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da Rocha NC, Amorim LDSC, Won-Held Rabelo V, da Silva CO, Silva LS, Barboza GKP, Carlos MFLP, Neves Lima AEA, Palmer Paixão ICND. β-enaminoester derivatives exhibit promising in vitro and in silico antiviral potential against Mayaro virus. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:406. [PMID: 39292269 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, which is characterized mainly by acute fever and long-term severe arthralgia, common manifestations of other arbovirus infections, making the correct diagnosis a challenge. Besides, MAYV infections have been reported in South America, especially in Brazil. However, the lack of vaccines or specific antiviral drugs to control these infections makes the search for new antivirals an urgent need. Herein, we evaluated the antiviral potential of synthetic β-enaminoesters derivatives against MAYV replication and their pharmacokinetic and toxicological (ADMET) properties using in vitro and in silico strategies. For this purpose, Vero cells were infected with MAYV at an MOI of 0.1, treated with compounds (50 µM) for 24 h, and virus titers were quantified by plaque reduction assays. Compounds 2b (83.33%) and 2d (77.53%) exhibited the highest activity with inhibition rates of 83.33% and 77.53%, respectively. The most active compounds 2b (EC50 = 18.92 µM; SI > 52.85), and 2d (EC50 = 14.52 µM; SI > 68.87) exhibited higher potency and selectivity than the control drug suramin (EC50 = 38.97 µM; SI > 25.66). Then, we investigated the mechanism of action of the most active compounds. None of the compounds showed virucidal activity, neither inhibited virus adsorption, but compound 2b inhibited virus entry (62.64%). Also, compounds 2b and 2d inhibited some processes involved with the release of new virus particles. Finally, in silico results indicated good ADMET parameters of the most active compounds and reinforced their promising profile as drug candidates against MAYV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cristina da Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos Corrêa Amorim
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciene Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Geicy Kelly Pires Barboza
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Aurea Echevarria Aznar Neves Lima
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Sridhar S, Tonto PB, Lumkong L, Netto EM, Brites C, Wang WK, Herrera BB. Development of RT-RPA-based point-of-care tests for epidemic arthritogenic alphaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594209. [PMID: 38826256 PMCID: PMC11142058 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya (CHIKV), o'nyong-nyong (ONNV), and Mayaro (MAYV) viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes and known to cause a debilitating arthritogenic syndrome. These alphaviruses have emerged and re-emerged, leading to outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, South America, and Africa. Despite their prevalence, there persists a critical gap in the availability of sensitive and virus-specific point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Traditional immunoglobulin-based tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) often yield cross-reactive results due to the close genetic relationship between these viruses. Molecular diagnostics such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) offer high sensitivity but are limited by the need for specialized laboratory equipment. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification method, is a promising alternative to qPCR, providing rapid results with minimal equipment requirements. Here, we report the development and validation of three virus-specific RPA-based POC tests for CHIKV, ONNV, and MAYV. These tests demonstrated both speed and sensitivity, capable of detecting 10 viral copies within 20 minutes of amplification, without exhibiting cross-reactivity. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical potential of these tests using serum and tissue samples from CHIKV, ONNV, and MAYV-infected mice, as well as CHIKV-infected human patients. We demonstrate that the RPA amplicons derived from the patient samples can be sequenced, enabling cost-effective molecular epidemiological studies. Our findings highlight the significance of these rapid and specific POC diagnostics in improving the early detection and management of these arboviral infections.
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Marinho MDS, Ferreira GM, Grosche VR, Nicolau-Junior N, Campos TDL, Santos IA, Jardim ACG. Evolutionary Profile of Mayaro Virus in the Americas: An Update into Genome Variability. Viruses 2024; 16:809. [PMID: 38793690 PMCID: PMC11126029 DOI: 10.3390/v16050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus with emerging potential, though with a limited understanding of its epidemiology and evolution due to the lack of studies and surveillance. Here, we investigated 71 MAYV genome sequences from the Americas available at GenBank and characterized the phylogenetic relationship among virus strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences were grouped according to the genotypes L, D, and N. Genotype D sequences were closely related to sequences collected in adjacent years and from their respective countries, suggesting that isolates may have originated from circulating lineages. The coalescent analysis demonstrated similar results, indicating the continuous circulation of the virus between countries as well. An unidentified sequence from the USA was grouped with genotype D, suggesting the insertion of this genotype in the country. Furthermore, the recombination analysis detected homologous and three heterologous hybrids which presented an insertion into the nsP3 protein. Amino acid substitutions among sequences indicated selective pressure sites, suggesting viral adaptability. This also impacted the binding affinity between the E1-E2 protein complex and the Mxra8 receptor, associated with MAYV entry into human cells. These results provide information for a better understanding of genotypes circulating in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela dos Santos Marinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil; (M.d.S.M.); (G.M.F.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Giulia Magalhães Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil; (M.d.S.M.); (G.M.F.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil; (M.d.S.M.); (G.M.F.); (V.R.G.)
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau-Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil;
| | - Túlio de Lima Campos
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute (Fiocruz), Bioinformatics Core Facility, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil;
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil; (M.d.S.M.); (G.M.F.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-319, MG, Brazil; (M.d.S.M.); (G.M.F.); (V.R.G.)
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
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Weber WC, Labriola CS, Kreklywich CN, Ray K, Haese NN, Andoh TF, Denton M, Medica S, Streblow MM, Smith PP, Mizuno N, Frias N, Fisher MB, Barber-Axthelm AM, Chun K, Uttke S, Whitcomb D, DeFilippis V, Rakshe S, Fei SS, Axthelm MK, Smedley JV, Streblow DN. Mayaro virus pathogenesis and immunity in rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011742. [PMID: 37983245 PMCID: PMC10695392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes debilitating and persistent arthritogenic disease. While MAYV was previously reported to infect non-human primates (NHP), characterization of MAYV pathogenesis is currently lacking. Therefore, in this study we characterized MAYV infection and immunity in rhesus macaques. To inform the selection of a viral strain for NHP experiments, we evaluated five MAYV strains in C57BL/6 mice and showed that MAYV strain BeAr505411 induced robust tissue dissemination and disease. Three male rhesus macaques were subcutaneously challenged with 105 plaque-forming units of this strain into the arms. Peak plasma viremia occurred at 2 days post-infection (dpi). NHPs were taken to necropsy at 10 dpi to assess viral dissemination, which included the muscles and joints, lymphoid tissues, major organs, male reproductive tissues, as well as peripheral and central nervous system tissues. Histological examination demonstrated that MAYV infection was associated with appendicular joint and muscle inflammation as well as presence of perivascular inflammation in a wide variety of tissues. One animal developed a maculopapular rash and two NHP had viral RNA detected in upper torso skin samples, which was associated with the presence of perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic aggregation. Analysis of longitudinal peripheral blood samples indicated a robust innate and adaptive immune activation, including the presence of anti-MAYV neutralizing antibodies with activity against related Una virus and chikungunya virus. Inflammatory cytokines and monocyte activation also peaked coincident with viremia, which was well supported by our transcriptomic analysis highlighting enrichment of interferon signaling and other antiviral processes at 2 days post MAYV infection. The rhesus macaque model of MAYV infection recapitulates many of the aspects of human infection and is poised to facilitate the evaluation of novel therapies and vaccines targeting this re-emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C. Weber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Caralyn S. Labriola
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Karina Ray
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takeshi F. Andoh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samuel Medica
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Magdalene M. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patricia P. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nobuyo Mizuno
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nina Frias
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miranda B. Fisher
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Barber-Axthelm
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Chun
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samantha Uttke
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Danika Whitcomb
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shauna Rakshe
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S. Fei
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy V. Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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Alipanah M, Manzanas C, Hai X, Lednicky JA, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Morris JG, Fan ZH. Mayaro virus detection by integrating sample preparation with isothermal amplification in portable devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5605-5617. [PMID: 37470813 PMCID: PMC10528734 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes clinical symptoms similar to those caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). To differentiate MAYV from these viruses diagnostically, we have developed a portable device that integrates sample preparation with real-time, reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rRT-LAMP). First, we designed a rRT-LAMP assay targeting MAYV's non-structural protein (NS1) gene and determined the limit of detection of at least 10 viral genome equivalents per reaction. The assay was specific for MAYV, without cross-reactions with CHIKV, DENV, or ZIKV. The rRT-LAMP assay was integrated with a sample preparation device (SPD) wherein virus lysis and RNA enrichment/purification were carried out on the spot, without requiring pipetting, while subsequent real-time amplification device (RAD) enables virus detection at the point of care (POC). The functions of our platform were demonstrated using purified MAYV RNA or blood samples containing viable viruses. We have used the devices for detection of MAYV in as short as 13 min, with limit of detection to as low as 10 GEs/reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Alipanah
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Carlos Manzanas
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xin Hai
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Coinfection and Superinfection Dynamics of Mayaro and Zika Viruses in Mosquito and Vertebrate Backgrounds. J Virol 2023; 97:e0177822. [PMID: 36598200 PMCID: PMC9888278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01778-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globalization and climate change have contributed to the simultaneous increase and spread of arboviral diseases. Cocirculation of several arboviruses in the same geographic region provides an impetus to study the impacts of multiple concurrent infections within an individual vector mosquito. Here, we describe coinfection and superinfection with the Mayaro virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus) and Zika virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in vertebrate and mosquito cells, as well as Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes, to understand the interaction dynamics of these pathogens and effects on viral infection, dissemination, and transmission. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were able to be infected with and transmit both pathogens simultaneously. However, whereas Mayaro virus was largely unaffected by coinfection, it had a negative impact on infection and dissemination rates for Zika virus compared to single infection scenarios. Superinfection of Mayaro virus atop a previous Zika virus infection resulted in increased Mayaro virus infection rates. At the cellular level, we found that mosquito and vertebrate cells were also capable of being simultaneously infected with both pathogens. Similar to our findings in vivo, Mayaro virus negatively affected Zika virus replication in vertebrate cells, displaying complete blocking under certain conditions. Viral interference did not occur in mosquito cells. IMPORTANCE Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that multiple arboviruses are cocirculating in human populations, leading to some individuals carrying more than one arbovirus at the same time. In turn, mosquitoes can become infected with multiple pathogens simultaneously (coinfection) or sequentially (superinfection). Coinfection and superinfection can have synergistic, neutral, or antagonistic effects on viral infection dynamics and ultimately have impacts on human health. Here we investigate the interaction between Zika virus and Mayaro virus, two emerging mosquito-borne pathogens currently circulating together in Latin America and the Caribbean. We find a major mosquito vector of these viruses-Aedes aegypti-can carry and transmit both arboviruses at the same time. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering co- and superinfection dynamics during vector-pathogen interaction studies, surveillance programs, and risk assessment efforts in epidemic areas.
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Assessment of Post-Dengue Rheumatic Symptoms Using the WOMAC and DAS-28 Questionnaires in a Honduran Population after a Four-Month Follow-Up. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120394. [PMID: 36548649 PMCID: PMC9784921 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alphaviruses may cause arthritis, but there is a lack of studies assessing it in flaviviruses such as dengue. Through the 28 Joint Disease Activity Score (DAS-28), incorporating swollen joint counts, and through the Arthritis Index from Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), we assessed pain, stiffness, and dimensions of arthritic function in post-DENV patients. Methods: Prospective study of a cohort of participants who were diagnosed with dengue in centres in Honduras from December 2019 to February 2020, with a follow-up period of 4 months to evaluate post-dengue rheumatological disease through the WOMAC and DAS-28 questionnaires. Results: After a four-month follow-up phase with 281 participants, the final cohort comprised 58.8% women and 41.20% men. After the follow-up, 63.02% persisted with the clinical findings. According to WOMAC, joint involvement was higher in women with (58.76%) (p < 0.0001) these symptoms or functional limitations when performing daily activities were limited to pain when walking (34.81% vs. 5.51%), climbing or descending stairs (36.46% vs. 8.66%), and at night at bedtime (28.73% vs. 7.08%). With the DAS-28, we found at least one alteration with inflammation or pain in 14.91% of the participants, primarily women (p < 0.01). Discussion: Joint involvement was high during the dengue epidemic in 2019. We observed a significant proportion of women with inflammation and joint pain, showing that dengue may lead to the development of chronic rheumatological findings, although lower than in CHIKV, still affecting everyday life and, consequently, their quality of life. Additional long-term evaluation studies after dengue are required.
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Andreolla AP, Borges AA, Bordignon J, Duarte dos Santos CN. Mayaro Virus: The State-of-the-Art for Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2022; 14:1787. [PMID: 36016409 PMCID: PMC9415492 DOI: 10.3390/v14081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus is an emerging arbovirus that causes nonspecific febrile illness or arthralgia syndromes similar to the Chikungunya virus, a virus closely related from the Togaviridae family. MAYV outbreaks occur more frequently in the northern and central-western states of Brazil; however, in recent years, virus circulation has been spreading to other regions. Due to the undifferentiated initial clinical symptoms between MAYV and other endemic pathogenic arboviruses with geographic overlapping, identification of patients infected by MAYV might be underreported. Additionally, the lack of specific prophylactic approaches or antiviral drugs limits the pharmacological management of patients to treat symptoms like pain and inflammation, as is the case with most pathogenic alphaviruses. In this context, this review aims to present the state-of-the-art regarding the screening and development of compounds/molecules which may present anti-MAYV activity and infection inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Andreolla
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Abel Borges
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, AL, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
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Celone M, Pecor DB, Potter A, Richardson A, Dunford J, Pollett S. An ecological niche model to predict the geographic distribution of Haemagogus janthinomys, Dyar, 1921 a yellow fever and Mayaro virus vector, in South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010564. [PMID: 35802748 PMCID: PMC9299311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) has a long history of impacting human health in South America. Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arbovirus of public health concern in the Neotropics and its full impact is yet unknown. Both YFV and MAYV are primarily maintained via a sylvatic transmission cycle but can be opportunistically transmitted to humans by the bites of infected forest dwelling Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar, 1921. To better understand the potential risk of YFV and MAYV transmission to humans, a more detailed understanding of this vector species’ distribution is critical. This study compiled a comprehensive database of 177 unique Hg. janthinomys collection sites retrieved from the published literature, digitized museum specimens and publicly accessible mosquito surveillance data. Covariate analysis was performed to optimize a selection of environmental (topographic and bioclimatic) variables associated with predicting habitat suitability, and species distributions modelled across South America using a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach. Our results indicate that suitable habitat for Hg. janthinomys can be found across forested regions of South America including the Atlantic forests and interior Amazon. Mayaro virus is a neglected tropical disease and there is insufficient evidence to define its geographic range. The mosquito Haemagogus janthinomys is a primary vector of Mayaro and its distribution is largely unknown at a sub-country scale. Building compendiums of collection data and creating ecological niche models provides a more precise estimation of vector species potential habitat. Our dataset stands as one of the most expansive existing for collection data of this species combining data published in literature, publicly available data repositories and digitized museum specimen records. Comparing results of niche models with near real time environmental data can give even better predictions of areas where Mayaro virus exposure could occur. The methods and results of this study can be replicated for any disease/vector of interest so long as there is data discoverable through the scientific literature, public repositories, or other civilian and governmental agencies willing to share.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Celone
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Brooks Pecor
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Potter
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alec Richardson
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Dunford
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Sugasti-Salazar M, Campos D, Valdés-Torres P, Galán-Jurado PE, González-Santamaría J. Targeting Host PIM Protein Kinases Reduces Mayaro Virus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020422. [PMID: 35216015 PMCID: PMC8878588 DOI: 10.3390/v14020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) manipulates cell machinery to successfully replicate. Thus, identifying host proteins implicated in MAYV replication represents an opportunity to discover potential antiviral targets. PIM kinases are enzymes that regulate essential cell functions and also appear to be critical factors in the replication of certain viruses. In this study we explored the consequences of PIM kinase inhibition in the replication of MAYV and other arboviruses. Cytopathic effects or viral titers in samples from MAYV-, Chikungunya-, Una- or Zika-infected cells treated with PIM kinase inhibitors were evaluated using an inverted microscope or plaque-forming assays. The expression of viral proteins E1 and nsP1 in MAYV-infected cells was assessed using an immunofluorescence confocal microscope or Western blot. Our results revealed that PIM kinase inhibition partially prevented MAYV-induced cell damage and also promoted a decrease in viral titers for MAYV, UNAV and ZIKV. The inhibitory effect of PIM kinase blocking was observed for each of the MAYV strains tested and also occurred as late as 8 h post infection (hpi). Finally, PIM kinase inhibition suppressed the expression of MAYV E1 and nsP1 proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that PIM kinases could represent an antiviral target for MAYV and other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Sugasti-Salazar
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.S.-S.); (D.C.); (P.V.-T.); (P.E.G.-J.)
- Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Ambiental, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 3366, Panama
| | - Dalkiria Campos
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.S.-S.); (D.C.); (P.V.-T.); (P.E.G.-J.)
| | - Patricia Valdés-Torres
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.S.-S.); (D.C.); (P.V.-T.); (P.E.G.-J.)
| | - Paola Elaine Galán-Jurado
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.S.-S.); (D.C.); (P.V.-T.); (P.E.G.-J.)
| | - José González-Santamaría
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.S.-S.); (D.C.); (P.V.-T.); (P.E.G.-J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +507-527-4814
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11
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Torres-Ruesta A, Chee RSL, Ng LF. Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050899. [PMID: 33922370 PMCID: PMC8145166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne pathogens distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate areas causing a wide range of symptoms ranging from inflammatory arthritis-like manifestations to the induction of encephalitis in humans. Historically, large outbreaks in susceptible populations have been recorded followed by the development of protective long-lasting antibody responses suggesting a potential advantageous role for a vaccine. Although the current understanding of alphavirus antibody-mediated immunity has been mainly gathered in natural and experimental settings of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, little is known about the humoral responses triggered by other emerging alphaviruses. This knowledge is needed to improve serology-based diagnostic tests and the development of highly effective cross-protective vaccines. Here, we review the role of antibody-mediated immunity upon arthritogenic and neurotropic alphavirus infections, and the current research efforts for the development of vaccines as a tool to control future alphavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Rhonda Sin-Ling Chee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
| | - Lisa F.P. Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6407-0028
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12
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Suchowiecki K, Reid SP, Simon GL, Firestein GS, Chang A. Persistent Joint Pain Following Arthropod Virus Infections. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:26. [PMID: 33847834 PMCID: PMC8042844 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persistent joint pain is a common manifestation of arthropod-borne viral infections and can cause long-term disability. We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of arthritogenic alphavirus infection. RECENT FINDINGS The global re-emergence of alphaviral outbreaks has led to an increase in virus-induced arthralgia and arthritis. Alphaviruses, including Chikungunya, O'nyong'nyong, Sindbis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Mayaro viruses, are associated with acute and/or chronic rheumatic symptoms. Identification of Mxra8 as a viral entry receptor in the alphaviral replication pathway creates opportunities for treatment and prevention. Recent evidence suggesting virus does not persist in synovial fluid during chronic chikungunya infection indicates that immunomodulators may be given safely. The etiology of persistent joint pain after alphavirus infection is still poorly understood. New diagnostic tools along and evidence-based treatment could significantly improve morbidity and long-term disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Suchowiecki
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - St. Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900 USA
| | - Gary L. Simon
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- UC San Diego Health Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive #0602, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Aileen Chang
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
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13
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Repurposing Drugs for Mayaro Virus: Identification of EIDD-1931, Favipiravir and Suramin as Mayaro Virus Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040734. [PMID: 33807492 PMCID: PMC8065421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the emerging threat of the Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Central and South-America, there are no licensed antivirals or vaccines available for this neglected mosquito-borne virus. Here, we optimized a robust antiviral assay based on the inhibition of the cytopathogenic effect that could be used for high-throughput screening to identify MAYV inhibitors. We first evaluated different cell lines and virus inputs to determine the best conditions for a reliable and reproducible antiviral assay. Next, we used this assay to evaluate a panel of antiviral compounds with known activity against other arboviruses. Only three drugs were identified as inhibitors of MAYV: β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), favipiravir and suramin. The in vitro anti-MAYV activity of these antiviral compounds was further confirmed in a virus yield assay. These antivirals can therefore serve as reference compounds for future anti-MAYV compound testing. In addition, it is of interest to further explore the activity of EIDD-1931 and its orally bioavailable pro-drug molnupiravir in animal infection models to determine whether it offers promise for the treatment of MAYV infection.
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15
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Nguyen W, Nakayama E, Yan K, Tang B, Le TT, Liu L, Cooper TH, Hayball JD, Faddy HM, Warrilow D, Allcock RJN, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA, Rawle DJ, Lutzky VP, Young P, Oliveira NM, Hartel G, Howley PM, Prow NA, Suhrbier A. Arthritogenic Alphavirus Vaccines: Serogrouping Versus Cross-Protection in Mouse Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020209. [PMID: 32380760 PMCID: PMC7349283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Ross River virus (RRV), o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), Mayaro virus (MAYV) and Getah virus (GETV) represent arthritogenic alphaviruses belonging to the Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex. Antibodies raised against one of these viruses can cross-react with other serogroup members, suggesting that, for instance, a CHIKV vaccine (deemed commercially viable) might provide cross-protection against antigenically related alphaviruses. Herein we use human alphavirus isolates (including a new human RRV isolate) and wild-type mice to explore whether infection with one virus leads to cross-protection against viremia after challenge with other members of the antigenic complex. Persistently infected Rag1-/- mice were also used to assess the cross-protective capacity of convalescent CHIKV serum. We also assessed the ability of a recombinant poxvirus-based CHIKV vaccine and a commercially available formalin-fixed, whole-virus GETV vaccine to induce cross-protective responses. Although cross-protection and/or cross-reactivity were clearly evident, they were not universal and were often suboptimal. Even for the more closely related viruses (e.g., CHIKV and ONNV, or RRV and GETV), vaccine-mediated neutralization and/or protection against the intended homologous target was significantly more effective than cross-neutralization and/or cross-protection against the heterologous virus. Effective vaccine-mediated cross-protection would thus likely require a higher dose and/or more vaccinations, which is likely to be unattractive to regulators and vaccine manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Nguyen
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Bing Tang
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (T.H.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Tamara H. Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (T.H.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - John D. Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (T.H.C.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Research and Development Laboratory, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia;
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, PO Box 594, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia;
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia;
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (R.A.H.); (P.Y.)
| | - Roy A. Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (R.A.H.); (P.Y.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld 4027 & 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Viviana P. Lutzky
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (R.A.H.); (P.Y.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld 4027 & 4072, Australia
| | - Nidia M. Oliveira
- Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Gunter Hartel
- Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia;
| | | | - Natalie A. Prow
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, SA 5000, Australia; (L.L.); (T.H.C.); (J.D.H.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld 4027 & 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.A.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (W.N.); (E.N.); (K.Y.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (D.J.R.); (V.P.L.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld 4027 & 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.A.P.); (A.S.)
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16
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Abstract
Geographically overlapping transmission of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Latin America challenges serologic diagnostics and epidemiologic surveillance, as antibodies against the antigenically related viruses can be cross-reactive, potentially causing false-positive test results. We examined whether widely used ELISAs and plaque reduction neutralization testing allow specific antibody detection in the scenario of CHIKV and MAYV coemergence. For this purpose, we used 37 patient-derived MAYV-specific sera from Peru and 64 patient-derived CHIKV-specific sera from Brazil, including longitudinally collected samples. Extensive testing of those samples revealed strong antibody cross-reactivity in ELISAs, particularly for IgM, which is commonly used for patient diagnostics. Cross-neutralization was also observed, albeit at lower frequencies. Parallel testing for both viruses and comparison of ELISA reactivities and neutralizing antibody titers significantly increased diagnostic specificity. Our data provide a convenient and practicable solution to ensure robust differentiation of CHIKV- and MAYV-specific antibodies. Since 2013, the arthropod-borne Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has cocirculated with the autochthonous Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Latin America. Both belong to the same alphavirus serocomplex, termed the Semliki Forest serocomplex. The extent of antibody cross-reactivity due to the antigenic relatedness of CHIKV and MAYV in commonly used serologic tests remains unclear. By testing 64 CHIKV- and 37 MAYV-specific sera from cohort studies conducted in Peru and Brazil, we demonstrate about 50% false-positive test results using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on structural antigens. In contrast, combining ELISAs for CHIKV and MAYV significantly increased positive predictive values (PPV) among all cohorts from 35.3% to 88.2% for IgM and from 61.3% to 96.8% for IgG (P < 0.0001). Testing of longitudinally collected CHIKV-specific patient sera indicated that ELISA specificity is highest for IgM testing at 5 to 9 days post-onset of symptoms (dpo) and for IgG testing at 10 to 14 dpo. IgG cross-reactivity in ELISA was asymmetric, occurring in 57.9% of MAYV-specific sera compared to 29.5% of CHIKV-specific sera. Parallel plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) for CHIKV and MAYV increased the PPV from 80.0% to 100% (P = 0.0053). However, labor-intense procedures and delayed seroconversion limit PRNT for patient diagnostics. In sum, individual testing for CHIKV or MAYV only is prone to misclassifications that dramatically impact patient diagnostics and sero-epidemiologic investigation. Parallel ELISAs for both CHIKV and MAYV provide an easy and efficient solution to differentiate CHIKV from MAYV infections. This approach may provide a template globally for settings in which alphavirus coemergence imposes similar problems. IMPORTANCE Geographically overlapping transmission of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Latin America challenges serologic diagnostics and epidemiologic surveillance, as antibodies against the antigenically related viruses can be cross-reactive, potentially causing false-positive test results. We examined whether widely used ELISAs and plaque reduction neutralization testing allow specific antibody detection in the scenario of CHIKV and MAYV coemergence. For this purpose, we used 37 patient-derived MAYV-specific sera from Peru and 64 patient-derived CHIKV-specific sera from Brazil, including longitudinally collected samples. Extensive testing of those samples revealed strong antibody cross-reactivity in ELISAs, particularly for IgM, which is commonly used for patient diagnostics. Cross-neutralization was also observed, albeit at lower frequencies. Parallel testing for both viruses and comparison of ELISA reactivities and neutralizing antibody titers significantly increased diagnostic specificity. Our data provide a convenient and practicable solution to ensure robust differentiation of CHIKV- and MAYV-specific antibodies.
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