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Abstract
PURPOSE Cataract (opacification of the ocular lens) is a typical tissue reaction (deterministic effect) following ionizing radiation exposure, for which prevention dose limits have been recommended in the radiation protection system. Manifestations of radiation cataracts can vary among individuals, but such potential individual responses remain uncharacterized. Here we review relevant literature and discuss implications for radiation protection. This review assesses evidence for significant modification of radiation-induced cataractogenesis by age at exposure, sex and genetic factors based on current scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS In addition to obvious physical factors (e.g. dose, dose rate, radiation quality, irradiation volume), potential factors modifying individual responses for radiation cataracts include sex, age and genetics, with comorbidity and coexposures also having important roles. There are indications and preliminary data identifying such potential modifiers of radiation cataract incidence or risk, although no firm conclusions can yet be drawn. Further studies and a consensus on the evidence are needed to gain deeper insights into factors determining individual responses regarding radiation cataracts and the implications for radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G R Barnard
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Division (RCEHD), Didcot, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Ainsbury EA, Barnard SGR. Sensitivity and latency of ionising radiation-induced cataract. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108772. [PMID: 34562436 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
When managed with appropriate radiation protection procedures, ionising radiation is of great benefit to society. Opacification of the lens, and vision impairing cataract, have recently been recognised at potential effects of relatively low dose radiation exposure, on the order of 1 Gy or below. Within the last 10 years, understanding of the effects of low dose ionising radiation on the lens has increased, particularly in terms of DNA damage and responses, and how multiple radiation or other events in the lens might contribute to the overall risk of cataract. However, gaps remain, not least in the understanding of how radiation interacts with other risk factors such as aging, as well as the relative radiosensitivity of the lens compared to tissues of the body. This paper reviews the current literature in the field of low dose radiation cataract, with a particular focus on sensitivity and latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot Oxford, OX11 ORQ, UK.
| | - Stephen G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot Oxford, OX11 ORQ, UK.
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3
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Barnard SGR, McCarron R, Mancuso M, De Stefano I, Pazzaglia S, Pawliczek D, Dalke C, Ainsbury EA. Radiation-induced DNA Damage and Repair in Lens Epithelial Cells of both Ptch1(+/-) and Ercc2(+/-) Mutated Mice. Radiat Res 2021; 197:36-42. [PMID: 33652474 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00264.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest an increased incidence and risk of cataract after low-dose (<2 Gy) ionizing radiation exposures. However, the biological mechanism(s) of this process are not fully understood. DNA damage and repair are thought to have a contributing role in radiation-induced cataractogenesis. Recently we have reported an inverse dose-rate effect, as well as the low-dose response, of DNA damage and repair in lens epithelial cells (LECs). Here, we present further initial findings from two mutated strains (Ercc2+/- and Ptch1+/-) of mice, both reportedly susceptible to radiation-induced cataract, and their DNA damage and repair response to low-dose and low-dose-rate gamma rays. Our results support the hypothesis that the lens epithelium responds differently to radiation than other tissues, with reported radiation susceptibility to DNA damage not necessarily translating to the LECs. Genetic predisposition and strain(s) of mice have a significant role in radiation-induced cataract susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom.,Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - R McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - M Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - I De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - S Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - D Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
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4
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Kunze S, Cecil A, Prehn C, Möller G, Ohlmann A, Wildner G, Thurau S, Unger K, Rößler U, Hölter SM, Tapio S, Wagner F, Beyerlein A, Theis F, Zitzelsberger H, Kulka U, Adamski J, Graw J, Dalke C. Posterior subcapsular cataracts are a late effect after acute exposure to 0.5 Gy ionizing radiation in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:529-540. [PMID: 33464160 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1876951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-term effect of low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation on the lens is still a matter of debate and needs to be evaluated in more detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a detailed histological analysis of eyes from B6C3F1 mice cohorts after acute gamma irradiation (60Co source; 0.063 Gy/min) at young adult age of 10 weeks with doses of 0.063, 0.125, and 0.5 Gy. Sham irradiated (0 Gy) mice were used as controls. To test for genetic susceptibility heterozygous Ercc2 mutant mice were used and compared to wild-type mice of the same strain background. Mice of both sexes were included in all cohorts. Eyes were collected 4 h, 12, 18 and 24 months after irradiation. For a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, metabolomics analyses were performed in lenses and plasma samples of the same mouse cohorts at 4 and 12 h as well as 12, 18 and 24 months after irradiation. For this purpose, a targeted analysis was chosen. RESULTS This analysis revealed histological changes particularly in the posterior part of the lens that rarely can be observed by using Scheimpflug imaging, as we reported previously. We detected a significant increase of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) 18 and 24 months after irradiation with 0.5 Gy (odds ratio 9.3; 95% confidence interval 2.1-41.3) independent of sex and genotype. Doses below 0.5 Gy (i.e. 0.063 and 0.125 Gy) did not significantly increase the frequency of PSCs at any time point. In lenses, we observed a clear effect of sex and aging but not of irradiation or genotype. While metabolomics analyses of plasma from the same mice showed only a sex effect. CONCLUSIONS This article demonstrates a significant radiation-induced increase in the incidence of PSCs, which could not be identified using Scheimpflug imaging as the only diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kunze
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Cecil
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhild Wildner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Thurau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wagner
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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CircMRE11A_013 binds to UBXN1 and integrates ATM activation enhancing lens epithelial cells senescence in age-related cataract. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5383-5402. [PMID: 33508783 PMCID: PMC7950295 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation could trigger DNA double-strand breaks (DDSBs) and senescence in lens epithelial cells (LECs), thus inducing age-related cortical cataract (ARCC) formation. Cell-cycle irreversible arrest induced by DDSBs depended on excessive activation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM). We studied the up-regulated circular RNA circMRE11A_013 (circMRE11A) in LECs of ARCC and SRA01/04 cell lines under UVB exposure. In vitro, knockdown of circMRE11A in SRA01/04 cell lines enhanced cell viability and cell cycle, while over-expression of circMRE11A exhibited an opposite trend. Additionally, circMRE11A could bind to UBX domain-containing protein 1 (UBXN1), which might enhance excessive activation of ATM and initiate ATM/p53/p21 signaling pathway causing LECs cell-cycle arrest and senescence. In vivo, recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV-2) virions of circMRE11A (circMRE11A-AAV2) was injected to Institute of Cancer Research mouse vitreous cavity. The circMRE11A-AAV2 could express in mouse lens at 4 weeks. The LECs aging and opacity lens were observed at 8 weeks after the injection. Together, our findings reveal a previously unidentified role of circMRE11A interacting with UBXN1 in enhancing ATM activity and inhibiting LECs cell-cycle in ARCC formation. The findings might give us a better understanding of ARC pathology and provide a novel and more effective therapeutic approaches for ARC treatment.
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Laskowski L, Williams D, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Environmental and industrial developments in radiation cataractogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1074-1082. [PMID: 32396040 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1767820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of biological and physiological mechanisms underlying radiation cataractogenesis. The areas discussed include effects of low-dose exposures to the lens including potential relevance of non-targeted effects, the development of new personal-protective equipment (PPE) and standards in clinical and nuclear settings motivated by the updated ICRP recommendations to mitigate exposures to the lens of the eye. The review also looks at evidence from the field linking cataracts in birds and mammals to low dose exposures.Conclusions: The review suggests that there is evidence that cataractogenesis is not a tissue reaction (deterministic effect) but rather is a low dose effect which shows a saturable dose response relationship similar to that seen for non-targeted effects in general. The review concludes that new research is needed to determine the dose response relationship in environmental studies where field data are contradictory and lab studies confined to rodent models for human exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Laskowski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambrige, UK
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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7
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Bergom C, West CM, Higginson DS, Abazeed ME, Arun B, Bentzen SM, Bernstein JL, Evans JD, Gerber NK, Kerns SL, Keen J, Litton JK, Reiner AS, Riaz N, Rosenstein BS, Sawakuchi GO, Shaitelman SF, Powell SN, Woodward WA. The Implications of Genetic Testing on Radiation Therapy Decisions: A Guide for Radiation Oncologists. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:698-712. [PMID: 31381960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of affordable and rapid next-generation DNA sequencing technology, along with the US Supreme Court ruling invalidating gene patents, has led to a deluge of germline and tumor genetic variant tests that are being rapidly incorporated into clinical cancer decision-making. A major concern for clinicians is whether the presence of germline mutations may increase the risk of radiation toxicity or secondary malignancies. Because scarce clinical data exist to inform decisions at this time, the American Society for Radiation Oncology convened a group of radiation science experts and clinicians to summarize potential issues, review relevant data, and provide guidance for adult patients and their care teams regarding the impact, if any, that genetic testing should have on radiation therapy recommendations. During the American Society for Radiation Oncology workshop, several main points emerged, which are discussed in this manuscript: (1) variants of uncertain significance should be considered nondeleterious until functional genomic data emerge to demonstrate otherwise; (2) possession of germline alterations in a single copy of a gene critical for radiation damage responses does not necessarily equate to increased risk of radiation-induced toxicity; (3) deleterious ataxia-telangiesctasia gene mutations may modestly increase second cancer risk after radiation therapy, and thus follow-up for these patients after indicated radiation therapy should include second cancer screening; (4) conveying to patients the difference between relative and absolute risk is critical to decision-making; and (5) more work is needed to assess the impact of tumor somatic alterations on the probability of response to radiation therapy and the potential for individualization of radiation doses. Data on radiosensitivity related to specific genetic mutations is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Catharine M West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Christie National Health Service Foundation Trust Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel S Higginson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohamed E Abazeed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Banu Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Soren M Bentzen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonine L Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaden D Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology and Precision Genomics, Intermountain Healthcare, Ogden, Utah
| | - Naamit K Gerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Judy Keen
- Scientific Affairs, American Society for Radiation Oncology, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne S Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simona F Shaitelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simon N Powell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Barnard SGR, McCarron R, Moquet J, Quinlan R, Ainsbury E. Inverse dose-rate effect of ionising radiation on residual 53BP1 foci in the eye lens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10418. [PMID: 31320710 PMCID: PMC6639373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of dose rate on radiation cataractogenesis has yet to be extensively studied. One recent epidemiological investigation suggested that protracted radiation exposure increases radiation-induced cataract risk: cumulative doses of radiation mostly <100 mGy received by US radiologic technologists over 5 years were associated with an increased excess hazard ratio for cataract development. However, there are few mechanistic studies to support and explain such observations. Low-dose radiation-induced DNA damage in the epithelial cells of the eye lens (LECs) has been proposed as a possible contributor to cataract formation and thus visual impairment. Here, 53BP1 foci was used as a marker of DNA damage. Unexpectedly, the number of 53BP1 foci that persisted in the mouse lens samples after γ-radiation exposure increased with decreasing dose-rate at 4 and 24 h. The C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy ƴ-radiation at 0.063 and 0.3 Gy/min and also 0.5 Gy at 0.014 Gy/min. This contrasts the data we obtained for peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from the same animal groups, which showed the expected reduction of residual 53BP1 foci with reducing dose-rate. These findings highlight the likely importance of dose-rate in low-dose cataract formation and, furthermore, represent the first evidence that LECs process radiation damage differently to blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK.
- Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Durham, UK.
| | - Roisin McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Roy Quinlan
- Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Durham, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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Barnard SGR, Moquet J, Lloyd S, Ellender M, Ainsbury EA, Quinlan RA. Dotting the eyes: mouse strain dependency of the lens epithelium to low dose radiation-induced DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1116-1124. [PMID: 30359158 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1532609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiological evidence regarding the radiosensitivity of the lens of the eye and radiation cataract development has led to changes in the EU Basic Safety Standards for protection of the lens against ionizing radiation. However, mechanistic details of lens radiation response pathways and their significance for cataractogenesis remain unclear. Radiation-induced DNA damage and the potential impairment of repair pathways within the lens epithelium, a cell monolayer that covers the anterior hemisphere of the lens, are likely to be involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, the lens epithelium has been analyzed for its DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair response to ionizing radiation. The responses of epithelial cells located at the anterior pole (central region) have been compared to at the very periphery of the monolayer (germinative and transitional zones). Described here are the different responses in the two regions and across four strains (C57BL/6, 129S2, BALB/c and CBA/Ca) over a low dose (0-25 mGy) in-vivo whole body X-irradiation range up to 24 hours post exposure. RESULTS DNA damage and repair as visualized through 53BP1 staining was present across the lens epithelium, although repair kinetics appeared non-uniform. Epithelial cells in the central region have significantly more 53BP1 foci. The sensitivities of different mouse strains have also been compared. CONCLUSIONS 129S2 and BALB/c showed higher levels of DNA damage, with BALB/c showing significantly less inter-individual variability and appearing to be a more robust model for future DNA damage and repair studies. As a result of this study, BALB/c was identified as a suitable radiosensitive lens strain to detect and quantify early low dose ionizing radiation DNA damage effects in the mouse eye lens specifically, as an indicator of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R Barnard
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Chilton , Oxon, UK.,b Department of Biosciences , Durham University , Durham , UK
| | - J Moquet
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Chilton , Oxon, UK
| | - S Lloyd
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Chilton , Oxon, UK.,c School of Biosciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , UK
| | - M Ellender
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Chilton , Oxon, UK
| | - E A Ainsbury
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Chilton , Oxon, UK
| | - R A Quinlan
- b Department of Biosciences , Durham University , Durham , UK
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10
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Dalke C, Neff F, Bains SK, Bright S, Lord D, Reitmeir P, Rößler U, Samaga D, Unger K, Braselmann H, Wagner F, Greiter M, Gomolka M, Hornhardt S, Kunze S, Kempf SJ, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Wurst W, Rosemann M, Azimzadeh O, Tapio S, Aubele M, Theis F, Hoeschen C, Slijepcevic P, Kadhim M, Atkinson M, Zitzelsberger H, Kulka U, Graw J. Lifetime study in mice after acute low-dose ionizing radiation: a multifactorial study with special focus on cataract risk. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2018; 57:99-113. [PMID: 29327260 PMCID: PMC5902533 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing application of ionizing radiation in medicine, quantitative data on effects of low-dose radiation are needed to optimize radiation protection, particularly with respect to cataract development. Using mice as mammalian animal model, we applied a single dose of 0, 0.063, 0.125 and 0.5 Gy at 10 weeks of age, determined lens opacities for up to 2 years and compared it with overall survival, cytogenetic alterations and cancer development. The highest dose was significantly associated with increased body weight and reduced survival rate. Chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells showed a dose-dependent increase 12 months after irradiation. Pathological screening indicated a dose-dependent risk for several types of tumors. Scheimpflug imaging of the lens revealed a significant dose-dependent effect of 1% of lens opacity. Comparison of different biological end points demonstrated long-term effects of low-dose irradiation for several biological end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Municipal Clinical Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Savneet Kaur Bains
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- Present Address: Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott Bright
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Present Address: University of Texas, MD Anderson, Houston, TX USA
| | - Deborah Lord
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Reitmeir
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Samaga
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Present Address: Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wagner
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Greiter
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Individual Monitoring Service, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Kunze
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan J. Kempf
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aubele
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Atkinson
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Kleiman NJ, Stewart FA, Hall EJ. Modifiers of radiation effects in the eye. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 15:43-54. [PMID: 29198313 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
World events, including the threat of radiological terrorism and the fear of nuclear accidents, have highlighted an urgent need to develop medical countermeasures to prevent or reduce radiation injury. Similarly, plans for manned spaceflight to a near-Earth asteroid or journey to Mars raise serious concerns about long-term effects of space radiation on human health and the availability of suitable therapeutic interventions. At the same time, the need to protect normal tissue from the deleterious effects of radiotherapy has driven considerable research into the design of effective radioprotectors. For more than 70 years, animal models of radiation cataract have been utilized to test the short and long-term efficacy of various radiation countermeasures. While some compounds, most notably the Walter Reed (WR) class of radioprotectors, have reported limited effectiveness when given before exposure to low-LET radiation, the human toxicity of these molecules at effective doses limits their usefulness. Furthermore, while there has been considerable testing of eye responses to X- and gamma irradiation, there is limited information about using such models to limit the injurious effects of heavy ions and neutrons on eye tissue. A new class of radioprotector molecules, including the sulfhydryl compound PrC-210, are reported to be effective at much lower doses and with far less side effects. Their ability to modify ocular radiation damage has not yet been examined. The ability to non-invasively measure sensitive, radiation-induced ocular changes over long periods of time makes eye models an attractive option to test the radioprotective and radiation mitigating abilities of new novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Eye Radiation and Environmental Research Laboratory, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th St., 11th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Hall
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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12
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Shiloh Y, Lederman HM. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T): An emerging dimension of premature ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:76-88. [PMID: 27181190 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A-T is a prototype genome instability syndrome and a multifaceted disease. A-T leads to neurodegeneration - primarily cerebellar atrophy, immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous telangiectasia (dilated blood vessels), vestigial thymus and gonads, endocrine abnormalities, cancer predisposition and varying sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, particularly those that induce DNA double-strand breaks. With the recent increase in life expectancy of A-T patients, the premature ageing component of this disease is gaining greater awareness. The complex A-T phenotype reflects the ever growing number of functions assigned to the protein encoded by the responsible gene - the homeostatic protein kinase, ATM. The quest to thoroughly understand the complex A-T phenotype may reveal yet elusive ATM functions.
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13
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Hamada N, Sato T. Cataractogenesis following high-LET radiation exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:262-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Ainsbury EA, Barnard S, Bright S, Dalke C, Jarrin M, Kunze S, Tanner R, Dynlacht JR, Quinlan RA, Graw J, Kadhim M, Hamada N. Ionizing radiation induced cataracts: Recent biological and mechanistic developments and perspectives for future research. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:238-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Individual response to ionizing radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:369-386. [PMID: 27919342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human response to ionizing radiation (IR) varies among individuals. The first evidence of the individual response to IR was reported in the beginning of the 20th century. Considering nearly one century of observations, we here propose three aspects of individual IR response: radiosensitivity for early or late adverse tissue events after radiotherapy on normal tissues (non-cancer effects attributable to cell death); radiosusceptibility for IR-induced cancers; and radiodegeneration for non-cancer effects that are often attributable to mechanisms other than cell death (e.g., cataracts and circulatory disease). All the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind IR-induced individual effects are not fully elucidated. However, some specific assays may help their quantification according to the dose and to the genetic status. Accumulated data on individual factors have suggested that the individual IR response cannot be ignored and raises some clinical and societal issues. The individual IR response therefore needs to be taken into account to better evaluate the risks related to IR exposure.
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16
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Lehmann P, Boratyński Z, Mappes T, Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Fitness costs of increased cataract frequency and cumulative radiation dose in natural mammalian populations from Chernobyl. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19974. [PMID: 26814168 PMCID: PMC4728484 DOI: 10.1038/srep19974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A cataract is a clouding of the lens that reduces light transmission to the retina, and it decreases the visual acuity of the bearer. The prevalence of cataracts in natural populations of mammals, and their potential ecological significance, is poorly known. Cataracts have been reported to arise from high levels of oxidative stress and a major cause of oxidative stress is ionizing radiation. We investigated whether elevated frequencies of cataracts are found in eyes of bank voles Myodes glareolus collected from natural populations in areas with varying levels of background radiation in Chernobyl. We found high frequencies of cataracts in voles collected from different areas in Chernobyl. The frequency of cataracts was positively correlated with age, and in females also with the accumulated radiation dose. Furthermore, the number of offspring in female voles was negatively correlated with cataract severity. The results suggest that cataracts primarily develop as a function of ionizing background radiation, most likely as a plastic response to high levels of oxidative stress. It is therefore possible that the elevated levels of background radiation in Chernobyl affect the ecology and fitness of local mammals both directly through, for instance, reduced fertility and indirectly, through increased cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Zoology, SE-106 91 University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timothy A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Anders P Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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17
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Hamada N, Fujimichi Y. Role of carcinogenesis related mechanisms in cataractogenesis and its implications for ionizing radiation cataractogenesis. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:262-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Belyy YA, Tereshchenko AV, Romanko YS, Abakushina EV, Gretchaninov VB. [Triggering factors and pathogenesis of radiation cataract]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:97-101. [PMID: 26489128 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131497-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases in the world. Many factors, including genetic, metabolic, nutritional, and environmental, are involved in its formation. It is necessary to know main causal agents and cellular mechanism of cataractogenesis. The tissue of the lens is considered radiosensitive, thus, lens opacities are possible late effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. The use of medical radiation for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes grows worldwide. At the same time, there continues to be much confusion regarding the actual threshold dose of radiation exposure for cataract formation. Eye safety and the risk of cataract development are not entirely clear. However, with an ever-widening range of interventional procedures, one should take attempts to reduce the risk for radiation cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Belyy
- Kaluga Branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Svyatoslava Fedorova St., Kaluga, Russian Federation, 248007
| | - A V Tereshchenko
- Kaluga Branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Svyatoslava Fedorova St., Kaluga, Russian Federation, 248007
| | - Yu S Romanko
- Medical radiological research center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Russian Federation, 249036
| | - E V Abakushina
- Medical radiological research center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Russian Federation, 249036
| | - V B Gretchaninov
- Kaluga Branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 5 Svyatoslava Fedorova St., Kaluga, Russian Federation, 248007
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19
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Bitarafan Rajabi A, Noohi F, Hashemi H, Haghjoo M, Miraftab M, Yaghoobi N, Rastgou F, Malek H, Faghihi H, Firouzabadi H, Asgari S, Rezvan F, Khosravi H, Soroush S, Khabazkhoob M. Ionizing radiation-induced cataract in interventional cardiology staff. Res Cardiovasc Med 2015; 4:e25148. [PMID: 25789258 PMCID: PMC4350158 DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of ionizing radiation has led to advances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of radiation cataractogenesis in the interventionists and staff performing various procedures in different interventional laboratories. Patients and Methods: This cohort study included 81 interventional cardiology staff. According to the working site, they were classified into 5 groups. The control group comprised 14 professional nurses who did not work in the interventional sites. Participants were assigned for lens assessment by two independent trained ophthalmologists blinded to the study. Results: The electrophysiology laboratory staff received higher doses of ionizing radiation (17.2 ± 11.9 mSv; P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the years of working experience and effective dose in the lens (P < 0.001). In general, our findings showed that the incidence of lens opacity was 79% (95% CI, 69.9-88.1) in participants with exposure (the case group) and our findings showed that the incidence of lenses opacity was 7.1% (95% CI:2.3-22.6) with the relative risk (RR) of 11.06 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We believe that the risk of radiation-induced cataract in cardiology interventionists and staff depends on their work site. As the radiation dose increases, the prevalence of posterior eye changes increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bitarafan Rajabi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Feridoun Noohi
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hassan Hashemi, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188651515, Fax: +98-2188651514, E-mail:
| | - Majid Haghjoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Miraftab
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nahid Yaghoobi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereydon Rastgou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Malek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hoshang Faghihi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Firouzabadi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Soheila Asgari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farhad Rezvan
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khosravi
- Department of Nation Radiation Protection, Iranian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sara Soroush
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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20
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Bailey SM, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Kronenberg A, Rithidech KN, Saha J, Snijders AM, Werner E, Wiese C, Cucinotta FA, Pluth JM. Understanding cancer development processes after HZE-particle exposure: roles of ROS, DNA damage repair and inflammation. Radiat Res 2015; 183:1-26. [PMID: 25564719 DOI: 10.1667/rr13804.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During space travel astronauts are exposed to a variety of radiations, including galactic cosmic rays composed of high-energy protons and high-energy charged (HZE) nuclei, and solar particle events containing low- to medium-energy protons. Risks from these exposures include carcinogenesis, central nervous system damage and degenerative tissue effects. Currently, career radiation limits are based on estimates of fatal cancer risks calculated using a model that incorporates human epidemiological data from exposed populations, estimates of relative biological effectiveness and dose-response data from relevant mammalian experimental models. A major goal of space radiation risk assessment is to link mechanistic data from biological studies at NASA Space Radiation Laboratory and other particle accelerators with risk models. Early phenotypes of HZE exposure, such as the induction of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage signaling and inflammation, are sensitive to HZE damage complexity. This review summarizes our current understanding of critical areas within the DNA damage and oxidative stress arena and provides insight into their mechanistic interdependence and their usefulness in accurately modeling cancer and other risks in astronauts exposed to space radiation. Our ultimate goals are to examine potential links and crosstalk between early response modules activated by charged particle exposure, to identify critical areas that require further research and to use these data to reduced uncertainties in modeling cancer risk for astronauts. A clearer understanding of the links between early mechanistic aspects of high-LET response and later surrogate cancer end points could reveal key nodes that can be therapeutically targeted to mitigate the health effects from charged particle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sridharan
- a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
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21
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Assessment of the Risk of the Biological Actions of Galactic Heavy Ions to Interplanetary Flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-014-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Bannik K, Rössler U, Faus-Kessler T, Gomolka M, Hornhardt S, Dalke C, Klymenko O, Rosemann M, Trott KR, Atkinson M, Kulka U, Graw J. Are mouse lens epithelial cells more sensitive to γ-irradiation than lymphocytes? RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:279-286. [PMID: 23321930 PMCID: PMC3677237 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot study we compared for the first time the radiation sensitivity of mouse lens epithelial cells (LECs) and mouse lymphocytes. We freshly prepared LECs and lymphocytes and irradiated them with γ-rays ((137)Cs; doses ranging from 0.25 to 2 Gy). DNA damage and repair were evaluated by alkaline comet assay and γH2AX foci assay. Using the comet assay, we observed a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in both cell types. The faster formation of single- and double-strand breaks in LECs of C57BL/6 mice at doses below 1 Gy needs to be confirmed in other mouse strains. Immunofluorescence for γH2AX foci showed a higher degree of lesions in LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to those of JF1 mice and to lymphocytes of both strains. Correspondingly, repair of DNA damage proceeded faster in LECs of C57BL/6J mice compared to LECs of JF1 mice and lymphocytes of both strains. It is obvious that the lymphocytes of both strains repaired DNA lesions more slowly than the corresponding LECs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LECs of C57Bl/6 mice show a steeper dose-response than lymphocytes in both types of experiments. It shows that both test systems are able to be used also at doses below 0.25 Gy. The observed difference in DNA repair between the LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to the LECs from JF1 mice and to the lymphocytes of both strains warrants further experiments to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bannik
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Rössler
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olena Klymenko
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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23
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Blakely EA. Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture on radiation protection and measurements: what makes particle radiation so effective? HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:508-28. [PMID: 23032880 PMCID: PMC3507469 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31826a5b85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The scientific basis for the physical and biological effectiveness of particle radiations has emerged from many decades of meticulous basic research. A diverse array of biologically relevant consequences at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organism level have been reported, but what are the key processes and mechanisms that make particle radiation so effective, and what competing processes define dose dependences? Recent studies have shown that individual genotypes control radiation-regulated genes and pathways in response to radiations of varying ionization density. The fact that densely ionizing radiations can affect different gene families than sparsely ionizing radiations, and that the effects are dose- and time-dependent, has opened up new areas of future research. The complex microenvironment of the stroma and the significant contributions of the immune response have added to our understanding of tissue-specific differences across the linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum. The importance of targeted versus nontargeted effects remains a thorny but elusive and important contributor to chronic low dose radiation effects of variable LET that still needs further research. The induction of cancer is also LET-dependent, suggesting different mechanisms of action across the gradient of ionization density. The focus of this 35th Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture is to chronicle the step-by-step acquisition of experimental clues that have refined our understanding of what makes particle radiation so effective, with emphasis on the example of radiation effects on the crystalline lens of the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Blakely
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 977, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Until very recently, ocular exposure guidelines were based on the assumption that radiation cataract is a deterministic event requiring threshold doses generally greater than 2 Gy. This view was, in part, based on older studies which generally had short follow-up periods, failed to take into account increasing latency as dose decreased, had relatively few subjects with doses below a few Gy, and were not designed to detect early lens changes. Newer findings, including those in populations exposed to much lower radiation doses and in subjects as diverse as astronauts, medical workers, atomic bomb survivors, accidentally exposed individuals, and those undergoing diagnostic or radiotherapeutic procedures, strongly suggest dose-related lens opacification at significantly lower doses. These observations resulted in a recent re-evaluation of current lens occupational exposure guidelines, and a proposed lowering of the presumptive radiation cataract threshold to 0.5 Gy/year and the occupational lens exposure limit to 20 mSv/year, regardless of whether received as an acute, protracted, or chronic exposure. Experimental animal studies support these conclusions and suggest a role for genotoxicity in the development of radiation cataract. Recent findings of a low or even zero threshold for radiation-induced lens opacification are likely to influence current research efforts and directions concerning the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this pathology. Furthermore, new guidelines are likely to have significant implications for occupational and/or accidental exposure, and the need for occupational eye protection (e.g. in fields such as interventional medicine).
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kleiman
- Eye Radiation and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Alpha Particle Emitter Radiolabeled Antibody for Metastatic Cancer: What Can We Learn from Heavy Ion Beam Radiobiology? Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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26
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Chylack LT, Feiveson AH, Peterson LE, Tung WH, Wear ML, Marak LJ, Hardy DS, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. NASCA report 2: Longitudinal study of relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity. Radiat Res 2012; 178:25-32. [PMID: 22687051 DOI: 10.1667/rr2876.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The NASA Study of Cataract in Astronauts (NASCA) was designed to measure the impact of exposure to space radiation on progression rates of cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataract in U.S. astronauts who have flown in space and comparison groups of astronauts who had not flown in space, and subjects with a history of military aviation. We present our analyses of 5 years of data with an average of 3.8 exams per subject. All subjects had digital lens images with the Nidek EAS 1000 Lens Imaging System. Because of high variability and skewness of opacity measures, nonparametric methods were used to test for association between rates of opacification and space radiation exposure. First, median regression was used to collapse longitudinal data into robust estimates of progression rates (opacity severity compare to time for each eye of each subject). To quantify and test for a radiation effect, median regression with the dependent variable being the maximum of the two slopes (OD and OS) per subject was then used, adjusting for the confounding variables of age, nutritional, and sun-exposure histories. Median regression showed evidence of an association between the rate of cortical progression in the worse eye with radiation dose and age. The estimated median progression rate from space radiation being 0.25 ± 0.13% lens area/Sv/year (P = 0.062). We found no relationship between radiation exposure and progression of aggregate area of posterior subcapsular cataract or nuclear progression rates. However, longer follow-up may be needed to further understand any impact of space radiation on progression rates for posterior subcapsular cataracts and nuclear cataracts, and to characterize changes to visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo T Chylack
- a Center for Ophthalmic Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Young EF, Smilenov LB, Lieberman HB, Hall EJ. Combined haploinsufficiency and genetic control of the G2/M checkpoint in irradiated cells. Radiat Res 2012; 177:743-50. [PMID: 22607586 DOI: 10.1667/rr2875.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
When cells are exposed to a dose of radiation large enough to cause chromosome aberrations, they become arrested at the G(2)/M checkpoint, facilitating DNA repair. Defects in checkpoint control genes can impart radiosensitivity. Arrest kinetics were monitored in mouse embryo fibroblasts at doses ranging from 10 mGy to 5.0 Gy of γ radiation over a time course of 0 to 12 h. We observe no significant checkpoint engagement at doses below 100 mGy. The checkpoint is only fully activated at doses where most of the cells are either bound for mitotic catastrophe or are reproductively dead. Atm null cells with ablated checkpoint function exhibited no robust arrest. Surprisingly, haploinsufficiency for ATM alone or in combination with other radioresistance genes did not alter checkpoint activation. We have shown previously that haploinsufficiency for several radioresistance genes imparts intermediate phenotypes for several end points including apoptosis, transformation and survival. These findings suggest that checkpoint control does not contribute toward these intermediate phenotypes and that different biological processes can be activated at high doses compared to low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F Young
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Stewart FA, Akleyev AV, Hauer-Jensen M, Hendry JH, Kleiman NJ, Macvittie TJ, Aleman BM, Edgar AB, Mabuchi K, Muirhead CR, Shore RE, Wallace WH. ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs--threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Ann ICRP 2012; 41:1-322. [PMID: 22925378 DOI: 10.1016/j.icrp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.
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Wang J, Su F, Smilenov LB, Zhou L, Hu W, Ding N, Zhou G. Mechanisms of increased risk of tumorigenesis in Atm and Brca1 double heterozygosity. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:96. [PMID: 21849032 PMCID: PMC3169458 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that heterozygosity for a single gene is linked with tumorigenesis and heterozygosity for two genes increases the risk of tumor incidence. Our previous work has demonstrated that Atm/Brca1 double heterozygosity leads to higher cell transformation rate than single heterozygosity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood yet. In the present study, a series of pathways were investigated to clarify the possible mechanisms of increased risk of tumorigenesis in Atm and Brca1 heterozygosity. METHODS Wild type cells, Atm or Brca1 single heterozygous cells, and Atm/Brca1 double heterozygous cells were used to investigate DNA damage and repair, cell cycle, micronuclei, and cell transformation after photon irradiation. RESULTS Remarkable high transformation frequency was confirmed in Atm/Brca1 double heterozygous cells compared to wild type cells. It was observed that delayed DNA damage recognition, disturbed cell cycle checkpoint, incomplete DNA repair, and increased genomic instability were involved in the biological networks. Haploinsufficiency of either ATM or BRCA1 negatively impacts these pathways. CONCLUSIONS The quantity of critical proteins such as ATM and BRCA1 plays an important role in determination of the fate of cells exposed to ionizing radiation and double heterozygosity increases the risk of tumorigenesis. These findings also benefit understanding of the individual susceptibility to tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P R China
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Yamamoto ML, Hafer K, Reliene R, Fleming S, Kelly O, Hacke K, Schiestl RH. Effects of 1 GeV/nucleon56Fe Particles on Longevity, Carcinogenesis and Neuromotor Ability inAtm-Deficient Mice. Radiat Res 2011; 175:231-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2312.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ. Genetic background and lymphocyte populations after total-body exposure to iron ion radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 87:8-23. [PMID: 21067301 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.518203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Particle radiations could significantly impact astronaut health during space missions. This study quantified the effects of iron ion radiation on lymphocytes in two strains of mice differing in susceptibility to radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and thymic lymphoma (TL): C57BL/6 (AML resistant, TL sensitive) and CBA/Ca (AML sensitive, TL resistant). MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals (n = 60/strain) were irradiated with ⁵⁶Fe(26+) (1 GeV) to total doses of 0, 0.5, 2 and 3 Gray (Gy) at an average dose rate of 1 Gy/min and euthanised on days 4 and 30 thereafter; blood, spleen, and bone marrow were collected for flow cytometry analyses. Cells expressing the following molecules were quantified: Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4, CD8, CD25, CD34, CD71, B220 (isoform of CD45 on B cells), NK1.1 (marker on natural killer or NK cells, C57B mice), panNK (marker on NK cells, CBA mice), and Sca1 (stem cell antigen 1). RESULTS Exposure to radiation resulted in different distribution patterns in lymphocyte populations and leukocytes expressing activation and progenitor markers in the two mouse strains. Significant main effects were dependent upon strain, as well as radiation dose, body compartment, and time of assessment. Especially striking differences were noted on day 4 after 3 Gy irradiation, including in the CD4:CD8 ratio [blood, C57 (2.83 ± 0.25) vs. CBA (6.19 ± 0.24); spleen, C57 (2.29 ± 0.12) vs. CBA (4.98 ± 0.22)], %CD25(+) mononuclear cells in bone marrow [C57 (5.62 ± 1.19) vs. CBA (12.45 ± 0.93)] and %CD34(+)Sca1(+) cells in bone marrow [CD45¹° gate, C57 (2.72 ± 0.74) vs. CBA (21.44 ± 0.73)]. CONCLUSION The results show that genetic background, as well as radiation dose and time post-exposure, had a profound impact on lymphocyte populations, as well as other leukocytes, after exposure to iron ion radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Divisions of Microbiology & Biochemistry, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
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Zhou G, Smilenov LB, Lieberman HB, Ludwig T, Hall EJ. RADIOSENSITIVITY TO HIGH ENERGY IRON IONS IS INFLUENCED BY HETEROZYGOSITY for ATM, RAD9 and BRCA1. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2010; 46:681-686. [PMID: 24431481 PMCID: PMC3890108 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function of DNA repair genes has been implicated in the development of many types of cancer. In the last several years, heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair was shown to play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis after DNA damage is induced, for example by ionizing radiation. Since the effect of heterozygosity for one gene is relatively small, we hypothesize that predisposition to cancer could be a result of the additive effect of heterozygosity for two or more genes critical to pathways that control DNA damage signaling, repair or apoptosis. We investigated the role of heterozygosity for Atm, Rad9 and Brca1 on cell oncogenic transformation and cell survival induced by 1GeV/n 56Fe ions. Our results show that cells heterozygous for both Atm and Rad9 or Atm and Brca1 have high survival rates and are more sensitive to transformation by high energy Iron ions when compared with wild-type controls or cells haploinsufficient for only one of these proteins. Since mutations or polymorphisms for similar genes exist in a small percentage of the human population, we have identified a radiosensitive sub-population. This finding has several implications. First, the existence of a radiosensitive sub-population may distort the shape of the dose-response relationship. Second, it would not be ethical to put exceptionally radiosensitive individuals into a setting where they may potentially be exposed to substantial doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhou
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - L B Smilenov
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - H B Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - T Ludwig
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - E J Hall
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
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Blakely EA, Kleiman NJ, Neriishi K, Chodick G, Chylack LT, Cucinotta FA, Minamoto A, Nakashima E, Kumagami T, Kitaoka T, Kanamoto T, Kiuchi Y, Chang P, Fujii N, Shore RE. Radiation cataractogenesis: epidemiology and biology. Radiat Res 2010; 173:709-17. [PMID: 20426671 DOI: 10.1667/rrxx19.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Blakely
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Davis JG, Wan XS, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. Dietary supplements reduce the cataractogenic potential of proton and HZE-particle radiation in mice. Radiat Res 2010; 173:353-61. [PMID: 20199220 DOI: 10.1667/rr1398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of dietary supplements to reduce the formation and severity of cataracts in mice irradiated with high-energy protons or iron ions, which are important components of the radiation encountered by astronauts during space travel. The mice were exposed to proton or iron-ion radiation and fed with a control diet or diets supplemented with the soybean-derived protease inhibitor, Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), in the form of BBI Concentrate (BBIC) or an antioxidant formulation [containing l-selenomethionine (SeM), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ascorbic acid, co-enzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E succinate] both before and after the radiation exposure. At approximately 2 years after the radiation exposure, the animals were killed humanely and lenses were harvested and characterized using an established classification system that assigns discrete scores based on the severity of the lens opacifications. The results showed that exposure to 1 GeV/nucleon proton (3 Gy) or iron-ion (50 cGy) radiation significantly increased the cataract prevalence and severity in CBA/J mice to levels above the baseline levels of age-induced cataract formation in this mouse strain. Treatment with BBIC or the antioxidant formulation significantly reduced the prevalence and severity of the lens opacifications in the mice exposed to iron-ion radiation. Treatment with BBIC or the antioxidant formulation also decreased the severity of the lens opacifications in the mice exposed to proton radiation; however, the decrease did not reach statistical significance. These results indicate that BBIC and the antioxidant formulation evaluated in this study could be useful for protecting astronauts against space radiation-induced cataracts during or after long-term manned space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA
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Ainsbury EA, Bouffler SD, Dörr W, Graw J, Muirhead CR, Edwards AA, Cooper J. Radiation cataractogenesis: a review of recent studies. Radiat Res 2009; 172:1-9. [PMID: 19580502 DOI: 10.1667/rr1688.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The lens of the eye is recognized as one of the most radiosensitive tissues in the human body, and it is known that cataracts can be induced by acute doses of less than 2 Gy of low-LET ionizing radiation and less than 5 Gy of protracted radiation. Although much work has been carried out in this area, the exact mechanisms of radiation cataractogenesis are still not fully understood. In particular, the question of the threshold dose for cataract development is not resolved. Cataracts have been classified as a deterministic effect of radiation exposure with a threshold of approximately 2 Gy. Here we review the combined results of recent mechanistic and human studies regarding induction of cataracts by ionizing radiation. These studies indicate that the threshold for cataract development is certainly less than was previously estimated, of the order of 0.5 Gy, or that radiation cataractogenesis may in fact be more accurately described by a linear, no-threshold model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ainsbury
- Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
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Kleiman NJ, David J, Elliston CD, Hopkins KM, Smilenov LB, Brenner DJ, Worgul BV, Hall EJ, Lieberman HB. Mrad9 and Atm Haploinsufficiency Enhance Spontaneous and X-Ray-Induced Cataractogenesis in Mice. Radiat Res 2007; 168:567-73. [PMID: 17973559 DOI: 10.1667/rr1122.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Kleiman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chang PY, Bjornstad KA, Rosen CJ, Lin S, Blakely EA. Particle radiation alters expression of matrix metalloproteases resulting in ECM remodeling in human lens cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2007; 46:187-94. [PMID: 17256179 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Relatively low doses of space radiation have been correlated with an increased incidence and earlier appearance of cataracts in space travelers. The lens is a radiosensitive organ of the body with a very obvious late end point of radiation damage--cataract. However, many molecular changes occur in the lens soon after radiation exposure and long before the appearance of an opacification. The goal of our research is to elucidate early mechanisms associated with particle radiation-induced cataractogenesis, with the ultimate goal of developing countermeasures. Normal, cultured non-immortalized human lens cells were grown on matrix-coated plastic tissue culture vessels and irradiated with particle beams at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) or at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Lab. Samples were harvested at different times after radiation exposure. Using a focused genetic approach, total RNA and protein extracts from control and irradiated samples were processed and probed for the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have previously been studied in adult postmortem human lenses, in post-cataract intraocular lens (IOL) surgery capsular bags and with immortalized human lens cell cultures. Significant differences exist in the expression pattern with these various model systems. We have evidence for the cell stage-specific expression of MMP family of genes during lens fiber differentiation, and for radiation-induced alterations in the misregulation of MMP expression. Our data indicate that radiation exposure may lead to differences in the expression of radiation stress responses, which may impact selective ECM remodeling and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Chang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 70A-1118, One Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Connolly L, Lasarev M, Jordan R, Schwartz JL, Turker MS. Atm haploinsufficiency does not affect ionizing radiation mutagenesis in solid mouse tissues. Radiat Res 2006; 166:39-46. [PMID: 16808618 DOI: 10.1667/rr3578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a hereditary disease with autosomal recessive inheritance of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutation) alleles. AT is associated with severe sensitivity to ionizing radiation and a strong predisposition to develop cancer. A modest increase in cancer, particularly for the breast, has been shown for ATM carriers (i.e. heterozygotes), and a modest increase in radiation sensitivity has also been shown for those patients and their cells. However, the extent of these effects is unclear. Based on the well-established relationship between cancer and mutation, we used a mouse model for Atm haploinsufficiency to ask whether partial loss of Atm function could lead to an increased mutagenic response for solid tissues of mice exposed to radiation. The autosomal mouse Aprt gene was used as the mutational target and kidney and ear as the target tissues in B6D2F1 hybrids. Although induction of autosomal mutations was readily demonstrated in both tissues, a comparison of these data with those from an identical study performed with B6D2F1 mice that were wild-type for Atm (Cancer Res. 62, 1518-1523, 2002) revealed that Atm haploinsufficiency did not alter the radiation mutagenic response for the cells of either tissue. Moreover, no effect of Atm haploinsufficiency on reduced cellular viability due to radiation exposure was observed. The results demonstrate that Atm haploinsufficiency does not alter the radiation mutagenic response or decrease viability for normally quiescent cells in solid tissues of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanelle Connolly
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (CROET), Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Hall EJ, Worgul BV, Smilenov L, Elliston CD, Brenner DJ. The relative biological effectiveness of densely ionizing heavy-ion radiation for inducing ocular cataracts in wild type versus mice heterozygous for the ATM gene. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2006; 45:99-104. [PMID: 16799786 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated appearance of ocular cataracts at younger ages has been recorded in both astronauts and airline pilots, and is usually attributed to high-energy heavy ions in galactic cosmic ray radiation. We have previously shown that high-LET 1-GeV/nucleon (56)Fe ions are significantly more effective than X-rays in producing cataracts in mice. We have also shown that mice haploinsufficient for ATM develop cataracts earlier than wild-type animals, when exposed to either low-LET X-rays or high-LET (56)Fe ions. In this paper we derive quantitative estimates for the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high energy (56)Fe ions compared with X-rays, both for wild type and for mice haploinsufficient for ATM. There is a clear trend toward higher RBE's in haploinsufficient animals, both for low- and high-grade cataracts. Haploinsufficiency for ATM results in an enhanced sensitivity to X-rays compared with the wild type, and this enhancement appears even larger after exposure to high-LET heavy ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Hall
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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