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Wu B, Li C, Luo X, Kan H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Rao X, Zhao P, Liu Y. Identification of Key Hypolipidemic Components and Exploration of the Potential Mechanism of Total Flavonoids from Rosa sterilis Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Zebrafish Experiment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5131-5146. [PMID: 38920980 PMCID: PMC11201594 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a prevalent chronic metabolic disease that severely affects human health. Currently, commonly used clinical therapeutic drugs are prone to drug dependence and toxic side effects. Dietary intervention for treating chronic metabolic diseases has received widespread attention. Rosa sterilis is a characteristic fruit tree in China whose fruits are rich in flavonoids, which have been shown to have a therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia; however, their exact molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of R. sterilis total flavonoid extract (RS) on hyperlipidemia and its possible mechanisms. A hyperlipidemic zebrafish model was established using egg yolk powder and then treated with RS to observe changes in the integral optical density in the tail vessels. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to investigate the potential mechanism of action of RS for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The results showed that RS exhibited favorable hypolipidemic effects on zebrafish in the concentration range of 3.0-30.0 μg/mL in a dose-dependent manner. Topological and molecular docking analyses identified HSP90AA1, PPARA, and MMP9 as key targets for hypolipidemic effects, which were exerted mainly through lipolytic regulation of adipocytes and lipids; pathway analysis revealed enrichment in atherosclerosis, chemical carcinogenic-receptor activation pathways in cancers, and proteoglycans in prostate cancer and other cancers. Mover, chinensinaphthol possessed higher content and better target binding ability, which suggested that chinensinaphthol might be an important component of RS with hypolipidemic active function. These findings provide a direction for further research on RS interventions for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (B.W.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Churan Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (B.W.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Xulu Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Huan Kan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (B.W.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Yonghe Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 362021, China;
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (B.W.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (B.W.); (C.L.); (H.K.)
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Gao WY, Chen PY, Hsu HJ, Liou JW, Wu CL, Wu MJ, Yen JH. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone, regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis in hepatic cell lines and high-fat diet-fed zebrafish models. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116598. [PMID: 38615609 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) acts as an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), impeding the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) in circulation. Targeting ANGPTL3 is considered a novel strategy for improving dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain several bioactive prenylflavonoids, including xanthohumol (Xan), isoxanthohumol (Isoxan), 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN), and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), with the potential to manage lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of Xan, the effective prenylated chalcone in attenuating ANGPTL3 transcriptional activity, both in vitro using hepatic cells and in vivo using zebrafish models, along with exploring the underlying mechanisms. Xan (10 and 20 μM) significantly reduced ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, leading to a marked decrease in secreted ANGPTL3 proteins via hepatic cells. In animal studies, orally administered Xan significantly alleviated plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, it reduced hepatic ANGPTL3 protein levels and increased LPL activity in zebrafish models, indicating its potential to modulate lipid profiles in circulation. Furthermore, molecular docking results predicted that Xan exhibits a higher binding affinity to interact with liver X receptor α (LXRα) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) than their respective agonists, T0901317 and 9-Cis-retinoic acid (9-Cis-RA). We observed that Xan suppressed hepatic ANGPTL3 expression by antagonizing the LXRα/RXR-mediated transcription. These findings suggest that Xan ameliorates dyslipidemia by modulating the LXRα/RXR-ANGPTL3-LPL axis. Xan represents a novel potential inhibitor of ANGPTL3 for the prevention or treatment of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yun Gao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Genetic Counseling Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970374, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Genetic Counseling Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717301, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan.
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Blonç M, Lima J, Balasch JC, Tort L, Gravato C, Teles M. Elucidating the Effects of the Lipids Regulators Fibrates and Statins on the Health Status of Finfish Species: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050792. [PMID: 36899648 PMCID: PMC10000190 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The most documented fibrates are gemfibrozil, clofibrate and bezafibrate, while for statins, the majority of the published literature focuses on atorvastatin and simvastatin. The present work reviews previously published research concerning the effects of these hypocholesterolaemic pharmaceuticals on fish, with a particular focus on commercially important species, commonly produced by the European aquaculture industry, specifically in recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS). Overall, results suggest that both acute and chronic exposures to lipid-lowering compounds may have adverse effects on fish, disrupting their capacity to excrete exogenous substances, as well as both lipid metabolism and homeostasis, causing severe ontogenetic and endocrinological abnormalities, leading to hampered reproductive success (e.g., gametogenesis, fecundity), and skeletal or muscular malformations, having serious repercussions on fish health and welfare. Nonetheless, the available literature focusing on the effects of statins or fibrates on commonly farmed fish is still limited, and further research is required to understand the implications of this matter on aquaculture production, global food security and, ultimately, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Blonç
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Lima
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon—FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Ping S, Lin W, Ming R, He Y, Yin Y, Ren Y. Toxic effects of four cardiovascular drugs on the development and epigenetics of zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157360. [PMID: 35850353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, therapeutic drugs such as atenolol (ATE), metoprolol (MET), atorvastatin (ATO), and bezafibrate (BZB) have been widely used and thus frequently detected in surface water at ng·L-1-μg·L-1 level. In this study, the developmental toxicity of these drugs (0.5 μg·L-1-500 μg·L-1) to zebrafish, an aquatic model organism, was investigated; and the epigenetic toxicity of BZB was also explored. For all four drugs, the results showed that the drugs exposure could cause sublethal toxic effects on zebrafish larvae, such as decreases in hatching rate, body length, and heart rate. ATO also induced the swelling of the eyes of larvae by 5 %-15 %. Yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, bent spine, and tail malformation were observed in larvae exposed to the drugs, and yolk sac edema was the most common malformation. In addition, the spontaneous movement and free-swimming activity could be inhibited by the drugs. Combined with RNA-seq results, the adverse development of larvae in exposure groups may be caused by the disruption of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and the development and function of eye and nervous system. After a 30-day uptake period, the accumulation of BZB and the decrease of global DNA methylation level were observed in the liver, kidneys, gut, gills, and brain of adult zebrafish (4-month-old) exposed to 0.5 μg·L-1 to 500 μg·L-1 BZB. The liver was the main organ for BZB accumulation and the occurrence of DNA hypomethylation. In the liver, overexpression (1.5-7.6 times) of genes related to lipid metabolism (PPARα), DNA methylation (Dnmt1), and apoptosis (p53) was also observed. The results of the current study suggest that long-term exposure to low-concentrations of cardiovascular drugs may pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senwen Ping
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruiliang Ming
- Guangzhou CAS Test Technical Services Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yurong Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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The Citrus Flavonoid Nobiletin Downregulates Angiopoietin-like Protein 3 (ANGPTL3) Expression and Exhibits Lipid-Modulating Effects in Hepatic Cells and Adult Zebrafish Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012485. [PMID: 36293338 PMCID: PMC9604320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nobiletin, a dietary citrus flavonoid, exerts biological activities against hyperlipidemia, obesity, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). The aim of this study was to explore the lipid-lowering effects of nobiletin and the underlying molecular mechanisms in vitro in hepatic cells and in vivo in zebrafish models. Transcriptome and gene ontology (GO) analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that a set of twenty-eight core enrichment DEGs associated with “GO BP regulation of lipid metabolic process” (GO: 0019216) were significantly downregulated in nobiletin-treated cells. Among these genes, angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity that regulates TG-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) metabolism in circulation, was the protein most markedly downregulated by nobiletin. Nobiletin (20 and 40 μM) significantly reduced the levels of ANGPTL3 mRNA and intracellular and secreted ANGPTL3 proteins in hepatic cell lines. Furthermore, alleviation of secreted ANGPTL3 production by nobiletin was found to reinstate LPL catalytic activity. Nobiletin significantly inhibited ANGPTL3 promoter activity and attenuated the transcription factor liver X receptor-α (LXRα)-mediated ANGPTL3 transcription. Molecular docking analysis predicted that nobiletin could bind to the ligand-binding domain of LXRα, thereby counteracting LXRα activation. In animal studies, orally administered nobiletin significantly alleviated the levels of plasma triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, nobiletin significantly reduced the amounts of hepatic ANGPTL3 protein in zebrafish. Our findings suggest that nobiletin may regulate the LXRα-ANGPTL3-LPL axis and exhibit lipid-modulating effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, nobiletin is a potential ANGPTL3 inhibitor for the regulation of lipid metabolism to ameliorate dyslipidemia and ASCVDs.
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6
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Cunha SC, Menezes-Sousa D, Mello FV, Miranda JAT, Fogaca FHS, Alonso MB, Torres JPM, Fernandes JO. Survey on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in seafood: Occurrence and distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112886. [PMID: 35150711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the marine environment pose а potential risk to both wildlife and human health. The occurrence of EDCs in seafood depends of several factors such as source and amounts of EDCs that reach the aquatic environment, physicochemical features of EDCs, and its accumulation in trophic chain. This review highlights the occurrence and distribution of EDCs along the seafood in the last 6 years. The following EDCs were included in this review: brominated flame retardants (PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDDs, TBBPA, and novel flame retardants); pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, carbamazepine), bisphenols, hormones, personal care products (Musk and UV Filters), and pesticides (organochlorides, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Some of them were found above the threshold that may cause negative effects on human, animal, and environmental health. More control in some countries, as well as new legislation and inspection over the purchase, sale, use, and production of these compounds, are urgently needed. This review provides data to support risk assessment and raises critical gaps to stimulate and improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dhoone Menezes-Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Mello
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce A T Miranda
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiola H S Fogaca
- Bioacessiblity Laboratory, Embrapa Agroindustria de Alimentos, Av. Das Americas, 29501, 23020-470, Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Hanslik L, Huppertsberg S, Kämmer N, Knepper TP, Braunbeck T. Rethinking the relevance of microplastics as vector for anthropogenic contaminants: Adsorption of toxicants to microplastics during exposure in a highly polluted stream - Analytical quantification and assessment of toxic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151640. [PMID: 34774627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing amounts of plastic debris entering marine and freshwater ecosystems, there is a growing demand for environmentally relevant exposure scenarios to improve the risk assessment of microplastic particles (MPs) in aquatic environments. So far, data on adverse effects in aquatic organisms induced by naturally exposed MPs are scarce and controversially discussed. As a consequence, we investigated the potential role of MPs regarding the sorption and transfer of environmental contaminants under natural conditions. For this end, a mixture of four common polymer types (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride) was exposed to natural surface water in a polluted stream for three weeks. Samples of water, MP mixture, sediment, and suspended matter were target-screened for the presence of pollutants using GC/LC-MS, resulting in up to 94 different compounds. Possible adverse effects were investigated using several biomarkers in early developmental stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure to natural stream water samples significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, altered CYP450 induction and modified behavioral patterns of zebrafish. In contrast, effects by samples of both non-exposed MPs and exposed MPs in zebrafish were less prominent than effects by water samples. In fact, the analytical target screening documented only few compounds sorbed to natural particles and MPs. Regarding acute toxic effects, no clear differentiation between different MPs and natural particles could be made, suggesting that - upon exposure in natural water bodies - MPs seem to approximate the sorption behavior of natural particles, presumably to a large extent due to biofilm formation. Thus, if compared to natural inorganic particles, MPs most likely do not transfer elevated amounts of environmental pollutants to biota and, therefore, do not pose a specific additional threat to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hanslik
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
| | - Sven Huppertsberg
- Hochschule Fresenius GmbH, University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein, D-65510, Germany
| | - Nadine Kämmer
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius GmbH, University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein, D-65510, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
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8
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Chen X, Yao J, Dong H, Hong M, Gao N, Zhang Z, Jiang W. Enhanced bezafibrate degradation and power generation via the simultaneous PMS activation in visible light photocatalytic fuel cell. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117800. [PMID: 34741902 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative system including peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in a photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) with an BiOI/TiO2 nanotube arrays p-n type heterojunction as photoanode under visible light (PFC(BiOI/TNA)/PMS/vis system) was established. Xenon lamp was used as the light source of visible light. A 4.6 times higher pseudo-first-order bezafibrate (BZF) degradation rate constant was achieved in this system compared with the single PFC(BiOI/TNA)/vis system. The radical quenching experiments revealed that the contribution of reactive oxidative species (ROS) followed the order of 1O2 ≈ h+ >> •OH > SO4•- >>O2•-. The EPR tests demonstrated that PMS addition enlarged the formation of 1O2, •OH and SO4•-, but suppressed O2•- yield. Interestingly, 1O2 was further proved to dominantly originated from the priority reaction between positive photoinduced holes (h+) and negatively charged PMS. Besides, N2-purging tests and density functional theory calculation indicated that PMS probably reacted with residual photoinduced electron (e-) on the more negative conduction band (CB) of BiOI to form •OH and SO4•-, but competed with dissolved oxygen. Other e- transferred to the less negative CB of TNA through p-n junction will efficiently move to cathode through the external circuit. The greatly promoted power generation of PFC system was observed after PMS addition due to extra h+ consumption and efficient e- separation and transfer. Besides, three possible pathways for BZF degradation were proposed including hydroxylation, fibrate chain substituent and amino bond fracture. This study can provide new insights into the mechanisms of PMS assisted photocatalysis and accompanying energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Hongsen Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Mingjian Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Mauro M, Lazzara V, Arizza V, Luparello C, Ferrantelli V, Cammilleri G, Inguglia L, Vazzana M. Human Drug Pollution in the Aquatic System: The Biochemical Responses of Danio rerio Adults. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101064. [PMID: 34681162 PMCID: PMC8533377 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The release of medicinal products for human use in the aquatic environment is now a serious problem, and can be fatal for the organisms that live there. Danio rerio is a freshwater fish that provides the possibility to study the effects of these pollutants on the health of aquatic organisms. The results of the various existing scientific studies are scarce and conflicting. Here, we review the scientific studies that have analyzed these effects, highlighting that the impacts of drugs are evident in the biochemical responses of these animals. Abstract To date, drug pollution in aquatic systems is an urgent issue, and Danio rerio is a model organism to study the toxicological effects of environmental pollutants. The scientific literature has analyzed the effect of human drug pollution on the biochemical responses in the tissues of D. rerio adults. However, the information is still scarce and conflicting, making it difficult to understand its real impact. The scientific studies are not consistent with each other and, until now, no one has grouped their results to create a baseline of knowledge of the possible impacts. In this review, the analysis of literature data highlights that the effects of drugs on adult zebrafishes depend on various factors, such as the tissue analyzed, the drug concentration and the sex of the individuals. Furthermore, the most influenced biochemical responses concern enzymes (e.g., antioxidants and hydrolase enzymes) and total protein and hormonal levels. Pinpointing the situation to date would improve the understanding of the chronic effects of human drug pollution, helping both to reduce it in the aquatic systems and then to draw up regulations to control this type of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Luigi Inguglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
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10
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Hering I, Eilebrecht E, Parnham MJ, Weiler M, Günday-Türeli N, Türeli AE, Modh H, Heng PWS, Böhmer W, Schäfers C, Fenske M, Wacker MG. Microparticle formulations alter the toxicity of fenofibrate to the zebrafish Danio rerio embryo. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105798. [PMID: 33799113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients are released into the environment and pose a threat to aquatic organisms. Drug products using micro- and nanoparticle technology can lower these emissions into the environment by their increased bioavailability to the human patients. However, due to this enhanced efficacy, micro- and nanoscale drug delivery systems can potentially display an even higher toxicity, and thus also pose a risk to non-target organisms. Fenofibrate is a lipid-regulating agent and exhibits species-related hazards in fish. The ecotoxic effects of a fenofibrate formulation embedded into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose microparticle matrix, as well as those of the excipients used in the formulation process, were evaluated. To compare the effects of fenofibrate without a formulation, fenofibrate was dispersed in diluted ISO water alone or dissolved in the solvent DMF and then added to diluted ISO water. The effects of these various treatments were assessed using the fish embryo toxicity test, acridine orange staining and gene expression analysis assessed by quantitative RT polymerase chain reaction. Exposure concentrations were assessed by chemical analysis. The effect threshold concentrations of fenofibrate microparticle precipitates were higher compared to the formulation. Fenofibrate dispersed in 20%-ISO-water displayed the lowest toxicity. For the fenofibrate formulation as well as for fenofibrate added as a DMF solution, greater ecotoxic effects were observed in the zebrafish embryos. The chemical analysis of the solutions revealed that more fenofibrate was present in the samples with the fenofibrate formulation as well as fenofibrate added as a DMF solution compared to fenofibrate dispersed in diluted ISO water. This could explain the higher ecotoxicity. The toxic effects on the zebrafish embryo thus suggested that the formulation as well as the solvent increased the bioavailability of fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Hering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marc Weiler
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestraße 1B, 66802, Überherrn, Germany
| | | | | | - Harshvardhan Modh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Wet Science Building (S9), 5 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul W S Heng
- National University of Singapore, GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Böhmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Fenske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Wet Science Building (S9), 5 Science Drive 2, 117546, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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de Souza RC, Godoy AA, Kummrow F, Dos Santos TL, Brandão CJ, Pinto E. Occurrence of caffeine, fluoxetine, bezafibrate and levothyroxine in surface freshwater of São Paulo State (Brazil) and risk assessment for aquatic life protection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20751-20761. [PMID: 33410054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The prioritization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for monitoring programmes and/or environmental risk assessment (ERA) purposes is based on several criteria, including environmental occurrence data. However, data on API occurrence in Brazilian surface freshwaters are still scarce. The Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) provides several medicines free-of-charge, including medications that have bezafibrate, fluoxetine and levothyroxine as the API. Thus, our objective was to investigate the occurrence of bezafibrate, fluoxetine and levothyroxine in samples collected at sampling sites included in the surface freshwater monitoring program of the São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB); caffeine was also included in the analysis because it is commonly used as an anthropogenic marker of aquatic environment contamination. Monitoring results showed that levothyroxine was not found in any of the analysed samples. Caffeine was ubiquitous in the analysed samples, thus indicating anthropic contamination in the studied water bodies. Caffeine and bezafibrate presented risk quotient (RQ) < 1 for all the sampling sites and periods evaluated in this study. For fluoxetine, RQs > 1 were found in all water samples in which this API was found, indicating a potential risk for freshwater pelagic biota. Thus, fluoxetine should be regulated in São Paulo State in order to protect the aquatic biota. Additional occurrence studies in other Brazilian states are still needed to evaluate if fluoxetine is a nationwide pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cardoso de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Andrade Godoy
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, 11999, Poços de Caldas, MG, 37715-400, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil.
| | - Thyago Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jesus Brandão
- Environmental Company of State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Professor Frederico Hermann Júnior, 345, Alto de Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP, 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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12
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Kingcade A, Ahuja N, Jefferson A, Schaffer PA, Ryschon H, Cadmus P, Garrity D, Ramsdell H. Morbidity and mortality in Danio rerio and Pimephales promelas exposed to antilipidemic drug mixtures (fibrates and statins) during embryogenesis: Comprehensive assessment via ante and post mortem endpoints. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127911. [PMID: 33297010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antilipidemic drugs are routinely detected in effluent and surface waters downstream of wastewater treatment plants. A mixture exposure study with nine environmentally relevant antilipidemic drugs was performed with zebrafish (Danio rerio, ZF) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, FHM) embryos to investigate the effects on sensitive embryologic stages. Zebrafish embryos were exposed nominally to: (a) 0.005 μM, (b) 0.05 μM, or (c) 0.5 μM of each drug in the mixture. Fathead minnow embryos were exposed nominally to: (a) 0.0005 μM, (b) 0.005 μM, or (c) 0.05 μM of each drug in the mixture. Several of the individual drug concentrations were within ranges previously found in the environment. Multiple metrics demonstrate that (a) exposure of ZF and FHM embryos to antilipidemic drugs during embryonic development results in lethal and sublethal effects, (b) ZF were more sensitive than FHM based on median lethal concentration (LC50 0.02 μM and 0.05 μM, respectively), but FHM exhibited more severe abnormal sublethal morphologies than zebrafish embryos, and (c) the sublethal effects differed between the two species. This model identified novel specific endpoints for assessing sensitive, sublethal effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Abnormal myofiber birefringence pattern, hemorrhage, and heart rate are not included in standard evaluations but each of these metrics demonstrated a dose-dependent response in this study. Results demonstrate risk to fish development with potential repercussions at the population level, especially if environmental concentrations increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kingcade
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Now at Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, 80246, USA.
| | - N Ahuja
- Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A Jefferson
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P A Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H Ryschon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P Cadmus
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D Garrity
- Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H Ramsdell
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Rebelo D, Correia AT, Nunes B. Acute and chronic effects of environmental realistic concentrations of clofibric acid in Danio rerio: Behaviour, oxidative stress, biotransformation and lipid peroxidation endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103468. [PMID: 32805388 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, pharmaceuticals can be metabolized, excreted and ultimately discarded in the environment, thereby affecting aquatic organisms. Lipid-regulating drugs are among the most prescribed medications around the world, controlling human cholesterol levels, in more than 20 million patients. Despite this growing use of lipid-regulating drugs, particularly those whose active metabolite is clofibric acid, the potential toxicological effects of these pharmaceuticals in the environment is not fully characterized. This work intended to characterize the toxicity of an acute (120 hours post-fertilization) and chronic (60 days post-fertilization) exposures to clofibric acid in concentrations of 10.35, 20.7, 41.4, 82.8, and 165.6 μg L-1 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The concentrations which were implemented in both exposures were based on predicted environmental concentrations for Portuguese surface waters. The acute effects were analysed focusing on behavioural endpoints (small and large distance travelled, swimming time and total distance travelled), biomarkers of oxidative stress (activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn- and Mn SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, Se- and total GPx), biotransformation (activity of glutathione S-transferases, GSTs) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS). Chronically exposed individuals were also histologically analysed for sex determination and gonadal developmental stages. In terms of acute exposure, significant alterations were reported, in terms of behavioural alterations (hypoactivity), followed by an overall increase in all tested biomarkers. Chronically exposed organisms did not show alterations in terms of sex ratio and maturation stages, suggesting that clofibric acid did not act as an endocrine disruptor. Moreover, the metabolism of clofibric acid resulted in increased levels of both forms of SOD activity, especially for animals exposed to higher levels of this drug. An increase of CAT activity was observed in fish exposed to low levels, and a decrease in those exposed to higher amounts of clofibric acid. Both GPx forms had their activities increased. The enzyme of biotransformation GSTs were increased at low levels of clofibric acid but inhibited at higher amounts of this substance. Lipid peroxidation levels were also changed, with an induction of this parameter with increasing amounts of clofibric acid. Changes also occurred in behavioural endpoints and patterns for control organisms and for those exposed to clofibric acid were significantly distinct, for all types (light and darkness) of exposure, and for the two analysed endpoints (small and large distance). Results from this assay allow inferring that clofibric acid can have an ecologically relevant impact in living organisms exposed to this substance, with putative effects on the metabolism of individuals, affecting their behaviour and ultimately their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A T Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos SN, 4550-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Zhou R, Lu G, Yan Z, Jiang R, Bao X, Lu P. A review of the influences of microplastics on toxicity and transgenerational effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products in aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139222. [PMID: 32438173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PPCPs (pharmaceutical and personal care products) and microplastics (MPs) are two types of emerging pollutants that are ubiquitous and widely concerned in the environment. Both of them can accumulate in fish or aquatic invertebrates and transfer to offspring, thereby producing toxic effects on both parents and offspring, in which the characteristics of MPs also enable them to adsorb PPCPs thus producing carrier effects. In this study, we have conducted a comprehensive review of MPs and PPCPs and found that MPs can act as a carrier of PPCPs to influence the bioaccumulation of PPCPs. MPs and PPCPs have toxicity and transgenerational effects on both fish and aquatic invertebrates in many aspects, and MPs can also affect the toxicity and transgenerational effects of PPCPs due to their carrier effects. This paper revealed that MPs may have an important impact on the bioavailability of PPCPs and the interaction between MPs and PPCPs is a hot topic in future research. This study also puts forward the shortcomings of the current research and related suggestions, and relevant research should be carried out as soon as possible to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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15
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Fent K. Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents in surface waters at global scale: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138770. [PMID: 32361434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have emerged as major groups of environmental contaminants over the past decades. However, knowledge about their occurrence in freshwaters and their ecotoxicity is still limited. Here, we critically summarize the presence of 82 cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and represent their effects on aquatic organisms. Only about 71% of these pharmaceuticals in use have been analyzed for their residues in aquatic ecosystems and only about 24% for their effects. When detected in surface waters, they occurred at concentrations of dozens to hundreds of ng/L. In wastewaters, they reached up to several μg/L. Effects of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have been extensively studied in fish and a few in invertebrates, such as Daphnia magna and mussels. These pharmaceuticals affect cardiac physiology, lipid metabolism, growth and reproduction. Besides, effects on spermatogenesis and neurobehavior are observed. Environmental risks are associated with beta-blockers propranolol, metoprolol, and lipid lowering agents bezafibrate and atorvastatin, where adverse effects (biochemical and transcriptional) occurred partially at surface water concentrations. In some cases, reproductive effects occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. This review summarizes the state of the art on the occurrence of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and highlights their risks to fish. Further research is needed to include more subtle changes on heart function and to explore non-investigated drugs. Their occurrence in freshwaters and impact on a diverse array of aquatic organisms are particularly needed to fully assess their environmental hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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16
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Sales CF, Barbosa Pinheiro AP, Ribeiro YM, Weber AA, Paes-Leme FDO, Luz RK, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E, Melo RMC. Effects of starvation and refeeding cycles on spermatogenesis and sex steroids in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110643. [PMID: 31711986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction is part of the life cycle of many fish species; however, nutritional deficiency may negatively influence gametogenesis and gonadal maturation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of food restriction on the spermatogenesis of Nile tilapia. For this, adult males were submitted to starvation and refeeding cycles (alternating periods of starvation and feeding) for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. After 7 days of starvation, glycaemic and lipid levels were significantly reduced, followed by reduction of plasma testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In addition, reduced proliferation of spermatogonia and increased apoptosis of spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa was observed in starvation groups. In the refeeding groups, the sex steroids and the proportion of germ cells had no significant alterations compared to the control group, except for spermatozoa. In this sense, the present study suggests that starvation after 7 days progressively reduces T and 11-TK, resulting in damage to the production of spermatogenic cells, while refeeding may delay spermatogenesis but does not lead to testicular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Sales
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa Pinheiro
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yves Moreira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Alberto Weber
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola de Oliveira Paes-Leme
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Magno Costa Melo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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17
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Fraz S, Lee AH, Pollard S, Srinivasan K, Vermani A, Wilson JY. Parental gemfibrozil exposure impacts zebrafish F 1 offspring, but not subsequent generations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:194-204. [PMID: 31132737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM) is a fibrate lipid regulator and one of the most commonly occurring fresh water pharmaceuticals. The negative effects of fibrates including GEM on fish reproduction have been frequently reported including effects of F0 GEM exposure on reproduction of the unexposed F1 offspring. We predicted that chronic, direct exposure of zebrafish with low concentrations of GEM would adversely affect parental male reproduction and unexposed offspring for multiple generations. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L GEM for 6 weeks and a range of reproductive indices were analyzed. The F1-F4 offspring were reared in clean water from 3 distinct lineages where only a single or both parents were exposed and compared to a control lineage where parents were unexposed. Reproductive indices were examined in unexposed F1-F4 offspring to test the hypothesis of multi- or trans- generational impacts. Exposure to GEM caused a decline in breeding success and mean embryo production in F0 parents and a reduction in whole body 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), altered male courtship, aggression and sperm morphology. Our results indicate that paternal exposure alone is sufficient to result in reproductive effects in unexposed male offspring but that effects are mostly limited to F1. We suggest that GEM may act as a reproductive endocrine disruptor in fish and that chronic exposure reduced male reproductive fitness but not over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Simon Pollard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Krishna Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abhilasha Vermani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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18
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Lee G, Lee S, Ha N, Kho Y, Park K, Kim P, Ahn B, Kim S, Choi K. Effects of gemfibrozil on sex hormones and reproduction related performances of Oryzias latipes following long-term (155 d) and short-term (21 d) exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:174-181. [PMID: 30772707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil, a lipid-regulating pharmaceutical, has been widely used for treating dyslipidemia in humans and detected frequently in freshwater environments. Since plasma cholesterol is a precursor of steroid hormones, the use of gemfibrozil may influence the sex hormone balances. However, its endocrine toxicity following long-term exposure is not well understood. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of gemfibrozil on sex hormones and reproductive outcomes in a freshwater fish, following a long-term (155 d) exposure. For this purpose, Japanese medaka embryos (F0) were exposed to a series of gemfibrozil concentrations, i.e., 0, 0.04, 0.4, 3.7, and 40 mg/L for 155 d, and reproductive parameters, sex hormones, and associated gene expressions were assessed. For comparison, a short-term exposure (21 d) was performed separately with adult medaka and measured for sex hormones and related gene expressions. Following the 155 d long-term exposure, the fecundity showed a decreasing pattern. In addition, at 3.7 mg/L gemfibrozil, testosterone (T) level in the female fish was significantly decreased, and the hatchability of F1 fish was significantly decreased. The estrogen receptor (er) or vitellogenin (vtg) genes in gonads and liver were up-regulated. However, plasma cholesterol levels did not show significant changes in both sexes. The observations from the short-term (21 d) exposure were different from those of the long-term exposure. Following the short-term exposure, decreased 17β-estradiol (E2), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels along with decrease plasma cholesterol were observed in the male fish. The hormone disruption following the short-term exposure appears to be associated with the hypocholesterolemic activity of gemfibrozil. Our results show that the mechanisms of gemfibrozil toxicity may depend on the exposure duration. Consequences of long-term exposure to other fibrates in the water environment warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Ha
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Zang L, Maddison LA, Chen W. Zebrafish as a Model for Obesity and Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:91. [PMID: 30177968 PMCID: PMC6110173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes now considered global epidemics. The prevalence rates of diabetes are increasing in parallel with the rates of obesity and the strong connection between these two diseases has been coined as “diabesity.” The health risks of overweight or obesity include Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), coronary heart disease and cancer of numerous organs. Both obesity and diabetes are complex diseases that involve the interaction of genetics and environmental factors. The underlying pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes are not well understood and further research is needed for pharmacological and surgical management. Consequently, the use of animal models of obesity and/or diabetes is important for both improving the understanding of these diseases and to identify and develop effective treatments. Zebrafish is an attractive model system for studying metabolic diseases because of the functional conservation in lipid metabolism, adipose biology, pancreas structure, and glucose homeostasis. It is also suited for identification of novel targets associated with the risk and treatment of obesity and diabetes in humans. In this review, we highlight studies using zebrafish to model metabolic diseases, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of studying pathologies associated with obesity and diabetes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Lisette A Maddison
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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20
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Fraz S, Lee AH, Wilson JY. Gemfibrozil and carbamazepine decrease steroid production in zebrafish testes (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:1-9. [PMID: 29494825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are two environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals and chronic exposure of fish to these compounds has decreased androgen levels and fish reproduction in laboratory studies. The main focus of this study was to examine the effects of GEM and CBZ on testicular steroid production, using zebrafish as a model species. Chronic water borne exposures of adult zebrafish to 10 μg/L of GEM and CBZ were conducted and the dosing was confirmed by chemical analysis of water as 17.5 ± 1.78 and 11.2 ± 1.08 μg/L respectively. A 67 day exposure led to reduced reproductive output and lowered whole body, plasma, and testicular 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). Testicular production of 11-KT was examined post exposure (42 days) using ex vivo cultures to determine basal and stimulated steroid production. The goal was to ascertain the step impaired in the steroidogenic pathway by each compound. Ex vivo 11-KT production in testes from males chronically exposed to GEM and CBZ was lower than that from unexposed males. Although hCG, 25-OH cholesterol, and pregnenolone stimulation increased 11-KT production in all treatment groups over basal levels, hCG stimulated 11-KT production remained significantly less in testes from exposed males compared to controls. 25-OH cholesterol and pregnenolone stimulated 11-KT production was similar between GEM and control groups but the CBZ group had lower 11-KT production than controls with both stimulants. We therefore propose that chronic GEM and CBZ exposure can reduce production of 11-KT in testes through direct effects independent of mediation through HPG axis. The biochemical processes for steroid production appear un-impacted by GEM exposure; while CBZ exposure may influence steroidogenic enzyme expression or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada; Current affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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21
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Capitão A, Lyssimachou A, Castro LFC, Santos MM. Obesogens in the aquatic environment: an evolutionary and toxicological perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:153-169. [PMID: 28662399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of obesity in humans is a major health concern of our times, affecting an increasing proportion of the population worldwide. It is now evident that this phenomenon is not only associated with the lack of exercise and a balanced diet, but also due to environmental factors, such as exposure to environmental chemicals that interfere with lipid homeostasis. These chemicals, also known as obesogens, are present in a wide range of products of our daily life, such as cosmetics, paints, plastics, food cans and pesticide-treated food, among others. A growing body of evidences indicates that their action is not limited to mammals. Obesogens also end up in the aquatic environment, potentially affecting its ecosystems. In fact, reports show that some environmental chemicals are able to alter lipid homeostasis, impacting weight, lipid profile, signaling pathways and/or protein activity, of several taxa of aquatic animals. Such perturbations may give rise to physiological disorders and disease. Although largely unexplored from a comparative perspective, the key molecular components implicated in lipid homeostasis have likely appeared early in animal evolution. Therefore, it is not surprising that the obesogen effects are found in other animal groups beyond mammals. Collectively, data indicates that suspected obesogens impact lipid metabolism across phyla that have diverged over 600 million years ago. Thus, a consistent link between environmental chemical exposure and the obesity epidemic has emerged. This review aims to summarize the available information on the effects of putative obesogens in aquatic organisms, considering the similarities and differences of lipid homeostasis pathways among metazoans, thus contributing to a better understanding of the etiology of obesity in human populations. Finally, we identify the knowledge gaps in this field and we set future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal..
| | - Angeliki Lyssimachou
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Costa Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal..
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal..
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22
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Madureira TV, Pinheiro I, Malhão F, Lopes C, Urbatzka R, Castro LFC, Rocha E. Cross-interference of two model peroxisome proliferators in peroxisomal and estrogenic pathways in brown trout hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 187:153-162. [PMID: 28415051 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators cause species-specific effects, which seem to be primarily transduced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Interestingly, PPARα has a close interrelationship with estrogenic signaling, and this latter has already been promptly activated in brown trout primary hepatocytes. Thus, and further exploring this model, we assess here the reactivity of two PPARα agonists in direct peroxisomal routes and, in parallel the cross-interferences in estrogen receptor (ER) mediated paths. To achieve these goals, three independent in vitro studies were performed using single exposures to clofibrate - CLF (50, 500 and 1000μM), Wy-14,643 - Wy (50 and 150μM), GW6471 - GW (1 and 10μM), and mixtures, including PPARα agonist or antagonist plus an ER agonist or antagonist. Endpoints included gene expression analysis of peroxisome/lipidic related genes (encoding apolipoprotein AI - ApoAI, fatty acid binding protein 1 - Fabp1, catalase - Cat, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4 - 17β-HSD4, peroxin 11 alpha - Pex11α, PPARαBb, PPARαBa and urate oxidase - Uox) and those encoding estrogenic targets (ERα, ERβ-1 and vitellogenin A - VtgA). A quantitative morphological approach by using a pre-validated catalase immunofluorescence technique allowed checking possible changes in peroxisomes. Our results show a low responsiveness of trout hepatocytes to model PPARα agonists in direct target receptor pathways. Additionally, we unveiled interferences in estrogenic signaling caused by Wy, leading to an up-regulation VtgA and ERα at 150μM; these effects seem counteracted with a co-exposure to an ER antagonist. The present data stress the potential of this in vitro model for further exploring the physiological/toxicological implications related with this nuclear receptor cross-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vieira Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto (U. Porto), Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Melvin SD, Habener LJ, Leusch FDL, Carroll AR. 1H NMR-based metabolomics reveals sub-lethal toxicity of a mixture of diabetic and lipid-regulating pharmaceuticals on amphibian larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 184:123-132. [PMID: 28131079 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are widely used for the treatment of various physical and psychological ailments. Due to incomplete removal during sewage treatment many pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in aquatic waterways at trace concentrations. The diversity of pharmaceutical contaminants and potential for complex mixtures to occur makes it very difficult to predict the toxicity of these compounds on wildlife, and robust methods are therefore needed to explore sub-lethal effects. Metabolic syndrome is one of the most widespread health concerns currently facing the human population, and various drugs, including anti-diabetic medications and lipid- and cholesterol-lowering fibrates and statins, are widely prescribed as treatment. In this study, we exposed striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles to a mixture of the drugs metformin, atorvastatin and bezafibrate at 0.5, 5, 50 and 500μg/L to explore possible effects on growth and development, energy reserves (triglycerides and cholesterol), and profiles of small polar metabolites extracted from hepatic tissues. It was hypothesised that exposure would result in a general reduction in energy reserves, and that this would subsequently correspond with reduced growth and development. Responses differed from expected outcomes based on the known mechanisms of these compounds in humans, with no changes to hepatic triglycerides or cholesterol and a general increase in mass and condition with increasing exposure concentration. Deviation from the expected response patterns may be explained by differences in the receptivity or uptake of the compounds in non-mammalian species. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy revealed evidence of broad metabolic dysregulation in exposed animals, and possible interaction between the solvent and mixture. Specifically, increased lactic acid and branched-chain amino acids were observed, with responses tending to follow a non-monotonic pattern. Overall, results demonstrate that a mixture of drugs commonly prescribed to treat human metabolic syndrome is capable of eliciting physiological and developmental effects on larval amphibians. Importantly, outcomes further suggest that it may not be possible to predict toxicological effects in non-target wildlife based on our knowledge of how these compounds act in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Leesa J Habener
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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24
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Grech A, Brochot C, Dorne JL, Quignot N, Bois FY, Beaudouin R. Toxicokinetic models and related tools in environmental risk assessment of chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:1-15. [PMID: 27842969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemicals for the protection of ecosystems integrity is a key regulatory and scientific research field which is undergoing constant development in modelling approaches and harmonisation with human risk assessment. This review focuses on state-of-the-art toxicokinetic tools and models that have been applied to terrestrial and aquatic species relevant to environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Both empirical and mechanistic toxicokinetic models are discussed using the results of extensive literature searches together with tools and software for their calibration and an overview of applications in environmental risk assessment. These include simple tools such as one-compartment models, multi-compartment models to physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models, mostly available for aquatic species such as fish species and a number of chemical classes including plant protection products, metals, persistent organic pollutants, nanoparticles. Data gaps and further research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Grech
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Quignot
- LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Y Bois
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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25
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Wu D, Yao J, Lu G, Liu F, Zhou C, Zhang P, Nkoom M. Adsorptive removal of aqueous bezafibrate by magnetic ferrite modified carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MFe2O4/CNTs were synthesized and successfully applied for the removal of aqueous bezafibrate. The adsorption behavior and mechanism were elucidated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Fuli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Henan Province Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
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26
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Exposure to gemfibrozil and atorvastatin affects cholesterol metabolism and steroid production in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 199:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mozzicafreddo M, Arukwe A, Angeletti M, Aretusi G, Mosconi G. Tri- m-cresyl phosphate and PPAR/LXR interactions in seabream hepatocytes: revealed by computational modeling (docking) and transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:471-481. [PMID: 30090361 PMCID: PMC6061042 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMCP; an organophosphate flame retardant) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) or liver X receptor α (LXRα) were investigated in seabream hepatocytes. The study was designed to characterize the binding of TMCP to PPARα, PPARγ and LXRα by computational modeling (docking) and transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways. TMCP mainly established a non-polar interaction with each receptor. These findings reflect the hydrophobic nature of this binding site, with fish LXRα showing the highest binding efficiency. Further, we have investigated the ability of TMCP to activate PPAR and LXR controlled transcriptional processes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism. TMCP induced the expression of all the target genes measured. All target genes were up-regulated at all exposure doses, except for fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B. Collectively, our data indicate that TMCP can affect fatty acid synthesis/uptake and cholesterol metabolism through LXRα and PPARs, together with interactions between these transcription factors in seabream liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Via Gentile III Da Varano , I-62032 Camerino , MC , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0737 404920
| | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Via Gentile III Da Varano , I-62032 Camerino , MC , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0737 404920
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Via Gentile III Da Varano , I-62032 Camerino , MC , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0737 404920
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Høgskoleringen 5 , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Via Gentile III Da Varano , I-62032 Camerino , MC , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0737 404920
| | - Graziano Aretusi
- Controllo Statistico , Pescara , Italy . http://www.controllostatistico.com
- Marine Protected Area Torre del Cerrano , 64025 Pineto , TE , Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Via Gentile III Da Varano , I-62032 Camerino , MC , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0737 404920
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28
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Zang L, Shimada Y, Nishimura Y, Tanaka T, Nishimura N. Repeated Blood Collection for Blood Tests in Adult Zebrafish. J Vis Exp 2015:e53272. [PMID: 26383512 DOI: 10.3791/53272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated blood collection is one of the most common techniques performed on laboratory animals. However, a non-lethal protocol for blood collection from zebrafish has not been established. The previous methods for blood collection from zebrafish are lethal, such as lateral incision, decapitation and tail ablation. Thus we have developed a novel "repeated" blood collection method, and present here a detailed protocol outlining this procedure. This method is minimally invasive and results in a very low mortality rate (2.3%) for zebrafish, thus enabling repeated blood sampling from the same individual. The maximum volume of blood sampling is dependent on body weight of the fish. The volume for repeated blood sampling at intervals should be ≤0.4% of body weight every week or ≤1% every 2 weeks, which were evaluated by measurements of blood hemoglobin. Additionally, hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol levels in male and female adult zebrafish were measured. We also applied this method to investigate the dysregulation of glucose metabolism in diet-induced obesity. This blood collection method will allow many applications, including glucose and lipid metabolism and hematological studies, which will increase the use of zebrafish as a human disease model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zang
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University;
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
| | - Norihiro Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University
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29
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Mozzicafreddo M, Cuccioloni M, Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mosconi G, Capone A, Ricci I, Eleuteri AM, Angeletti M. Environmental pollutants directly affect the liver X receptor alpha activity: Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of binding. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:1-7. [PMID: 25869557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which is mainly involved in cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid and triglycerides metabolism, and, as recently discovered, in the glucose metabolism by direct regulation of liver glucokinase. Its modulation by exogenous factors, such as drugs, industrial by-products, and chemicals is documented. Owing to the abundance of these synthetic molecules in the environment, and to the established target role of this receptor, a number of representative compounds of phthalate, organophosphate and fibrate classes were tested as ligands/modulators of human liver X receptor, using an integrated approach, combining an in silico molecular docking technique with an optical SPR biosensor binding study. The compounds of interest were predicted and proved to target the oxysterols-binding site of human LXRα with measurable binding kinetic constants and with affinities ranging between 4.3 × 10(-7) and 4.3 × 10(-8)M. Additionally, non-cytotoxic concentration of these chemicals induced relevant changes in the LXRα gene expression levels and other target genes (SREBP-1c and LGK) in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), as demonstrated by q-RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy.
| | | | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Aida Capone
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032 Italy
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30
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Urbatzka R, Galante-Oliveira S, Rocha E, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Castro LFC, Cunha I. Effects of the PPARα agonist WY-14,643 on plasma lipids, enzymatic activities and mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in a marine flatfish, Scophthalmus maximus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 164:155-162. [PMID: 25974001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrates and other lipid regulator drugs are widespread in the aquatic environment including estuaries and coastal zones, but little is known on their chronic effects on non-target organisms as marine fish. In the present study, turbot juveniles were exposed to the PPARα model agonist WY-14,643 for 21 days by repeated injections at the concentrations of 5mg/kg (lo-WY) and 50mg/kg (hi-WY), and samples taken after 7 and 21 days. Enzyme activity and mRNA expression of palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and catalase in the liver were analyzed as first response, which validated the experiment by demonstrating interactions with the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress pathways in the hi-WY treatment. In order to get mechanistic insights, alterations of plasma lipids (free cholesterol, FC; HDL associated cholesterol, C-HDL; triglycerides, TG; non-esterified fatty acids, NEFA) and hepatic mRNA expression of 17 genes involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism were studied. The exposure to hi-WY reduced the quantity of plasma FC, C-HDL, and NEFA. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein E mRNA expression were higher in hi-WY, and indicated an increased formation of VLDL particles and energy mobilization from liver. It is speculated that energy depletion by PPARα agonists may contribute to a higher susceptibility to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal.
| | - S Galante-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - A Lobo-da-Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - L F C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - I Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
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31
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Nyakubaya VT, Durney BC, Ellington MCG, Kantes AD, Reed PA, Walter SE, Stueckle JR, Holland LA. Quantification of circulating steroids in individual zebrafish using stacking to achieve nanomolar detection limits with capillary electrophoresis and UV-visible absorbance detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6985-93. [PMID: 26041454 PMCID: PMC4551537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis and UV-visible absorbance detection are used with sample stacking to achieve detection limits ranging from 0.2 to 2 ng/mL (0.8 to 6 nM) for steroids. Stacking is accomplished using negatively charged cyclodextrin steroid-carrier molecules at a discrete pH interface between the reconstituted sample and the separation electrolyte. Steroids are then separated in under 5 min using capillary electrophoresis that incorporates secondary equilibria via sodium dodecyl sulfate and cyclodextrin. The effectiveness of the method for measurements of multiple steroids in limited sample volumes is demonstrated in individual female fish with total circulating blood volumes of 5 μL or less. Steroid recoveries from plasma following a sample processing method developed with commercial extraction cartridges range from 81 to 109 % for 17α,20β-dihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinyl estradiol. When applied to reproductively active female zebrafish, changes were detected in the levels of circulating steroids as a result of exposure to different solvents and 17β-estradiol. Steroids are measured in individual zebrafish subject to chemical exposure ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent T Nyakubaya
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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32
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Coimbra AM, Peixoto MJ, Coelho I, Lacerda R, Carvalho AP, Gesto M, Lyssimachou A, Lima D, Soares J, André A, Capitão A, Castro LFC, Santos MM. Chronic effects of clofibric acid in zebrafish (Danio rerio): a multigenerational study. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:76-86. [PMID: 25621398 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clofibric acid (CA) is an active metabolite of the blood lipid lowering agent clofibrate, a pharmaceutical designed to work as agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa). It is the most commonly reported fibrate in aquatic environments with low degradation rate and potential environmental persistence. Previous fish exposures showed that CA may impact spermatogenesis, growth and the expression of fat binding protein genes. However, there are limited data on the effects of chronic multigenerational CA exposures. Here, we assessed chronic multigenerational effects of CA exposure using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a teleost model. Zebrafish were exposed through the diet to CA (1 and 10mg/g) during their whole lifetime. Growth, reproduction-related parameters and embryonic development were assessed in the exposed fish (F1 generation) and their offspring (F2 generation), together with muscle triglyceride content and gonad histology. In order to study the potential underlying mechanisms, the transcription levels of genes coding for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism pathways were determined. The results show that chronic life-cycle exposure to CA induced a significant reduction in growth of F1 generation and lowered triglyceride muscle content (10mg/g group). Also, an impact in male gonad development was observed together with a decrease in the fecundity (10mg/g group) and higher frequency of embryo abnormalities in the offspring of fish exposed to the lowest CA dose. The profile of the target genes was sex- and tissue-dependent. In F1 an up-regulation of male hepatic pparaa, pparb and acox transcript levels was observed, suggesting an activation of the fatty acid metabolism (provided that transcript level change indicates also a protein level change). Interestingly, the F2 generation, raised with control diet, displayed a response pattern different from that observed in F1, showing an increase in weight in the descendants of CA exposed fish, in comparison with control animals, which points to a multigenerational effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Coimbra
- Centre for The Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, Life Sciences and Environment School (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Peixoto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, Life Sciences and Environment School (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Inês Coelho
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lacerda
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gesto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Angeliki Lyssimachou
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Lima
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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33
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Librán-Pérez M, Velasco C, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Counter-regulatory response to a fall in circulating fatty acid levels in rainbow trout. Possible involvement of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113291. [PMID: 25405879 PMCID: PMC4236162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that a decrease in circulating levels of fatty acid (FA) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss would result in the inhibition of putative hypothalamic FA sensing systems with concomitant changes in the expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic factors ultimately leading to a stimulation of food intake. To assess this hypothesis, we lowered circulating FA levels treating fish with SDZ WAG 994 (SDZ), a selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist that inhibits lipolysis. In additional groups, we also evaluated if the presence of intralipid was able to counteract changes induced by SDZ treatment, and the possible involvement of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis by treating fish with SDZ in the presence of metyrapone, which decreases cortisol synthesis in fish. The decrease in circulating levels of FA in rainbow trout induced a clear increase in food intake that was associated with the decrease of the anorexigenic potential in hypothalamus (decreased POMC-A1 and CART mRNA abundance), and with changes in several parameters related to putative FA-sensing mechanisms in hypothalamus. Intralipid treatment counteracted these changes. SDZ treatment also induced increased cortisol levels and the activation of different components of the HPI axis whereas these changes disappeared in the presence of intralipid or metyrapone. These results suggest that the HPI axis is involved in a counter-regulatory response in rainbow trout to restore FA levels in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Feswick A, Ankley GT, Denslow N, Ellestad LE, Fuzzen M, Jensen KM, Kroll K, Lister A, MacLatchy DL, McMaster ME, Orlando EF, Servos MR, Tetreault GR, Van Den Heuvel MR, Munkittrick KR. An inter-laboratory study on the variability in measured concentrations of 17β-estradiol, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in white sucker: implications and recommendations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:847-857. [PMID: 24375479 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are exogenous substances that can impact the reproduction of fish, potentially by altering circulating concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). Common methods to measure steroids in plasma samples include radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs). The present study examines variability in E2, T, and 11-KT across 8 laboratories measuring reference and pulp mill effluent-exposed white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) plasma. We examine the contribution of assay type (RIA vs ELISA), standardized hormone extraction, location of values on the standard curve (upper and lower limits), and other variables on the ability to distinguish hormone levels between reference and exposed fish and the impact of these variables on quantitation of hormones in different laboratories. Of the 8 participating laboratories, 7 of 8 and 7 of 7 identified differences between sites for female E2 and female T, respectively, and 7 of 7 and 4 of 5 identified no differences between male T and male 11-KT. Notably, however, the ng/mL concentration of steroids measured across laboratories varied by factors of 10-, 6-, 14-, and 10-fold, respectively. Within laboratory intra-assay variability was generally acceptable and below 15%. Factors contributing to interlaboratory variability included calculation errors, assay type, and methodology. Based on the interlaboratory variability detected, we provide guidelines and recommendations to improve the accuracy and precision of steroid measurements in fish ecotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Feswick
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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35
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Zenobio JE, Sanchez BC, Archuleta LC, Sepulveda MS. Effects of triclocarban, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:910-9. [PMID: 24375658 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected widely in aquatic ecosystems, but little is known about their mechanisms of toxicity. We exposed adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) for 48 h to triclocarban (1.4 µg/L), N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET; 0.6 µg/L), or a mixture of PPCPs consisting of atenolol (1.5 µg/L), caffeine (0.25 µg/L), diphenhydramine (0.1 µg/L), gemfibrozil (1.5 µg/L), ibuprofen (0.4 µg/L), naproxen (1.6 µg/L), triclosan (2.3 µg/L), progesterone (0.2 µg/L), triclocarban (1.4 µg/L), and DEET (0.6 µg/L). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed an upregulation in vitellogenin (vtg) in livers of females and males exposed to triclocarban. Also, an upregulation of hepatic lipoprotein lipase (lpl) and a downregulation of androgen receptor (ar) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) were observed in testes. The group treated with DEET only showed a significant decrease in ar in females. In contrast, the PPCP mixture downregulated vtg in females and males and expression of estrogen receptor alpha (erα), star, and thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (thra1) in testes. The authors' results show that the molecular estrogenic effects of triclocarban are eliminated (males) or reversed (females) when dosed in conjunction with several other PPCP, once again demonstrating that results from single exposures could be vastly different from those observed with mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:910-919. © 2013 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Zenobio
- Ecological Science and Engineering Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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36
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Tokarz J, Möller G, de Angelis MH, Adamski J. Zebrafish and steroids: what do we know and what do we need to know? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:165-73. [PMID: 23376612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish, Danio rerio, has long been used as a model organism in developmental biology. Nowadays, due to their advantages compared to other model animals, the fish gain popularity and are also increasingly used in endocrinology. This review focuses on an important aspect of endocrinology in zebrafish by summarizing the progress in steroid hormone related research. We present the state of the art of research on steroidogenesis, the action of steroid hormones, and steroid catabolism and cover the incremental usage of zebrafish as a test animal in endocrine disruption research. By this approach, we demonstrate that some aspects of steroid hormone research are well characterized (e.g., expression patterns of the genes involved), while other aspects such as functional analyses of enzymes, steroid hormone elimination, or the impact of steroid hormones on embryonic development or sex differentiation have not been extensively studied and are poorly understood. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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37
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Velasco-Santamaría YM, Bjerregaard P, Korsgaard B. Evidence of small modulation of ethinylestradiol induced effects by concurrent exposure to trenbolone in male eelpout Zoarces viviparus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:189-196. [PMID: 23583938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of xenobiotics is common in aquatic ecosystems; therefore, we wanted to evaluate if trenbolone (TB) modulates the effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Male eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) were exposed to 5 ng L(-1) EE2 continuously for 19 d (EE2-C) or discontinuously (11 d, EE2-D) alone or in combination with low (50 ng L(-1), TBL) or high (500 ng L(-1), TBH) concentrations of TB (19 d). Exposure to EE2 caused reduced gonadosomatic index, increased plasma vitellogenin concentrations, up-regulated vtg and era mRNA expression and severe alterations in gonadal histology. TBL and TBH did not affect plasma vitellogenin, era or vtg mRNA expression. TBL and TBH did not counteract the EE2-induced increase in plasma vitellogenin and reduction in 11-ketotestosterone whereas TBH counteracted the EE2 induced increase in vtg and era mRNA expression. Exposure to TBH and EE2-C + TBH lead to severe gonadal histology alterations. TBL and EE2-D + TBH exposed fish showed less histopathological alterations.
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Zang L, Shimada Y, Nishimura Y, Tanaka T, Nishimura N. A novel, reliable method for repeated blood collection from aquarium fish. Zebrafish 2013; 10:425-32. [PMID: 23668933 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collecting blood from laboratory animals is necessary for a wide variety of scientific studies, but the small size of the zebrafish makes this common procedure challenging. We developed a novel, minimally invasive method to collect repeated blood samples from adult zebrafish. This method minimizes trauma to the zebrafish and yields a low mortality rate of 2.3%. The maximum volume of blood that can be collected using this technique is approximately 2% of body weight. To avoid blood loss anemia and hemorrhagic death, we recommend that the total blood sample volume collected over repeat bleeds should be ≤0.4% of body weight per week, and ≤1% of body weight per 2 weeks. Additionally, we applied this method to the study of zebrafish glycolipid metabolism by measuring blood glucose and plasma triacylglyceride levels weekly over a 5-week period in both control and overfed zebrafish. The overfed fish developed significantly increased fasting blood glucose levels compared with normally fed fish. This new method of blood collection is essential for zebrafish or other small aquarium fish research requiring repeated blood samples, and increases the utility of the zebrafish as a model animal in hematological studies of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zang
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Mie University, Tsu, Japan .
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Maqdasy S, Baptissart M, Vega A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Cholesterol and male fertility: what about orphans and adopted? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:30-46. [PMID: 22766106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The link between cholesterol homeostasis and male fertility has been clearly suggested in patients who suffer from hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. This has been confirmed by the generation of several transgenic mouse models or in animals fed with high cholesterol diet. Next to the alteration of the endocrine signaling pathways through steroid receptors (androgen and estrogen receptors); "orphan" and "adopted" nuclear receptors, such as the Liver X Receptors (LXRs), the Proliferating Peroxisomal Activated Receptors (PPARs) or the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), have been involved in this cross-talk. These transcription factors show distinct expression patterns in the male genital tract, explaining the large panel of phenotypes observed in transgenic male mice and highlighting the importance of lipid homesostasis and the complexity of the molecular pathways involved. Increasing our knowledge of the roles of these nuclear receptors in male germ cell differentiation could help in proposing new approaches to either treat infertile men or define new strategies for contraception.
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40
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Deciphering Emerging Toxicological Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms by Using Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as Model Organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Ashrafi H, Ghabili K, Alihemmati A, Jouyban A, Shoja MM, Aslanabadi S, Adl FH, Ghavimi H, Hajhosseini L. The effect of quince leaf (Cydonia oblonga miller) decoction on testes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: a pilot study. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2012; 10:277-82. [PMID: 24146451 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current medical literature lacks any evidence of the protective effects of quince leaf on testes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) leaf decoction on testicular injury and impaired spermatogenesis induced by hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. Eleven mature New Zealand white male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (hypercholesterolemia, n=3), group 2 (hypercholesterolemia plus quince treatment, n=6), and group 3 (control, n=2). Groups 1 and 2 received a cholesterol-enriched diet for six weeks. Group 2 received C. oblonga leaf decoction as drinking supplement as well. After six weeks, a normal diet was substituted in groups 1 and 2 for another six weeks. Group 3 (control group) was maintained throughout the study on a regular diet. At the end of the 12(th) week, the left testes of the animals were resected for light microscopic study with particular attention to the maturity of germ cells in seminiferous tubules using Johnsen's score. Increase in intertubular connective tissue and diameter of vessels, abundant spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes along the reduced germinal epithelium were noted in all rabbits of the group 1. The remaining animals in groups 2 and 3 had no significant changes in their testicular sections. The mean Johnsen's score of group 1 (4.20 ± 1.92) was significantly lower than that of group 2 (7.33 ± 0.52) and group 3 (7.05 ± 0.07). (P=0.01). In conclusion, quince leaf decoction (C. oblonga Miller) protected rabbit testes and spermatogenesis from damage induced by hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ashrafi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Skolness SY, Durhan EJ, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Makynen EA, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT. Effects of gemfibrozil on lipid metabolism, steroidogenesis, and reproduction in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2615-2624. [PMID: 22911976 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrates are a class of pharmaceuticals that indirectly modulate cholesterol biosynthesis through effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Gemfibrozil is a fibrate that has been detected in wastewater treatment plant influents, effluents, and drinking water. The objective of the present study was to assess the potential physiological and reproductive impacts of gemfibrozil on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Fish were exposed to gemfibrozil in two different studies. The first was a short-term test with water concentrations of 0, 15, and 600 µg gemfibrozil/L, sampling after 2 or 8 d of exposure. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced in males exposed to 600 µg gemfibrozil/L for 8 d. In addition, expression of several hepatic genes important to lipid metabolism was altered, suggesting that gemfibrozil does affect lipid metabolism in fish. A 21-d study was conducted to investigate further the effects on lipid metabolism and steroidogenesis as well as to assess potential impacts of gemfibrozil on reproduction. Fish were exposed to water concentrations of 0, 1.5, 15, 600, and 1,500 µg gemfibrozil/L. Exposure to 1,500 µg gemfibrozil/L caused a modest, but not significant, reduction in fecundity. However, gemfibrozil had no consistent effect on plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, or sex steroids after 21 d of exposure. The present study showed no evidence for significant physiological or reproductive impacts of gemfibrozil at an environmentally relevant concentration of 1.5 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Skolness
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA.
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