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Pérez-Rubio G, Ambrocio-Ortiz E, López-Flores LA, Juárez-Martín AI, Jiménez-Valverde LO, Zoreque-Cabrera S, Galicia-Negrete G, Ramírez-Díaz ME, Cruz-Vicente F, Castillejos-López MDJ, Salinas-Lara C, Hernández-Zenteno RDJ, Ramírez-Venegas A, Falfán-Valencia R. Heterozygous Genotype rs17580 AT (PiS) in SERPINA1 is Associated with COPD Secondary to Biomass-Burning and Tobacco Smoking: A Case-Control and Populational Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:1181-1190. [PMID: 32547005 PMCID: PMC7261677 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s247446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The protease inhibitor S (PiS) and Z (PiZ) variants have been stated as the only genetic cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Caucasians. However, its frequency in admixed populations is low. We aimed to identify genetic susceptibility between PiS (rs17580) and PiZ (rs28929474) polymorphisms with COPD related to tobacco smoking and biomass-burning smoke as well as to determine its frequencies in Mestizo and Amerindian populations from Mexico. Patients and Methods One thousand and eight hundred seventy-eight subjects were included in two comparisons of cases and controls, (1) smokers with and without COPD (COPD-S, n=399; SWOC, n=1106); (2) Biomass-burning smoke-exposed subjects with and without COPD (COPD-BS, n=98; BBES, n=275). In addition, 2354 Mexican subjects identified as Mestizos (n=1952) and Amerindian (n=402) were included. The population structure was evaluated using 59 informative ancestry markers. Results The AT genotype of rs17580 is associated with COPD in both comparisons (COPD-S vs SWOC p<0.001, OR=2.16; COPD-BS vs BBES p<0.0001, OR=11.50). The population of the Mexico-North has a greater Caucasian contribution (54.7%) compared to the center (46.9%) and southeast (42.7%). Conclusion The rs17580, AT genotype, is associated with COPD in Mexican-Mestizo smokers and exposed to biomass-burning smoke. The rs17580 AT is more frequent in the Mexican-Mestizo population of the North of the country, which has a high Caucasian component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ambrocio-Ortiz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana I Juárez-Martín
- Centro de Estudios Antropológicos - Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Susana Zoreque-Cabrera
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Galicia-Negrete
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elena Ramírez-Díaz
- Coordinación de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Jurisdicción 06 Sierra, Tlacolula de Matamoros Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
- Department of Neuropathology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael de Jesús Hernández-Zenteno
- Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wilk MA, Braun AT, Farrell PM, Laxova A, Brown DM, Holt JM, Birch CL, Sosonkina N, Wilk BM, Worthey EA. Applying whole-genome sequencing in relation to phenotype and outcomes in siblings with cystic fibrosis. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2020; 6:a004531. [PMID: 32014855 PMCID: PMC6996517 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in disease onset and/or severity have often been observed in siblings with cystic fibrosis (CF), despite the same CFTR genotype and environment. We postulated that genomic variation (modifier and/or pharmacogenomic variants) might explain these clinical discordances. From a cohort of patients included in the Wisconsin randomized clinical trial (RCT) of newborn screening (NBS) for CF, we identified two brothers who showed discordant lung disease courses as children, with one milder and the other more severe than average, and a third, eldest brother, who also has severe lung disease. Leukocytes were harvested as the source of DNA, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed. Variants were identified and analyzed using in-house-developed informatics tools. Lung disease onset and severity were quantitatively different between brothers during childhood. The youngest, less severely affected brother is homozygous for HFE p.H63D. He also has a very rare PLG p.D238N variant that may influence host-pathogen interaction during chronic lung infection. Other variants of interest were found differentially between the siblings. Pharmacogenomics findings were consistent with the middle, most severely affected brother having poor outcomes to common CF treatments. We conclude that genomic variation between siblings with CF is expected. Variable lung disease severity may be associated with differences acting as genetic modifiers and/or pharmacogenomic factors, but large cohort studies are needed to assess this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilk
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Andrew T Braun
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Philip M Farrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Anita Laxova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Donna M Brown
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - James M Holt
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Camille L Birch
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Nadiya Sosonkina
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
| | - Brandon M Wilk
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Worthey
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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Ponce-Gallegos MA, Pérez-Rubio G, García-Carmona A, García-Gómez J, Hernández-Zenteno R, Ramírez-Venegas A, Falfán-Valencia R. Haplotype in SERPINA1 (AAT) Is Associated with Reduced Risk for COPD in a Mexican Mestizo Population. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E195. [PMID: 31892136 PMCID: PMC6982076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitor S (PiS) and protease inhibitor Z (PiZ) variants in the SERPINA1 gene are the main genetics factors associated with COPD; however, investigations about other polymorphisms are scanty. The aim of this study was to evaluate two missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs709932 and rs1303) in the SERPINA1 gene in Mexican mestizo patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related to tobacco smoking and biomass-burning exposure. 1700 subjects were genotyped and divided into four groups: COPD related to tobacco smoking (COPD-S, n = 297), COPD related to biomass-burning exposure (COPD-BB, n = 178), smokers without COPD (SWOC, n = 674), and biomass-burning exposed subjects (BBES, n = 551) by real-time PCR. Moreover, the patients' groups were divided according to their exacerbations' frequency. We carried out a haplotype analysis. We did not find differences in allele and genotype frequencies between groups in unadjusted and adjusted analyses, neither with these SNPs and lung function decline. Exacerbations' frequency is not associated with these SNPs. However, we found a haplotype with major alleles (CT) associated with reduced risk for COPD (p < 0.05). Our analysis reveals that SNPs different from PiS and PiZ (rs709932 and rs1303) in the SERPINA1 gene are not associated with COPD and lung function decline in a Mexican mestizo population. However, a haplotype shaped by both major alleles (CT haplotype) is associated with reduced risk for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Ponce-Gallegos
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (G.P.-R.); (A.G.-C.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (G.P.-R.); (A.G.-C.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Adriana García-Carmona
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (G.P.-R.); (A.G.-C.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Jesús García-Gómez
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (G.P.-R.); (A.G.-C.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Rafael Hernández-Zenteno
- Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (G.P.-R.); (A.G.-C.); (J.G.-G.)
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Abstract
The PLATINO and PREPOCOL population-based studies documented the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in several Latin American (Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Montevideo, Santiago and Caracas) and Colombian (Medellin, Bogota, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and Cali) cities. COPD ranged between 6.2 and 19.6% in individuals ≥40 years of age, with substantial rates of underdiagnosis (up to 89%) but also overdiagnosis, mostly due to the lack of spirometric confirmation. The main risk factor was tobacco smoking, but male gender and age were also associated with COPD. COPD in never smokers represented about one third of the cases and was associated with previous history of tuberculosis or a diagnosis of asthma. COPD associated with biomass smoke exposure was a common clinical phenotype in Latin America, found as a risk factor in PREPOCOL and other observational studies in the region. Smoking has been decreasing in Latin America and efforts have been made to implement cleaner biomass stoves. Unfortunately, treatment of COPD in Latin America remains highly variable with low rates of smoking cessation counselling, low use of inhaled bronchodilators and influenza vaccination. A primary-care approach to COPD, particularly in the form of integrated programs is lacking but would be critical to improving rates of diagnosis and treatment of COPD.
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Lee MK, Hong Y, Kim SY, Kim WJ, London SJ. Epigenome-wide association study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung function in Koreans. Epigenomics 2017; 9:971-984. [PMID: 28621160 PMCID: PMC5674213 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and regions (DMRs) in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung function traits. METHODS We performed an epigenome-wide association study of COPD and spirometric parameters, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC, in blood DNA using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 (n = 100, a Korean COPD cohort). RESULTS We found one significant DMP (cg03559389, DIP2C) and 104 significant DMRs after multiple-testing correction. Of these, 34 DMRs mapped to genes differential expressed with respect to the same trait. Five of the genes were associated with more than two traits: CTU2, USP36, ZNF516, KLK10 and CPT1B. CONCLUSION We identified novel differential methylation loci related to COPD and lung function in blood DNA in Koreans and confirmed previous findings in non-Asians. Epigenetic modification could contribute to the etiology of these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine & Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 19300, South Korea
| | - Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine & Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 19300, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine & Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 19300, South Korea
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Pérez-Rubio G, Silva-Zolezzi I, Fernández-López JC, Camarena Á, Velázquez-Uncal M, Morales-Mandujano F, Hernández-Zenteno RDJ, Flores-Trujillo F, Sánchez-Romero C, Velázquez-Montero A, Espinosa de Los Monteros C, Sansores RH, Ramírez-Venegas A, Falfán-Valencia R. Genetic Variants in IL6R and ADAM19 are Associated with COPD Severity in a Mexican Mestizo Population. COPD 2016; 13:610-5. [PMID: 27078193 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2016.1161017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Our objective is to identify the genetic variants associated with COPD risk and its severity in Mexican Mestizo population. We evaluated 1285 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of candidate genes in 299 smokers with COPD (COPD-S) and 531 smokers without COPD (SWOC) using an Illumina GoldenGate genotyping microarray. In addition, 251 ancestry informative markers were included. Allele A of rs2545771 in CYP2F2P is associated with a lower risk of COPD (p = 4.02E-10, odds ratio [OR] = 0.104, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.05-0.18). When the COPD group was stratified by severity according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD; levels III + IV vs. I + II), 3 SNPs (rs4329505 and rs4845626 in interleukin 6 receptor [IL6R] and rs1422794 in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 19 [ADAM19]) were associated with a lower risk of suffering the most severe stages of the disease. rs2819096 in the surfactant protein D (SFTPD) gene was associated with a higher risk of COPD GOLD III + IV (p = 7.79E-03, OR = 1.80, CI 95% 1.16-2.79). Finally, the haplotype in IL6R was associated with a lower risk of suffering from more severe COPD, whereas the haplotype in ADAM19 was associated with a higher risk (p = 7.40E-03, OR = 2.83, CI 95% 1.20-6.86) of suffering from the severe stages of the disease. Our data suggest that there are alleles and haplotypes in the IL6R, ADAM19, and SFTPD genes associated with different severity stages of COPD; in CYP2F2P, rs25455771 is associated with a lower risk of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México.,b Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México D. F. , México
| | | | | | - Ángel Camarena
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México
| | - Mónica Velázquez-Uncal
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México
| | | | | | - Fernando Flores-Trujillo
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México
| | | | | | | | - Raúl H Sansores
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México
| | | | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- a Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , México D. F. , México
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López-Campos JL, Abad Arranz M, Calero-Acuña C, Romero-Valero F, Ayerbe-García R, Hidalgo-Molina A, Aguilar-Pérez-Grovas RI, García-Gil F, Casas-Maldonado F, Caballero-Ballesteros L, Sánchez-Palop M, Pérez-Tejero D, Segado A, Calvo-Bonachera J, Hernández-Sierra B, Doménech A, Arroyo-Varela M, González-Vargas F, Cruz-Rueda JJ. Guideline Adherence in Outpatient Clinics for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results from a Clinical Audit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151896. [PMID: 26985822 PMCID: PMC4795772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous clinical audits of COPD have provided relevant information about medical intervention in exacerbation admissions. The present study aims to evaluate adherence to current guidelines in COPD through a clinical audit. METHODS This is a pilot clinical audit performed in hospital outpatient respiratory clinics in Andalusia, Spain (eight provinces with more than 8 million inhabitants), including 9 centers (20% of the public centers in the area) between 2013 and 2014. Cases with an established diagnosis of COPD based on risk factors, clinical symptoms, and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 0.70 were deemed eligible. The performance of the outpatient clinics was benchmarked against three guidance documents available at the time of the audit. The appropriateness of the performance was categorized as excellent (>80%), good (60-80%), adequate (40-59%), inadequate (20-39%), and highly inadequate (<20%). RESULTS During the audit, 621 clinical records were audited. Adherence to the different guidelines presented a considerable variability among the different participating hospitals, with an excellent or good adherence for symptom recording, MRC or CAT use, smoking status evaluation, spirometry, or bronchodilation therapy. The most outstanding areas for improvement were the use of the BODE index, the monitoring of treatments, the determination of alpha1-antitrypsin, the performance of exercise testing, and vaccination recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The present study reflects the situation of clinical care for COPD patients in specialized secondary care outpatient clinics. Adherence to clinical guidelines shows considerable variability in outpatient clinics managing COPD patients, and some aspects of the clinical care can clearly be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. López-Campos
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Abad Arranz
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Calero-Acuña
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Hernández-Montoya J, Pérez-Ramos J, Montaño M, Ramírez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Pérez-Rubio G, Velázquez-Uncal M, Camarena A, Ramos C, Falfán-Valencia R. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and protein levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Mexican population. Biomark Med 2015; 9:979-88. [PMID: 26439471 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and MMP12 genes and serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Genotyping using real-time PCR in 330 smokers with COPD (COPD), 658 smokers without COPD (SNC) and 150 nonsmokers (NCNS), the analysis of samples used was χ(2) test. Using ELISA, the proteins were evaluated. Multiple comparisons were made by ANOVA. RESULTS rs243864 (OR: 7.44; 95% CI: 3.62-15.26) and rs11646643 (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.07-2.34) of the MMP-2 gene and rs3918253 (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.08-2.71) of the MMP-9 gene, were associated with the risk of COPD. Serum MMP-2 level in the COPD group was lower compared with SNC (p < 0.05). Serum MMP-9 level was elevated in the COPD group compared with SNC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in MMP2 and MMP9 but not in MMP1 and MMP12 are associated with the risk of COPD in the Mexican mestizo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Hernández-Montoya
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco-Iztapalapa-Cuajimalpa, México DF, México
| | - Julia Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México DF, México
| | - Martha Montaño
- Departamento de investigación en fibrosis pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Raúl H Sansores
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Mónica Velázquez-Uncal
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Angel Camarena
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Departamento de investigación en fibrosis pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- Laboratorio HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), México DF, México
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