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Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7616. [PMID: 39062859 PMCID: PMC11277246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.
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2
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Patterson MR, Meijers AS, Ryder EL, Wootton LM, Scarth JA, Evans D, Turner AL, Wasson CW, Darell JE, Theobald DA, Cogan JA, James CD, Wang M, Ladbury JE, Morgan IM, Samson A, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. E7-mediated repression of miR-203 promotes LASP1-dependent proliferation in HPV-positive cervical cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:2184-2198. [PMID: 38789663 PMCID: PMC11226402 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a major cause of malignancy, contributing to ~5% of all human cancers worldwide, including most cervical cancer cases and a growing number of anogenital and oral cancers. The major HPV viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, manipulate many host cellular pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival, predisposing infected cells to malignant transformation. Despite the availability of highly effective vaccines, there are still no specific anti-viral therapies targeting HPV or treatments for HPV-associated cancers. As such, a better understanding of viral-host interactions may allow the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that the actin-binding protein LASP1 is upregulated in cervical cancer and significantly correlates with a poorer overall survival. In HPV positive cervical cancer, LASP1 depletion significantly inhibited the oncogenic phenotype in vitro, whilst having minimal effects in HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the LASP1 SH3 domain is essential for LASP1-mediated oncogenicity in these cells. Mechanistically, we show that HPV E7 regulates LASP1 at the post-transcriptional level by repressing the expression of miR-203, which negatively regulates LASP1 mRNA levels by binding to its 3'UTR. Finally, we demonstrate that LASP1 expression is required for the growth of HPV positive cervical cancer cells in an in vivo tumourigenicity model. Together, these data demonstrate that HPV induces LASP1 expression to promote proliferation and survival in cervical cancer, thus identifying a potential therapeutic target in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aniek S Meijers
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma L Ryder
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - James A Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Debra Evans
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amy L Turner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St-James University Teaching Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Janne E Darell
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daisy A Theobald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joseph A Cogan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ethan L Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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3
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Patterson MR, Meijers AS, Ryder EL, Scarth JA, Evans D, Turner AL, Wasson CW, Darell JE, Theobald D, Cogan J, James CD, Wang M, Ladbury JE, Morgan IM, Samson A, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. E7-mediated repression of miR-203 promotes LASP1-dependent proliferation in HPV-positive cervical cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574687. [PMID: 38293147 PMCID: PMC10827106 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a major cause of malignancy, contributing to ∼5% of all human cancers worldwide, including most cervical cancer cases and a growing number of ano-genital and oral cancers. The major HPV viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, manipulate many host cellular pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival, predisposing infected cells to malignant transformation. Despite the availability of highly effective vaccines, there are still no specific anti-viral therapies targeting HPV or treatments for HPV-associated cancers. As such, a better understanding of viral-host interactions may allow the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that the actin-binding protein LASP1 is upregulated in cervical cancer and significantly correlates with a poorer overall survival. In HPV positive cervical cancer, LASP1 depletion significantly inhibited proliferation in vitro , whilst having minimal effects in HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that the LASP1 SH3 domain is essential for LASP1-mediated proliferation in these cells. Mechanistically, we show that HPV E7 regulates LASP1 at the post-transcriptional level by repressing the expression of miR-203, which negatively regulated LASP1 mRNA levels by binding to its 3'UTR. Finally, we demonstrated that LASP1 expression is required for the growth of HPV positive cervical cancer cells in an in vivo tumourigenicity model. Together, these data demonstrate that HPV induces LASP1 expression to promote proliferation and survival role in cervical cancer, thus identifying a potential therapeutic target in these cancers.
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Arman BY, Brun J, Hill ML, Zitzmann N, von Delft A. An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results-What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:354. [PMID: 38203525 PMCID: PMC10779148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juliane Brun
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Annette von Delft
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Centre for Medicine Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Chen B, Zhao L, Yang R, Xu T. Advances in molecular mechanism of HPV16 E5 oncoprotein carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 745:109716. [PMID: 37553047 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
For a considerable duration, cervical cancer has posed a significant risk to the well-being and survival of women. The emergence and progression of cervical cancer have garnered extensive attention, with prolonged chronic infection of HPV serving as a crucial etiological factor. Consequently, investigating the molecular mechanism underlying HPV-induced cervical cancer has become a prominent research area. The HPV molecule is composed of a long control region (LCR), an early coding region and a late coding region.The early coding region encompasses E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, while the late coding region comprises L1 and L2 ORF.The investigation into the molecular structure and function of HPV has garnered significant attention, with the aim of elucidating the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV and identifying potential targets for the treatment of cervical cancer. Research has demonstrated that the HPV gene and its encoded protein play a crucial role in the invasion and malignant transformation of host cells. Consequently, understanding the function of HPV oncoprotein is of paramount importance in comprehending the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. E6 and E7, the primary HPV oncogenic proteins, have been the subject of extensive study. Moreover, a number of contemporary investigations have demonstrated the significant involvement of HPV16 E5 oncoprotein in the malignant conversion of healthy cells through its regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis via diverse pathways, albeit the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive account of the molecular structure and life cycle of HPV.The HPV E5 oncoprotein mechanism modulates cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism through its interaction with cell growth factor receptors and other cellular proteins. This mechanism is crucial for the survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells in the early stages of carcinogenesis. Recent studies have identified the HPV E5 oncoprotein as a promising therapeutic target for early-stage cervical cancer, thus offering a novel approach for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Chen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rulin Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Scarth JA, Wasson CW, Patterson MR, Evans D, Barba-Moreno D, Carden H, Cassidy R, Whitehouse A, Mankouri J, Samson A, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. Exploitation of ATP-sensitive potassium ion (K ATP) channels by HPV promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation by contributing to MAPK/AP-1 signalling. Oncogene 2023; 42:2558-2577. [PMID: 37443304 PMCID: PMC10439009 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the causal factor in multiple human malignancies, including >99% of cervical cancers and a growing proportion of oropharyngeal cancers. Prolonged expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is necessary for transformation to occur. Although some of the mechanisms by which these oncoproteins contribute to carcinogenesis are well-characterised, a comprehensive understanding of the signalling pathways manipulated by HPV is lacking. Here, we present the first evidence to our knowledge that the targeting of a host ion channel by HPV can contribute to cervical carcinogenesis. Through the use of pharmacological activators and inhibitors of ATP-sensitive potassium ion (KATP) channels, we demonstrate that these channels are active in HPV-positive cells and that this activity is required for HPV oncoprotein expression. Further, expression of SUR1, which forms the regulatory subunit of the multimeric channel complex, was found to be upregulated in both HPV+ cervical cancer cells and in samples from patients with cervical disease, in a manner dependent on the E7 oncoprotein. Importantly, knockdown of SUR1 expression or KATP channel inhibition significantly impeded cell proliferation via induction of a G1 cell cycle phase arrest. This was confirmed both in vitro and in in vivo tumourigenicity assays. Mechanistically, we propose that the pro-proliferative effect of KATP channels is mediated via the activation of a MAPK/AP-1 signalling axis. A complete characterisation of the role of KATP channels in HPV-associated cancer is now warranted in order to determine whether the licensed and clinically available inhibitors of these channels could constitute a potential novel therapy in the treatment of HPV-driven cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Debra Evans
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Diego Barba-Moreno
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Holli Carden
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rosa Cassidy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ethan L Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-risk HPV infections are related to several epithelial cancers. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPV infections are still responsible for about 5% of all human malignancies worldwide. While therapeutic vaccines are ongoing clinical trials, genotoxic agents and surgical interventions represent current clinical treatments, with no specific anti-HPV drugs yet available in the clinics. AREAS COVERED We offer a comprehensive report of small molecules in preclinical studies proposed as potential anticancer agents against HPV-driven tumors. Given the importance of HPV oncoproteins for cancer maintenance, particularly E6 and E7, we present a classification of both non-targeted and targeted agents, with a further subdivision of the latter into two categories according to their either direct or indirect activity against viral protein functions. EXPERT OPINION Prophylactic vaccines can prevent the insurgence of HPV-related cancers, but have no effect against pre-existing infections. Moreover, their high cost, genotype-restricted effect and the growing worldwide distrust for vaccines make the availability of a specific drug an unmet medical need. Different viral early proteins emerge as ideal candidates for drug development. We highlight the most promising strategies and address future challenges in this field to herald the prospect of a specific therapeutic regimen against HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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Genetic variability of the HPV16 early genes and LCR. Present and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e19. [PMID: 34847982 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infection is the aetiologic factor for the development of cervical dysplasia and is regarded as highly carcinogen, because it is implicated in more than 50% of cervical cancer cases, worldwide. The tumourigenic potential of HPV16 has triggered the extensive sequence analysis of viral genome in order to identify nucleotide variations and amino acid substitutions that influence viral oncogenicity and subsequently the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. Nowadays, specific mutations of HPV16 DNA have been associated with an increased risk of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) development, including E6: Q14H, H78Y, L83V, Ε7: N29S, S63F, E2: H35Q, P219S, T310K, E5: I65V, whereas highly conserved regions of viral DNA have been extensively characterised. In addition, numerous novel HPV16 mutations are observed among the studied populations from various geographic regions, hence advocating that different HPV16 strains seem to emerge with different tumourigenic capacities. The present review focuses on the variability of the early genes and the long control region, emphasising on the association of specific mutations with the development of severe dysplasia. Finally, it evaluates whether specific regions of HPV16 DNA are able to serve as valuable biomarkers for cervical cancer risk.
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Cao Y, Yang R, Lee I, Zhang W, Sun J, Wang W, Meng X. Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 E Protein: Sequence, Structure, Viroporin, and Inhibitors. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1114-1130. [PMID: 33813796 PMCID: PMC8138525 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic is one of the most influential epidemics in history. Understanding the impact of coronaviruses (CoVs) on host cells is very important for disease treatment. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein is a small structural protein involved in many aspects of the viral life cycle. The E protein promotes the packaging and reproduction of the virus, and deletion of this protein weakens or even abolishes the virulence. This review aims to establish new knowledge by combining recent advances in the study of the SARS-CoV-2 E protein and by comparing it with the SARS-CoV E protein. The E protein amino acid sequence, structure, self-assembly characteristics, viroporin mechanisms and inhibitors are summarized and analyzed herein. Although the mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins are similar in many respects, specific studies on the SARS-CoV-2 E protein, for both monomers and oligomers, are still lacking. A comprehensive understanding of this protein should prompt further studies on the design and characterization of effective targeted therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Cao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinPeople's Republic of China
- National Supercomputer Center in TianjinTEDA‐Tianjin Economic‐Technological Development AreaTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Infection and ImmunityTianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated HospitalTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Imshik Lee
- College of PhysicsNankai UniversityTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiana Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- National Supercomputer Center in TianjinTEDA‐Tianjin Economic‐Technological Development AreaTianjinPeople's Republic of China
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Morgan EL, Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Wasson CW, Hemingway GC, Barba-Moreno D, Macdonald A. E6-mediated activation of JNK drives EGFR signalling to promote proliferation and viral oncoprotein expression in cervical cancer. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1669-1687. [PMID: 33303976 PMCID: PMC8166842 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a major cause of malignancy worldwide, contributing to ~5% of all human cancers including almost all cases of cervical cancer and a growing number of ano-genital and oral cancers. HPV-induced malignancy is primarily driven by the viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, which manipulate host cellular pathways to increase cell proliferation and enhance cell survival, ultimately predisposing infected cells to malignant transformation. Consequently, a more detailed understanding of viral-host interactions in HPV-associated disease offers the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets. Here, we identify that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway is activated in cervical disease and in cervical cancer. The HPV E6 oncogene induces JNK1/2 phosphorylation in a manner that requires the E6 PDZ binding motif. We show that blockade of JNK1/2 signalling using small molecule inhibitors, or knockdown of the canonical JNK substrate c-Jun, reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. We further demonstrate that this phenotype is at least partially driven by JNK-dependent activation of EGFR signalling via increased expression of EGFR and the EGFR ligands EGF and HB-EGF. JNK/c-Jun signalling promoted the invasive potential of cervical cancer cells and was required for the expression of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated transcription factor Slug and the mesenchymal marker Vimentin. Furthermore, JNK/c-Jun signalling is required for the constitutive expression of HPV E6 and E7, which are essential for cervical cancer cell growth and survival. Together, these data demonstrate a positive feedback loop between the EGFR signalling pathway and HPV E6/E7 expression, identifying a regulatory mechanism in which HPV drives EGFR signalling to promote proliferation, survival and EMT. Thus, our study has identified a novel therapeutic target that may be beneficial for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Present Address: Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - James A. Scarth
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
| | - Christopher W. Wasson
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Present Address: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St-James University Teaching Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Georgia C. Hemingway
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
| | - Diego Barba-Moreno
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
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11
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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12
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Lumbroso A, Berthonneau C, Beaudet I, Quintard JP, Planchat A, García-Moreno MI, Ortiz Mellet C, Le Grognec E. A versatile stereocontrolled synthesis of 2-deoxyiminosugar C-glycosides and their evaluation as glycosidase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1083-1099. [PMID: 33427829 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective synthesis of (R,S) or (S,S)-2,6-disubstituted dehydropiperidines has been previously achieved through Sn/Li transmetalation of the corresponding stannylated dehydropiperidines or of their precursors. Herein, we successively consider their Upjohn's syn dihydroxylation and their anti-dihydroxylation via an epoxidation reaction followed by epoxide opening reaction. The stereochemical course of these reactions was first reported including the use of appropriate protecting groups before considering the conversion of the obtained compounds into NH or NMe iminosugar hydrochlorides. A primary evaluation of the designed iminosugar C-glycosides as glycosidase inhibitors suggests candidates for the selective inhibition of α-galactosidase, amyloglycosidase and naringinase. Beyond the reported results, the method constitutes a highly modulable route for the synthesis of well stereodefined iminosugar C-glycosides, an advantage which might be used for the design of iminosugars to enhance their biological properties.
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13
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The deubiquitinase (DUB) USP13 promotes Mcl-1 stabilisation in cervical cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2112-2129. [PMID: 33627786 PMCID: PMC7979541 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis. Aberrations in the addition or removal of ubiquitin can result in the development of cancer and key components of the ubiquitination machinery serve as oncogenes or tumour suppressors. An emerging target in the development of cancer therapeutics are the deubiquitinase (DUB) enzymes that remove ubiquitin from protein substrates. Whether this class of enzyme plays a role in cervical cancer has not been fully explored. By interrogating the cervical cancer data from the TCGA consortium, we noted that the DUB USP13 is amplified in ~15% of cervical cancer cases. We confirmed that USP13 expression was increased in cervical cancer cell lines, cytology samples from patients with cervical disease and in cervical cancer tissue. Depletion of USP13 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation. Mechanistically, USP13 bound to, deubiquitinated and stabilised Mcl-1, a pivotal member of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family. Furthermore, reduced Mcl-1 expression partially contributed to the observed proliferative defect in USP13 depleted cells. Importantly, the expression of USP13 and Mcl-1 proteins correlated in cervical cancer tissue. Finally, we demonstrated that depletion of USP13 expression or inhibition of USP13 enzymatic activity increased the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to the BH3 mimetic inhibitor ABT-263. Together, our data demonstrates that USP13 is a potential oncogene in cervical cancer that functions to stabilise the pro-survival protein Mcl-1, offering a potential therapeutic target for these cancers.
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14
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Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Chihu-Amparan L, Salazar-Piña A, Maldonado-Gama M, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cellular Functions of HPV16 E5 Oncoprotein during Oncogenic Transformation. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:167-179. [PMID: 33106372 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the main etiologic agent associated with cervical cancer. HPVs are epitheliotropic, and the ones that infect the mucous membranes are classified into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) types. LR-HPVs produce benign lesions, whereas HR-HPVs produce lesions that may progress to cancer. HR-HPV types 16 and 18 are the most frequently found in cervical cancer worldwide. E6 and E7 are the major HPV oncogenic proteins, and they have been profusely studied. Moreover, it has been shown that the HPV16 E5 (16E5) oncoprotein generates transformation, although the molecular mechanisms through which it carries out its activity have not been well defined. In contrast to E6 and E7, the E5 open reading frame is lost during the integration of the episomal HPV DNA into the cellular genome. This suggests that E5 acts at the early stages of the transformation process. In this review, we focused on the biochemical characteristics and functions of the HPV E5 oncoprotein, mainly on its association with growth factor receptors and other cellular proteins. Knowledge of the HPV E5 biology is important to understand the role of this oncoprotein in maintaining the viral cycle through the modulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the alteration of other processes, such as survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion during early carcinogenesis. Finally, we summarized recent research that uses the E5 oncoprotein as a therapeutic target, promising a novel approach to the treatment of cervical cancer in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gutierrez-Xicotencatl
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lilia Chihu-Amparan
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Azucena Salazar-Piña
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Minerva Maldonado-Gama
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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15
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N-Alkylated Iminosugar Based Ligands: Synthesis and Inhibition of Human Lysosomal β-Glucocerebrosidase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204618. [PMID: 33050585 PMCID: PMC7594070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of a series of N-alkylated iminosugar based inhibitors in the d-gluco as well as d-xylo configuration towards their interaction with human lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase has been evaluated. A versatile synthetic toolbox has been developed for the synthesis of N-alkylated iminosugar scaffolds conjugated to a variety of terminal groups via a benzoic acid ester linker. The terminal groups such as nitrile, azide, alkyne, nonafluoro-tert-butyl and amino substituents enable follow-up chemistry as well as visualisation experiments. All compounds showed promising inhibitory properties as well as selectivities for β-glucosidases, some exhibiting activities in the low nanomolar range for β-glucocerebrosidase.
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16
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Shiryaev VA, Klimochkin YN. Heterocyclic Inhibitors of Viroporins in the Design of Antiviral Compounds. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020; 56:626-635. [PMID: 32836315 PMCID: PMC7366462 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels of viruses (viroporins) represent a common type of protein targets for drugs. The relative simplicity of channel architecture allows convenient computational modeling and enables virtual search for new inhibitors. In this review, we analyze the data published over the last 10 years on known ion channels of viruses that cause socially significant diseases. The effectiveness of inhibition by various types of heterocyclic compounds of the viroporins of influenza virus, hepatitis С virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomaviruses, coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus is discussed. The presented material highlights the promise held by the search for heterocyclic antiviral compounds that act by inhibition of viroporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A. Shiryaev
- Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeiskaya St, Samara, 443100 Russia
| | - Yuri N. Klimochkin
- Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeiskaya St, Samara, 443100 Russia
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17
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Impact of HPV E5 on viral life cycle via EGFR signaling. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Miyauchi S, Sanders PD, Guram K, Kim SS, Paolini F, Venuti A, Cohen EEW, Gutkind JS, Califano JA, Sharabi AB. HPV16 E5 Mediates Resistance to PD-L1 Blockade and Can Be Targeted with Rimantadine in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 80:732-746. [PMID: 31848196 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to understand mechanisms of resistance and to develop combinatorial strategies to improve responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI). Here, we uncover a novel mechanism by which the human papillomavirus (HPV) inhibits the activity of CBI in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Using orthotopic HNSCC models, we show that radiation combined with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy significantly enhanced local control, CD8+ memory T cells, and induced preferential T-cell homing via modulation of vascular endothelial cells. However, the HPV E5 oncoprotein suppressed immune responses by downregulating expression of major histocompatibility complex and interfering with antigen presentation in murine models and patient tumors. Furthermore, tumors expressing HPV E5 were rendered entirely resistant to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, and patients with high expression of HPV16 E5 had worse survival. The antiviral E5 inhibitor rimantadine demonstrated remarkable single-agent antitumor activity. This is the first report that describes HPV E5 as a mediator of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and demonstrates the antitumor activity of rimantadine. These results have broad clinical relevance beyond HNSCC to other HPV-associated malignancies and reveal a powerful mechanism of HPV-mediated immunosuppression, which can be exploited to improve response rates to checkpoint blockade. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel mechanism of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy mediated by HPV E5, which can be exploited using the HPV E5 inhibitor rimantadine to improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/4/732/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Miyauchi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - P Dominick Sanders
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kripa Guram
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sangwoo S Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesca Paolini
- HPV-Unit, UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-Unit, UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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19
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Basto DL, Chaves CBP, Felix SP, Amaro-Filho SM, Vieira VC, Martins LFL, de Carvalho NA, Almeida LM, Moreira MÂM. The papillomavirus E5 gene does not affect EGFR transcription and overall survival in cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2019; 92:1283-1289. [PMID: 31696949 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human papillomavirus (HPV) E5 gene encodes a small and highly hydrophobic oncoprotein that affects immune evasion, cell proliferation, loss of apoptotic capacity and angiogenesis in tumors. E5 shows an affinity for biological membranes and was associated with an increase of epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF/EGFR) signaling through the accumulation of EGFR in cellular membranes. Due to the frequent integration of the HPV genome into the host cell genome, E5 is frequently not transcribed in cervical tumors. AIM In this study we looked forward to verifying whether the potential expression of E5 protein in human papillomavirus 16 positive (HPV16+ ) and human papillomavirus 18 positive (HPV18+ ) cervical tumors was associated with levels of EGFR and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) transcription and with patients overall survival. RESULTS Association between the presence of E5 transcripts and viral genome disruption was observed for HPV16+ and HPV18+ tumors. Association was not observed between tumors potentially capable of translating E5 and EGFR or VEGFA transcriptional levels. Similarly, the capability of translating E5 and overall survival in patients with HPV16+ squamous cell carcinoma tumors stage ≥ IB2 were not associated. CONCLUSION The likely presence of E5 transcripts was neither associated to a higher activity of the EGFR-VEGFA pathway nor to the overall survival of patients with HPV16+ squamous cell carcinoma in stages ≥ IB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Lisbôa Basto
- Department of Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Bessa Pereira Chaves
- Gynecologic Oncology Department and Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdimara Corrêa Vieira
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Liz Maria Almeida
- Population Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Zamoner LOB, Aragão-Leoneti V, Carvalho I. Iminosugars: Effects of Stereochemistry, Ring Size, and N-Substituents on Glucosidase Activities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E108. [PMID: 31336868 PMCID: PMC6789487 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N-substituted iminosugar analogues are potent inhibitors of glucosidases and glycosyltransferases with broad therapeutic applications, such as treatment of diabetes and Gaucher disease, immunosuppressive activities, and antibacterial and antiviral effects against HIV, HPV, hepatitis C, bovine diarrhea (BVDV), Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg viruses (MARV), influenza, Zika, and dengue virus. Based on our previous work on functionalized isomeric 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-gulitol (L-gulo-piperidines, with inverted configuration at C-2 and C-5 in respect to glucose or deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)) and 1,6-dideoxy-1,6-imino-D-mannitol (D-manno-azepane derivatives) cores N-linked to different sites of glucopyranose units, we continue our studies on these alternative iminosugars bearing simple N-alkyl chains instead of glucose to understand if these easily accessed scaffolds could preserve the inhibition profile of the corresponding glucose-based N-alkyl derivatives as DNJ cores found in miglustat and miglitol drugs. Thus, a small library of iminosugars (14 compounds) displaying different stereochemistry, ring size, and N-substitutions was successfully synthesized from a common precursor, D-mannitol, by utilizing an SN2 aminocyclization reaction via two isomeric bis-epoxides. The evaluation of the prospective inhibitors on glucosidases revealed that merely D-gluco-piperidine (miglitol, 41a) and L-ido-azepane (41b) DNJ-derivatives bearing the N-hydroxylethyl group showed inhibition towards α-glucosidase with IC50 41 µM and 138 µM, respectively, using DNJ as reference (IC50 134 µM). On the other hand, β-glucosidase inhibition was achieved for glucose-inverted configuration (C-2 and C-5) derivatives, as novel L-gulo-piperidine (27a) and D-manno-azepane (27b), preserving the N-butyl chain, with IC50 109 and 184 µM, respectively, comparable to miglustat with the same N-butyl substituent (40a, IC50 172 µM). Interestingly, the seven-membered ring L-ido-azepane (40b) displayed near twice the activity (IC50 80 µM) of the corresponding D-gluco-piperidine miglustat drug (40a). Furthermore, besides α-glucosidase inhibition, both miglitol (41a) and L-ido-azepane (41b) proved to be the strongest β-glucosidase inhibitors of the series with IC50 of 4 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís O B Zamoner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Aragão-Leoneti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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21
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Autocrine STAT3 activation in HPV positive cervical cancer through a virus-driven Rac1-NFκB-IL-6 signalling axis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007835. [PMID: 31226168 PMCID: PMC6608985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Although the fundamental link between HPV infection and oncogenesis is established, the specific mechanisms of virus-mediated transformation are not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that the HPV encoded E6 protein increases the activity of the proto-oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 in primary human keratinocytes; however, the molecular basis for STAT3 activation in cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we show that STAT3 phosphorylation in HPV positive cervical cancer cells is mediated primarily via autocrine activation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Antibody-mediated blockade of IL-6 signalling in HPV positive cells inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas both recombinant IL-6 and conditioned media from HPV positive cells leads to increased STAT3 phosphorylation within HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, we demonstrate that activation of the transcription factor NFκB, involving the small GTPase Rac1, is required for IL-6 production and subsequent STAT3 activation. Our data provides new insights into the molecular re-wiring of cancer cells by HPV E6. We reveal that activation of an IL-6 signalling axis drives the autocrine and paracrine phosphorylation of STAT3 within HPV positive cervical cancers cells and that activation of this pathway is essential for cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Greater understanding of this pathway provides a potential opportunity for the use of existing clinically approved drugs for the treatment of HPV-mediated cervical cancer.
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22
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Gheit T. Mucosal and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cancer Biology. Front Oncol 2019; 9:355. [PMID: 31134154 PMCID: PMC6517478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviridae is a family of small non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with double-stranded circular DNA. More than 200 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been listed so far. Based on epidemiological data, a subgroup of alphapapillomaviruses (alpha HPVs) was referred to as high-risk (HR) HPV types. HR HPVs are the etiological agents of anogenital cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers. The cutaneous HPV types, mainly from beta and gamma genera, are widely present on the surface of the skin in the general population. However, there is growing evidence of an etiological role of betapapillomaviruses (beta HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Studies performed on mucosal HR HPV types, such as 16 and 18, showed that both oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a key role in cervical cancer by altering pathways involved in the host immune response to establish a persistent infection and by promoting cellular transformation. Continuous expression of E6 and E7 of mucosal HR HPV types is essential to initiate and to maintain the cellular transformation process, whereas expression of E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV types is not required for the maintenance of the skin cancer phenotype. Beta HPV types appear to play a role in the initiation of skin carcinogenesis, by exacerbating the accumulation of UV radiation-induced DNA breaks and somatic mutations (the hit-and-run mechanism), and they would therefore act as facilitators rather than direct actors in NMSC. In this review, the natural history of HPV infection and the transforming properties of various HPV genera will be described, with a particular focus on describing the state of knowledge about the role of cutaneous HPV types in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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