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Howard C, Taylor JF, Migaud H, Gutierrez AP, Bekaert M. Comparison of Diploid and Triploid Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Physiological Embryonic Development. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3352. [PMID: 37958107 PMCID: PMC10647732 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon show distinct physiological differences including heart, brain, and digestive system morphology, propensity for certain deformities, temperature tolerance as eggs and once hatched, and different nutritional requirements. Whilst several studies have looked in detail at the rate of embryogenesis in diploid salmon, no study has compared the rate of embryogenesis between ploidies from fertilisation to hatch. This study based its assessment on a seminal paper by Gorodilov (1996) and used the same techniques to compare the rate at which triploid and diploid embryos developed morphological characteristics. Whilst no significant difference was found, this study provides well-needed justification for the assumption that both ploidies develop at the same rate and gives scientific weight to studies which involve manipulation at these stages of development. Two factors that did differ, however, were the timing of hatch, and mortality. Triploids hatched more quickly than diploids and reached 50% hatch at a significantly earlier point. Triploids also suffered from a significantly higher rate of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Howard
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- AquaBioTech Group, 1761 Mosta, Malta
| | - John F. Taylor
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- AquaMaof Aquaculture Technologies Ltd., Rosh Ha’ayin 4809245, Israel
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- Mowi Scotland, Glen Nevis Business Park, Fort William PH33 6RX, UK
| | - Alejandro P. Gutierrez
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- Center for Aquaculture Technologies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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2
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Hissen KL, He W, Wu G, Criscitiello MF. Immunonutrition: facilitating mucosal immune response in teleost intestine with amino acids through oxidant-antioxidant balance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241615. [PMID: 37841275 PMCID: PMC10570457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative animal models generate fundamental scientific knowledge of immune responses. However, these studies typically are conducted in mammals because of their biochemical and physiological similarity to humans. Presently, there has been an interest in using teleost fish models to study intestinal immunology, particularly intestinal mucosa immune response. Instead of targeting the pathogen itself, a preferred approach for managing fish health is through nutrient supplementation, as it is noninvasive and less labor intensive than vaccine administrations while still modulating immune properties. Amino acids (AAs) regulate metabolic processes, oxidant-antioxidant balance, and physiological requirements to improve immune response. Thus, nutritionists can develop sustainable aquafeeds through AA supplementation to promote specific immune responses, including the intestinal mucosa immune system. We propose the use of dietary supplementation with functional AAs to improve immune response by discussing teleost fish immunology within the intestine and explore how oxidative burst is used as an immune defense mechanism. We evaluate immune components and immune responses in the intestine that use oxidant-antioxidant balance through potential selection of AAs and their metabolites to improve mucosal immune capacity and gut integrity. AAs are effective modulators of teleost gut immunity through oxidant-antioxidant balance. To incorporate nutrition as an immunoregulatory means in teleost, we must obtain more tools including genomic, proteomic, nutrition, immunology, and macrobiotic and metabonomic analyses, so that future studies can provide a more holistic understanding of the mucosal immune system in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L. Hissen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wenliang He
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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3
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Drábiková L, Fjelldal PG, Yousaf MN, Morken T, De Clercq A, McGurk C, Witten PE. Elevated Water CO 2 Can Prevent Dietary-Induced Osteomalacia in Post-Smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar, L.). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040663. [PMID: 37189410 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of land-based systems in fish farms elevate the content of metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the water. High CO2 is suggested to increase the bone mineral content in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Conversely, low dietary phosphorus (P) halts bone mineralization. This study examines if high CO2 can counteract reduced bone mineralization imposed by low dietary P intake. Atlantic salmon post-seawater transfer (initial weight 207.03 g) were fed diets containing 6.3 g/kg (0.5P), 9.0 g/kg (1P), or 26.8 g/kg (3P) total P for 13 weeks. Atlantic salmon from all dietary P groups were reared in seawater which was not injected with CO2 and contained a regular CO2 level (5 mg/L) or in seawater with injected CO2 thus raising the level to 20 mg/L. Atlantic salmon were analyzed for blood chemistry, bone mineral content, vertebral centra deformities, mechanical properties, bone matrix alterations, expression of bone mineralization, and P metabolism-related genes. High CO2 and high P reduced Atlantic salmon growth and feed intake. High CO2 increased bone mineralization when dietary P was low. Atlantic salmon fed with a low P diet downregulated the fgf23 expression in bone cells indicating an increased renal phosphate reabsorption. The current results suggest that reduced dietary P could be sufficient to maintain bone mineralization under conditions of elevated CO2. This opens up a possibility for lowering the dietary P content under certain farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Drábiková
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Research Station, N-5984 Matredal, Norway
| | | | - Thea Morken
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Paul Eckhard Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Acclimation to warmer temperature reversibly improves high-temperature hypoxia tolerance in both diploid and triploid brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111099. [PMID: 34718146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rising temperature leads to reduced oxygen solubility and therefore increases the risk of exposure to harmful hypoxic condition for fish in their natural aquatic environments and in aquaculture. The goal of this study was to determine whether acclimation to warmer temperature can improve high-temperature hypoxia tolerance in fish, using sibling diploid and triploid brook charr as the experimental model. Triploid fish are used for aquaculture and fisheries management because they are sterile, but they are known to have reduced thermal and hypoxia tolerance compared to conventional diploids. Fish were pre-acclimated to either 15 °C (optimum temperature for diploids) or 18 °C and then assessed for high-temperature hypoxia tolerance by rapidly increasing temperature to pre-determined levels (up to 30 °C), holding fish at these temperatures for one hour, and then using compressed nitrogen to drive oxygen out of the water. Hypoxia tolerance was expressed as both the oxygen tension at loss of equilibrium and the time taken to reach this endpoint following the start of the trial. Acclimation to 18 °C improved hypoxia tolerance at high temperatures but this advantage was lost after reacclimation to 15 °C. Although 18 °C acclimation improved the hypoxia tolerance of triploids, it remained inferior to that of diploids under identical test conditions. Somatic energy reserves (estimated as condition factor and hepatosomatic index), cardiac output (relative ventricular mass) and oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit) did not markedly affect high-temperature hypoxia tolerance.
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Fraser TWK, Hansen TJ, Sambraus F, Fjelldal PG. Vertebral deformities in interspecific diploid and triploid salmonid hybrids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1059-1070. [PMID: 32307707 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral deformities in salmonid interspecific hybrids, some of which were triploidised, were assessed across three separate year classes during the freshwater life stage. Initially, eggs from a farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were crossed with the sperm from a S. salar, arctic char Salvelinus alpinus or brown trout Salmo trutta. For S. salar × S. trutta, half the eggs were triploidised. In a second- and third-year class, the eggs from a farmed S. salar were crossed with the sperm from either a S. salar or a S. trutta, and half of each group was triploidised. In the two initial-year classes, all hybrids were larger than the S. salar controls, and triploid S. salar × S. trutta were larger than diploid counterparts. In the third-year class, the S. salar × S. trutta were smaller than the S. salar, in contrast to the initial 2 year classes, although the triploid hybrids were still larger than the diploids. In the third-year class, a high degree of spontaneous triploidy was also observed in the putative diploid groups (between 16 and 39%). Vertebral deformities were consistently higher in pressure-shocked triploids than diploids, irrespective of hybridisation, but there was no consistent effect of hybridisation among experiments. Although this study was not able to explain the contrasting results for vertebral deformities between year classes, triploid S. salar × S. trutta can demonstrate impressive freshwater growth that could be of interest for future farming programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W K Fraser
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tom J Hansen
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Florian Sambraus
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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6
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Martínez-Llorens S, Peruzzi S, Falk-Petersen IB, Godoy-Olmos S, Ulleberg LO, Tomás-Vidal A, Puvanendran V, Odei DK, Hagen Ø, Fernandes JMO, Jobling M. Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245216. [PMID: 33429419 PMCID: PMC7801030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Stefano Peruzzi
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger-Britt Falk-Petersen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergio Godoy-Olmos
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Lars Olav Ulleberg
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | - Derrick Kwame Odei
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ørjan Hagen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Malcolm Jobling
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Wu Z, Xu S, Wang L, Wu Q, Li J, Liu H, You F. Transcription profiles and fatty acid composition of the artificial induced triploid alevin in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Theriogenology 2020; 155:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Sambraus F, Hansen T, Daae BS, Thorsen A, Sandvik R, Stien LH, Fraser TWK, Fjelldal PG. Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:137-147. [PMID: 32242933 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a dietary phosphorus regime in freshwater on vertebra bone mineralization was assessed in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish were fed either a low phosphorus (LP) diet containing 10.5 g kg-1 total phosphorus or a normal phosphorus (NP) diet containing 17.4 g kg-1 total phosphorus from ∼3 to ∼65 g (day 126) in body weight. Two further groups were fed the NP diet from ∼3 g in body weight, but were then switched to the LP diet after 38 (∼10 g in body weight) or 77 (∼30 g in body weight) days. Growth, vertebral ash content (% ash) and radiologically detectable vertebra pathologies were assessed. Triploids were initially smaller than diploids, and again on day 77, but there was no ploidy effect on days 38 or 126. Vertebral ash content increased with increasing body size and those fish fed the NP diet had higher vertebral ash content than those groups fed the LP diet during the intervening time period, but this diet effect became less apparent as fish grew, with all groups having relatively equal vertebral ash content at termination. In general, triploids had lower vertebral ash content than diploids on day 38 and this was most evident in the group fed the LP diet. On day 77, those triploids fed the LP diet during the intervening time period had lower vertebral ash content than diploids. At termination on day 126, the triploids had the same vertebral ash content as diploids, irrespective of diet. There was a ploidy × diet interaction on vertebral deformities, with triploids having higher prevalences of fish with ≥1 deformed vertebra in all dietary groups except continuous NP. In conclusion, between days 0 and 77 (3-30 g body size), triploids required more dietary phosphorus than diploids in order to maintain similar vertebral ash content. A possible link between phosphorus feeding history and phosphorus demand is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sambraus
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tom Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Britt S Daae
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Anders Thorsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Welfare Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Thomas W K Fraser
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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9
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Chalmers L, Migaud H, Adams A, Vera LM, McStay E, North B, Mitchell C, Taylor JF. Response of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to commercial vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:624-636. [PMID: 31877359 PMCID: PMC6990402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While triploid Atlantic salmon represent a practical and affordable solution to the issues associated with sexual maturation in the salmonid aquaculture industry, empirical evidence suggests triploids are more susceptible to disease and vaccine side-effects than diploids. With vaccination now part of routine husbandry, it is essential their response be studied to confirm their suitability for commercial production. This study tested the response of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon to vaccination with commercially available vaccines. Triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon siblings were injected with one of three commercial vaccines (or sham-vaccinated) and monitored for performance throughout a commercial production cycle. Sampling at smolt and harvest was undertaken along with individual weight and length assessments through the cycle. Antibody response to Aeromonas salmonicida vaccination was similar in both ploidy, with a positive response in vaccine-injected fish. For both adhesions and melanin, analysis found that higher scores were more likely to occur as the anticipated severity of the vaccine increased. In addition, for adhesion scores at smolt and melanin scores at smolt and harvest, triploids were statistically more likely to exhibit high scores than diploids. Triploids maintained a significantly higher body weight during freshwater and until 11 months post-seawater transfer, with diploids weighing significantly more at harvest. Growth, represented by thermal growth coefficient (TGC), decreased in both ploidy as the severity of adhesions increased, and regression patterns did not differ significantly between ploidy. Vertebral deformity prevalence was consistently higher in triploids (smolt 12.3 ± 4.5%; harvest 34.9 ± 5.9%) than diploids (smolt 0.8 ± 0.5%; harvest 15.9 ± 1.9%), with no significant difference between vaccine groups in each ploidy. This study demonstrates that triploids respond as well to vaccination as diploids and provides further supporting evidence of triploid robustness for commercial aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Chalmers
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Luisa M Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Elsbeth McStay
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ben North
- PHARMAQ (part of Zoetis), Unit 15 Sandleheath Industrial Estate, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1PA, UK
| | - Chris Mitchell
- PHARMAQ (part of Zoetis), Unit 15 Sandleheath Industrial Estate, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1PA, UK
| | - John F Taylor
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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10
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Vera LM, Lock EJ, Hamre K, Migaud H, Leeming D, Tocher DR, Taylor JF. Enhanced micronutrient supplementation in low marine diets reduced vertebral malformation in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, and increased vertebral expression of bone biomarker genes in diploids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 237:110327. [PMID: 31461683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that, for optimum growth, micronutrient levels should be supplemented above current National Research Council (2011) recommendations for Atlantic salmon when they are fed diets formulated with low levels of marine ingredients. In the present study, the impact of graded levels (100, 200, 400%) of a micronutrient package (NP) on vertebral deformities and bone gene expression were determined in diploid and triploid salmon parr fed low marine diets. The prevalence of radiologically detectable spinal deformities decreased with increasing micronutrient supplementation in both ploidy. On average, triploids had a higher incidence of spinal deformity than diploids within a given diet. Micronutrient supplementation particularly reduced prevalence of fusion deformities in diploids and compression and reduced spacing deformities in triploids. Prevalence of affected vertebrae within each spinal region (cranial, caudal, tail and tail fin) varied significantly between diet and ploidy, and there was interaction. Prevalence of deformities was greatest in the caudal region of triploids and the impact of graded micronutrient supplementation in reducing deformities also greatest in triploids. Diet affected vertebral morphology with length:height (L:H) ratio generally increasing with level of micronutrient supplementation in both ploidy with no difference between ploidy. Increased dietary micronutrients level in diploid salmon increased the vertebral expression of several bone biomarker genes including bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2), osteocalcin (ostcn), alkaline phosphatase (alp), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (mmp13), osteopontin (opn) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (igf1r). In contrast, although some genes showed similar trends in triploids, vertebral gene expression was not significantly affected by dietary micronutrients level. The study confirmed earlier indications that dietary micronutrient levels should be increased in salmon fed diets with low marine ingredients and that there are differences in nutritional requirements between ploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research (formerly National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Kristen Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research (formerly National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | | | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - John F Taylor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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11
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The effect of micronutrient supplementation on growth and hepatic metabolism in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr fed a low marine ingredient diet. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 227:106-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Liu H, Wu Z, Zhu X, Song Z, Hu J, Wang L, Li J, You F. Comparative performance of growth, vertebral structure and muscle composition in diploid and triploid Paralichthys olivaceus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1495-1504. [PMID: 30117604 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth, skeletal structure and muscle composition of cold-shock-induced triploid olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. The average values of total length and total weight of triploids were higher than those of diploids from 5 to 11 months posthatch (mph). The growth difference disappeared after 11 mph. The skeletal structure of flounder at 11 mph was observed by X-ray imaging method. There are four kinds of vertebral deformity including vertebrae fusion, one-sided compression, two-sided compression and vertically shifted. The trunk region (V8-18) and tailing end of the vertebral column were the predominant locations of deformity. In general, the frequencies of vertebral deformities in triploids (60.0%) were higher than those in diploids (33.3%, p < 0.05). Both the number of fish with deformed vertebrae and the average frequencies of deformed vertebrae in triploids were significantly higher than those in diploids (p < 0.05). The muscle tissues of diploid and triploid flounder at 11 mph contain the same types of fatty acid and free amino acid profiles. The number of fatty acids with significant higher contents in diploids and triploids was one and ten, respectively (p < 0.05). The contents of free amino acids showed no difference between triploid and diploid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Animal Science and Technology Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangping Zhu
- Animal Science and Technology Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongcheng Song
- Shenghang Aquatic Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Weihai, China
| | - Jinwei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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13
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Witten PE, Fjelldal PG, Huysseune A, McGurk C, Obach A, Owen MAG. Bone without minerals and its secondary mineralization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the recovery from phosphorus deficiency. J Exp Biol 2018; 222:jeb.188763. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.188763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and phosphorus (P) are the main bone minerals and P-deficiency causes hypomineralized bones (osteomalacia) and malformations. This study uses a P-deficient salmon model to falsify three hypotheses. First, an extended period of dietary P-deficiency does not cause pathologies other than osteomalacia. Second, secondary mineralization of non-mineralized bone is possible. Third, secondary mineralization can restore the bones' mineral composition and mechanical properties.
Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) received for seven weeks diets with regular P-content (RP), or with a 50% lowered P-content (LP). For additional nine weeks RP animals continued on the regular diet (RP-RP). LP animals continued on the LP-diet (LP-LP), on a regular P diet (LP-RP), or on a high P diet (LP-HP).
After 16 weeks, animals in all groups maintained a non-deformed vertebral column. LP-LP animals continued bone formation albeit without mineralization. Nine weeks of RP diet largely restored the mineral content and mechanical properties of vertebral bodies. Mineralization resumed deep inside the bone and away from osteoblasts. The history of P-deficiency was traceable in LP-RP and LP-HP animals as a ring of low-mineralized bone in the vertebral body endplates but no tissue alterations occurred that foreshadow vertebral body compression or fusion. Large quantities of non-mineralized salmon bone have the capacity to re-mineralize. If 16 weeks of P-deficiency as a single factor is not causal for typical vertebral body malformations other factors remain to be identified. This example of functional bone without minerals may explain why some teleost species can afford to have an extremely low mineralized skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Eckhard Witten
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Ghent University, Biology Department, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Center, P. O. Box 48, N-4001, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alex Obach
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Center, P. O. Box 48, N-4001, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Matthew A. G. Owen
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Center, P. O. Box 48, N-4001, Stavanger, Norway
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