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Yin J, Duan C, Zhou F, Gong L, Gunathilaka MDKL, Liu X, Liu D, Shen A, Pan Y. Microplastics affect interspecific interactions between cladoceran species in the absence and presence of predators by triggering asymmetric individual responses. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120877. [PMID: 37984039 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have reported the negative effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms, most research is focused on individual scales. Individual studies highlight harm mechanisms, but understanding broader ecological effects necessitates evidence from multiscale perspectives, particularly those based on interspecific interactions. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impacts of different microplastic concentrations (0, 0.4, 2, and 10 mg/L) on individual characteristics (physiology, behavior, and grazing rate) and population dynamics of two cladoceran species Daphnia magna and Scapholeberis kingi, and their interrelationships within communities in the absence and presence of predators (larvae of Agriocnemis pygmaea). We used 32-38 μm polyethylene microplastics; these particles were detected in the guts of D. magna, especially at higher concentrations, but were not found in S. kingi. Consequently, with increasing microplastic concentrations, the grazing and reproductive capacity of D. magna diminished, weakening their dominance in the coexistence system without damselfly larvae. Additionally, as microplastic concentration increased, D. magna faced greater oxidative damage and a reduction in mobility, making this species more susceptible to predation by damselfly larvae and less dominant in the predator-inhabited coexistence system. This study reveals the mechanism by which asymmetric impacts of microplastics on individual traits altered interspecific competition between zooplankton species, thereby illuminating the role of microplastics in altering zooplankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Changqun Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Fangjie Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Lihua Gong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - M D K Lakmali Gunathilaka
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Department of Geography, University of Colombo, 00300 Sri Lanka
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ao Shen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management & Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
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Grunst ML, Grunst AS, Grémillet D, Fort J. Combined threats of climate change and contaminant exposure through the lens of bioenergetics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5139-5168. [PMID: 37381110 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Organisms face energetic challenges of climate change in combination with suites of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In particular, chemical contaminant exposure has neurotoxic, endocrine-disrupting, and behavioral effects which may additively or interactively combine with challenges associated with climate change. We used a literature review across animal taxa and contaminant classes, but focused on Arctic endotherms and contaminants important in Arctic ecosystems, to demonstrate potential for interactive effects across five bioenergetic domains: (1) energy supply, (2) energy demand, (3) energy storage, (4) energy allocation tradeoffs, and (5) energy management strategies; and involving four climate change-sensitive environmental stressors: changes in resource availability, temperature, predation risk, and parasitism. Identified examples included relatively equal numbers of synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Synergies are often suggested to be particularly problematic, since they magnify biological effects. However, we emphasize that antagonistic effects on bioenergetic traits can be equally problematic, since they can reflect dampening of beneficial responses and result in negative synergistic effects on fitness. Our review also highlights that empirical demonstrations remain limited, especially in endotherms. Elucidating the nature of climate change-by-contaminant interactive effects on bioenergetic traits will build toward determining overall outcomes for energy balance and fitness. Progressing to determine critical species, life stages, and target areas in which transformative effects arise will aid in forecasting broad-scale bioenergetic outcomes under global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Andrea S Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
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3
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Verheyen J, Cuypers K, Stoks R. Adverse effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on the physiology of a damselfly only occur at the cold and hot extremes of a temperature gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121438. [PMID: 36963457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies considerably improved realism by assessing the toxicity of pollutants at different temperatures. Nevertheless, they may miss key interaction patterns between pollutants and temperature by typically considering only part of the natural thermal gradient experienced by species and ignoring daily temperature fluctuations (DTF). We therefore tested in a common garden laboratory experiment the effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos across a range of mean temperatures and DTF on physiological traits (related to oxidative stress and bioenergetics) in low- and high-latitude populations of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae. As expected, the impact of chlorpyrifos varied along the wide range of mean temperatures (12-34 °C). None of the physiological traits (except the superoxide anion levels) were affected by chlorpyrifos at the intermediate mean temperatures (20-24 °C). Instead, most of them were negatively affected by chlorpyrifos (reduced activity levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT] and peroxidase [PER], and a reduced energy budget) at the very high (≥28 °C) or extreme high temperatures (≥32 °C), and to lesser extent at the lower mean temperatures (≤16 °C). Notably, at the lower mean temperatures the negative impact of chlorpyrifos was often only present or stronger under DTF. Although the chlorpyrifos effects on the physiological traits greatly depended on the experimentally imposed thermal gradient, patterns were mainly consistent across the natural latitude-associated thermal gradient, indicating the generality of our results. The thermal patterns in chlorpyrifos-induced physiological responses contributed to the observed toxicity patterns in life history (reduced survival and growth at low and high mean temperatures). Taken together, our results underscore the importance of evaluating pesticide toxicity along a temperature gradient and of taking a mechanistic approach with a focus on physiology, to improve our understanding of the combined effects of pollutants and temperature in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kiani Cuypers
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Verheyen J, Stoks R. Thermal Performance Curves in a Polluted World: Too Cold and Too Hot Temperatures Synergistically Increase Pesticide Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3270-3279. [PMID: 36787409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies typically cover only a limited part of the natural thermal range of populations and ignore daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs). Therefore, we may miss important stressor interaction patterns and have poor knowledge on how pollutants affect thermal performance curves (TPCs), which is needed to improve insights into the fate of populations to warming in a polluted world. We tested the single and combined effects of pesticide exposure and DTFs on the TPCs of low- and high-latitude populations of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae. While chlorpyrifos did not have any effect at the intermediate mean temperatures (20-24 °C), it became toxic (reflecting synergisms) at lower (≤16 °C, reduced growth) and especially at higher (≥28 °C, reduced survival and growth) mean temperatures, resulting in more concave-shaped TPCs. Remarkably, these toxicity patterns were largely consistent at both latitudes and hence across a natural thermal gradient. Moreover, DTFs magnified the pesticide-induced survival reductions at 34 °C. The TPC perspective allowed us to identify different toxicity patterns and interaction types (mainly additive vs synergistic) across the thermal gradient. This highlights the importance of using thermal gradients to make more realistic predictions about the impact of pesticides in a warming world and of warming in a polluted world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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State and physiology behind personality in arthropods: a review. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the endeavour to understand the causes and consequences of the variation in animal personality, a wide range of studies were carried out, utilising various aspects to make sense of this biological phenomenon. One such aspect integrated the study of physiological traits, investigating hypothesised physiological correlates of personality. Although many of such studies were carried out on vertebrates (predominantly on birds and mammals), studies using arthropods (mainly insects) as model organisms were also at the forefront of this area of research. In order to review the current state of knowledge on the relationship between personality and the most frequently studied physiological parameters in arthropods, we searched for scientific articles that investigated this relationship. In our review, we only included papers utilising a repeated-measures methodology to be conceptually and formally concordant with the study of animal personality. Based on our literature survey, metabolic rate, thermal physiology, immunophysiology, and endocrine regulation, as well as exogenous agents (such as toxins) were often identified as significant affectors shaping animal personality in arthropods. We found only weak support for state-dependence of personality when the state is approximated by singular elements (or effectors) of condition. We conclude that a more comprehensive integration of physiological parameters with condition may be required for a better understanding of state’s importance in animal personality. Also, a notable knowledge gap persists in arthropods regarding the association between metabolic rate and hormonal regulation, and their combined effects on personality. We discuss the findings published on the physiological correlates of animal personality in arthropods with the aim to summarise current knowledge, putting it into the context of current theory on the origin of animal personality.
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Bhandari G, Atreya K, Vašíčková J, Yang X, Geissen V. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in soils from vegetable production areas: A case study in S-Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147921. [PMID: 34134388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides pose a serious risk to ecosystems. In this study, we used European Food Safety Authority methods, such as risk quotient (RQ) and toxicity exposure ratios (TER), to assess the potential ecological risks of 15 pesticide residues detected in agricultural soils in the Gaidahawa Rural Municipality of Nepal. The mean and maximum concentrations of the detected pesticide residues in the soil were used for risk characterization related to soil organisms. RQmean, TERmean and RQmaximum, TERmaximum were used to determine general and the worst-case scenarios, respectively. Of all the detected pesticides in soils, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for 27% of the pesticides was not available in literature for the tested soil organisms and their TER and RQ could not be calculated. RQ threshold value of ≥1 indicates high risk for organisms. Similarly, TER threshold value of ≥5, which is acceptable trigger point value for chronic exposure, indicates an acceptable risk. The results showed that the worst-case scenario (RQmaximum) indicated a high risk for soil organisms from chlorpyrifos [RQmaximum > 9 at depths (cm) of 0-5, 15-20 and 35-40 soil layer]; imidacloprid (1.78 in the 35-40 cm soil layer) and profenofos (3.37 in the 0-5 cm and 1.09 in the 35-40 cm soil layer). Likewise, for all the soil depths, the calculated TER for both the general and worst-case scenarios for chlorpyrifos ranged from 0.37 to 3.22, indicating chronic toxicity to F. candida. Furthermore, the risk of organophosphate pesticides for soil organisms in the sampling sites was mainly due to chlorpyrifos, except for two study sites where the risk was from profenofos. Ecological risk assessment (EcoRA) of the pesticide use in the study area indicated that the EFSA soil organisms were at risk at some of the localities where farmers practiced conventional farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), P.O. Box 23883, Kathmandu 31, Nepal.
| | - Kishor Atreya
- School of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Institute of Forestry (IOF), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
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Zhang X, Wen K, Ding D, Liu J, Lei Z, Chen X, Ye G, Zhang J, Shen H, Yan C, Dong S, Huang Q, Lin Y. Size-dependent adverse effects of microplastics on intestinal microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106452. [PMID: 33639345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) is an emerging environmental pollutant and exposure to MPs has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes in both wild and laboratory animals. The toxicity of MPs depends on concentration, exposure time, chemical composition and size distribution, but the impacts of particle size remain inconclusive yet. In this study, adult marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were exposed to different size of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) with concentration of 10 mg/L for 60 days and the growth performance, lipid metabolism, immune parameters and gut microbiome were determined. Results indicated that particle size is a dominant factor causing lipid metabolism disorders and hepatic toxicity in PS-MPs-exposed fish. The bodyweight, adipocyte size and hepatic lipid contents were significantly increased in 200 μm PS-MPs-exposed fish, while 2 and 10 μm PS-MPs-exposed fish exhibited liver injury principally manifested asthepresence oflittlefibrosis and inflammation. Given that larger particles could not enter the circulatory system, the impacts of PS-MPs on intestinal microbial biota homeostasis were further investigated. The results not only showed the characterization of gut microbial communities in Oryzias melastigma, but also indicated that microbial diversity and composition were altered in gut of fish exposed to PS-MPs, in particular 200 μm PS-MPs. The differentially abundant bacterial taxa in PS-MPs-exposed fish mainly belonged to the phylum Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes and Fusobacteria. And furthermore, increased abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased Fusobacteria were correlated with the increased bodyweight. Intestinal microbiome should play a critical role in regulating host lipid metabolism in fish exposed to lager size of PS-MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dongxiao Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anhui 246011, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guozhu Ye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Tran TT, Dinh Van K, Janssens L, Stoks R. The effect of warming on pesticide toxicity is reversed between developmental stages in the mosquito Culex pipiens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:134811. [PMID: 31836210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of interactions between pesticides and warming is important to improve ecological risk assessment in a warming world. Current insights are almost exclusively based on studies that exposed animals simultaneously to both warming and a pesticide and focused on effects during the pesticide exposure period and within a single developmental stage. We studied two ignored aspects of the interplay between warming and pesticide exposure: (i) the role of delayed effects after the pesticide exposure period, and (ii) the dependence on the developmental stage. We carried out a longitudinal experiment from the egg stage to the adult stage in the mosquito Culex pipiens where we crossed a warming treatment (20 °C vs 24 °C) with 48 h exposures to the pesticide chlorpyrifos in three developmental stages (early L1 larvae, late L4 larvae and adults). Chlorpyrifos induced mild to moderate mortality in all developmental stages (10-30%). A key finding was that warming shaped the chlorpyrifos-induced mortality but in opposite directions between stages. Chlorpyrifos was 7% less toxic under warming in L1 larvae, yet more toxic under warming in L4 larvae (22%) and in adult males (33%), while toxicity did not change under warming in adult females. We hypothesize that the general, stage-specific differences in the effects of warming on body size (increased size in early larvae, decreased size in later stages) caused the reversal of the effects of warming on toxicity between stages. Previous larval exposure to chlorpyrifos caused delayed effects that strongly reduced survival to the adult stage (̰25% at 24 °C). Notably, warming also modulated these delayed mortality effects in opposite ways between developmental stages, matching the patterns of mortality during the pesticide exposure periods. Integrating the general stage-specific patterns of how warming shapes body size is important to advance our mechanistic understanding of the interactions between pesticides and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Tran
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet nam.
| | - Khuong Dinh Van
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet nam; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Jacquin L, Petitjean Q, Côte J, Laffaille P, Jean S. Effects of Pollution on Fish Behavior, Personality, and Cognition: Some Research Perspectives. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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10
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Triassi M, Nardone A, Giovinetti MC, De Rosa E, Canzanella S, Sarnacchiaro P, Montuori P. Ecological risk and estimates of organophosphate pesticides loads into the Central Mediterranean Sea from Volturno River, the river of the "Land of Fires" area, southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:741-754. [PMID: 31082780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticides pollution in the Volturno River and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Eight selected organophosphate pesticides (diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, methidathion and tolclofos-methyl) were determined in the water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter and sediment samples collected from 10 sites in different seasons. Total organophosphate pesticides concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 65.09 ng L-1 in water (as the sum of the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter) and from 1.19 to 23.17 ng g-1 in sediment samples. It has been calculated that the discharge of pollutants from the Volturno river into the Tyrrhenian Sea was about 71.815, 31 g year-1; for this reason the river is to be considered one of the main mouths of organophosphate pesticides in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In relation to environmental risk assessment, the concentrations of most OPPs in water and sediments from the Volturno River and its estuary were lower than guideline values, but the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos (5.41 ng L-1) in the Volturno River and Estuary has been shown that the ecological integrity of the river watercourse is possibly at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Canzanella
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sarnacchiaro
- Department of Economics, University Unitelma Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 295, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Tran TT, Janssens L, Dinh KV, Stoks R. An adaptive transgenerational effect of warming but not of pesticide exposure determines how a pesticide and warming interact for antipredator behaviour. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:307-315. [PMID: 30447473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pesticides on organisms may strongly depend on temperature. While many species will be exposed to pesticides and warming both in the parental and offspring generations, transgenerational effects of pesticides under warming are still poorly studied, particularly for behaviour. We therefore studied the single and combined effects of exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and warming both within and across generations on antipredator behaviour of larvae of the vector mosquito Culex pipiens. Within each generation pesticide exposure and warming reduced the escape diving time, making the larvae more susceptible to predation. Pesticide exposure of the parents did not affect offspring antipredator behaviour. Yet, parental exposure to warming determined how warming and the pesticide interacted in the offspring generation. When parents were reared at 24 °C, warming no longer reduced offspring diving times in the solvent control, suggesting an adaptive transgenerational effect to prepare the offspring to better deal with a higher predation risk under warming. Related to this, the CPF-induced reduction in diving time was stronger at 20 °C than at 24 °C, except in the offspring whose parents had been exposed to 24 °C. This dependency of the widespread interaction between warming and pesticide exposure on an adaptive transgenerational effect of warming is an important finding at the interface of global change ecology and ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Tran
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet Nam.
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Viet Nam; National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Tran TT, Janssens L, Dinh KV, Stoks R. Transgenerational interactions between pesticide exposure and warming in a vector mosquito. Evol Appl 2018; 11:906-917. [PMID: 29928299 PMCID: PMC5999214 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While transgenerational plasticity may buffer ectotherms to warming and pesticides separately, it remains unknown how combined exposure to warming and pesticides in the parental generation shapes the vulnerability to these stressors in the offspring. We studied the transgenerational effects of single and combined exposure to warming (4°C increase) and the pesticide chlorpyrifos on life-history traits of the vector mosquito Culex pipiens. Parental exposure to a single stressor, either warming or the pesticide, had negative effects on the offspring: parental exposure to both warming and the pesticide resulted in an overall lower offspring survival, and a delayed offspring metamorphosis. Parental exposure to a single stressor did, however, not alter the vulnerability of the offspring to the same stressor in terms of survival. Parental pesticide exposure resulted in larger offspring when the offspring experienced the same stressor as the parents. Within both the parental and offspring generations, warming made the pesticide more toxic in terms of survival. Yet, this synergism disappeared in the offspring of parents exposed to both stressors simultaneously because in this condition, the pesticide was already more lethal at the lower temperature. Our results indicate that transgenerational effects will not increase the ability of this vector species to deal with pesticides in a warming world. Bifactorial transgenerational experiments are crucial to understand the combined impact of warming and pesticides across generations, hence to assess the efficacy of vector control in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T. Tran
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and EcotoxicologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and EcotoxicologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Khuong V. Dinh
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam
- National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and EcotoxicologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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13
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Janssens L, Verberk W, Stoks R. A widespread morphological antipredator mechanism reduces the sensitivity to pesticides and increases the susceptibility to warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1230-1235. [PMID: 29898530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollution and predation are two omnipresent stressors in aquatic systems that can interact in multiple ways, thereby challenging accurate assessment of the effects of pollutants in natural systems. Despite the widespread occurrence of morphological antipredator mechanisms, no studies have tested how these can affect the sensitivity of prey to pesticides. Sensitivity to pesticides is typically measured via reductions in growth rates and survival, but also reductions in heat tolerance are to be expected and are becoming increasingly important in a warming world. We investigated how autotomy, a widespread morphological antipredator mechanism where animals sacrifice a body part (here the caudal lamellae) to escape when attacked by a predator, modified the sensitivity to the insecticide chlorpyrifos in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. Exposure to chlorpyrifos reduced the growth rate and heat tolerance (measured as CTmax). A key finding was that the pesticide had a greater impact on growth rates of intact animals, i.e. those that retained their lamellae. This reduced sensitivity to chlorpyrifos in animals without lamellae can be explained by the reduced outer surface area which is expected to result in a lower uptake of the pesticide. Larvae that underwent autotomy exhibited a lower heat tolerance, which may also be explained by the reduced surface area and the associated reduction in oxygen uptake. There is a wide diversity of morphological antipredator mechanisms, suggesting that there will be more examples where these mechanisms affect the vulnerability to pollutants. Given the importance of pollution and predation as structuring forces in aquatic food webs, exploring the potential interactions between morphological antipredator mechanisms and sensitivity to pollutants will be crucial for risk assessment of pollutants in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wilco Verberk
- Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Guven O, Bach L, Munk P, Dinh KV, Mariani P, Nielsen TG. Microplastic does not magnify the acute effect of PAH pyrene on predatory performance of a tropical fish (Lates calcarifer). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:287-293. [PMID: 29622360 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) leads to widespread pollution in the marine ecosystem. In addition to the physical hazard posed by ingestion of microplastic particles, concern is also on their potential as vector for transport of hydrophobic contaminants. We experimentally studied the single and interactive effects of microplastic and pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, on the swimming behaviour and predatory performance of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Juveniles (18+ days post hatch) were exposed to MPs, or pyrene (100 nM), or combination of both, and feeding rate and foraging activity (swimming) were analysed. Exposure to MPs alone did not significantly influence feeding performance of the juveniles, while a dose-effect series of pyrene showed strong effect on fish behaviour when concentrations were above 100 nM. In the test of combined MP and pyrene exposure, we observed no effect on feeding while swimming speed decreased significantly. Thus, our results confirm that short-time exposure to pyrene impacts the performance of fish juveniles, while additional exposure to microplastic at the given conditions influenced their activity only and not their feeding rate. Further studies of the combined effects of microplastics and pollutants on tropical fish behaviour are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgac Guven
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lis Bach
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peter Munk
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Centre for Marine Aquaculture Practices at Cam Ranh, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Viet Nam
| | - Patrizio Mariani
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
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Janssens L, Stoks R. Stronger effects of Roundup than its active ingredient glyphosate in damselfly larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:210-216. [PMID: 29100103 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are causing strong decreases in aquatic biodiversity at concentrations assumed safe by legislation. One reason for the failing risk assessment may be strong differences in the toxicity of the active ingredient of pesticides and their commercial formulations. Sublethal effects, especially those on behaviour, have been largely ignored in this context, yet can be equally important as lethal effects at the population and ecosystem levels. Here, we compared the toxicity of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient glyphosate on survival, but also on ecologically relevant sublethal traits (life history, behaviour and physiology) in damselfly larvae. Roundup was more toxic than glyphosate with negative effects on survival, behaviour and most of the physiological traits being present at lower concentrations (food intake, escape swimming speed) or even only present (survival, sugar and total energy content and muscle mass) following Roundup exposure. This confirms the toxicity of the surfactant POEA. Notably, also glyphosate was not harmless: a realistic concentration of 2mg/l resulted in reduced growth rate, escape swimming speed and fat content. Our results therefore indicate that the toxicity of Roundup cannot be fully attributed to its surfactant, thereby suggesting that also the new generation of glyphosate-based herbicides with other mixtures of surfactants likely will have adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicological studies comparing the toxicity of active ingredients and their commercial formulations typically ignore behaviour while the here observed differential effects on behaviour likely will negatively impact damselfly populations. Our data highlight that risk assessment of pesticides ignoring sublethal effects may contribute to the negative effects of pesticides on aquatic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Wee SY, Aris AZ. Ecological risk estimation of organophosphorus pesticides in riverine ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:575-581. [PMID: 28917209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are of great concern because of their existence in ecosystems at trace concentrations. Worldwide pesticide use and its ecological impacts (i.e., altered environmental distribution and toxicity of pesticides) have increased over time. Exposure and toxicity studies are vital for reducing the extent of pesticide exposure and risk to the environment and humans. Regional regulatory actions may be less relevant in some regions because the contamination and distribution of pesticides vary across regions and countries. The risk quotient (RQ) method was applied to assess the potential risk of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), primarily focusing on riverine ecosystems. Using the available ecotoxicity data, aquatic risks from OPPs (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) in the surface water of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were evaluated based on general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. Since the ecotoxicity of quinalphos has not been well established, quinalphos was excluded from the risk assessment. The calculated RQs indicate medium risk (RQm = 0.17 and RQex = 0.66; 0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) of overall diazinon. The overall chlorpyrifos exposure was observed at high risk (RQ ≥ 1) based on RQm and RQex at 1.44 and 4.83, respectively. A contradictory trend of RQs > 1 (high risk) was observed for both the general and worst cases of chlorpyrifos, but only for the worst cases of diazinon at all sites from downstream to upstream regions. Thus, chlorpyrifos posed a higher risk than diazinon along the Langat River, suggesting that organisms and humans could be exposed to potentially high levels of OPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yee Wee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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17
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Qiu X, Nomichi S, Chen K, Honda M, Kang IJ, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Short-term and persistent impacts on behaviors related to locomotion, anxiety, and startle responses of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) induced by acute, sublethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:148-154. [PMID: 28957716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although most exposures to chlorpyrifos (CPF) in natural flowing waters are brief and episodic, there have been a few reports of the persistence of abnormal fish behaviors caused by such acute exposure. The present study focused on the behavioral and biochemical responses of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to acute, sublethal exposure to CPF, as well as the persistence of the effects during a 3-week recovery test in CPF-free water. The medaka became hyperactive and exhibited an elevated anxiety state after a 4-day exposure to 0.024mg/L of CPF, but they recovered from these abnormal behavioral responses within 7days of recovery treatment. In contrast, persistent impacts on some startle responses to a sudden stimulation (induced by a ball drop) were observed in medaka exposed to CPF. The reaction latency did not change immediately after the 4-day exposure, but was significantly prolonged by as much as 21days after the termination of exposure. The post-stimulus swimming distance within 5s significantly decreased on the day immediately after the 4-day exposure, but it significantly increased after 7days of recovery treatment. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brains of medaka was significantly inhibited on the day immediately after the 4-day exposure, but it returned to 80% and 110% of that in control fish on days 7 and 21 of the recovery period, respectively. However, AChE activities in the eyes of exposed medaka were persistently inhibited and declined to 33%, 71%, and 72% of that in control fish on days 0 (immediately after the 4-day exposure), 7, and 21 of recovery, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that the changes of AChE activities in the brains of medaka may underlie some of the observed acute behavioral changes, and the changes of AChE activities in the eyes may contribute to the persistence of the abnormalities in the reaction latency of the startle response. Our findings suggest that medaka need a long time to recover from acute, sublethal exposure to CPF, and the persistence of the behavioral abnormalities might affect their fitness in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Qiu
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nomichi
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kun Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masato Honda
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ik Joon Kang
- International Student Center, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Dinh KV, Janssens L, Stoks R. Exposure to a heat wave under food limitation makes an agricultural insecticide lethal: a mechanistic laboratory experiment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3361-72. [PMID: 27390895 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures and exposure to agricultural pesticides are becoming more frequent and intense under global change. Their combination may be especially problematic when animals suffer food limitation. We exposed Coenagrion puella damselfly larvae to a simulated heat wave combined with food limitation and subsequently to a widespread agricultural pesticide (chlorpyrifos) in an indoor laboratory experiment designed to obtain mechanistic insights in the direct effects of these stressors in isolation and when combined. The heat wave reduced immune function (activity of phenoloxidase, PO) and metabolic rate (activity of the electron transport system, ETS). Starvation had both immediate and delayed negative sublethal effects on growth rate and physiology (reductions in Hsp70 levels, total fat content, and activity levels of PO and ETS). Exposure to chlorpyrifos negatively affected all response variables. While the immediate effects of the heat wave were subtle, our results indicate the importance of delayed effects in shaping the total fitness impact of a heat wave when followed by pesticide exposure. Firstly, the combination of delayed negative effects of the heat wave and starvation, and the immediate negative effect of chlorpyrifos considerably (71%) reduced larval growth rate. Secondly and more strikingly, chlorpyrifos only caused considerable (ca. 48%) mortality in larvae that were previously exposed to the combination of the heat wave and starvation. This strong delayed synergism for mortality could be explained by the cumulative metabolic depression caused by each of these stressors. Further studies with increased realism are needed to evaluate the consequences of the here-identified delayed synergisms at the level of populations and communities. This is especially important as this synergism provides a novel explanation for the poorly understood potential of heat waves and of sublethal pesticide concentrations to cause mass mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong V Dinh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraaat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark
- Department of Freshwater Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraaat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraaat 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Montuori P, Aurino S, Garzonio F, Sarnacchiaro P, Polichetti S, Nardone A, Triassi M. Estimates of Tiber River organophosphate pesticide loads to the Tyrrhenian Sea and ecological risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 559:218-231. [PMID: 27065443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticides pollution in the Tiber River and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Eight selected organophosphate pesticides (diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, methidathion, tolclofos-methyl) were determined in the water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter and sediment samples collected from 21 sites in different seasons. Total organophosphate pesticides concentrations ranged from 0.40 to 224.48ngL(-1) in water (as the sum of the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter) and from 1.42 to 68.46ngg(-1) in sediment samples. Contaminant discharges of organophosphate pesticides into the sea were calculated in about 545.36kgyear(-1) showing that this river should be consider as one of the main contribution sources of organophosphate pesticides to the Tyrrhenian Sea. In relation to the eco-toxicological assessment, the concentrations of most OPPs in the water and sediments from the Tiber River and its estuary were lower than guideline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Aurino
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fatima Garzonio
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sarnacchiaro
- Department of Economics, University Unitelma Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena nº 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Polichetti
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini nº 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Tran TT, Janssens L, Dinh KV, Op de Beeck L, Stoks R. Evolution determines how global warming and pesticide exposure will shape predator-prey interactions with vector mosquitoes. Evol Appl 2016; 9:818-30. [PMID: 27330557 PMCID: PMC4908467 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
How evolution may mitigate the effects of global warming and pesticide exposure on predator-prey interactions is directly relevant for vector control. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we addressed how 4°C warming and exposure to the pesticide endosulfan shape the predation on Culex pipiens mosquitoes by damselfly predators from replicated low- and high-latitude populations. Although warming was only lethal for the mosquitoes, it reduced predation rates on these prey. Possibly, under warming escape speeds of the mosquitoes increased more than the attack efficiency of the predators. Endosulfan imposed mortality and induced behavioral changes (including increased filtering and thrashing and a positional shift away from the bottom) in mosquito larvae. Although the pesticide was only lethal for the mosquitoes, it reduced predation rates by the low-latitude predators. This can be explained by the combination of the evolution of a faster life history and associated higher vulnerabilities to the pesticide (in terms of growth rate and lowered foraging activity) in the low-latitude predators and pesticide-induced survival selection in the mosquitoes. Our results suggest that predation rates on mosquitoes at the high latitude will be reduced under warming unless predators evolve toward the current low-latitude phenotype or low-latitude predators move poleward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Tran
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam; National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lin Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Montuori P, Aurino S, Nardone A, Cirillo T, Triassi M. Spatial distribution and partitioning of organophosphates pesticide in water and sediment from Sarno River and Estuary, Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8629-8642. [PMID: 25561261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphates pesticide (OPP) pollution in the Sarno River and its environmental impact on the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Nine selected OPPs (diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, methidathion, tolclofos-methyl, azinphos-methyl) were determined in the water dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples. Total OPP concentrations ranged from 5.58 to 39.25 ng L(-1) in water (as the sum of the DP and SPM) and from 0.19 to 3.98 ng g(-1) in sediment samples. Contaminant discharges of OPPs into the sea were calculated in about 48,064.08 g year(-1), showing that this river should account as one of the main contribution sources of OPPs to the Tyrrhenian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n 5, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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Tüzün N, Debecker S, Op de Beeck L, Stoks R. Urbanisation shapes behavioural responses to a pesticide. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:81-88. [PMID: 25863029 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degree of urbanisation is rapidly increasing worldwide. Due to anthropogenic impact, urban populations are exposed to higher levels of contaminants and higher temperatures. Despite this, urbanisation is a largely overlooked spatial component in ecotoxicology. We tested in a common garden rearing experiment whether replicated urban and rural populations of the damselfly Coenagrion puella differ in their vulnerability to sublethal levels of a widespread pesticide, chlorpyrifos, in terms of ecologically relevant behaviours (exploration behaviour, activity, boldness and food intake), and to what extent these patterns are affected by temperature (20 and 24°C). Except boldness, all behaviours were affected by previous pesticide exposure. While the pesticide did not affect exploration behaviour at 20°C, it was associated with increased exploration at 24°C, which may reflect an increased toxicity of chlorpyrifos at higher temperatures. Importantly, rural and urban larvae showed consistently different, sometimes even opposite behavioural responses to pesticide exposure. When exposed to the pesticide, rural larvae decreased activity and food intake at both temperatures; urban larvae instead increased activity at both temperatures and only reduced food intake at the high temperature. This suggests that urban larvae were less affected by the pesticide, which would be consistent with a scenario of local adaptation to higher contaminant levels. Our results highlight that urbanisation may be an important factor to arrive at a spatially explicit ecological risk assessment, and may be an ignored reason why studies on the same species may generate widely different vulnerabilities to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tüzün
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sara Debecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lin Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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