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Altman AM, Mahmud J, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Chan G. HCMV modulation of cellular PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling: New opportunities for therapeutic intervention? Antiviral Res 2019; 163:82-90. [PMID: 30668978 PMCID: PMC6391997 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a major public health burden domestically and abroad. Current approved therapies, including ganciclovir, are only moderately efficacious, with many transplant patients suffering from a variety of side effects. A major impediment to the efficacy of current anti-HCMV drugs is their antiviral effects are restricted to the lytic stage of viral replication. Consequently, the non-lytic stages of the viral lifecycle remain major sources of HCMV infection associated with transplant recipients and ultimately the cause of morbidity and mortality. While work continues on new antivirals that block lytic replication, the dormant stages of HCMV's unique lifecycle need to be concurrently assessed for new therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will examine the role that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis plays during the different stages of HCMV's lifecycle, and describe the advantages of targeting this cellular pathway as an antiviral strategy. In particular, we focus on the potential of exploiting the unique modifications HCMV imparts on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway during quiescent infection of monocytes, which serve an essential role in the dissemination strategy of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Altman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jamil Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Gary Chan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Zhong Y, Zeberl BJ, Wang X, Luo J. Combinatorial approaches in post-polymerization modification for rational development of therapeutic delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:21-37. [PMID: 29654990 PMCID: PMC5985219 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial polymer library approach has been proven to be effective for the optimization of therapeutic delivery systems. The library of polymers with chemical diversity has been synthesized by (i) polymerization of functionalized monomers or (ii) post-polymerization modification of reactive polymers. Most scientists have followed the first approach so far, and the second method has emerged as a versatile approach for combinatorial biomaterials discovery. This review focuses on the second approach, especially discussing the post-modifications that employ reactive polymers as templates for combinatorial synthesis of a library of functional polymers with distinct structural diversity or a combination of different functionalities. In this way, the functional polymers have a consistent chain length and distribution, which allows for systematic optimization of therapeutic delivery polymers for the efficient delivery of genes, small-molecule drugs, and protein therapeutics. In this review, the modification of representative reactive polymers for the delivery of different therapeutic payloads are summarized. The recent advances in rational design and optimization of therapeutic delivery systems based on reactive polymers are highlighted. This review ends with a summary of the current achievements and the prospect on future directions in applying the approach of post-polymerization modification of polymers to accelerate the development of therapeutic delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A strategy to rationally design and systematically optimize polymers for the efficient delivery of specific therapeutics is highly needed. The combinatorial polymer library approach could be an effective way to this end. The post-polymerization modification of reactive polymer precursors is applicable for the combinatorial synthesis of a library of functional polymers with distinct structural diversity across a consistent degree of polymerization. This allows for parallel comparison and systematic evaluation/optimization of functional polymers for efficient therapeutic delivery. This review summarizes the key elements of this combinatorial polymer synthesis approach realized by post-polymerization modification of reactive polymer precursors towards the development and identification of optimal polymers for the efficient delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Brian J Zeberl
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Juntao Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
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Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 137:115-170. [PMID: 29405974 PMCID: PMC6550462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective and safe delivery of anticancer agents is among the major challenges in cancer therapy. The majority of anticancer agents are toxic to normal cells, have poor bioavailability, and lack in vivo stability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology provide safe and efficient drug delivery systems for successful delivery of anticancer agents via nanoparticles. The physicochemical and functional properties of the nanoparticle vary for each of these anticancer agents, including chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, small molecule inhibitors, and photodynamic agents. The characteristics of the anticancer agents influence the design and development of nanoparticle carriers. This review focuses on strategies of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for various anticancer agents. Recent advancements in the field are also highlighted, with suitable examples from our own research efforts and from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsireddy Amreddy
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anish Babu
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Janani Panneerselvam
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Meghna Mehta
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anupama Munshi
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
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