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Wei X, Zhou Y, Shen X, Fan L, Liu D, Gao X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li Y, Feng W, Zhang Z. Ciclopirox inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by promoting the degradation of the nucleocapsid protein. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2505-2519. [PMID: 38828154 PMCID: PMC11143514 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NP) plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and is the most abundant structural protein with a long half-life. Despite its vital role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assembly and host inflammatory response, it remains an unexplored target for drug development. In this study, we identified a small-molecule compound (ciclopirox) that promotes NP degradation using an FDA-approved library and a drug-screening cell model. Ciclopirox significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication both in vitro and in vivo by inducing NP degradation. Ciclopirox induced abnormal NP aggregation through indirect interaction, leading to the formation of condensates with higher viscosity and lower mobility. These condensates were subsequently degraded via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, ultimately resulting in a shortened NP half-life and reduced NP expression. Our results suggest that NP is a potential drug target, and that ciclopirox holds substantial promise for further development to combat SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Wei
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Lujie Fan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Donglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yezi Wu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
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Wan X, Xiang J, Fan H, Jiang Y, Lu Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Lei Y. Ciclopirox Olamine Induces Proliferation Inhibition and Protective Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010113. [PMID: 36678610 PMCID: PMC9863056 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common fatal malignancies worldwide. Thus far, the hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis has been bleak due to deficiencies in the identification and diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX) is a synthetic antifungal agent and has been considered as an anti-cancer candidate drug recently, though the detailed mechanisms related to its anti-cancer effect in hepatocellular carcinoma have not yet been revealed. Here, we found that CPX could inhibit proliferation in HCC cells but not in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells by arresting the cell cycle. Moreover, the anti-cancer effects of CPX in HCC cells were also attributed to CPX-triggered ROS accumulation and DJ-1 downregulation. Additionally, CPX could promote complete autophagic flux, which alleviated the anti-cancer effect of CPX in HCC cells, whereas the ROS scavenger (NAC) would attenuate CPX-induced protective autophagy. Interestingly, CPX could also induce glycogen clustering in HCC cells. Altogether, this study provides a new insight into the detailed molecular mechanisms of CPX as an anti-cancer therapy and a strategy for treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Mohebbi A, Ghorbanzadeh T, Naderifar S, Khalaj F, Askari FS, Sammak AS. A fragment-based drug discovery developed on ciclopirox for inhibition of Hepatitis B virus core protein: An in silico study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285941. [PMID: 37196004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is an attractive target for preventing capsid assembly and viral replication. Drug repurposing strategies have introduced several drugs targeting HBV core protein. This study used a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) approach to reconstruct a repurposed core protein inhibitor to some novel antiviral derivatives. Auto Core Fragment in silico Screening (ACFIS) server was used for deconstruction-reconstruction of Ciclopirox in complex with HBV core protein. The Ciclopirox derivatives were ranked based on their free energy of binding (ΔGB). A quantitative structure affinity relationship (QSAR) was established on the Ciclopirox derivatives. The model was validated by a Ciclopirox-property-matched decoy set. A principal component analysis (PCA) was also assessed to define the relationship of the predictive variable of the QSAR model. 24-derivatives with a ΔGB (-16.56±1.46 Kcal.mol-1) more than Ciclopirox was highlighted. A QSAR model with a predictive power of 88.99% (F-statistics = 9025.78, corrected df(25), Pr > F = 0.0001) was developed by four predictive descriptors (ATS1p, nCs, Hy, F08[C-C]). The model validation showed no predictive power for the decoy set (Q2 = 0). No significant correlation was observed between predictors. By directly attaching to the core protein carboxyl-terminal domain, Ciclopirox derivatives may be able to suppress HBV virus assembly and subsequent viral replication inhibition. Hydrophobic residue Phe23 is a critical amino acid in the ligand binding domain. These ligands share the same physicochemical properties that lead to the development of a robust QSAR mode. The same strategy may also be used for future drug discovery of viral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohebbi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Vista Aria Rena Gene Inc., Golestan Province, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Touba Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Naderifar
- Department of Biotechnology, Brandenburg Technology University, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Fattaneh Khalaj
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Salehnia Sammak
- Department of Microbiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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Fan H, He Y, Xiang J, Zhou J, Wan X, You J, Du K, Li Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Bu Y, Lei Y. ROS generation attenuates the anti-cancer effect of CPX on cervical cancer cells by inducing autophagy and inhibiting glycophagy. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102339. [PMID: 35636017 PMCID: PMC9144037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies with poor prognosis due to constant chemoresistance and repeated relapse. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a synthetic antifungal agent, has recently been identified to be a promising anti-cancer candidate. However, the detailed mechanisms related to its anti-cancer effects remain unclear and need to be further elucidated. In this study, we found that CPX could induce proliferation inhibition in cervical cancer cells by targeting PARK7. Further results demonstrated that CPX could induce cytoprotective autophagy by downregulating the expression of PARK7 to activate PRKAA1 or by PARK7-independent accumulation of ROS to inhibit mTOR signaling. Meanwhile, CPX treatment increased the glycogen clustering and glycophagy in cervical cancer cells. The presence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, led to further clustering of glycogen in cells by reducing autophagy and enhancing glycophagy, which promoted CPX-induced inhibition of cervical cancer cell proliferation. Together, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of CPX in the anti-cancer therapy and opens new avenues for the glycophagy in cancer therapeutics. CPX induces cytoprotective autophagy and inhibits proliferation of cervical cancer cells by targeting PARK7. ROS generation attenuates the anticancer effect of CPX by inducing cytoprotective autophagy and inhibiting glycophagy. ROS-triggered glycogen clustering and inactivation of YAP1 are involved in the anti-cancer effects of CPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Junqi Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinyan Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiawei You
- Department of Basic Medicine, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Kailong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Youquan Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Repurposing of Ciclopirox to Overcome the Limitations of Zidovudine (Azidothymidine) against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030552. [PMID: 35335928 PMCID: PMC8950944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria are the top-priority pathogens to be eradicated. Drug repurposing (e.g., the use of non-antibiotics to treat bacterial infections) may be helpful to overcome the limitations of current antibiotics. Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT), a licensed oral antiviral agent, is a leading repurposed drug against MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance due to long-term exposure, overuse, or misuse limits its application, making it necessary to develop new alternatives. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ciclopirox (CPX) as an alternative to AZT. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of AZT and CPX against MDR Gram-negative bacteria were determined; CPX appeared more active against β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, whereas AZT displayed no selectivity for any antibiotic-resistant strain. Motility assays revealed that β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains were less motile in nature and more strongly affected by CPX than a parental strain. Resistance against CPX was not observed in E. coli even after 25 days of growth, whereas AZT resistance was observed in less than 2 days. Moreover, CPX effectively killed AZT-resistant strains with different resistance mechanisms. Our findings indicate that CPX may be utilized as an alternative or supplement to AZT-based medications to treat opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Zhang F, Liu Y, You Q, Yang E, Liu B, Wang H, Xu S, Nawaz W, Chen D, Wu Z. NSC23766 and Ehop016 Suppress Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication by Inhibiting Rac1 Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1263-1271. [PMID: 34162786 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection of the eyes leads to herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK), the main cause of infectious blindness in the world. As the current therapeutics for HSV-1 infection are rather limited and prolonged use of acyclovir (ACV)/ganciclovir (GCV) and in immunocompromised patients lead to the rise of drug resistant mutants, it underlines the urgent need for new antiviral agents with distinct mechanisms. Our study attempted to establish ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) as a new therapeutic target for HSV-1 infection by using Rac1-specific inhibitors to evaluate the in vitro inhibition of virus growth. Our results showed that increased Rac1 activity facilitated HSV-1 replication and inhibition of Rac1 activity by NSC23766 and Ehop016 significantly reduced HSV-1 replication. Thus, we identified NSC23766 and Ehop016 as possessing potent anti-HSV-1 activities by suppressing the Rac1 activity, suggesting that Rac1 is a potential target for treating HSV-1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Ye Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Department of Ophthalmology, JinLing Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Enhui Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Shijie Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University.,School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University
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Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications January–March 2020. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:341-346. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Zhou J, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhou L, Feng X, Yu L, Lan J, Gao W, Zhang C, Bu Y, Huang C, Zhang H, Lei Y. CPX Targeting DJ-1 Triggers ROS-induced Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Colorectal Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5577-5594. [PMID: 31534504 PMCID: PMC6735393 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX) has recently been identified to be a promising anticancer candidate; however, novel activities and detailed mechanisms remain to be uncovered. Methods: The cytotoxic potential of CPX towards CRC cells was examined in vitro and in vivo. The global gene expression pattern, ROS levels, mitochondrial function, autophagy, apoptosis, etc. were determined between control and CPX-treated CRC cells. Results: We found that CPX inhibited CRC growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-cancer effects of CPX involved the downregulation of DJ-1, and overexpression of DJ-1 could reverse the cytotoxic effect of CPX on CRC cells. The loss of DJ-1 resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS accumulation, thus leading to CRC growth inhibition. The cytoprotective autophagy was provoked simultaneously, and blocking autophagy pharmacologically or genetically could further enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of CPX. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that DJ-1 loss-induced ROS accumulation plays a pivotal role in CPX-mediated CRC inhibition, providing a further understanding for CRC treatment via modulating compensatory protective autophagy.
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Conley ZC, Carlson-Banning KM, Carter AG, de la Cova A, Song Y, Zechiedrich L. Sugar and iron: Toward understanding the antibacterial effect of ciclopirox in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210547. [PMID: 30633761 PMCID: PMC6329577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed against antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. The repurposed antifungal drug, ciclopirox, equally blocks antibiotic-susceptible or multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates, indicating that it is not affected by existing resistance mechanisms. Toward understanding how ciclopirox blocks growth, we screened E. coli mutant strains and found that disruption of genes encoding products involved in galactose salvage, enterobacterial common antigen synthesis, and transport of the iron binding siderophore, enterobactin, lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciclopirox needed to block growth of the mutant compared to the isogenic parent strain. We found that ciclopirox induced enterobactin production and that this effect is strongly affected by the deletion of the galactose salvage genes encoding UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, galE, or galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, galT. As disruption of ECA synthesis activates the regulation of capsular synthesis (Rcs) phosphorelay, which inhibits bacterial swarming and promotes biofilm development, we test whether ciclopirox prevents activation of the Rcs pathway. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciclopirox increased swarming of the E. coli laboratory K12 strain BW25113 but had widely varying effects on swarming or surface motility of clinical isolate E. coli, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. There was no effect of ciclopirox on biofilm production, suggesting it does not target Rcs. Altogether, our data suggest ciclopirox-mediated alteration of lipopolysaccharides stimulates enterobactin production and affects bacterial swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Conley
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Carlson-Banning
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley G. Carter
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alejandro de la Cova
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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