRNAs, how these miRNAs impact HBV replication, and the relationship between HBV-mediated miRNA regulation and HCC development. We also address the impact of challenges in studying HBV, such as the lack of an effective model system for infectivity and a reliance on transformed cell lines, on our understanding of the relationship between HBV and miRNAs, and propose potential applications of miRNA-related techniques that could enhance our understanding of the role miRNAs play in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, ultimately leading to new therapeutic options and improved patient outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/growth & development
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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11
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Rupaimoole R, Wu SY, Pradeep S, Ivan C, Pecot CV, Gharpure KM, Nagaraja AS, Armaiz-Pena GN, McGuire M, Zand B, Dalton HJ, Filant J, Miller JB, Lu C, Sadaoui NC, Mangala LS, Taylor M, van den Beucken T, Koch E, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Huang L, Bar-Eli M, Wouters BG, Radovich M, Ivan M, Calin GA, Zhang W, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. Hypoxia-mediated downregulation of miRNA biogenesis promotes tumour progression. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5202. [PMID: 25351346 PMCID: PMC4215647 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related deregulation of miRNA biogenesis has been suggested, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we report a previously unrecognized effect of hypoxia in the downregulation of Drosha and Dicer in cancer cells that leads to dysregulation of miRNA biogenesis and increased tumour progression. We show that hypoxia-mediated downregulation of Drosha is dependent on ETS1/ELK1 transcription factors. Moreover, mature miRNA array and deep sequencing studies reveal altered miRNA maturation in cells under hypoxic conditions. At a functional level, this phenomenon results in increased cancer progression in vitro and in vivo, and data from patient samples are suggestive of miRNA biogenesis downregulation in hypoxic tumours. Rescue of Drosha by siRNAs targeting ETS1/ELK1 in vivo results in significant tumour regression. These findings provide a new link in the mechanistic understanding of global miRNA downregulation in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sherry Y. Wu
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad V. Pecot
- Molecular Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kshipra M. Gharpure
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Archana S. Nagaraja
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael McGuire
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather J. Dalton
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justyna Filant
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin Bottsford Miller
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nouara C. Sadaoui
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Morgan Taylor
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Twan van den Beucken
- Radiation Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Koch
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bradly G. Wouters
- Radiation Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milan Radovich
- Surgery, Indiana University, 980 W Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, 980 W Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Fan HX, Tang H. Complex interactions between microRNAs and hepatitis B/C viruses. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13477-13492. [PMID: 25309078 PMCID: PMC4188899 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of many target genes via mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. Many studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in the modulation of gene expression and replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and play a pivotal role in host-virus interactions. Increasing evidence also demonstrates that viral infection leads to alteration of the miRNA expression profile in hepatic tissues or circulation. The deregulated miRNAs participate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation and progression by functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes by targeting various genes involved in cancer-related signaling pathways. The distinct expression pattern of miRNAs may be a useful marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of virus-related diseases considering the limitation of currently used biomarkers. Moreover, the role of deregulated miRNA in host-virus interactions and HCC development suggested that miRNAs may serve as therapeutic targets or as tools. In this review, we summarize the recent findings about the deregulation and the role of miRNAs during HBV/HCV infection and HCC development, and we discuss the possible mechanism of action of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of virus-related diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of using miRNAs as markers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as therapeutic targets and drugs.
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13
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Xie KL, Zhang YG, Liu J, Zeng Y, Wu H. MicroRNAs associated with HBV infection and HBV-related HCC. Theranostics 2014; 4:1176-92. [PMID: 25285167 PMCID: PMC4183996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem and a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). microRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a group of small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression at the posttranslational level, thereby participating in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of miRNAs in HBV infection, the recently identified mechanism underlying dysregulation of miRNAs in HBV-associated HCC, and their association with hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, we discuss the recent advances in the use of circulating miRNAs in the early diagnosis of HCC as well as therapies based on these aberrantly expressed miRNAs.
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14
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Xu X, Ye Q. Regulation of viral oncogenesis by microRNAs. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e29910. [PMID: 27308317 PMCID: PMC4905170 DOI: 10.4161/mco.29910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection may play a causative role in human cancers, for example hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) in liver cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virally infected cells express viral-encoded genes that are critical for oncogenesis. Some viruses also encode microRNA (miRNA) species. miRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that play an important role in cancer development and progression. Recent studies indicate an important interplay among viral oncoproteins, virus-encoded miRNAs, cellular miRNAs, and cellular genes. This review focuses on modulation of HBV-, HCV-, HPV-, and EBV-associated cancers by cellular and/or viral miRNA. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of viral carcinogenesis by miRNAs may provide new targets for the development of specific viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology; Beijing, PR China
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15
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Chinnappan M, Singh AK, Kakumani PK, Kumar G, Rooge SB, Kumari A, Varshney A, Rastogi A, Singh AK, Sarin SK, Malhotra P, Mukherjee SK, Bhatnagar RK. Key elements of the RNAi pathway are regulated by hepatitis B virus replication and HBx acts as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. Biochem J 2014; 462:347-58. [PMID: 24902849 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The host-mediated RNAi pathways restrict replication of viruses in plant, invertebrate and vertebrate systems. However, comparatively little is known about the interplay between RNAi and various viral infections in mammalian hosts. We show in the present study that the siRNA-mediated silencing of Drosha, Dicer and Ago2 [argonaute RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) catalytic component 2] transcripts in Huh7 cells resulted in elevated levels of HBV (hepatitis B virus)-specific RNAs and, conversely, we observed a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of same RNAi components in HepG2 cells infected with HBV. Similar reductions were also detectable in CHB (chronic hepatitis B) patients. Analysis of CHB liver biopsy samples, with high serum HBV DNA load (>log108 IU/ml), revealed a reduced mRNA and protein levels of Drosha, Dicer and Ago2. The low expression levels of key RNAi pathway components in CHB patient samples as well as hepatic cells established a link between HBV replication and RNAi components. The HBV proteins were also examined for RSS (RNA-silencing suppressor) properties. Using GFP-based reversion of silencing assays, in the present study we found that HBx is an RSS protein. Through a series of deletions and substitution mutants, we found that the full-length HBx protein is required for optimum RSS activity. The in vitro dicing assays revealed that the HBx protein inhibited the human Dicer-mediated processing of dsRNAs into siRNAs. Together, our results suggest that the HBx protein might function as RSS to manipulate host RNAi defence, in particular by abrogating the function of Dicer. The present study may have implications in the development of newer strategies to combat HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- *International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Avishek Kumar Singh
- †Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Kakumani
- *International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- *International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anupama Kumari
- †Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Varshney
- †Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- †Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Singh
- ‡Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, DL 110007, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- †Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- *International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Raj Kamal Bhatnagar
- *International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
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16
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Chu R, Mo G, Duan Z, Huang M, Chang J, Li X, Liu P. miRNAs affect the development of hepatocellular carcinoma via dysregulation of their biogenesis and expression. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:45. [PMID: 25012758 PMCID: PMC4117189 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not fully understood, which has affected the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC and the survival time of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small, non-coding RNAs, which regulate the expression of various genes post-transcriptionally. Emerging evidence indicates that the key enzymes involved in the miRNA biosynthesis pathway and some tumor-specific miRNAs are widely deregulated or upregulated in HCC and closely associated with the occurrence and development of various cancers, including HCC. Early studies have shown that miRNAs have critical roles in HCC progression by targeting many critical protein-coding genes, thereby contributing to the promotion of cell proliferation; the avoidance of apoptosis, inducing via angiogenesis; and the activation of invasion and metastasis pathways. Experimental data indicate that discovery of increasing numbers of aberrantly expressed miRNAs has opened up a new field for investigating the molecular mechanism of HCC progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the roles and validated targets of miRNAs in the above pathways that are known to be hallmarks of HCC, and we also describe the influence of genetic variations in miRNA biosynthesis and genes.
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17
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Tan YLJ, Chen WN. MicroRNAs as therapeutic strategy for hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future prospects. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5973-5986. [PMID: 24876720 PMCID: PMC4033437 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be one of the top causing cancer-related deaths today. The majority of HCC cases are reported to be the result of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Current treatments for HBV-related HCC revolve around the use of drugs to inhibit viral replication, as a high level of viral load and antigen in circulation often presents a poor patient prognosis. However, existing therapies are inefficient in the complete eradication of HBV, often resulting in tumour recurrence. The involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in important processes in HBV-related HCC makes it an important player in the progression of HCC in chronic hepatitis B infected patients. In this review, we discuss the key aspects of HBV infection and the important viral products that may regulate cancer-related processes via their interaction with miRNAs or their closely related protein machinery. Conversely, we also look at how miRNAs may go about regulating the virus, especially in vital processes like viral replication. Apart from miRNAs acting as either oncogenes or tumour-suppressors, we also look at how miRNAs may function as biomarkers that may possibly serve as better candidates than those currently employed in the diagnosis of HBV infection or HBV-related HCC. A summary of the roles of miRNAs in HBV-related HCC will hopefully lead to a gain in understanding of the pathogenesis process and pave the way for new insights in medical therapy.
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Finch ML, Marquardt JU, Yeoh GC, Callus BA. Regulation of microRNAs and their role in liver development, regeneration and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:288-303. [PMID: 24731940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery more than a decade ago microRNAs have been demonstrated to have profound effects on almost every aspect of biology. Numerous studies in recent years have shown that microRNAs have important roles in development and in the etiology and progression of disease. This review is focused on microRNAs and the roles they play in liver development, regeneration and liver disease; particularly chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis and primary liver cancer. The key microRNAs identified in liver development and chronic liver disease will be discussed together with, where possible, the target messenger RNAs that these microRNAs regulate to profoundly alter these processes. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: The Non-coding RNA Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Finch
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - George C Yeoh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands 6000, WA, Australia.
| | - Bernard A Callus
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
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19
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Peng F, Xiao X, Jiang Y, Luo K, Tian Y, Peng M, Zhang M, Xu Y, Gong G. HBx down-regulated Gld2 plays a critical role in HBV-related dysregulation of miR-122. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92998. [PMID: 24667324 PMCID: PMC3965513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-122 is a liver-rich-specific microRNA that plays an important role in hepatic gene expression via post-transcription regulation, and it is potentially associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been confirmed that miR-122 is down-regulated during HBV infection; however, how HBV affects miR-122 is still debated. One research provided evidence that HBx could reduce the miR-122 transcription level, but the other insisted that HBV had no significant effect on miR-122 transcription level but reduce miR-122 level via binding and sequestering endogenous miR-122. It is determinate that Gld2 could increase the specific miRNA stabilization by monoadenylation which was a post-transcription regulation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of HBV-induced reduction of miR-122 and examine whether Gld2 is involved in it. According to the results of a microRNA microarray, we found miR-122 was the most down-regulated microRNA in HepG2.2.15 compared to HepG2. As revealed by qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses, both miR-122 and Gld2 levels were reduced in hepatic cell lines with expression of HBV or HBx but not other proteins of HBV, and over-expression of Gld2 could abolish the effect of HBV and HBx on the miR-122 level. What's more, both HBV and HBx have no significant effect on pre-miR-122 levels. And the dual-luciferase assay implicated that HBx could reduce the Gld2 promoter activity but had no significant effect on miR-122 promoter activity. In conclusion, HBx is a critical protein derived from HBV, which regulates miR-122 via down-regulating Gld2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinqiang Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongfang Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kaizhong Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Milin Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guozhong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Wei YF, Cui GY, Ye P, Chen JN, Diao HY. MicroRNAs may solve the mystery of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4867-4876. [PMID: 23946591 PMCID: PMC3740416 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i30.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that causes persistent liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A large amount of people die annually from HBV infection. However, the pathogenesises of the HBV-related diseases are ill defined and the therapeutic strategies for the diseases are less than optimum. The recently discovered microRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression primarily at the post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. miRNAs contribute to a variety of physiological and pathological processes. A number of miRNAs have been found to play a pivotal role in the host-virus interaction including host-HBV interaction. Numerous studies have indicated that HBV infection could change the cellular miRNA expression patterns and different stages of HBV associated disease have displayed distinctive miRNA profiles. Furthermore, the differential expressed miRNAs have been found involved in the progression of HBV-related diseases, for instance some miRNAs are involved in liver tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. Studies have also shown that the circulating miRNA in serum or plasma might be a very useful biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBV-related diseases. In addition, miRNA-based therapy strategies have attracted increasing attention, indicating a promising future in the treatment of HBV-related diseases.
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21
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Hepatitis B virus-specific miRNAs and Argonaute2 play a role in the viral life cycle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47490. [PMID: 23091627 PMCID: PMC3472984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease-specific serum miRNA profiles may serve as biomarkers and might reveal potential new avenues for therapy. An HBV-specific serum miRNA profile associated with HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) particles has recently been reported, and AGO2 and miRNAs have been shown to be stably associated with HBsAg in serum. We identified HBV-associated serum miRNAs using the Toray 3D array system in 10 healthy controls and 10 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. 19 selected miRNAs were then measured by quantitative RT-PCR in 248 chronic HBV patients and 22 healthy controls. MiRNA expression in serum versus liver tissue was also compared using biopsy samples. To examine the role of AGO2 during the HBV life cycle, we analyzed intracellular co-localization of AGO2 and HBV core (HBcAg) and surface (HBsAg) antigens using immunocytochemistry and proximity ligation assays in stably transfected HepG2 cells. The effect of AGO2 ablation on viral replication was assessed using siRNA. Several miRNAs, including miR-122, miR-22, and miR-99a, were up-regulated at least 1.5 fold (P<2E-08) in serum of HBV-infected patients. AGO2 and HBcAg were found to physically interact and co-localize in the ER and other subcellular compartments. HBs was also found to co-localize with AGO2 and was detected in multiple subcellular compartments. Conversely, HBx localized non-specifically in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and no interaction between AGO2 and HBx was detected. SiRNA ablation of AGO2 suppressed production of HBV DNA and HBs antigen in the supernatant.
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