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Herrero L, McCrea CE. Hunger modulates perceptions of food health but not taste in restricted eaters. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1212778. [PMID: 37484091 PMCID: PMC10357121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food taste and health perceptions are of particular interest for their implications on food choice. Most in vivo food choice studies experimentally control for hunger via a set preload or fast. Methods To explore how hunger may interact with these perceptions to impact food decisions, we compared taste and health perceptions of sweet and savory obesogenic food items among hungry or satiated participants with varying restrained eating tendencies. Results In our sample of 232 adults (M BMI = 25.9; M age = 36.4 yrs), highly palatable foods were perceived as tasty but unhealthy. Tastiness ratings were high, consistent across restrained eating groups, and unassociated with hunger. Perceptions of health, however, were impacted by the interaction of restrained eating group and hunger. Amongst hungry participants only, a graded association between restrained eating group and perceptions of health emerged for both food types. Specifically, hungry and highly restrained eaters viewed sweet foods as 2.8x healthier and savory foods as 2.1x healthier than their satiated counterparts. Discussion Our data suggest that hunger predicts differential health perceptions, but not tastiness ratings, among restrained eaters. We argue that the generalization of food perception data-especially among different eater types-may be limited if the continuum of hunger level is experimentally constrained. Therefore, hunger is a critical dynamic to consider in explorations of food perceptions and eating behavior in restrained eaters.
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2
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Jin L, Han W, Zheng Z. Attentional vigilance of food information in disordered eating behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1108995. [PMID: 36873197 PMCID: PMC9974645 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) are very common among female college students, which seriously endanger their health and well-being. Therefore, the study of the mechanism of DEBs can provide effective evidence for early detection and intervention. METHODS In total of 54 female college students were recruited and assigned to DEB group (n = 29) and healthy control (HC) group (n = 25) according to their scores in the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Then, the Exogenous Cueing Task (ECT) was used to evaluate their reaction time (RT) to the location of a target dot preceded by a food or neutral cue. RESULTS The study found that compared with HC group, DEB group showed more attentional engagement to food stimuli, indicating that attentional vigilance to food information could be considered as a specific attentional bias of DEBs. DISCUSSION Our findings not only provide evidence of the potential mechanism of DEBs from the perspective of attentional bias, but also can be considered as an effective and objective indicator for early screening of subclinical eating disorders (EDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Jin
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyue Han
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Changzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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3
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Explicit and Implicit Devaluation Effects of Food-Specific Response Inhibition Training. J Cogn 2023; 6:10. [PMID: 36721799 PMCID: PMC9854316 DOI: 10.5334/joc.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The overvaluation of reward-associated stimuli such as energy-dense foods can drive compulsive eating behaviours, including overeating. Previous research has shown that training individuals to inhibit their responses towards appetitive stimuli can lead to their devaluation, providing a potential avenue for behaviour change. Over two preregistered experiments, we investigated whether training participants to inhibit their responses to specific foods would be effective in reducing their evaluations when these were assessed using both explicit and implicit measures. Participants completed an online session of go/no-go training with energy-dense foods that were consistently associated with either responding (go) or inhibiting a response (no-go). An 'explicit' devaluation effect was expected as a reduction in self-reported liking from pre-to post-training for no-go items compared to both go items and foods that were not presented during training (untrained items). An 'implicit' devaluation effect was then measured using the affective priming paradigm, by comparing differences in reaction times for congruent and incongruent trials (i.e., priming effects) between food primes. Experiment 1 revealed conclusive evidence for small-to-medium devaluation effects both in terms of explicit ratings and priming effects. We also observed that the priming effect for no-go items was close to zero. Experiment 2 successfully replicated most of the preregistered and exploratory outcomes from Experiment 1 except for the priming effect for untrained items. Potential explanations for this discrepancy are discussed but overall, these findings provide further support for a devaluation effect of response inhibition training. To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that training-induced devaluation can potentially be captured by affective priming measures, but more research is needed to further assess their sensitivity before they can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying devaluation effects.
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Coricelli C, Rumiati RI, Rioux C. Implicit and explicit safety evaluation of foods: The importance of food processing. Appetite 2022; 175:106062. [PMID: 35500724 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identifying beneficial foods in the environment, while avoiding ingesting something toxic, is a crucial task humans face on a daily basis. Here we directly examined adults' implicit and explicit safety evaluations of the same foods presented with different degrees of processing, ranging from unprocessed (raw) to processed (cut or cooked). Moreover, we investigated whether individual characteristics (e.g., Body Mass Index, food neophobia and hunger) modulated their evaluations. We hypothesized that adults would associate the processed form of a food with safety more than its unprocessed form since processing techniques, which are ubiquitously applied in different cultures, often reduce the toxicity of foods, and signal previous human intervention and intended consumption. Adults (N = 109, 43 females) performed an implicit Go/No-Go association task (GNAT) online, assessing the association between safety attributes and food images differing on their degree of processing, both unfamiliar and familiar foods were used. Then each food was explicitly evaluated. Results revealed that individual self-reported characteristics affected both implicit and explicit evaluations. Individuals with excess weight and obesity had a strong and positive implicit association between processed foods and safety attributes, but explicitly rated cooked foods as the least safe overall, this latter result was found in highly neophobic individuals as well. Yet, at the explicit level, when looking at unfamiliar foods only, processed foods were rated safer than unprocessed foods by all participants. Our results are the first evidence that directly highlights the relevance of the degree of processing in food safety evaluation and suggest that thinking of the important tasks humans face regarding food selection enriches our understanding of food behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coricelli
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea, 265 - 34136, Trieste, Italy; Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - R I Rumiati
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea, 265 - 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - C Rioux
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee, 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Gallucci A, Del Mauro L, Pisoni A, Lauro LJR, Mattavelli G. A Systematic Review Of Implicit Attitudes And Their Neural Correlates In Eating Behaviour. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 18:nsaa156. [PMID: 33219691 PMCID: PMC10074774 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggests that implicit attitudes toward food and body shape predict eating behaviour and characterize patients with eating disorders (EDs). However, literature has not been previously analysed, thus differences between patients with EDs and healthy controls and the level of automaticity of the processes involved in implicit attitudes are still matters of debate. The present systematic review aimed to synthetize current evidence from papers investigating implicit attitudes towards food and body in healthy and EDs populations. PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus were systematically screened and 183 studies using different indirect paradigms were included in the qualitative analysis. The majority of studies reported negative attitudes towards overweight/obese body images in healthy and EDs samples and weight bias as a diffuse stereotypical evaluation. Implicit food attitudes are consistently reported as valid predictors of eating behaviour. Few studies on the neurobiological correlates showed neurostimulation effects on implicit attitudes, but the automaticity at brain level of implicit evaluations remains an open area of research. In conclusion, implicit attitudes are relevant measures of eating behaviour in healthy and clinical settings, although evidence about their neural correlates is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallucci
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48--20900, Monza, Italy
- NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Del Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1--20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- NETS, School of Advanced Studies, IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria n.15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
In this Registered Report, we assessed the utility of the affective priming paradigm (APP) as an indirect measure of food attitudes and related choice behaviour in two separate cohorts. Participants undertook a speeded evaluative categorization task in which target words were preceded by food primes that differed in terms of affective congruence with the target, explicit liking (most liked or least liked), and healthiness (healthy or unhealthy). Non-food priming effects were tested as a manipulation check, and the relationship between food priming effects and impulsive choice behaviour was also investigated using a binary food choice task. As predicted, priming effects were observed for both healthy and unhealthy foods, but there was no difference in the magnitude of these effects. This may suggest that the paradigm is most sensitive to affective, but not cognitive, components of attitudes (i.e., healthiness), but alternative theoretical explanations and implications of this finding are discussed. Food and non-food priming effects were observed in both reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) data, but contrary to expectations, we found no association between food RT priming effects and choice behaviour. All findings from confirmatory analyses regarding RT and ER priming effects, and the absence of the expected correlations between priming effects and impulsive food choices, were successfully replicated in the online cohort of participants. Overall, this study confirms the robustness of the APP as an indirect measure of food liking and raises questions about its applied value for research of eating behaviours.
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7
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Adams RC, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Do restrained eaters show increased BMI, food craving and disinhibited eating? A comparison of the Restraint Scale and the Restrained Eating scale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190174. [PMID: 31312488 PMCID: PMC6599805 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being used interchangeably, different measures of restrained eating have been associated with different dietary behaviours. These differences have impeded replicability across the restraint literature and have made it difficult for researchers to interpret results and use the most appropriate measure for their research. Across a total sample of 1731 participants, this study compared the Restraint Scale (RS), and its subscales, to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) across several traits related to overeating. The aim was to explore potential differences between these two questionnaires so that we could help to identify the most suitable measure as a prescreening tool for eating-related interventions. Results revealed that although the two measures are highly correlated with one another (rs = 0.73-0.79), the RS was more strongly associated with external (rs = -0.07 to 0.11 versus -0.18 to -0.01) and disinhibited eating (rs = 0.46 versus 0.31), food craving (rs = 0.12-0.27 versus 0.02-0.13 and 0.22 versus -0.06) and body mass index (rs = 0.25-0.34 versus -0.13 to 0.15). The results suggest that, compared to the DEBQ, the RS is a more appropriate measure for identifying individuals who struggle the most to control their food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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8
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Coricelli C, Foroni F, Osimo SA, Rumiati RI. Implicit and explicit evaluations of foods: The natural and transformed dimension. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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De Cuyper K, Hermans D, Pieters G, Claes L, Vansteelandt K. Indirect and direct measures of striving for perfection moderate body mass index curves in the intensive treatment of anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 27:86-96. [PMID: 30009415 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen De Cuyper
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hermans
- KU Leuven Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido Pieters
- KU Leuven Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- KU Leuven Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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10
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Mangabeira Júnior AS, Oliveira Sávio KE, Pineli LDLDO, Akutsu RDCC, Assunção Botelho RB. Acceptability of Reduced-Fat and Fried-Food-Free Menu in Self-Service Restaurant. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2017.1352547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Soares Mangabeira Júnior
- Department of Nutrition, Health Science College, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Karin Eleonora Oliveira Sávio
- Department of Nutrition, Health Science College, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Coelho Akutsu
- Department of Nutrition, Health Science College, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
- Department of Nutrition, Health Science College, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
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11
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Hilbert A, Kurz S, Dremmel D, Weihrauch Blüher S, Munsch S, Schmidt R. Cue reactivity, habituation, and eating in the absence of hunger in children with loss of control eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:223-232. [PMID: 29341214 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood loss of control (LOC) eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid conditions and present with disordered eating behaviors, such as overeating. This study sought to delineate shared and specific abnormalities in physiological, cognitive-motivational, and behavioral components of food-specific impulsivity in children with LOC eating and ADHD. Specifically, children's reactivity and habituation to food and eating in the absence of hunger were examined. METHODS Within this community-based study, four groups of 8-13-year-old children with LOC eating (n = 24), ADHD (n = 32), comorbid LOC eating/ADHD (n = 9), and matched controls (n = 34) received a standard laboratory test meal to establish satiety and were then exposed to their favorite snack food in a cue exposure/reactivity trial, while salivation and desire to eat were repeatedly assessed. Subsequently, they were offered a variety of snack foods ad libitum. RESULTS Children with LOC eating, ADHD, and LOC/ADHD did not differ from controls in salivary reactivity and habituation to food cues. Children with LOC eating and ADHD showed greater cue reactivity of the desire to eat than controls, but groups did not differ in its longer-term increments. At free access, only children with LOC/ADHD consumed significantly more energy than controls. Longer-term increments of desire to eat predicted greater energy intake beyond LOC/ADHD group status. DISCUSSION Desire to eat among children with comorbid LOC eating and ADHD was associated with overeating in the absence of hunger, which may contribute to excess weight gain. Delineation of the specific features of childhood LOC eating versus ADHD warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kurz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Dremmel
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Susann Weihrauch Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Audrin C, Cheval B, Chanal J. Materialism moderates the impact of mortality salience on impulsive tendencies toward luxury brands. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 42:115-122. [PMID: 28541822 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1334008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Luxury goods have been shown to help individuals coping with death-related anxiety. However, the extent to which the symbolic value allocated to possessions (i.e., materialism) moderates this effect is still unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of materialism on impulsive approach tendencies toward luxury clothing brands in a context of mortality salience. Results showed that the impact of mortality salience was moderated by materialism with lower impulsive approach tendencies toward luxury clothing brands observed in non-materialistic participants. These findings highlight how materialism values may impact luxury consumption through impulsive pathways in a situation of death-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Audrin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
- b Swiss Center for Affective Sciences , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
- c Department of Psychology , Distance Learning University , Brig , Switzerland
| | - Boris Cheval
- a Department of Psychology , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Julien Chanal
- a Department of Psychology , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
- c Department of Psychology , Distance Learning University , Brig , Switzerland
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Abstract
Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder with estimates of 2-5% of the general adult population. Nonetheless, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Furthermore, there exist few therapeutic options for its effective treatment. Here we review the current state of binge-eating neurobiology and pharmacology, drawing from clinical therapeutic, neuroimaging, cognitive, human genetic and animal model studies. These studies, which are still in their infancy, indicate that while there are many gaps in our knowledge, several key neural substrates appear to underpin binge-eating and may be conserved between human and animals. This observation suggests that behavioral intermediate phenotypes or endophenotypes relevant to BED may be modeled in animals, facilitating the identification and testing of novel pharmacological targets. The development of novel, safe and effective pharmacological therapies for the treatment of BED will enhance the ability of clinicians to provide optimal care for people with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Hutson
- Department of Neurobiology, CNS Discovery, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA.
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Neimeijer RAM, Roefs A, Ostafin BD, de Jong PJ. Automatic Approach Tendencies toward High and Low Caloric Food in Restrained Eaters: Influence of Task-Relevance and Mood. Front Psychol 2017; 8:525. [PMID: 28443045 PMCID: PMC5387092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although restrained eaters are motivated to control their weight by dieting, they are often unsuccessful in these attempts. Dual process models emphasize the importance of differentiating between controlled and automatic tendencies to approach food. This study investigated the hypothesis that heightened automatic approach tendencies in restrained eaters would be especially prominent in contexts where food is irrelevant for their current tasks. Additionally, we examined the influence of mood on the automatic tendency to approach food as a function of dietary restraint. Methods: An Affective Simon Task-manikin was administered to measure automatic approach tendencies where food is task-irrelevant, and a Stimulus Response Compatibility task (SRC) to measure automatic approach in contexts where food is task-relevant, in 92 female participants varying in dietary restraint. Prior to the task, sad, stressed, neutral, or positive mood was induced. Food intake was measured during a bogus taste task after the computer tasks. Results: Consistent with their diet goals, participants with a strong tendency to restrain their food intake showed a relatively weak approach bias toward food when food was task-relevant (SRC) and this effect was independent of mood. Restrained eaters showed a relatively strong approach bias toward food when food was task-irrelevant in the positive condition and a relatively weak approach in the sad mood. Conclusion: The weak approach bias in contexts where food is task-relevant may help high-restrained eaters to comply with their diet goal. However, the strong approach bias in contexts where food is task-irrelevant and when being in a positive mood may interfere with restrained eaters' goal of restricting food-intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate A M Neimeijer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Center for Eating Disorders, Accare Child and Adolescent PsychiatrySmilde, Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Brian D Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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15
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Haynes A, Kemps E, Moffitt R. Is cake more appealing in the afternoon? Time of day is associated with control over automatic positive responses to unhealthy food. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Assessment of automatic associations with bodily sensations and agoraphobic situations in panic disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 52:105-109. [PMID: 27085983 PMCID: PMC4995239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES One of the central assumptions of cognitive models of Panic Disorder (PD) is that automatic panic-related associations are a core feature of PD. However, empirical findings are mixed and inconsistent, rendering it difficult to evaluate the role of panic-related associations adequately, particularly in relation to the relevant theories. The present study aimed to further advance our understanding of automatic associations in PD, and therefore applied a paradigm novel in this context, namely an Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). METHODS Participants involved treatment seeking, unmedicated panic patients (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 38). The EAST was applied prior to treatment. It included the following stimuli as targets: panic-related bodily sensations and agoraphobia-related situations, and as attributes: pleasant versus unpleasant, fear-related words. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, panic patients did not show stronger negative than positive automatic associations for either panic-related symptoms or agoraphobia-related situations, compared to healthy controls. Moreover, EAST effects did not correlate with panic-related self-report measures. LIMITATIONS Although the present study involved patients who were actively seeking treatment, panic-related associations might not have been activated sufficiently. Hence, a brief activation procedure (e.g., hyperventilation) might have been needed to optimize the assessment condition. CONCLUSIONS The present findings do not support contemporary theories of panic-related associations. Therefore, follow-up work is needed to disentangle their functional and operational properties more thoroughly.
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McKenna I, Hughes S, Barnes-Holmes D, De Schryver M, Yoder R, O'Shea D. Obesity, food restriction, and implicit attitudes to healthy and unhealthy foods: Lessons learned from the implicit relational assessment procedure. Appetite 2016; 100:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kemps E, Herman CP, Hollitt S, Polivy J, Prichard I, Tiggemann M. The role of expectations in the effect of food cue exposure on intake. Appetite 2016; 103:259-264. [PMID: 27120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure to food cues has often been shown to increase food intake, especially in restrained eaters. This study investigated the role of expectations in the effect of such pre-exposure on food intake. A sample of 88 undergraduate women was exposed to visual food cues (photos of grapes and chocolate-chip cookies). In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, participants were explicitly told to expect that they would be tasting and rating either grapes or chocolate-chip cookies. Participants subsequently completed an ostensible taste test, in which they tasted and rated either grapes or cookies, such that half were given the food that they had been led to expect and the other half were given the other food. Participants' restraint status (restrained versus unrestrained) was based on their scores on the Revised Restraint Scale (Herman & Polivy, 1980). A significant interaction between expected food and restraint status was found. When participants were led to expect that they would be tasting grapes, restrained and unrestrained eaters did not differ in their subsequent consumption (of either grapes or cookies). However, when participants were led to expect that they would be tasting cookies, restrained eaters ate significantly less (of both grapes and cookies) than did unrestrained eaters, even though craving ratings were similarly elevated for both restrained and unrestrained eaters. The findings are consistent with counteractive control theory in that restrained eaters who expected to eat a high caloric food may have been able to activate their dieting goal, thereby limiting their food intake. The findings further point to an important role for expectations in the understanding and regulation of food intake in restrained eaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kemps
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Sarah Hollitt
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet Polivy
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Kraus AA, Piqueras-Fiszman B. Sandwich or sweets? An assessment of two novel implicit association tasks to capture dynamic motivational tendencies and stable evaluations towards foods. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Trendel O, Werle COC. Distinguishing the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes to improve prediction of food choices. Appetite 2015; 104:33-43. [PMID: 26471802 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviors largely result from automatic processes. Yet, in existing research, automatic or implicit attitudes toward food often fail to predict eating behaviors. Applying findings in cognitive neuroscience research, we propose and find that a central reason why implicit attitudes toward food are not good predictors of eating behaviors is that implicit attitudes are driven by two distinct constructs that often have diverging evaluative consequences: the automatic affective reactions to food (e.g., tastiness; the affective basis of implicit attitudes) and the automatic cognitive reactions to food (e.g., healthiness; the cognitive basis of implicit attitudes). More importantly, we find that the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes directly and uniquely influence actual food choices under different conditions. While the affective basis of implicit attitude is the main driver of food choices, it is the only driver when cognitive resources during choice are limited. The cognitive basis of implicit attitudes uniquely influences food choices when cognitive resources during choice are plentiful but only for participants low in impulsivity. Researchers interested in automatic processes in eating behaviors could thus benefit by distinguishing between the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Trendel
- Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard BP 127, 38003 Cedex 01, France.
| | - Carolina O C Werle
- Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard BP 127, 38003 Cedex 01, France
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21
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Neimeijer RA, de Jong PJ, Roefs A. Automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2015; 91:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Inhibitory self-control moderates the effect of changed implicit food evaluations on snack food consumption. Appetite 2015; 90:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Haynes A, Kemps E, Moffitt R, Mohr P. Reduce temptation or resist it? Experienced temptation mediates the relationship between implicit evaluations of unhealthy snack foods and subsequent intake. Psychol Health 2014; 30:534-50. [PMID: 25384041 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.984713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A more negative implicit evaluation of unhealthy food stimuli and a more positive implicit evaluation of a weight-management goal have been shown to predict lower consumption of unhealthy food. However, the associations between these evaluations, temptation to indulge and consumption of unhealthy food remain unclear. The current study investigated whether temptation would mediate the relationship between implicit food and goal evaluations and consumption (resembling an antecedent-focused route to self-control of eating), or whether those evaluations would moderate the relationship between temptation and consumption (resembling a response-focused route). A sample of 156 women (17-25 years), who tried to manage their weight through healthy eating, completed two implicit association tasks assessing implicit food and goal evaluations, respectively. Intake of four energy-dense snack foods was measured in a task disguised as a taste test, and participants reported the strength of experienced temptation to indulge in the snacks offered. Negative implicit food evaluation was associated with lower snack intake, and temptation mediated this relationship. Implicit goal evaluation was unrelated to both temptation strength and snack consumption. The findings contribute to an understanding of how negative implicit unhealthy food evaluation relates to lower consumption, namely through the mediation of temptation to indulge in those foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- a School of Psychology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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24
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Johnson SL, Boles RE, Burger KS. Using participant hedonic ratings of food images to construct data driven food groupings. Appetite 2014; 79:189-96. [PMID: 24769294 PMCID: PMC4104662 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding how individuals' hedonic ratings of a variety of foods interrelate and how hedonic ratings correspond to habitual dietary intake. Participant ratings of food appeal of 104 food images were collected while participants were in a fed state (n = 129). Self-reported frequency of intake of the food items, perceived hunger, body mass index (BMI), and dietary restraint were also assessed. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze hedonic ratings of the foods, to identify component structures and to reduce the number of variables. The resulting component structures comprised 63 images loading on seven components including Energy-Dense Main Courses, Light Main Courses and Seafood as well as components more analogous to traditional food groups (e.g., Fruits, Grains, Desserts, Meats). However, vegetables were not represented in a unique, independent component. All components were positively correlated with reported intake of the food items (r's = .26-.52, p <.05), except for the Light Main Course component (r = .10). BMI showed a small positive relation with aggregated food appeal ratings (r = .19; p <.05), which was largely driven by the relations between BMI and appeal ratings for Energy-Dense Main Courses (r = .24; p <.01) and Desserts (r = .27; p <.01). Dietary restraint showed a small significant negative relation to Energy-Dense Main Courses (r = -.21; p <.05), and Meats (r = -.18; p <.05). The present investigation provides novel evidence regarding how individuals' hedonic ratings of foods aggregate into food components and how these component ratings relate to dietary intake. The notable absence of a vegetable component suggests that individuals' liking for vegetables is highly variable and, from an empirical standpoint, not related to how they respond hedonically to other food categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- The Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Richard E Boles
- The Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kyle S Burger
- The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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25
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Gearhardt AN, Rizk MT, Treat TA. The association of food characteristics and individual differences with ratings of craving and liking. Appetite 2014; 79:166-73. [PMID: 24768936 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Craving and liking are related to eating-related problems, but less is known about the association of specific food characteristics (e.g., sugar, fat) with craving/liking. The relation of individual differences in eating behavior with these craving and liking patterns is also relatively unknown. We examine the nomothetic impact of sugar, fat and processing on food craving and liking and the moderation of these effects by idiographic factors (e.g., Body Mass Index [BMI], hunger). One hundred and five overweight and obese women completed craving and liking ratings on 180 foods that differed in levels of sugar, fat and processing. Food craving was linked positively to fat content, but negatively to sugar. Food liking was associated negatively with sugar content and processing level. Addictive-like eating predicted elevated overall food craving and liking, and increased craving and liking for processed foods. Attempted restriction efforts were unrelated to craving and liking. BMI was associated with less craving for fattier foods and lower liking for the average food. Hunger was associated with increased craving for the average food. These findings highlight the role of fat in cravings and differences in craving and liking based on BMI, loss of control over eating, and hunger. These findings are relevant to theories of problematic eating and the development of eating-related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- University of Michigan, 2268 East Hall, 530 Church St. Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA.
| | - Marianne T Rizk
- University of Iowa, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Teresa A Treat
- University of Iowa, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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26
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Lowe R, Norman P. Attitudinal Approaches to Health Behavior: Integrating Expectancy-Value and Automaticity Accounts. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Sinha R, Grilo CM, Potenza MN. Monetary reward processing in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:877-86. [PMID: 23462319 PMCID: PMC3686098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important step in obesity research involves identifying neurobiological underpinnings of nonfood reward processing unique to specific subgroups of obese individuals. METHODS Nineteen obese individuals seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED) were compared with 19 non-BED obese individuals (OB) and 19 lean control subjects (LC) while performing a monetary reward/loss task that parses anticipatory and outcome components during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Differences in regional activation were investigated in BED, OB, and LC groups during reward/loss prospect, anticipation, and notification. RESULTS Relative to the LC group, the OB group demonstrated increased ventral striatal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity during anticipatory phases. In contrast, the BED group relative to the OB group demonstrated diminished bilateral ventral striatal activity during anticipatory reward/loss processing. No differences were observed between the BED and LC groups in the ventral striatum. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneity exists among obese individuals with respect to the neural correlates of reward/loss processing. Neural differences in separable groups with obesity suggest that multiple, varying interventions might be important in optimizing prevention and treatment strategies for obesity.
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28
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Dietary restraint, ambivalence toward eating, and the valence and content of spontaneous associations with eating. Appetite 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Guilty pleasures II: restrained eaters' implicit preferences for high, moderate and low-caloric food. Eat Behav 2012; 13:275-7. [PMID: 22664411 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, restrained eaters showed stronger implicit preferences for high-caloric food compared to unrestrained eaters. Caloric density and palatability are however almost always intertwined, and it was never tested whether this high-calorie food preference of restrained eaters follows from the energy density or the palatability of high-calorie foods. Here, it was examined whether restrained eaters may hold stronger implicit preferences than unrestrained eaters for palatable food in general, irrespective of caloric density. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Using two unipolar SCIATs positive and negative implicit associations were measured with palatable food of either high, moderate, or low caloric density. Results showed a strong effect of dietary restraint on implicit food preferences independently of caloric density, indicating stronger implicit preferences for all types of palatable food with increased dietary restraint. With respect to negative implicit associations, participants showed stronger negative implicit associations with high-calorie food than with moderate-calorie or low-calorie food, regardless of dietary restraint. Thus, restrained eaters show enhanced implicit preferences, not only for high caloric food, but for palatable food in general compared to unrestrained eaters.
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30
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Allen PJ, Batra P, Geiger BM, Wommack T, Gilhooly C, Pothos EN. Rationale and consequences of reclassifying obesity as an addictive disorder: neurobiology, food environment and social policy perspectives. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:126-37. [PMID: 22583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity is a priority for investigators from across numerous disciplines, including biology, nutritional science, and public health and policy. In this paper, we systematically examine the premise that common dietary obesity is an addictive disorder, based on the criteria for addiction described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association, version IV, and consider the consequences of such a reclassification of obesity for public policy. Specifically, we discuss evidence from both human and animal studies investigating the effects of various types and amounts of food and the food environment in obese individuals. Neurobiological studies have shown that the hedonic brain pathways activated by palatable food overlap considerably with those activated by drugs of abuse and suffer significant deficits after chronic exposure to high-energy diets. Furthermore, food as a stimulus can induce the sensitization, compulsion and relapse patterns observed in individuals who are addicted to illicit drugs. The current food environment encourages these addictive-like behaviors where increased exposure through advertisements, proximity and increased portion sizes are routine. Taking lessons from the tobacco experience, it is clear that reclassifying common dietary obesity as an addictive disorder would necessitate policy changes (e.g., regulatory efforts, economic strategies, and educational approaches). These policies could be instrumental in addressing the obesity epidemic, by encouraging the food industry and the political leadership to collaborate with the scientific and medical community in establishing new and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Allen
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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31
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Cameron CD, Brown-Iannuzzi JL, Payne BK. Sequential priming measures of implicit social cognition: a meta-analysis of associations with behavior and explicit attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2012; 16:330-50. [PMID: 22490976 DOI: 10.1177/1088868312440047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 167 studies, the authors found that sequential priming tasks were significantly associated with behavioral measures (r = .28) and with explicit attitude measures (r = .20). Priming tasks continued to predict behavior after controlling for the effects of explicit attitudes. These results generalized across a variety of study domains and methodological variations. Within-study moderator analyses revealed that priming tasks have good specificity, only predicting behavior and explicit measures under theoretically expected conditions. Together, these results indicate that sequential priming-one of the earliest methods of investigating implicit social cognition--continues to be a valid tool for the psychological scientist.
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32
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Individual differences and preference for dietary fat using the Fat Preference Questionnaire© in a UK sample. Appetite 2012; 58:679-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Do implicit measures of attitudes incrementally predict snacking behaviour over explicit affect-related measures? Appetite 2012; 58:835-41. [PMID: 22326883 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated an association between implicit measures of attitudes and dietary-related behaviours. However, no study has tested whether implicit measures of attitudes predict dietary behaviour after controlling for explicit measures of palatability. In a prospective design, two studies assessed the validity of measures of implicit attitude (Implicit Association Test, IAT) and explicit measures of palatability and health-related attitudes on self-reported (Studies 1 and 2) and objective food (fruit vs. chocolate) choice (Study 2). Following regression analyses, in both studies, implicit measures of attitudes were correlated with food choice but failed to significantly predict food choice when controlling specifically for explicit measures of palatability. These consistent relationships emerged despite using different category labels within the IAT in the two studies. The current research suggests implicit measures of attitudes may not predict dietary behaviours after taking into account the palatability of food. This is important in order to establish determinants that explain unique variance in dietary behaviours and to inform dietary change interventions.
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34
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Attentional bias in restrictive eating disorders. Stronger attentional avoidance of high-fat food compared to healthy controls? Appetite 2012; 58:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Lebens H, Roefs A, Martijn C, Houben K, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A. Making implicit measures of associations with snack foods more negative through evaluative conditioning. Eat Behav 2011; 12:249-53. [PMID: 22051355 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether implicit measures of associations with snack foods and food consumer behaviour could be changed through a picture-picture evaluative conditioning procedure. In the experimental condition (n=41), female participants completed a conditioning procedure in which pictures of snack foods were paired with images of negatively valenced female body shapes, and pictures of fruits were paired with images of positively valenced body shapes. In a control condition (n=44), snack and fruit stimuli were randomly paired with positively and negatively valenced body shapes. Implicit measures of associations with high-fat snack foods were obtained by using a positive and a negative unipolar single category Implicit Association Test (sc-IAT). A virtual supermarket task was used to assess food consumer behaviour. Results indicated that participants in the experimental condition held a less positive association with high-fat foods on the positive sc-IAT and a more negative association with these foods on the negative sc-IAT as compared to control participants. Opposed to our hypothesis, no behavioural differences were found between the groups. These results imply that this form of associative learning can produce shifts in implicit measures of food evaluations, though behavioural effects were absent.
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36
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Bohon C, Stice E. Reward abnormalities among women with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:585-95. [PMID: 21997421 PMCID: PMC3111910 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that women with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa show abnormal neural activation in response to food intake and anticipated food intake relative to healthy control women. METHOD Females with and without full/subthreshold bulimia nervosa recruited from the community (N = 26) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during receipt and anticipated receipt of chocolate milkshake and a tasteless control solution. RESULTS Women with bulimia nervosa showed trends for less activation than healthy controls in the right anterior insula in response to anticipated receipt of chocolate milkshake (vs. tasteless solution) and in the left middle frontal gyrus, right posterior insula, right precentral gyrus, and right mid dorsal insula in response to consumptions of milkshake (vs. tasteless solution). DISCUSSION Bulimia nervosa may be related to potential hypofunctioning of the brain reward system, which may lead these individuals to binge eat to compensate for this reward deficit, though the hypo-responsivity might be a result of a history of binge eating highly palatable foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bohon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon
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37
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Negative affect-induced food intake in non-dieting women is reward driven and associated with restrained–disinhibited eating subtype. Appetite 2011; 56:682-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Graham R, Hoover A, Ceballos NA, Komogortsev O. Body mass index moderates gaze orienting biases and pupil diameter to high and low calorie food images. Appetite 2011; 56:577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Burger KS, Stice E. Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures. Neuroimage 2011; 55:233-9. [PMID: 21147234 PMCID: PMC3032532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective studies indicate that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores are at increased risk for future bulimic symptom onset, suggesting that these individuals may show hyper-responsivity of reward regions to food and food cues. Thus, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of chocolate milkshake and exposure to pictures of appetizing foods in 39 female adolescents (mean age=15.5 ± 0.94). Dietary restraint scores were positively correlated with activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in response to milkshake receipt. However, dietary restraint scores did not correlate with activation in response to anticipated milkshake receipt or exposure to food pictures. Results indicate that individuals who report high dietary restraint have a hyper-responsivity in reward-related brain regions when food intake is occurring, which may increase risk for overeating and binge eating.
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40
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Hofmann W, van Koningsbruggen GM, Stroebe W, Ramanathan S, Aarts H. As pleasure unfolds. Hedonic responses to tempting food. Psychol Sci 2010; 21:1863-70. [PMID: 21106885 DOI: 10.1177/0956797610389186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Why do chronic dieters often violate their dieting goals? One possibility is that they experience stronger hedonic responses to tempting food than normal eaters do. We scrutinized hedonic processing in dieters and normal eaters (a) by manipulating food preexposure and (b) by assessing both immediate and delayed hedonic responses to tempting food with an adapted affect-misattribution procedure. Without food preexposure, dieters showed less positive hedonic responses than normal eaters (Study 1). When preexposed to tempting-food stimuli, however, dieters exhibited more positive delayed hedonic responses than normal eaters (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, delayed hedonic responding was meaningfully related to self-reported power of food and state cravings (Study 2). These findings suggest that dieters experience difficulties in down-regulating hedonic affect when in a "hot" state and that self-regulation research may benefit from a greater emphasis on temporal dynamics rather than static differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Hofmann
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, 5807 South Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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41
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Veenstra EM, de Jong PJ, Koster EHW, Roefs A. Attentional avoidance of high-fat food in unsuccessful dieters. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2010; 41:282-8. [PMID: 20223451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Using the exogenous cueing task, this study examined whether restrained and disinhibited eaters differ in their orientation of attention towards and their difficulty to disengage from high versus low-fat food pictures in a relatively short (500 ms) and a long presentation format (1500 ms). Overall, participants in the 500 ms condition showed a tendency to direct attention away from high-fat food pictures compared to neutral pictures. No differential pattern was evident for the 1500 ms condition. Correlational analysis revealed that reduced engagement with high-fat food was particularly pronounced for disinhibited eaters. Although in the short term this seems an adaptive strategy, it may eventually become counterproductive, as it could hinder habituation and learning to cope with seductive characteristics of high-fat food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Veenstra
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2-1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Restrained eaters show enhanced automatic approach tendencies towards food. Appetite 2010; 55:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Watts KJ, Cranney J. Automatic evaluation of body-related words among young women: an experimental study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:308. [PMID: 20525306 PMCID: PMC2902436 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has demonstrated that exposure to images depicting the thin female ideal has negative effects on some females' levels of body dissatisfaction. Much of this research, however, has utilised relatively long stimulus exposure times; thereby focusing on effortful and conscious processing of body-related stimuli. Relatively little is known about the nature of females' affective responses to the textual components of body-related stimuli, especially when these stimuli are only briefly encountered. The primary aim of the current research was to determine whether young women automatically evaluate body-related words and whether these responses are associated with body image concerns, including self-reported levels of appearance schematicity, thin internalisation, body dissatisfaction, and dietary restraint. Methods An affective priming task was used to investigate whether females automatically evaluate body-related words, and whether this is associated with self-reported body image concerns. In a within-participants experimental design, the valence congruence of the prime and target pairs was manipulated. Participants selected body words as primes in Experiment 1 (N = 27), while normatively selected body words were primes in Experiment 2 (N = 50). Each prime was presented briefly, followed by a target word which participants judged as "good" or "bad". The dependent variable was response latency to the target. Results Automatic evaluation was evident: responding to congruent pairs was faster than responding to incongruent pairs. Body image concerns were unrelated to automaticity. Conclusions The findings suggest that brief encounters with body words are likely to prompt automatic evaluation in all young women, and that this process proceeds unintentionally and efficiently, without conscious guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaaren J Watts
- Psychosocial Research Group, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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Relation of dietary restraint scores to cognitive biases and reward sensitivity. Appetite 2010; 55:61-8. [PMID: 20399819 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that dietary restraint scores are associated with greater reward sensitivity and cognitive bias for food-related cues, which might result in chronic overeating and efforts to curb this tendency through dietary restriction. Participants (N=63) with high versus low scores on the DEBQ-R did not differ on attentional bias for pictorial food-related cues on a visual probe task, or approach tendencies elicited by food cues, as assessed with a stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) task. Restraint was also unrelated to performance on an operant task that assessed how hard participants would work for snacks, or responding during a taste habituation paradigm. Dietary restraint scores were correlated with self-reported appetitive response to food, sensitivity to reward, and sensitivity to punishment. Results provide limited support for the hypothesis that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores show greater reward sensitivity and cognitive bias for food stimuli, though it is possible that the null findings on the behavioral task resulted because of an approach-avoidance conflict to food cues in which heightened appetitive responses to food are inhibited by food-related anxiety.
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Guilty pleasures. Implicit preferences for high calorie food in restrained eating. Appetite 2010; 55:18-24. [PMID: 20211211 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In two studies, it was examined whether dietary restraint is associated with stronger positive implicit attitudes toward high calorie food. This hypothesis was tested using unipolar IAT variants that allowed us to separately measure and examine positive and negative implicit associations with high calorie food. In both studies, results showed that restrained eaters do not differ from unrestrained eaters with respect to negative implicit associations with high calorie food. However, dietary restraint does influence the strength of positive implicit associations with high calorie food: When positive implicit associations with high calorie food were measured relative to low calorie food, restrained and unrestrained eaters did not differ with respect to their implicit preferences for high versus low calorie food. In contrast, when positive implicit associations with high calorie food were assessed using non-relative IAT variants, restrained eaters showed stronger positive implicit associations with high calorie food than unrestrained eaters. Thus, restrained eaters show stronger implicit liking for high calorie food compared to unrestrained eaters.
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Stice E, Spoor S, Ng J, Zald DH. Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:551-60. [PMID: 19328819 PMCID: PMC2734415 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report reviews findings from studies that have investigated whether abnormalities in reward from food intake and anticipated food intake increase risk for obesity. Self-report and behavioral data suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show elevated anticipatory and consummatory food reward. Brain imaging studies suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show greater activation of the gustatory cortex (insula/frontal operculum) and oral somatosensory regions (parietal operculum and Rolandic operculum) in response to anticipated intake and consumption of palatable foods. Yet, data also suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show less activation in the dorsal striatum in response to consumption of palatable foods and reduced striatal D2 dopamine receptor density. Emerging prospective data also suggest that abnormal activation in these brain regions increases risk for future weight gain and that genotypes associated with lowered dopamine signaling amplify these predictive effects. Results imply that individuals who show greater activation in the gustatory cortex and somatosensory regions in response to anticipation and consumption of food, but who show weaker activation in the striatum during food intake, may be at risk for overeating, particularly those at genetic risk for lowered dopamine receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Papies EK, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Who likes it more? Restrained eaters' implicit attitudes towards food. Appetite 2009; 53:279-87. [PMID: 19591886 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has been unclear as to how restrained eating is related to implicit attitudes towards food. The present paper introduces a new variant of the affective priming paradigm to measure implicit attitudes towards food among restrained and unrestrained eaters, using food pictures as primes and emoticons as targets. Results of two studies show that while unrestrained eaters evaluate palatable foods more positively than neutral and unpalatable foods, restrained eaters do not. In addition, it is shown that restrained eaters have stronger evaluations of the negative aspects of palatable food, and this influences their food attitudes. Thus, the present findings suggest that restrained eaters' chronic goal of dieting impacts their implicit attitude towards food items via their perception of the negative aspects of palatable food. These results are discussed with regard to the role of attitudes in the regulation of eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Papies
- Utrecht University, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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48
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Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Veldhuizen MG, Small DM. Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated food intake to obesity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 117:924-35. [PMID: 19025237 DOI: 10.1037/a0013600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors tested the hypothesis that obese individuals experience greater reward from food consumption (consummatory food reward) and anticipated consumption (anticipatory food reward) than lean individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with 33 adolescent girls (mean age = 15.7, SD = 0.9). Obese relative to lean adolescent girls showed greater activation bilaterally in the gustatory cortex (anterior and mid insula, frontal operculum) and in somatosensory regions (parietal operculum and Rolandic operculum) in response to anticipated intake of chocolate milkshake (vs. a tasteless solution) and to actual consumption of milkshake (vs. a tasteless solution); these brain regions encode the sensory and hedonic aspects of food. However, obese relative to lean adolescent girls also showed decreased activation in the caudate nucleus in response to consumption of milkshake versus a tasteless solution, potentially because they have reduced dopamine receptor availability. Results suggest that individuals who show greater activation in the gustatory cortex and somatosensory regions in response to anticipation and consumption of food, but who show weaker activation in the striatum during food intake, may be at risk for overeating and consequent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Papies EK, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Understanding dieting: A social cognitive analysis of hedonic processes in self-regulation. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10463280802563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Watts K, Cranney J, Gleitzman M. Automatic evaluation of body-related images. Body Image 2008; 5:352-64. [PMID: 18755641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An affective priming task was used to determine whether females automatically evaluate body-related images, and to establish whether this is moderated by appearance schematicity, thin internalisation, body dissatisfaction, and dietary restraint. In a within participants design, the valence congruence of the prime and target pairs was manipulated, as was the interval between them. Undergraduate females (N=87, Experiment 1 and N=72, Experiment 2) individually selected colour images as the primes. Each prime was presented briefly, followed by a target word which the participant judged as "good" or "bad". The dependent variable was response latency to the target word. Automatic evaluation was evident; responding to congruent pairs was faster than responding to incongruent pairs. The individual difference variables were not related to automaticity. The findings suggest that brief encounters with body-related images are likely to produce automatic affective responses in young women irrespective of body-related concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaaren Watts
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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