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Zhang R, Zhao J, Zhao L. High NTRK2 protein expression levels may be associated with poorer prognosis of breast cancer patients. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241281322. [PMID: 39340251 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241281322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that the role of neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2) in breast cancer (BRCA) remains ambiguous. To help elucidate this, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate the relationship between NTRK2 protein expression and BRCA. METHODS The prognostic significance of NTRK2 protein expression patterns was assessed by performing immunohistochemistry assays on 131 BRCA tissues and 56 adjacent normal tissues in a retrospective study. Furthermore, the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs was quantified by "pRRophetic" and the sensitivity to immunotherapy was estimated using The Cancer Immunome Atlas website. RESULTS NTRK2 protein was expressed at significantly higher levels in BRCA samples compared with normal tissues. The data indicated that NTRK2 expression is an independent risk factor for BRCA patient prognosis. Additionally, the high NTRK2 group exhibited increased sensitivity to certain chemotherapy drugs and achieved higher scores for immune checkpoint blockade therapy compared with the low NTRK2 group. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that higher NTRK2 protein expression is related to a less favorable prognosis in BRCA patients, as well as to enhanced sensitivity to specific chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital affiliated with Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Mahajan AT, Shivani, Datusalia AK, Coluccini C, Coghi P, Chaudhary S. Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine as a Prominent Framework for Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (Trk) Inhibitors-Synthetic Strategies and SAR Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:3560. [PMID: 39124968 PMCID: PMC11314189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks) are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases named TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC and encoded by the NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes, respectively. These kinases have attracted significant attention and represent a promising therapeutic target for solid tumor treatment due to their vital role in cellular signaling pathways. First-generation TRK inhibitors, i.e., Larotrectinib sulfate and Entrectinib, received clinical approval in 2018 and 2019, respectively. However, the use of these inhibitors was significantly limited because of the development of resistance due to mutations. Fortunately, the second-generation Trk inhibitor Repotrectinib (TPX-0005) was approved by the FDA in November 2023, while Selitrectinib (Loxo-195) has provided an effective solution to this issue. Another macrocycle-based analog, along with many other TRK inhibitors, is currently in clinical trials. Two of the three marketed drugs for NTRK fusion cancers feature a pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine nucleus, prompting medicinal chemists to develop numerous novel pyrazolopyrimidine-based molecules to enhance clinical applications. This article focuses on a comprehensive review of chronological synthetic developments and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as Trk inhibitors. This article will also provide comprehensive knowledge and future directions to the researchers working in the field of medicinal chemistry by facilitating the structural modification of pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives to synthesize more effective novel chemotherapeutics as TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol T. Mahajan
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
| | - Shivani
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India;
| | - Carmine Coluccini
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Coghi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery from Natural Resources & Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
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3
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Shamsnia HS, Peyrovinasab A, Amirlou D, Sirouskabiri S, Rostamian F, Basiri N, Shalmani LM, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K, Abdolghaffari AH. BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway in Spinal Cord Injury: Insights and Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04381-4. [PMID: 39046702 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has critical impact on patient's life expectance and life span, and this disorder also leads to negative socioeconomic features. SCI is defined as a firm collision to the spinal cord which leads to the fracture and the dislocation of vertebrae. The current available treatment is surgery. However, it cannot fully treat SCI, and many consequences remain after the surgery. Accordingly, finding new therapeutics is critical. BDNF-TrkB signaling is a vital signaling in neuronal differentiation, survival, overgrowth, synaptic plasticity, etc. Hence, many studies evaluate its impact on various neurodegenerative disorders. There are several studies evaluating this signaling in SCI, and they show promising outcomes. It was shown that various exercises, chemical interventions, etc. had significant positive impact on SCI by affecting BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. This study aims to accumulate and evaluate these data and inspect whether this signaling is effective or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Sadat Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Peyrovinasab
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorsa Amirlou
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sirouskabiri
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rostamian
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Basiri
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mohaghegh Shalmani
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Kim EE, Park CK, Kim SK, Phi JH, Paek SH, Choi JY, Kang HJ, Lee JH, Won JK, Yun H, Park SH. NTRK-fused central nervous system tumours: clinicopathological and genetic insights and response to TRK inhibitors. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:118. [PMID: 39014476 PMCID: PMC11251294 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are found in 1% of gliomas across children and adults. TRK inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents for NTRK-fused gliomas because they are tissue agnostic and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Methods We investigated twelve NGS-verified NTRK-fused gliomas from a single institute, Seoul National University Hospital. Results The patient cohort included six children (aged 1-15 years) and six adults (aged 27-72 years). NTRK2 fusions were found in ten cerebral diffuse low-grade and high-grade gliomas (DLGGs and DHGGs, respectively), and NTRK1 fusions were found in one cerebral desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma and one spinal DHGG. In this series, the fusion partners of NTRK2 were HOOK3, KIF5A, GKAP1, LHFPL3, SLMAP, ZBTB43, SPECC1L, FKBP15, KANK1, and BCR, while the NTRK1 fusion partners were TPR and TPM3. DLGGs tended to harbour only an NTRK fusion, while DHGGs exhibited further genetic alterations, such as TERT promoter/TP53/PTEN mutation, CDKN2A/2B homozygous deletion, PDGFRA/KIT/MDM4/AKT3 amplification, or multiple chromosomal copy number aberrations. Four patients received adjuvant TRK inhibitor therapy (larotrectinib, repotrectinib, or entrectinib), among which three also received chemotherapy (n = 2) or proton therapy (n = 1). The treatment outcomes for patients receiving TRK inhibitors varied: one child who received larotrectinib for residual DLGG maintained stable disease. In contrast, another child with DHGG in the spinal cord experienced multiple instances of tumour recurrence. Despite treatment with larotrectinib, ultimately, the child died as a result of tumour progression. An adult patient with glioblastoma (GBM) treated with entrectinib also experienced tumour progression and eventually died. However, there was a successful outcome for a paediatric patient with DHGG who, after a second gross total tumour removal followed by repotrectinib treatment, showed no evidence of disease. This patient had previously experienced relapse after the initial surgery and underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell therapy with carboplatin/thiotepa and proton therapy. Conclusions Our study clarifies the distinct differences in the pathology and TRK inhibitor response between LGG and HGG with NTRK fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eunshik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ho Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Yang W, Meyer AN, Jiang Z, Jiang X, Donoghue DJ. Critical domains for NACC2-NTRK2 fusion protein activation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301730. [PMID: 38935636 PMCID: PMC11210774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases (NTRKs) belong to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. NTRKs are responsible for the activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NTRK-associated mutations often result in oncogenesis and lead to aberrant activation of downstream signaling pathways including MAPK, JAK/STAT, and PLCγ1. This study characterizes the NACC2-NTRK2 oncogenic fusion protein that leads to pilocytic astrocytoma and pediatric glioblastoma. This fusion joins the BTB domain (Broad-complex, Tramtrack, and Bric-a-brac) domain of NACC2 (Nucleus Accumbens-associated protein 2) with the transmembrane helix and tyrosine kinase domain of NTRK2. We focus on identifying critical domains for the biological activity of the fusion protein. Mutations were introduced in the charged pocket of the BTB domain or in the monomer core, based on a structural comparison of the NACC2 BTB domain with that of PLZF, another BTB-containing protein. Mutations were also introduced into the NTRK2-derived portion to allow comparison of two different breakpoints that have been clinically reported. We show that activation of the NTRK2 kinase domain relies on multimerization of the BTB domain in NACC2-NTRK2. Mutations which disrupt BTB-mediated multimerization significantly reduce kinase activity and downstream signaling. The ability of these mutations to abrogate biological activity suggests that BTB domain inhibition could be a potential treatment for NACC2-NTRK2-induced cancers. Removal of the transmembrane helix leads to enhanced stability of the fusion protein and increased activity of the NACC2-NTRK2 fusion, suggesting a mechanism for the oncogenicity of a distinct NACC2-NTRK2 isoform observed in pediatric glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - April N. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Chen S, Gu J, Wu K, Zhao X, Lu Y. Progress in clinical diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer with rare genetic variants. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0026. [PMID: 38940668 PMCID: PMC11208903 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is crucial for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) positive for genetic drivers. With advances in deep sequencing technology and new targeted drugs, existing standard molecular pathological detection systems and therapeutic strategies can no longer meet the requirements for careful management of patients with advanced CRC. Thus, rare genetic variations require diagnosis and targeted therapy in clinical practice. Rare gene mutations, amplifications, and rearrangements are usually associated with poor prognosis and poor response to conventional therapy. This review summarizes the clinical diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic variations, in genes including erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), ALK receptor tyrosine kinase/ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK/ROS1), neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases (NTRKs), ret proto-oncogene (RET), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), to enhance understanding and identify more accurate personalized treatments for patients with rare genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Jing Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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Zheng E, Włodarczyk M, Węgiel A, Osielczak A, Możdżan M, Biskup L, Grochowska A, Wołyniak M, Gajewski D, Porc M, Maryńczak K, Dziki Ł. Navigating through novelties concerning mCRC treatment-the role of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy in mCRC. Front Surg 2024; 11:1398289. [PMID: 38948479 PMCID: PMC11211389 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1398289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the course of nearly six decades since the inception of initial trials involving 5-FU in the treatment of mCRC (metastatic colorectal cancer), our progressive comprehension of the pathophysiology, genetics, and surgical techniques related to mCRC has paved the way for the introduction of novel therapeutic modalities. These advancements not only have augmented the overall survival but have also positively impacted the quality of life (QoL) for affected individuals. Despite the remarkable progress made in the last two decades in the development of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and target therapies, mCRC remains an incurable disease, with a 5-year survival rate of 14%. In this comprehensive review, our primary goal is to present an overview of mCRC treatment methods following the latest guidelines provided by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS). Emphasis has been placed on outlining treatment approaches encompassing chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery's role in managing mCRC. Furthermore, our review delves into prospective avenues for developing new therapies, offering a glimpse into the future of alternative pathways that hold potential for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Zheng
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Węgiel
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Osielczak
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Możdżan
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Laura Biskup
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Grochowska
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Wołyniak
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Gajewski
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Porc
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kasper Maryńczak
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Dziki
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Acharya B, Saha D, Garcia Garcia N, Armstrong D, Jabali B, Hanafi M, Frett B, Ryan KR. Discovery of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole derivatives as dual RET/TRKA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 106:117749. [PMID: 38744018 PMCID: PMC11144469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant RET kinase signaling is activated in numerous cancers including lung, thyroid, breast, pancreatic, and prostate. Recent approvals of selective RET inhibitors, pralsetinib and selpercatinib, has shifted the focus of RET kinase drug discovery programs towards the development of selective inhibitors. However, selective inhibitors invariably lose efficacy as the selective nature of the inhibitor places Darwinian-like pressure on the tumor to bypass treatment through the selection of novel oncogenic drivers. Further, selective inhibitors are restricted for use in tumors with specific genetic backgrounds that do not encompass diverse patient classes. Here we report the identification of a pyrimido indole RET inhibitor found to also have activity against TRK. This selective dual RET/TRK inhibitor can be utilized in tumors with both RET and TRK genetic backgrounds and can also provide blockade of NTRK-fusions that are selected for from RET inhibitor treatments. Efforts towards developing dual RET/TRK inhibitors can be beneficial in terms of encompassing more diverse patient classes while also achieving blockade against emerging resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baku Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Conrad Prebys Centre for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Noemi Garcia Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daniel Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Baha'a Jabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11526, Egypt
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Katie Rose Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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9
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Zhang R, Xie S, Ran J, Li T. Restraining the power of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras in the cage: A necessary and important refinement for therapeutic safety. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31255. [PMID: 38501341 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) represent a significant advancement in therapeutic drug development by leveraging the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enable targeted protein degradation, particularly impacting oncology. This review delves into the various types of PROTACs, such as peptide-based, nucleic acid-based, and small molecule PROTACs, each addressing distinct challenges in protein degradation. It also discusses innovative strategies like bridged PROTACs and conditional switch-activated PROTACs, offering precise targeting of previously "undruggable" proteins. The potential of PROTACs extends beyond oncology, with ongoing research and technological advancements needed to maximize their therapeutic potential. Future progress in this field relies on interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of advanced computational tools to open new treatment avenues across various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Te Li
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Luo Q, Zhou G, Li Z, Dong J, Zhao H, Xu H, Lu X. ω-transaminase-catalyzed synthesis of (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol, a chiral intermediate of novel anti-tumor drugs. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110406. [PMID: 38330706 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The chiral amine (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol has attracted increasing attentions in recent years in the field of pharmaceuticals because of its important use as a building block in the synthesis of novel anti-tumor drugs targeting tropomyosin receptor kinases. In the present study, a ω-transaminase (ωTA) library consisting of 21 (R)-enantioselective enzymes was constructed and screened for the asymmetric biosynthesis of (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol from its prochiral ketone. Using (R)-α-methylbenzylamine, D-alanine, or isopropylamine as amino donor, 18 ωTAs were identified with target activity and the enzyme AbTA, which was originally identified from Arthrobacter sp. KNK168, was found to be a potent candidate. The E. coli whole cells expressing AbTA could be used as catalysts. The optimal temperature and pH for the activity were 35-40 °C and pH8.0, respectively. Simple alcohols (such as ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol) and dimethyl sulfoxide were shown to be good cosolvents. High activities were detected when using ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide at the concentrations of 5-20%. In the scaled-up reaction of 1-liter containing 13 mM ketone substrate, about 50% conversion was achieved in 24 h. 6.4 mM (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol was generated. After a simple and efficient process of product isolation and purification (with 98.8% recovery), 0.986 g yellowish powder of the product (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol with high (R)-enantiopurity (up to 100% enantiomeric excess) was obtained. This study established an overall process for the biosynthesis of the high value pharmaceutical chiral amine (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-4-fluorophenol by ωTA. Its applicable potential was exemplified by gram-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Guan Zhou
- Sphinx Scientific Laboratory (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 80 Haiyun Street, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Shida Rd 1, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Jiangpeng Dong
- Sphinx Scientific Laboratory (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 80 Haiyun Street, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Sphinx Scientific Laboratory (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 80 Haiyun Street, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Songling Rd 189, Qingdao 266101, China; Marine Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Rd 168, Qingdao 266237, China.
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11
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Xiang S, Lu X. Selective type II TRK inhibitors overcome xDFG mutation mediated acquired resistance to the second-generation inhibitors selitrectinib and repotrectinib. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:517-532. [PMID: 38322338 PMCID: PMC10840435 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions are actionable oncogenic drivers of multiple pediatric and adult solid tumors, and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) has been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for "pan-cancer" harboring these fusions. Currently, two generations TRK inhibitors have been developed. The representative second-generation inhibitors selitrectinib and repotrectinib were designed to overcome clinic acquired resistance of the first-generation inhibitors larotrectinib or entrectinib resulted from solvent-front and gatekeeper on-target mutations. However, xDFG (TRKAG667C/A/S, homologous TRKCG696C/A/S) and some double mutations still confer resistance to selitrectinib and repotrectinib, and overcoming these resistances represents a major unmet clinical need. In this review, we summarize the acquired resistance mechanism of the first- and second-generation TRK inhibitors, and firstly put forward the emerging selective type II TRK inhibitors to overcome xDFG mutations mediated resistance. Additionally, we concluded our perspectives on new challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xiang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Ferraguti G, Terracina S, Tarani L, Fanfarillo F, Allushi S, Caronti B, Tirassa P, Polimeni A, Lucarelli M, Cavalcanti L, Greco A, Fiore M. Nerve Growth Factor and the Role of Inflammation in Tumor Development. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:965-989. [PMID: 38392180 PMCID: PMC10888178 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a dual role both in inflammatory states and cancer, acting both as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor and as an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediator in a context-dependent way based on the signaling networks and its interaction with diverse cellular components within the microenvironment. This report aims to provide a summary and subsequent review of the literature on the role of NGF in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment and tumor cell growth, survival, and death. The role of NGF in inflammation and tumorigenesis as a component of the inflammatory system, its interaction with the various components of the respective microenvironments, its ability to cause epigenetic changes, and its role in the treatment of cancer have been highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Terracina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanfarillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Allushi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Caronti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cavalcanti
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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13
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Sun D, Xing X, Wang Y, Hou H. MET fusions are targetable genomic variants in the treatment of advanced malignancies. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:20. [PMID: 38195556 PMCID: PMC10775437 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy for malignancies has developed rapidly in recent years, benefiting patients harboring genetic mutations sensitive to relevant tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). With the development of targeted sequencing techniques, an increasing number of detectable genomic alterations in malignancies, including MET fusions, have been revealed. MET fusions, although rare among malignancies, might be functional driver genes that participate in activating downstream signaling pathways and promoting cell proliferation. Therefore, it is believed that MET fusions could be targetable genomic variants of MET, and inhibition of MET is considered an optionable therapeutic choice for patients harboring MET fusions. According to the summary presented in this review, we recommend MET-TKIs as suitable treatment agents for patients harboring primary MET fusions. For patients harboring acquired MET fusions after the development of resistance to TKIs targeting primary genomic alterations, such as sensitive EGFR mutations, treatment with a MET-TKI alone or in combination with TKIs targeting primary genomic alterations, such as EGFR-TKIs, is hypothesized to be a reasonable option for salvage treatment. In summary, MET fusions, despite their low incidence, should be taken into consideration when developing treatment strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliation Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Helei Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 7 Jiaxing Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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14
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Akbar I, Mullaivendhan J, Ahamed A, Aljawdah HM. Vitex Negundo-Fe 3O 4-CuO green nanocatalyst ( VN-Fe 3O 4-CuO): synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyrazole derivatives via the cyclization of isoniazid with pyrazole and their antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:677-688. [PMID: 38173593 PMCID: PMC10758931 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivative with antibacterial and antifungal activities that shows great potential for treating infectious diseases. To evaluate the binding affinity of 1AJ0 and 1AI9 proteins for developing potent antibacterial and antifungal compounds, we used the Vitex negundo (VN) leaf extract as the capping and reducing agent and reacted it with Fe2O3 and Cu(OAc)2 solutions to synthesize the VN-Fe3O4-CuO nanocatalyst. The newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Antibacterial screening revealed that compound 1g was highly active against Escherichia coli (MIC: 1 μg mL-1) and was much more effective than the standard ciprofloxacin. Compound 1b showed a higher antifungal activity than clotrimazole against Candida albicans (MIC: 0.25 μg mL-1) and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds 1a-1l were exhibited low cytotoxicity activity compared to the standard doxorubicin (LC50: 21.05 ± 0.82 μg mL-1). To further support the discovery of new active antibacterial agents, compounds 1g and 1b and proteins 1AJ0 and 1AI9 were examined using the AutoDock Vina program and were compared with the standards ciprofloxacin and clotrimazole. With the 1AJ0 protein, compound 1g had a higher docking score (-3.7 kcal mol-1) than ciprofloxacin (-5.6 kcal mol-1), and with the 1AI9 protein, compound 1b had a higher docking score (-4.8 kcal mol-1) than clotrimazole (-4.4 kcal mol-1). Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the most probable binding mode of compounds 1b and 1g with 1AI9 and 1AJ0, respectively. The VN-Fe3O4-CuO catalyst was used to prepare pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivatives, which were successfully characterized and screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idhayadhulla Akbar
- Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated Bharathidasan University) Puthanampatti 621007 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Janani Mullaivendhan
- Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated Bharathidasan University) Puthanampatti 621007 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Anis Ahamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M Aljawdah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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15
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Sheikhi N, Bahraminejad M, Saeedi M, Mirfazli SS. A review: FDA-approved fluorine-containing small molecules from 2015 to 2022. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115758. [PMID: 37657268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing small molecules have occupied a special position in drug discovery research. The successful clinical use of fluorinated corticosteroids in the 1950s and fluoroquinolones in the 1980s led to an ever-increasing number of approved fluorinated compounds over the last 50 years. They have shown various biological properties such as antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Fluoro-pharmaceuticals have been considered a strong and practical tool in the rational drug design approach due to their benefits from potency and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) points of view. Herein, approved fluorinated drugs from 2015 to 2022 were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sheikhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahraminejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Terracina S, Ferraguti G, Tarani L, Fanfarillo F, Tirassa P, Ralli M, Iannella G, Polimeni A, Lucarelli M, Greco A, Fiore M. Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8950-8973. [PMID: 37998739 PMCID: PMC10670231 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NGF plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been linked to disease severity, it could be considered an optimal early biomarker to identify therapeutic approach efficacy. In conclusion, by gaining insights into how these molecules function and which cells they interact with, future studies can devise targeted therapies to address various neurological, immunological, and other disorders more effectively. This knowledge may pave the way for innovative treatments based on NGF manipulation aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals affected by diseases involving neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Terracina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanfarillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giannicola Iannella
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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17
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Shu L, Du C, Zuo Y. Abnormal phosphorylation of protein tyrosine in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:826-835. [PMID: 37589710 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, are chronic disorders of the CNS that are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction. These diseases have diverse clinical and pathological features and their pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Currently, widely accepted hypotheses include the accumulation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, neurotrophin dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory processes. In the CNS of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, a variety of abnormally phosphorylated proteins play important roles in pathological processes such as neuroinflammation and intracellular accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and tau. In recent years, the roles of abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules regulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in neurodegenerative diseases have attracted increasing attention. Here, we summarize the roles of signaling pathways related to protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and the progress of therapeutic studies targeting PTKs and PTPs that provide theoretical support for future studies on therapeutic strategies for these devastating and important neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Intensive Care Unit, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunfu Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Liguori V, Gaio M, Zinzi A, Cagnotta C, Riccardi C, Docimo G, Capuano A. The Safety Profiles of Two First-Generation NTRK Inhibitors: Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2538. [PMID: 37760979 PMCID: PMC10526334 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-generation tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors, larotrectinib and entrectinib, represent exciting new developments in cancer treatment that offer relevant, rapid, and long-lasting clinical benefits. Larotrectinib and entrectinib are recommended as first-line treatments for locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with positive TRK gene fusions. In this study, using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database between 2019 and 2022, a retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety profiles of these drugs. During our study period, 807 individual case safety reports (ICSRs) related to larotrectinib or entrectinib were retrieved from the FAERS database, of which 48.7% referred to females and 24.7% referred to adult patients (18-64 years) with a median age of 61.0 years. A total of 1728 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were identified. The most frequently reported ADRs were dizziness and pain, which belong to the System Organ Classes (SOCs) "nervous system disorders" and "general disorders and administration site conditions". Regarding all ADRs, the median time to onset was 37.0 days for larotrectinib and 12.0 days for entrectinib. No evident safety concerns emerged in the long-term safety profiles (>365 days). Only 18 ICSRs were related to pediatric populations (≤16 years), of which 94.0% of the ICSRs were related to larotrectinib. The median age was 10.5 years, while most patients were female (44.4%). Our results show favorable risk-benefit profiles for larotrectinib and entrectinib. Considering the increased use of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) inhibitors, continuous safety monitoring of larotrectinib and entrectinib is required for the detection of possible new adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Liguori
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Gaio
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Zinzi
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagnotta
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Consiglia Riccardi
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Docimo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.C.)
- Section of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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19
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Fu X, Zhang Y, Zhang R. Regulatory role of PI3K/Akt/WNK1 signal pathway in mouse model of bone cancer pain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14321. [PMID: 37652923 PMCID: PMC10471765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the advanced stage of cancer, the pain caused by bone metastasis is unbearable, but the mechanism of bone cancer pain (BCP) is very complicated and remains unclear. In this study, we used 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells to establish a bone cancer pain model to study the mechanism of BCP. Then the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and the hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to reflect the erosion of cancer cells on tibia tissue. We also determined the role of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-17, etc.) in BCP by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mouse serum. When GSK690693, a new Akt inhibitor, was given and the absence of intermediate signal dominated by Akt is found, pain may be relieved by blocking the transmission of pain signal and raising the PWMT. In addition, we also found that GSK690693 inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt protein, resulting in a significant decrease in with-nolysinekinases 1 (WNK1) expression in the spinal cord tissue. In the BCP model, we confirmed that GSK690693 has a relieving effect on BCP, which may play an analgesic effect through PI3K-WNK1 signal pathway. At the same time, there is a close relationship between inflammatory factors and PI3K-WNK1 signal pathway. The PI3K/Akt pathway in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord activates the downstream WNK1 protein, which promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which leads to the formation of BCP in mice. Inhibition of Akt can reduce the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α, cut off the downstream WNK1 protein signal receiving pathway, increase the PWMT and relieve BCP in mice. To clarify the analgesic target of BCP, to provide reference and theoretical support for the clinical effective treatment of BCP and the development of new high-efficiency analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China
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Wu J, Lan Y, Wu J, Zhu K. Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury Is Alleviated by Small Molecules from Dietary Plants via Pyroptosis Modulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12153-12166. [PMID: 37537751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high morbidity and mortality, and it has three major pathogeneses, namely alveolar-capillary barrier destruction, elevated gut permeability, and reduced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS), all of which are pyroptosis-involved. Due to limitations of current agents like adverse reaction superposition, inevitable drug resistance, and relatively heavier financial burden, naturally extracted small-molecule compounds have a broad market even though chemically modified drugs have straightforward efficacy. Despite increased understanding of the molecular biology and mechanism underlying sepsis-induced ARDS, there are no specific reviews concerning how small molecules from dietary plants alleviate sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via regulating pyroptotic cell death. Herein, we traced and reviewed the molecular underpinnings of sepsis-induced ALI with a focus on small-molecule compounds from dietary plants, the top three categories of which are respectively flavonoids and flavone, terpenoids, and polyphenol and phenolic acids, and how they rescued septic ALI by restraining pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Wu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuejia Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinghan Wu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Keli Zhu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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21
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Wang H, Qi L, Zhong C, Fang X, Yuan Y. The Genomic and Proteomic Profiles of NTRK Genes and Trk Receptors in Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231180840. [PMID: 37456611 PMCID: PMC10338720 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231180840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotrophic tyrosine kinase (NTRK) gene family includes NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3, which encode tropomyosin receptor kinases TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, respectively. This study aimed to initially assess the genomic and proteomic profiles of NTRK genes and Trk receptors in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Methods The ONCOMINE, UALCAN, GEPIA, cBioPortal, FusionGDB, SurvivalMeth, and the Human Protein Atlas databases were searched for NTRK gene expression and protein data in LIHC. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect pan-Trk expression across a commercial microarray containing 96 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 94 para-cancerous tissue spots. A modified histological score (H-score) with a maximum score of 300 was used to quantify immunohistochemical staining for pan-Trk. Student's t- and chi-square tests were the main statistical analyses used. Results The transcriptional levels of NTRK genes in LIHC were not significantly different from healthy controls. Using UALCAN and GEPIA, only high expression of NTRK2 was significantly associated with longer disease-free survival (P = 0.004). The alteration frequencies were low (7% in NTRK1, 1.7% in NTRK2, and 2% in NTRK3). The methylation levels of NTRK genes were all significantly different as analyzed by UALCAN; the high-risk group displayed an unfavorable prognosis compared with the low-risk group for NTRK1 (P = 0.033) and NTRK3 (P = 0.005). The median H-score of pan-Trk in HCC and para-cancerous tissues was not statistically different (186.31 ± 23.86 and 192.38 ± 21.06, P = 0.065). No differences were observed in clinicopathological features of HCC with the median H-score for pan-Trk expression (p > 0.05). The survival rate of patients with pan-Trk expression was also not significantly different. Conclusion The alteration frequency was low in NTRK genes, including gene fusion and methylation levels. Therefore, pan-Trk expression in HCC tissue has limited value in clinicopathological features and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhan Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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El-Nassan HB, Al-Qadhi MA. Recent advances in the discovery of tropomyosin receptor kinases TRKs inhibitors: A mini review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115618. [PMID: 37413881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The tropomyosin receptor tyrosine kinases (TRKs) control the cell proliferation mainly in the nervous system and are encoded by NTRK genes. Fusion and mutation of NTRK genes were detected in various types of cancers. Many small molecules TRK inhibitors have been discovered during the last two decades and some of them have entered clinical trials. Moreover, two of these inhibitors; larotrectinib and entrectinib; were approved by FDA for the treatment of TRK-fusion positive solid tumors. However, mutation of TRK enzymes resulted in resistance to both drugs. Therefore, next generation TRK inhibitors were discovered to overcome the acquired drug resistance. Additionally, the off-target and on-target adverse effects on the brain initiated the need for selective TRK subtype inhibitors. Indeed, some molecules were recently reported as selective TRKA or TRKC inhibitors with minimal CNS side effects. The current review highlighted the efforts done during the last three years in the design and discovery of novel TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala B El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa A Al-Qadhi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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23
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Guo J, Zhou Y, Lu X. Advances in protein kinase drug discovery through targeting gatekeeper mutations. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1349-1366. [PMID: 37811637 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2265303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acquired resistance caused by gatekeeper mutations has become a major challenge for approved kinase inhibitors used in the clinic. Consequently, the development of new-generation inhibitors or degraders to overcome clinical resistance has become an important research focus for the field. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the common gatekeeper mutations in druggable kinases and the constantly evolving inhibitors or degraders designed to overcome single or double mutations of gatekeeper residues. Furthermore, the authors provide their perspectives on the medicinal chemistry strategies for addressing clinical resistance with gatekeeper mutations. EXPERT OPINION The authors suggest optimizing kinase inhibitors to interact effectively with gatekeeper residues, altering the binding mode or binding pocket to avoid steric clashes, improving binding affinity with the target, utilizing protein degraders, and developing combination therapy. These approaches have the potential to be effective in overcoming resistance due to gatekeeper residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Kong Y, Jiang C, Wei G, Sun K, Wang R, Qiu T. Small Molecule Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents Targeting Oncogenic Fusion Proteins: Current Status and Clinical. Molecules 2023; 28:4672. [PMID: 37375228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion proteins, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, have emerged as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis and crucial therapeutic targets in cancer research. In recent years, the potential of small molecular inhibitors in selectively targeting fusion proteins has exhibited significant prospects, offering a novel approach to combat malignancies harboring these aberrant molecular entities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents for oncogenic fusion proteins. We discuss the rationale for targeting fusion proteins, elucidate the mechanism of action of inhibitors, assess the challenges associated with their utilization, and provide a summary of the clinical progress achieved thus far. The objective is to provide the medicinal community with current and pertinent information and to expedite the drug discovery programs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guifeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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25
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Song QQ, Lin LP, Chen YL, Qian JC, Wei K, Su JW, Ding JH, Lu M, Liu Y, Tan RX, Hu G. Characterization of LTr1 derived from cruciferous vegetables as a novel anti-glioma agent via inhibiting TrkA/PI3K/AKT pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1262-1276. [PMID: 36482085 PMCID: PMC10203337 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most fatal, invasive brain cancer with limited treatment options. Our previous studies show that 2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3'-diindolylmethane (LTr1), a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) derived from cruciferous vegetables, produces anti-tumour effect against various tumour cell lines. In this study we characterized LTr1 as a novel anti-glioma agent. Based on screening 134 natural compounds and comparing the candidates' efficacy and toxicity, LTr1 was selected as the lead compound. We showed that LTr1 potently inhibited the viability of human glioma cell lines (SHG-44, U87, and U251) with IC50 values of 1.97, 1.84, and 2.03 μM, respectively. Furthermore, administration of LTr1 (100,300 mg· kg-1 ·d-1, i.g. for 18 days) dose-dependently suppressed the tumour growth in a U87 xenograft nude mouse model. We demonstrated that LTr1 directly bound with TrkA to inhibit its kinase activity and the downstream PI3K/AKT pathway thus inducing significant S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SHG-44 and U87 cells by activating the mitochondrial pathway and inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, LTr1 could cross the blood-brain barrier to achieve the therapeutic concentration in the brain. Taken together, LTr1 is a safe and promising therapeutic agent against glioma through inhibiting TrkA/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Song
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Qian
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Wei Su
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ren-Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
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26
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Cao Z, Zhang J, Guo M, Shao B, Wei X, Li S, Wang P, Zhai X. Discovery of novel phenyl triazole analogs as TRK/ALK dual inhibitors with prospective antitumor effects. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106563. [PMID: 37121107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) dual inhibitors tended to serve as targeted treatment of cancer. Herein, a series of phenyl triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as ALK/TRK dual regulators based on structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy and were evaluated for antiproliferative activity by MTT assay. Accordingly, all compounds showed surprising cytotoxicity with IC50 values below 10 μM on KM12, H2228 and KARPAS299 cell lines. Among them, compound 13a bearing (2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)morpholinomethanone moiety was identified as the optimal hit in enzymatic screening with IC50 values of 1.9 nM (TRKA), 7.2 nM (ALK) and 65.2 nM (ALKL1196M), respectively. Furthermore, 13a could inhibit KM12 cell migration and colony formation in a dose dependent manner. Meanwhile, AO/EB staining indicated that the pro-apoptotic effect of 13a was comparable to that of Entrectinib at the dose of 200 nM. Ultimately, the binding model of 13a with TRKA and ALK well established its mode of action which accounted for the superior activities as a promising antitumor candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengrao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiujian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Sen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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27
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Zhou YQ, Bao TS, Xie JX, Yao LL, Yu ST, Li Q, Huang PQ, Zhou WZ, Wang YY, Chen SY, Wang XQ, Zhang XL, Jiang SH, Yi SQ, Zhang ZG, Ma MZ, Hu LP, Xu J, Li J. The SLITRK4-CNPY3 axis promotes liver metastasis of gastric cancer by enhancing the endocytosis and recycling of TrkB in tumour cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00795-9. [PMID: 37012514 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumour with high mortality, and liver metastasis is one of the main causes of poor prognosis. SLIT- and NTRK-like family member 4 (SLITRK4) plays an important role in the nervous system, such as synapse formation. Our study aimed to explore the functional role of SLITRK4 in GC and liver metastasis. METHODS The mRNA level of SLITRK4 was evaluated using publicly available transcriptome GEO datasets and Renji cohort. The protein level of SLITRK4 in the tissue microarray of GC was observed using immunohistochemistry. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, transwell migration assays in vitro and mouse model of liver metastasis in vivo was performed to investigate the functional roles of SLITRK4 in GC. Bioinformatics predictions and Co-IP experiments were applied to screen and identify SLITRK4-binding proteins. Western blot was performed to detect Tyrosine Kinase receptor B (TrkB)-related signaling molecules. RESULTS By comparing primary and liver metastases from GC, SLITRK4 was found to be upregulated in tissues of GC with liver metastasis and to be closely related to poor clinical prognosis. SLITRK4 knockdown significantly abrogated the growth, invasion, and metastasis of GC in vitro and in vivo. Further study revealed that SLITRK4 could interact with Canopy FGF Signalling Regulator 3 (CNPY3), thus enhancing TrkB- related signaling by promoting the endocytosis and recycling of the TrkB receptor. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the CNPY3-SLITRK4 axis contributes to liver metastasis of GC according to the TrkB-related signaling pathway. which may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of GC with liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Shang Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Te Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Qin Yi
- Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ze Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Ma Y, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Liang Y, Ren F, Zhang J, Kan C, Han F, Sun X. NTRK fusions in thyroid cancer: Pathology and clinical aspects. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 184:103957. [PMID: 36907364 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer. Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions are oncogenic drivers in multiple solid tumors, including thyroid cancer. NTRK fusion thyroid cancer has unique pathological features such as mixed structure, multiple nodes, lymph node metastasis, and a background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Currently, RNA-based next-generation sequencing is the gold standard for the detection of NTRK fusions. Tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in patients with NTRK fusion-positive thyroid cancer. Efforts to overcome acquired drug resistance are the focus of research concerning next-generation TRK inhibitors. However, there are no authoritative recommendations or standardized procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of NTRK fusions in thyroid cancer. This review discusses current research progress regarding NTRK fusion-positive thyroid cancer, summarizes the clinicopathological features of the disease, and outlines the current statuses of NTRK fusion detection and targeted therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yunzi Liang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fangbing Ren
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chengxia Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Giner F, López-Guerrero JA, Machado I, Rubio-Martínez LA, Espino M, Navarro S, Agra-Pujol C, Ferrández A, Llombart-Bosch A. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: p53 and Ki-67 offer prognostic value for clinical outcome - an immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of 31 cases. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:407-417. [PMID: 36376703 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor of unpredictable clinical behavior. The morphological spectrum of EMC based on histology alone can be difficult. There is no precise immunohistochemical (IHC) profile that together with the clinical parameters is able to predict the clinical outcome. We studied 31 cases confirmed as EMC. Clinical and follow-up data were recorded. Histopathological, molecular, and IHC studies were performed. Association among histopathological parameters was assessed using a chi-square test to determine homogeneity or linear trend for ordinal variables. The Kaplan-Meier proportional risk test (log rank) was used to study the impact of the histological, IHC, and molecular factors on progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Most EMCs showed a typical architectural pattern. Only a few cases presented an atypical histology (higher cellularity and solid pattern). IHC positivity (focal or diffuse) was present for CDK4 (100%), STAT-6 (90%), CD117 (84%), HNK-1 (81%), SATB2 (68%), and S-100 (58%). Synaptophysin and INSM1 were expressed in 22.6% and 38.7% of cases respectively. The EWSR1::NR4A3 rearrangement was found in 19 cases and 7 tumors presented the TAF15::NR4A3 fusion. Positive surgical margins together with atypical histology and expression of p53 and Ki67 correlated with worse clinical prognosis. EMCs express several IHC markers which are also seen in other soft tissue sarcomas. The molecular detection of NR4A3 rearrangement supports the differential diagnosis. Positive surgical margins together with atypical histology and positive expression of p53 and Ki-67 seem to predict a poor clinical outcome with worse prognosis, increased rate of recurrence, metastasis, and poor overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Giner
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Cancer Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Machado
- Pathology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología and Patologika Laboratory Hospital QuironSalud, Valencia, Spain. .,Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Mónica Espino
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Ferrández
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Llombart-Bosch
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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30
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Aepala MR, Peiris MN, Jiang Z, Yang W, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Nefarious NTRK oncogenic fusions in pediatric sarcomas: Too many to Trk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:93-106. [PMID: 36153202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) genes undergo chromosomal translocations to create novel open reading frames coding for oncogenic fusion proteins; the N-terminal portion, donated by various partner genes, becomes fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of either NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3. NTRK fusion proteins have been identified as driver oncogenes in a wide variety of tumors over the past three decades, including Pediatric Gliomas, Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Spitzoid Neoplasms, Glioblastoma, and additional tumors. Importantly, NTRK fusions function as drivers of pediatric sarcomas, accounting for approximately 15% of childhood cancers including Infantile Fibrosarcoma (IFS), a subset of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (STS). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have demonstrated profound results against NTRK fusion-positive cancers, acquired resistance to these TKIs has resulted in the formation of gatekeeper, solvent-front, and compound mutations. We present a comprehensive compilation of oncogenic fusions involving NTRKs focusing specifically on pediatric STS, examining their biological signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation. The importance of an obligatory dimerization or multimerization domain, invariably donated by the N-terminal fusion partner, is discussed using characteristic fusions that occur in pediatric sarcomas. In addition, examples are presented of oncogenic fusion proteins in which the N-terminal partners may contribute additional biological activities beyond an oligomerization domain. Lastly, therapeutic approaches to the treatment of pediatric sarcoma will be presented, using first generation and second-generation agents such as selitrectinib and repotrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha R Aepala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Zian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA; UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The FGF receptors (FGFRs) belong to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Abundant evidence shows that FGFRs are closely related to tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. Hence, targeted modulation of FGFRs has become an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Recently, the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting FGFRs has been extensively studied, and three inhibitors have been approved for marketing. Based on the clinical problems with the current inhibitors, there is a need to develop novel inhibitors and technologies to address the pitfalls. This review summarizes recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting FGFRs, focusing on structure-activity relationships. Moreover, recent progress of novel technologies are summarized to provide a reference for promoting the application of drugs targeting FGFRs in tumor therapy.
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32
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Xiang S, Wang J, Huang H, Wang Z, Song X, Zhou Y, Jin F, He X, Zhang ZM, Tu Z, Ding K, Zhang Z, Lu X. Switch type I to type II TRK inhibitors for combating clinical resistance induced by xDFG mutation for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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D’Amico M, De Amicis F. Aberrant Notch signaling in gliomas: a potential landscape of actionable converging targets for combination approach in therapies resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:939-953. [PMID: 36627893 PMCID: PMC9771760 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current therapeutic protocols and prognosis of gliomas still depend on clinicopathologic and radiographic characteristics. For high-grade gliomas, the standard of care is resection followed by radiotherapy plus temozolomide chemotherapy. However, treatment resistance develops due to different mechanisms, among which is the dynamic interplay between the tumor and its microenvironment. Different signaling pathways cause the proliferation of so-called glioma stem cells, a minor cancer cell population with stem cell-like characteristics and aggressive phenotype. In the last decades, numerous studies have indicated that Notch is a crucial pathway that maintains the characteristics of resistant glioma stem cells. Data obtained from preclinical models indicate that downregulation of the Notch pathway could induce multifaceted drug sensitivity, acting on the expression of drug-transporter proteins, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and shaping the tumor microenvironment. This review provides a brief overview of the published data supporting the roles of Notch in drug resistance and demonstrates how potential novel strategies targeting Notch could become an efficacious action to improve the therapy of high-grade glioma to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D’Amico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy.,Health Center, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy.,Correspondence to: Prof. Francesca De Amicis, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Rende 87036, Italy. E-mail:
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Design, synthesis and anti-tumor efficacy of novel phenyl thiazole/triazole derivatives as selective TrkA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116995. [PMID: 36095945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop novel tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) inhibitors, a scaffold hopping strategy was utilized by transforming the fused indazole of Entrectinib to phenyl triazole/thiazole skeleton to obtain compounds 7a-7 h and 13a-13 h. In the light of MTT assay, phenyl triazole derivatives 7a-7 h exhibited moderate anti-proliferative activities against KM-12 cells with the IC50 values of 1.78-17.51 μM, while phenyl thiazole derivatives 13a-13 h showed the weaker efficacy. Further structure-guided optimizations by combining the phenyl triazole skeleton with 3,5‑difluorophenyl and 3-carbamoyl-4-piperazinylaniline moiety led to compounds 19a-19d and 20. Eventually, 19c bearing (2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)(morpholino)methanone moiety exhibited excellent anti-proliferative activity on TrkA-positive KM-12 cells with IC50 value of 0.17 μM. Meanwhile, compound 19c showed the inhibitory potency on TrkA with IC50 value of 1.6 nM, and displayed higher selectivity on TrkA over TrkB (IC50 = 12.3 nM) and TrkC (IC50 = 18.4 nM). The dedicated wound healing and colony formation assay indicated that the optimal compound 19c could suppress migration and significantly inhibit KM-12 cell colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 19c could weakly induce apoptosis of KM-12 cell in immunofluorescent staining analysis. Taken together, the above results suggest 19c as a novel TrkA inhibitor worthy of further profiling.
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35
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Pal S, Kaplan JP, Nguyen H, Stopka SA, Savani MR, Regan MS, Nguyen QD, Jones KL, Moreau LA, Peng J, Dipiazza MG, Perciaccante AJ, Zhu X, Hunsel BR, Liu KX, Alexandrescu S, Drissi R, Filbin MG, McBrayer SK, Agar NYR, Chowdhury D, Haas-Kogan DA. A druggable addiction to de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in diffuse midline glioma. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:957-972.e10. [PMID: 35985342 PMCID: PMC9575661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a uniformly fatal pediatric cancer driven by oncohistones that do not readily lend themselves to drug development. To identify druggable targets for DMG, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR screen that reveals a DMG selective dependency on the de novo pathway for pyrimidine biosynthesis. This metabolic vulnerability reflects an elevated rate of uridine/uracil degradation that depletes DMG cells of substrates for the alternate salvage pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. A clinical stage inhibitor of DHODH (rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo pathway) diminishes uridine-5'-phosphate (UMP) pools, generates DNA damage, and induces apoptosis through suppression of replication forks-an "on-target" effect, as shown by uridine rescue. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy imaging demonstrates that this DHODH inhibitor (BAY2402234) accumulates in the brain at therapeutically relevant concentrations, suppresses de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in vivo, and prolongs survival of mice bearing intracranial DMG xenografts, highlighting BAY2402234 as a promising therapy against DMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jakub P Kaplan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Milan R Savani
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael S Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Kristen L Jones
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Lisa A Moreau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingyu Peng
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marina G Dipiazza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew J Perciaccante
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bradley R Hunsel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kevin X Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Bader 104, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachid Drissi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mariella G Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel K McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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36
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Liang D, Yu C, Ma Z, Hu M, Wang J, Dong X, Du L, Li M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new parbendazole derivatives for the treatment of HNSCC. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Gong Y, Wu FX, Wang MS, Xu HC, Zhuo LS, Yang GF, Huang W. Discovery of 3-pyrazolyl-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as potent TRK inhibitors to overcome clinically acquired resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Wang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Polo-like Kinase 1 Inhibitors in Human Cancer Therapy: Development and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10133-10160. [PMID: 35878418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions, including the regulation of mitosis, DNA replication, autophagy, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). PLK1 overexpression is often associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in cancer patients, making it a promising antitumor target. To date, at least 10 PLK1 inhibitors (PLK1i) have been entered into clinical trials, among which the typical kinase domain (KD) inhibitor BI 6727 (volasertib) was granted "breakthrough therapy designation" by the FDA in 2013. Unfortunately, many other KD inhibitors showed poor specificity, resulting in dose-limiting toxicity, which has greatly impeded their development. Researchers recently discovered many PLK1i with higher selectivity, stronger potency, and better absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) characteristics. In this review, we emphasize the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of PLK1i, providing insights into new drugs targeting PLK1 for antitumor clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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39
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Wang Z, Ren J, Jia K, Zhao Y, Liang L, Cheng Z, Huang F, Zhao X, Cheng J, Song S, Sheng T, Wan W, Shu Q, Wu D, Zhang J, Lu T, Chen Y, Ran T, Lu S. Identification and structural analysis of a selective tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TRKC) inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114601. [PMID: 35872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRKs) are a family of TRKA, TRKB and TRKC isoforms. It has been widely reported that TRKs are implicated in a variety of tumors with several Pan-TRK inhibitors currently being used or evaluated in clinical treatment. However, off-target adverse events frequently occur in the clinical use of Pan-TRK inhibitors, which result in poor patient compliance, even drug discontinuation. Although a subtype-selectivity TRK inhibitor may avert the potential off-target adverse events and can act as a more powerful tool compound in the biochemical studies on TRKs, the high sequence similarities of TRKs hinder the development of subtype-selectivity TRK inhibitors. For example, no selective TRKC inhibitor has been reported. Herein, a selective TRKC inhibitor (L13) was disclosed, with potent TRKC inhibitory activity and 107.5-/34.9-fold selectivity over TRKA/B (IC50 TRKA/B/C = 1400 nM, 454 nM, 13 nM, respectively). Extensive molecular dynamics simulations illustrated that key interactions of L13 with the residues and diversely conserved water molecules in the ribose regions of different TRKs may be the structural basis of selectivity. This will provide inspiring insights into the development of subtype-selectivity TRK inhibitors. Moreover, L13 could serve as a tool compound to investigate the distinct biological functions of TRKC and a starting point for further research on drugs specifically targeting TRKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jiwei Ren
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Kun Jia
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Li Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Zitian Cheng
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Shiyu Song
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Sheng
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Weiqi Wan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qingqing Shu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Donglin Wu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Ting Ran
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, PR China.
| | - Shuai Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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40
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A pharmacological exploration of targeted drug therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:147. [PMID: 35834033 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the prime cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with a contribution of 85% from non-small cell lung cancer. Before a few decades back, conventional chemotherapy was the most chosen treatment option for NSCLC but with side effects. Now, the treatment approaches have shifted to a new trend, targeted therapy, and a better treatment strategy with minimal side effects compared to chemotherapy. Advances in technologies and understanding the pathways lead to the discovery of new targets and through which it is possible to improve treatment outcomes and patient compliance. Unlike chemotherapy, targeted therapy focuses on the tumor cells and does not produce toxicity to healthy cells. The last two decades were very crucial in the development of many small molecules with the capability to target-specific proteins or genes in the disease progression pathway. Although the targeted therapy approach was a gemstone with many successful drugs for the treatment of NSCLC, various resistance mechanisms and activation of bypass signaling pathways put many of these drugs in the trash. In this review, we will discuss the major targeted proteins involved in NSCLC as well as the inhibitor drugs developed to target them for now and along with the future directions.
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41
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The genomic profile of double primary secretory breast carcinoma in one patient provides evidence for the treatment of such carcinoma: a case report. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:154006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Casado-Medrano V, O'Neill A, Halada S, Laetsch TW, Bauer AJ, Franco AT. NTRK-fusions in pediatric thyroid tumors: Current state and future perspectives. Cancer Genet 2022; 264-265:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rosati G, Aprile G, Colombo A, Cordio S, Giampaglia M, Cappetta A, Porretto CM, De Stefano A, Bilancia D, Avallone A. Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity and the Impact on Precision Medicine and Therapy Efficacy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1035. [PMID: 35625772 PMCID: PMC9138254 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel targeted therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer are needed to personalize treatments by guiding specific biomarkers selected on the genetic profile of patients. RAS and BRAF inhibitors have been developed for patients who become unresponsive to standard therapies. Sotorasib and adagrasib showed promising results in phase I/II basket trial and a phase III trial was planned with a combination of these RAS inhibitors and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Encorafenib and binimetinib were administered in phase II clinical trials for BRAF mutated patients. Pembrolizumab is now recommended in patients exhibiting microsatellite instability. Larotrectinib and entrectinib showed a fast and durable response with few and reversible adverse events in cases with NTRK fusions. Trastuzumab and trastuzumab deruxtecan exhibited promising and durable activity in HER-2-positive patients. In this review, the reasons for an extension of the molecular profile of patients were assessed and placed in the context of the advancements in the understanding of genetics. We highlight the differential effect of new targeted therapies through an ever-deeper characterization of tumor tissue. An overview of ongoing clinical trials is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Rosati
- Medical Oncology Unit, “S. Carlo” Hospital, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, “San Bortolo” General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (G.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alfredo Colombo
- Medical Oncology Unit, CDC Macchiarella, 90138 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Stefano Cordio
- Medical Oncology Unit, “Maria Paternò Arezzo” Hospital, 97100 Ragusa, Italy;
| | - Marianna Giampaglia
- Medical Oncology Unit, “S. Carlo” Hospital, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Alessandro Cappetta
- Department of Oncology, “San Bortolo” General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (G.A.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Alfonso De Stefano
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS-Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Domenico Bilancia
- Medical Oncology Unit, “S. Carlo” Hospital, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Antonio Avallone
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS-Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
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Mei LC, Zhuo LS, Xu HC, Huang W, Hao GF, Yang GF. Conformational adjustment overcomes multiple drug-resistance mutants of tropomyosin receptor kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114406. [PMID: 35486994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mutation-induced resistance to targeted drug treatment poses a serious threat to successful chemotherapy. Multiple mutations underlying drug resistance remain a largely unsolved scientific issue. Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRKs) are promising therapeutic targets for several malignant human cancers, but they have become less effective due to multiple resistance mutations. Thus, TRKs are representative cases to explore the problem of multiple resistance mutations. Here, we proposed a conformational adjustment strategy of drug design to overcome multiple resistance mutations in cancer treatments. A representative inhibitor, TIY-7, exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity against five TRK mutants, showing an IC50 value of 1.1 nM against the most severe mutant TRKA-G595R. Moreover, it displayed superior tumor growth inhibitory activity compared with the clinically used drug selitrectinib. These results validated our strategy to design a new inhibitor structure to overcome multiple resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Can Mei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hong-Chuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Wang Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Xiang S, Song X, Tu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang ZM, Zhang Z, Ding K, Lu X. Discovery of the First Highly Selective and Broadly Effective Macrocycle-Based Type II TRK Inhibitors that Overcome Clinically Acquired Resistance. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6325-6337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuqin Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuang Xiang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
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46
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Sasahira T, Kurihara-Shimomura M, Shimojjukoku Y, Shima K, Kirita T. Searching for New Molecular Targets for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with a View to Clinical Implementation of Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030413. [PMID: 35330413 PMCID: PMC8954939 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the eighth most common malignancy globally and is characterized by local invasiveness and high nodal metastatic potential. The OSCC incidence is also increasing, and the number of deaths is also rising steadily in Japan. The development of molecular markers to eradicate OSCC is an urgent issue for humankind. The increase in OSCC despite the declining smoking rate may be due to several viral infections through various sexual activities and the involvement of previously unfocused carcinogens, and genetic alterations in individual patients are considered to be more complicated. Given this situation, it is difficult to combat OSCC with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy using cell-killing anticancer drugs alone, and the development of precision medicine, which aims to provide tailor-made medicine based on the genetic background of each patient, is gaining attention. In this review article, the current status of the comprehensive search for driver genes and biomarkers in OSCC will be briefly described, and some of the candidates for novel markers of OSCC that were found will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Oral Pathology and Oncology, Field of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miyako Kurihara-Shimomura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (M.K.-S.); (T.K.)
| | - Yudai Shimojjukoku
- Department of Molecular Oral Pathology and Oncology, Field of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kaori Shima
- Department of Molecular Oral Pathology and Oncology, Field of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (M.K.-S.); (T.K.)
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Pan S, Zhang L, Luo X, Nan J, Yang W, Bin H, Li Y, Huang Q, Wang T, Pan Z, Mu B, Wang F, Tian C, Liu Y, Li L, Yang S. Structural Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of 6,6-Dimethyl-4-(phenylamino)-6 H-pyrimido[5,4- b][1,4]oxazin-7(8 H)-one Derivatives as A New Class of Potent Inhibitors of Pan-Trk and Their Drug-Resistant Mutants. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2035-2058. [PMID: 35080890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) are attractive therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. Two first-generation small-molecule Trks inhibitors, larotrectinib and entrectinib, have just been approved to use clinically. However, the drug-resistance mutations of Trks have already emerged, which calls for new-generation Trks inhibitors. Herein, we report the structural optimization and structure-activity relationship studies of 6,6-dimethyl-4-(phenylamino)-6H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazin-7(8H)-one derivatives as a new class of pan-Trk inhibitors. The prioritized compound 11g exhibited low nanomolar IC50 values against TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC and various drug-resistant mutants. It also showed good kinase selectivity. 11g displayed excellent in vitro antitumor activity and strongly suppressed Trk-mediated signaling pathways in intact cells. In in vivo studies, compound 11g exhibited good antitumor activity in BaF3-TEL-TrkA and BaF3-TEL-TrkCG623R allograft mouse models without exhibiting apparent toxicity. Collectively, 11g could be a promising lead compound for drug discovery targeting Trks and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jinshan Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huachao Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiling Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Falu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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48
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Discovery of novel TrkA allosteric inhibitors: Structure-based virtual screening, biological evaluation and preliminary SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114022. [PMID: 34871843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases A (TrkA) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of numerous tumor types and chronic pain. However, most of the reported TrkA inhibitors are ATP competitive pan-Trks inhibitors that lack subtype selectivity. A selective TrkA inhibitor may provide valuable therapeutic benefits. Here, we described the discovery of novel TrkA allosteric inhibitors by structure-based virtual screening. A promising hit (D5261, TrkA cell IC50 = 3.32 μM) was selected for further studies. The binding free energy between TrkA and D5261 was calculated. In addition, the preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with D5261 were investigated. The results suggest that D5261 can be used as a starting point for development of TrkA allosteric inhibitors.
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49
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Blauel ER, Laetsch TW. The promise of TRK inhibitors in pediatric cancers with NTRK fusions. Cancer Genet 2022; 262-263:71-79. [PMID: 35108663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
NTRK fusions are rare oncogenic drivers that occur across a range of pediatric cancers. These include infantile fibrosarcoma and secretory breast cancer in which such fusions are nearly pathognomonic, and a spectrum of more common pediatric cancers in which NTRK fusions occur at a lower frequency. Within the last 5 years, two TRK inhibitors, larotrectinib and entrectinib, have demonstrated histology-agnostic activity against NTRK fusion driven cancers and achieved FDA approval. Here the data supporting the use of these TRK inhibitors for the treatment of cancers harboring NTRK fusions is reviewed, with a particular focus on the pediatric experience. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to these first generation TRK inhibitors are discussed and investigational second generation TRK inhibitors that may overcome some of these mechanisms of resistance are highlighted.
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50
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Garrido MP, Fredes AN, Lobos-González L, Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Vera DB, Romero C. Current Treatments and New Possible Complementary Therapies for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 10:77. [PMID: 35052757 PMCID: PMC8772950 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynaecological malignancies. The late diagnosis is frequent due to the absence of specific symptomatology and the molecular complexity of the disease, which includes a high angiogenesis potential. The first-line treatment is based on optimal debulking surgery following chemotherapy with platinum/gemcitabine and taxane compounds. During the last years, anti-angiogenic therapy and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases (PARP)-inhibitors were introduced in therapeutic schemes. Several studies have shown that these drugs increase the progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer, but the identification of patients who have the greatest benefits is still under investigation. In the present review, we discuss about the molecular characteristics of the disease, the recent evidence of approved treatments and the new possible complementary approaches, focusing on drug repurposing, non-coding RNAs, and nanomedicine as a new method for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P. Garrido
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Allison N. Fredes
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile;
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Daniela B. Vera
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
| | - Carmen Romero
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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