1
|
Anderson AS, Watson KH, Reising MM, Dunbar JP, Gruhn MA, Compas BE. Adolescents' Coping and Internalizing Symptoms: Role of Maternal Socialization of Coping and Depression Symptoms. MENTAL HEALTH & PREVENTION 2023; 30:200270. [PMID: 37064864 PMCID: PMC10104443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Parental emotion socialization, including processes of the socialization of coping and emotion regulation, is a key factor in shaping children's adjustment in response to acute and chronic stress. Given well-established links between parental depression and youth psychopathology, levels of parental depression symptoms are an important factor for understanding emotion socialization and regulation processes. The present study examined associations among maternal coping and depression symptoms with their adolescents' coping and internalizing problems. A sample of 120 adolescents (45% female, M = 12.27, SD = 1.90) and their mothers participated in a cross-sectional, multi-informant study. Mothers' depression symptoms and adolescents' coping were significantly related to adolescents' internalizing problems. Adolescents' coping moderated the association between maternal depression symptoms and adolescents' internalizing problems, where at low and moderate levels of primary control coping, maternal depression predicted greater internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Further, this study expanded on prior work, demonstrating that the relationship between adolescents' coping and internalizing symptoms was associated with the degree to which mothers model coping. Taken together, results suggest that maternal coping and adolescent coping serve as salient risk and protective factors in the context of family stress. Findings emphasize a need for researchers to further clarify the role of emotion socialization processes in adolescents' development of coping in the context of family stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra S Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle M Reising
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer P Dunbar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meredith A Gruhn
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tardif‐Grenier K, Olivier E, Marks AK, Archambault I, Dupéré V, Gervais C, Hébert C. Coping and its association with psychological adjustment: Differences between first‐, second‐, and third‐plus generation adolescents. J Adolesc 2022; 94:462-476. [DOI: 10.1002/jad.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Tardif‐Grenier
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Gatineau Québec Canada
| | - Elizabeth Olivier
- Department of Education University of Montreal Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Amy K. Marks
- Department of Psychology Suffolk University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Véronique Dupéré
- School of Psychoeducation University of Montreal Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Christine Gervais
- Department of Nursing Université du Québec en Outaouais Gatineau Québec Canada
| | - Corinne Hébert
- School of Psychoeducation University of Montreal Montreal Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nilles H, Kerkhoff D, Demir Z, Braig J, Schmees P, Rueth JE, Eschenbeck H, Lohaus A. Coping of Young Refugees in Germany. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Coping is considered to have an important influence on well-being, especially in adolescent refugees dealing with a high amount of stress. In addition, gender differences in coping are a common topic for research and are often attributed to differences in socialization between boys and girls. Aims: The study aims at clarifying the gender differences in coping strategies used by non-Western adolescents. Additionally, associations with aspects of socialization, in particular Gender Role Attitudes (GRA), on gender differences are investigated. Method: Refugees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan ( N = 106, 55% male) aged 11–18 years completed questionnaires in schools or housing facilities. Associations between gender, GRA, coping strategies, and well-being were investigated using moderation and regression analyses. Results: Gender differences found in previous literature could, in part be replicated. Refugee girls reported more anger-related emotion regulation than boys did. However, GRA did not show any connections to coping strategies. Limitations: Most limitations result from low reliabilities and possible biases due to the use of self-reports. Conclusion: The more frequent use of anger-related emotion regulation as the only gender difference replicated in this study highlights the importance of research with refugee samples to prevent over-generalization of previous results from Western cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nilles
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Johanna Braig
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Pia Schmees
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jana-Elisa Rueth
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orgilés M, Morales A, Delvecchio E, Francisco R, Mazzeschi C, Pedro M, Espada JP. Coping Behaviors and Psychological Disturbances in Youth Affected by the COVID-19 Health Crisis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:565657. [PMID: 33828499 PMCID: PMC8019796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the quarantine undergone by children in many countries is a stressful situation about which little is known to date. Children and adolescents' behaviors to cope with home confinement may be associated with their emotional welfare. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the coping strategies used out by children and adolescents during the COVID-19 health crisis, (2) to analyze the differences in these behaviors in three countries, and (3) to examine the relationship between different coping modalities and adaptation. Participants were 1,480 parents of children aged 3-18 years from three European countries (n Spain = 431, n Italy = 712, and n Portugal = 355). The children's mean age was 9.15 years (SD = 4.27). Parents completed an online survey providing information on symptoms and coping behaviors observed in their children. The most frequent coping strategies were accepting what is happening (58.9%), collaborating with quarantine social activities (e.g., drawings on the windows, supportive applauses) (35.9%), acting as if nothing is happening (35.5%), highlighting the advantages of being at home (35.1%), and not appearing to be worried about what is happening (30.1%). Compared to Italian and Spanish children, Portuguese children used a sense of humor more frequently when their parents talked about the situation. Acting as if nothing was happening, collaborating with social activities, and seeking comfort from others were more likely in Spanish children than in children from the other countries. Compared to Portuguese and Spanish children, Italian children did not seem worried about what was happening. Overall, an emotional-oriented coping style was directly correlated with a greater presence of anxious symptoms, as well as to mood, sleep, behavioral, and cognitive alterations. Task-oriented and avoidance-oriented styles were related to better psychological adaptation (considered a low presence of psychological symptoms). Results also show that unaffected children or children with a lower level of impact were more likely to use strategies based on a positive focus on the situation. This study provides interesting data on the strategies to be promoted by parents to cope with the COVID-19 health crisis in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Orgilés
- Health Psychology Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alexandra Morales
- Health Psychology Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Francisco
- Católica Research Centre for Psychological - Family and Social Wellbeing, School of Human Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Pedro
- Católica Research Centre for Psychological - Family and Social Wellbeing, School of Human Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Espada
- Health Psychology Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perzow SED, Bray BC, Wadsworth ME, Young JF, Hankin BL. Individual Differences in Adolescent Coping: Comparing a Community Sample and a Low-SES Sample to Understand Coping in Context. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:693-710. [PMID: 33495968 PMCID: PMC8074358 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coping that is adaptive in low-stress environments can be ineffective or detrimental in the context of poverty. Identifying coping profiles among adolescents facing varying levels of stress can increase understanding of when and for whom coping may be most adaptive. The present study applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify coping profiles in two distinct samples of adolescents: a community sample of youth aged 11–16 years (N = 374, Mage = 13.14, 53% girls), and a low-SES sample of youth aged 12–18 years (N = 304, Mage = 14.56, 55% girls). The ten coping subscales of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire were included as indicators in the LPAs (problem solving, emotion regulation, emotion expression, acceptance, positive thinking, cognitive restructuring, distraction, denial, wishful thinking, and avoidance). Five profiles were identified in the community sample: Inactive, Low Engagement, Cognitive, Engaged, and Active Copers. All but the Low Engagement Copers profile were also identified in the low-SES sample, suggesting that adolescents employ similar coping strategies across contexts, but fewer low-SES adolescents engage in lower levels of coping. Profiles differed by gender and symptoms of internalizing psychopathology. Inactive copers in both samples were more likely to be male. Engaged Copers reported the lowest symptom levels whereas Active Copers reported higher symptoms. Cognitive Copers reported higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms in the low-SES sample only, suggesting that this pattern of coping may be protective only in less stressful contexts. Elucidating within-person coping patterns is a promising avenue for targeting interventions to those most likely to benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jami F Young
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Compas BE, Jaser SS, Dunbar JP, Watson KH, Bettis AH, Gruhn MA, Williams EK. Coping and Emotion Regulation from Childhood to Early Adulthood: Points of Convergence and Divergence. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 66:71-81. [PMID: 24895462 DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Processes of coping with stress and the regulation of emotion reflect basic aspects of development and play an important role in models of risk for psychopathology and the development of preventive interventions and psychological treatments. However, research on these two constructs has been represented in two separate and disconnected bodies of work. We examine possible points of convergence and divergence between these constructs with regard to definitions and conceptualization, research methods and measurement, and interventions to prevent and treat psychopathology. There is clear evidence that coping and emotion regulation are distinct but closely related constructs in all of these areas. The field will benefit from greater integration of methods and findings in future research.
Collapse
|
7
|
Coping and Stress Reactivity as Moderators of Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Youth's Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1580-1591. [PMID: 31134560 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Youth's responses to stress are a central feature of risk and resilience across development. The current study examined whether youth coping and stress reactivity moderate the association of current maternal depressive symptoms with youth's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Mothers (Mage = 41.58, SD = 6.18) with a wide range of depressive symptoms and their children ages 9-15 (Mage = 12.25, SD = 1.89, 45.3% girls) completed measures of youth symptoms and coping and automatic responses to stress. Mothers also completed a self-report measure of depressive symptoms. Youth's primary and secondary control coping, stress reactivity, and involuntary disengagement moderated the association between current maternal depressive symptoms and youth symptoms. Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with youth's internalizing and externalizing symptoms when youth used low as opposed to high levels of primary and secondary control coping. Conversely, maternal depressive symptoms were associated with youth symptoms for youth with high levels of stress reactivity and involuntary disengagement. The findings suggest interventions focused on improving the use of primary and secondary control coping skills and reducing reactivity and involuntary disengagement to stress may benefit youth with mothers who are experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Henry LM, Forehand R, Watson KH, Gruhn M, Bettis AH, McKee LG, Compas BE. Parental Depressive Symptoms and Parenting: Associations with Children's Coping in Families of Depressed Parents. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2018; 18:281-296. [PMID: 33343236 PMCID: PMC7747799 DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2018.1529453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This multi-method study examined parental depressive symptoms and levels of harsh/intrusive and warm/responsive parenting as correlates of secondary control coping (acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, distraction) in children of parents with a history of depression. DESIGN The sample included 165 parents with a history of major depressive disorder and their 9- to15-year-old children. Parents provided self-reports of their current depressive symptoms; videorecordings of parent-child interactions were coded to determine parenting behaviors; and children reported their use of secondary control coping strategies. RESULTS Harsh/intrusive parenting related to less, and warm/responsive parenting related to greater, use of secondary control coping strategies in children. Parents' current depressive symptoms were only conditionally related to children's use of secondary control coping strategies, such that depressive symptoms moderated the relation between warm/responsive parenting behaviors and child secondary control coping. When parental depressive symptoms were low or average, warm/responsive parenting was positively related to children's secondary control coping. When parental depressive symptoms were high, warm/responsive parenting was not associated with children's secondary control coping. CONCLUSIONS The association between positive parenting behaviors and children's coping is contingent on current levels of parents' depressive symptoms. Efforts to enhance children's coping skills should target both parental depressive symptoms and parenting skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Henry
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Rex Forehand
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Kelly H Watson
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Meredith Gruhn
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Alexandra H Bettis
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Laura G McKee
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Lauren M. Henry, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. . Rex Forehand, Kelly H. Watson, Meredith Gruhn, Alexandra H. Bettis, Laura G. McKee, and Bruce E. Compas are associated with Vanderbilt University and the University of Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bettis AH, Henry L, Prussien KV, Vreeland A, Smith M, Adery LH, Compas BE. Laboratory and Self-Report Methods to Assess Reappraisal and Distraction in Youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 48:855-865. [PMID: 29877730 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1466306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Coping and emotion regulation are central features of risk and resilience in childhood and adolescence, but research on these constructs has relied on different methods of assessment. The current study aimed to bridge the gap between questionnaire and experimental methods of measuring secondary control coping strategies, specifically distraction and cognitive reappraisal, and examine associations with symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. A community sample of 70 youth (ages 9-15) completed a novel experimental coping and emotion regulation paradigm and self-report measures of coping and emotion regulation and symptoms. Findings indicate that use of distraction and reappraisal during the laboratory paradigm was associated with lower levels of negative emotion during the task. Youth emotion ratings while implementing distraction, but not reappraisal, during the laboratory task were associated with youth self-reported use of secondary control coping in response to family stress. Youth symptoms of anxiety and depression were also significantly positively associated with negative emotion ratings during the laboratory task, and both laboratory task and self-reported coping and emotion regulation accounted for significant variance in symptoms in youth. Both questionnaire and laboratory methods to assess coping and emotion regulation in youth are important for understanding these processes as possible mechanisms of risk and resilience and continued integration of these methods is a priority for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Henry
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kemar V Prussien
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Allison Vreeland
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Michele Smith
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Laura H Adery
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prussien KV, DeBaun MR, Yarboi J, Bemis H, McNally C, Williams E, Compas BE. Cognitive Function, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:543-551. [PMID: 29155970 PMCID: PMC5961146 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between cognitive functioning, coping, and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). Method Forty-four children (M age = 9.30, SD = 3.08; 56.8% male) with SCD completed cognitive assessments measuring working memory (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition) and verbal comprehension (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition). Participants' primary caregivers completed questionnaires assessing their child's coping and depressive symptoms. Results Verbal comprehension was significantly positively associated with secondary control coping (cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, distraction), and both working memory and secondary control coping were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. In partial support of the primary study hypothesis, verbal comprehension had an indirect association with depressive symptoms through secondary control coping, whereas working memory had a direct association with depressive symptoms. Conclusions The results provide new evidence for the associations between cognitive function and coping, and the association of both of these processes with depressive symptoms in children with SCD. Findings provide potential implications for clinical practice, including interventions to improve children's cognitive functioning to attenuate depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemar V Prussien
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Janet Yarboi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Heather Bemis
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Colleen McNally
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Ellen Williams
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reising MM, Bettis AH, Dunbar JP, Watson KH, Gruhn M, Hoskinson KR, Compas BE. Stress, coping, executive function, and brain activation in adolescent offspring of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:638-656. [PMID: 28349772 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1307950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations among chronic stress, activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), executive function, and coping with stress in at-risk and a comparison sample of adolescents. Adolescents (N = 16; age 12-15) of mothers with (n = 8) and without (n = 8) a history of depression completed questionnaires, neurocognitive testing, and functional neuroimaging in response to a working memory task (N-back). Children of depressed mothers demonstrated less activation in the anterior PFC (APFC) and both greater and less activation than controls in distinct areas within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to the N-back task. Across both groups, activation of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC; Brodmann area [BA9]) and APFC (BA10) was positively correlated with greater exposure to stress and negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Similarly, activation of the dACC (BA32) was negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Regression analyses revealed that DLPFC, dACC, and APFC activation were significant predictors of adolescents' reports of their use of secondary control coping and accounted for the effects of stress exposure on adolescents' coping. This study provides evidence that chronic stress may impact coping through its effects on the brain regions responsible for executive functions foundational to adaptive coping skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Reising
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alexandra H Bettis
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Jennifer P Dunbar
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Meredith Gruhn
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Kristen R Hoskinson
- b The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- a Department of Psychology & Human Development , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bettis AH, Forehand R, McKee L, Dunbar JP, Watson KH, Compas BE. Testing Specificity: Associations of Stress and Coping with Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:949-958. [PMID: 28794609 PMCID: PMC5546749 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-015-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented the co-occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression across the lifespan, suggesting that these symptoms share common correlates and etiology. The present study aimed to examine potential specific and/or transdiagnostic correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in at-risk youth. The present study examined youth stress associated with parental depression and youth coping as potential correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in a sample of children of depressed parents. One hundred eighty parents with a history of depression and their children ages 9-15 completed measures assessing youths' stress associated with parental depression (RSQ), symptoms of anxiety and depression (YSR and CBCL), and coping (RSQ). The results support the hypothesis that secondary control coping is a transdiagnostic correlate of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. Youth stress related to parental depression and primary control coping were specific correlates of youth depressive symptoms and not anxiety symptoms. Disengagement coping was not a significant correlate of symptoms of anxiety or depression in youth. Results suggest that there are both transdiagnostic and specific correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. The current study provides evidence to suggest specific types of stress and strategies to cope with this stress demonstrate specificity to symptoms of anxiety and depression in high-risk offspring of depressed parents. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the relationship between stress, coping, and symptoms to inform prevention and treatment research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Bettis
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Rex Forehand
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 50405, USA
| | - Laura McKee
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Jennifer P Dunbar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Review of Coping in Children Exposed to Mass Trauma: Measurement Tools, Coping Styles, and Clinical Implications. Prehosp Disaster Med 2016; 31:169-80. [PMID: 26887259 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x16000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based practice requires the use of data grounded in theory with clear conceptualization and reliable and valid measurement. Unfortunately, developing a knowledge base regarding children's coping in the context of disasters, terrorism, and war has been hampered by a lack of theoretical consensus and a virtual absence of rigorous test construction, implementation, and evaluation. This report presents a comprehensive review of measurement tools assessing child and adolescent coping in the aftermath of mass trauma, with a particular emphasis on coping dimensions identified through factor analytic procedures. Coping measurement and issues related to the assessment of coping are reviewed. Concepts important in instrument development and psychometric features of coping measures used in disasters, terrorism, and war are presented. The relationships between coping dimensions and both youth characteristics and clinical outcomes also are presented. A discussion of the reviewed findings highlights the difficulty clinicians may experience when trying to integrate the inconsistencies in coping dimensions across studies. Incorporating the need for multiple informants and the difference between general and context-specific coping measures suggests the importance of a multilevel, theoretical conceptualization of coping and thus, the use of more advanced statistical measures. Attention also is given to issues deemed important for further exploration in child disaster coping research.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mels C, Derluyn I, Broekaert E, García-Pérez C. Coping behaviours and post-traumatic stress in war-affected eastern Congolese adolescents. Stress Health 2015; 31:83-8. [PMID: 24130163 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study explores coping strategies used by war-affected eastern Congolese adolescents across age and sex, and the association between post-traumatic stress symptoms and engagement and disengagement coping. Cross-sectional data were collected in 11 secondary schools across four areas in the Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo. A total of 952 pupils (45.3% girls, 54.7% boys) aged 13-21 years (M = 15.83, standard deviation = 1.81) participated in self-report assessment, using instruments that were either specifically developed (Adolescent Complex Emergency Exposure Scale, assessing traumatic exposure), validated (Impact of Event Scale Revised, assessing post-traumatic stress symptoms) or reviewed (Kidcope, assessing coping strategies) for the study population. Reported coping strategies varied with age, and boys more frequently reported problem solving and resignation as compared with girls. Disengagement coping was associated with lower symptom scores in younger adolescent girls, as was the interaction effect between engagement and disengagement coping. We conclude that disengagement coping is not necessarily a maladaptive reaction to stressful events in war-affected situations and that future research should aim to better understand the heterogeneous patterns of stress and coping responses, including the role of factors such as the nature and appraisal of stressors, available resources for coping and cultural preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mels
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Howell KH, Kaplow JB, Layne CM, Benson MA, Compas BE, Katalinski R, Pasalic H, Bosankic N, Pynoos R. Predicting adolescent posttraumatic stress in the aftermath of war: Differential effects of coping strategies across trauma reminder, loss reminder, and family conflict domains. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2014; 28:88-104. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.910596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Kaplow JB, Layne CM, Saltzman WR, Cozza SJ, Pynoos RS. Using multidimensional grief theory to explore the effects of deployment, reintegration, and death on military youth and families. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2013; 16:322-40. [PMID: 23760905 PMCID: PMC4651441 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, the US military has made major strides in acknowledging and therapeutically addressing trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in service members and their families. However, given the nature of warfare and high rates of losses sustained by both military members (e.g., deaths of fellow unit members) and military families (e.g., loss of a young parent who served in the military), as well as the ongoing threat of loss that military families face during deployment, we propose that a similar focus on grief is also needed to properly understand and address many of the challenges encountered by bereaved service members, spouses, and children. In this article, we describe a newly developed theory of grief (multidimensional grief theory) and apply it to the task of exploring major features of military-related experiences during the phases of deployment, reintegration, and the aftermath of combat death--especially as they impact children. We also describe implications for designing preventive interventions during each phase and conclude with recommended avenues for future research. Primary aims are to illustrate: (1) the indispensable role of theory in guiding efforts to describe, explain, predict, prevent, and treat maladaptive grief in military service members, children, and families; (2) the relevance of multidimensional grief theory for addressing both losses due to physical death as well as losses brought about by extended physical separations to which military children and families are exposed during and after deployment; and (3) a focus on military-related grief as a much-needed complement to an already-established focus on military-related PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Kaplow
- Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Children and young people who are refugees, internally displaced persons or survivors or perpetrators of war, mass violence and terrorism. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25:277-84. [PMID: 22569309 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328353eea6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article draws upon articles published since 2009 to identify research evidence about the psychosocial aspects of children and young people's responses to their exposure to war, collective violence and terrorism. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research describes children's distress and the disorders they may develop consequent on their direct and indirect exposure to war. This article covers general responses as well as those that affect refugees, displaced children, and child soldiers. Dose of exposure is the main predictor of their degree of distress. Often, loss of parental support predicts distress or disorder. Research on children who are refugees and internally displaced persons has found that they cope better with the distressing events surrounding their flight if their parents accompany them. Studies of child soldiers show that they suffer from guilt as well as experiencing many violent distressing events. Research has identified the factors that contribute to their resilience, which include their acceptance by the communities to which they return. There are personal and social sources of resilience, including emotion regulation, parenting, and social support, for children who are exposed to war. SUMMARY Much of the recent research confirms earlier findings, which demonstrate that their exposure to war and collective violence leads to distress for many children and/or mental disorders for a smaller but substantial minority of them. The literature shows interest in identifying and measuring protective factors. The emphasis in the articles we reviewed on social as well as personal factors that confer psychosocial resilience reflects the broad interest in the two canons of literature on children's development and disasters. The findings point powerfully to people's needs for holistic and community-level interventions.
Collapse
|