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Bruzzone MJ, Chapin B, Walker J, Santana M, Wang Y, Amini S, Kimmet F, Perera E, Rubinos C, Arias F, Price C. Electroencephalographic Measures of Delirium in the Perioperative Setting: A Systematic Review. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00887. [PMID: 39088366 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is frequent in older adults and is associated with adverse cognitive and functional outcomes. In the last several decades, there has been an increased interest in exploring tools that easily allow the early recognition of patients at risk of developing POD. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a widely available tool used to understand delirium pathophysiology, and its use in the perioperative setting has grown exponentially, particularly to predict and detect POD. We performed a systematic review to investigate the use of EEG in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative settings. We identified 371 studies, and 56 met the inclusion criteria. A range of techniques was used to obtain EEG data, from limited 1-4 channel setups to complex 256-channel systems. Power spectra were often measured preoperatively, yet the outcomes were inconsistent. During surgery, the emphasis was primarily on burst suppression (BS) metrics and power spectra, with a link between the frequency and timing of BS, and POD. The EEG patterns observed in POD aligned with those noted in delirium in different contexts, suggesting a reduction in EEG activity. Further research is required to investigate preoperative EEG indicators that may predict susceptibility to delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Bruzzone
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin Chapin
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jessie Walker
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marcos Santana
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yue Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shawna Amini
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Faith Kimmet
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Estefania Perera
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clio Rubinos
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Franchesca Arias
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Catherine Price
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Rasulo FA, Claassen J, Romagnoli S. Broad use of processed EEG: ready for prime time yet? Intensive Care Med 2024; 50:1350-1353. [PMID: 38809416 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-024-07473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Rasulo
- Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care, Spedali Civili University Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Jan Claassen
- Department of Critical Care Neurology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Careggi University Affiliated Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Zhan J, Chen F, Wu Z, Duan Z, Deng Q, Zeng J, Hou L, Zhang J, Si Y, Liu K, Wang M, Li H. Consistency of the anesthesia consciousness index versus the bispectral index during laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia: A prospective multi-center randomized controlled clinical study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1084462. [PMID: 36967816 PMCID: PMC10034014 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1084462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThis study aimed to compare the consistency of anesthesia consciousness index (Ai) with that of bispectral index (BIS) in monitoring the depth of anesthesia (DOA) during sevoflurane anesthesia, to reveal the optimal cutoff values in different states of consciousness, and explore the stability of DOA monitoring during intraoperative injurious stimulation.MethodsWe enrolled 145 patients (97 men and 48 women) from 10 medical centers. General anesthesia was induced using intravenous anesthetics and maintained with sevoflurane. Ai and BIS values were recorded.ResultsThe mean difference between the Ai and BIS was-0.1747 (95% confidence interval, −0.6660 to 0.3166; p = 0.4857). The regression equation of Ai and BIS from the Deming regression analysis was y = 5.6387 + 0.9067x (y is BIS, x is Ai), and the slope and intercept were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness, loss of consciousness, and recovery of consciousness revealed that the accuracy of Ai and BIS were similar. In addition, the optimal cutoff values of the different states of consciousness were not sensitive to age, and both Ai and BIS had no correlation with hemodynamics.ConclusionWe conclude that Ai and BIS show no systematic deviation in readings with high consistency, similar accuracy, and good stability; these insights provide more data for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuoxi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenxin Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiangting Deng
- Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zeng,
| | - Lihong Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
- Lihong Hou,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Jun Zhang,
| | - Yongyu Si
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yongyu Si,
| | - Kexuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Kexuan Liu,
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Mingjun Wang,
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Hong Li,
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Lapointe AP, Li D, Hudetz AG, Vlisides PE. Microstate analyses as an indicator of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 147:81-87. [PMID: 36739618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify differences in electroencephalographic microstate topographies across three perioperative phases: anesthetic pre-induction, surgical anesthesia, and post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) admission. METHODS Whole-scalp 16-channel electroencephalographic recordings were taken throughout the perioperative period on n = 22 adult, non-cardiac surgical patients. RESULTS Several differences between perioperative periods were identified. Most notably, during surgical anesthesia, patients demonstrated increased mean duration and, consequently, a reduction in the occurrence of microstates when compared to both preoperative baseline and PACU admission. We also observed the presence of microstate F with propofol anesthesia during surgery, which had been previously identified with propofol infusion in laboratory settings using human volunteers. Finally, we observed inverse age effects with mean occurrence and duration of microstates, particularly during PACU recovery. CONCLUSIONS Microstate duration is significantly increased during surgery compared to both pre-induction and PACU recovery. These data suggest that microstate topographies may be useful in monitoring anesthetic depth. SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the potential for microstate analysis in the perioperative setting. We identified distinct topographical signatures across perioperative periods and with increasing age, which is predictive of post-operative delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lapointe
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummins School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Radiology, Cummins School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Teaching Research and Wellness Building, Experimental Imaging Centre (Level P2E), 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, USA.
| | - Duan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony G Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Phillip E Vlisides
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, USA
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Schmierer T, Li T, Li Y. A novel empirical wavelet SODP and spectral entropy based index for assessing the depth of anaesthesia. Health Inf Sci Syst 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35685297 PMCID: PMC9170862 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-022-00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement for anaesthesia during modern surgical procedures is unquestionable to ensure a safe experience for patients with successful recovery. Assessment of the depth of anaesthesia (DoA) is an important and ongoing field of research to ensure patient stability during and post-surgery. This research addresses the limitations of current DoA indexes by developing a new index based on electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis. Empirical wavelet transformation (EWT) methods are employed to extract wavelet coefficients before statistical analysis. The features Spectral Entropy and Second Order Difference Plot are extracted from the wavelet coefficients. These features are used to train a new index, SSEDoA, utilising a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a linear kernel function. The new index accurately assesses the DoA to illustrate the transition between different anaesthetic stages. Testing was undertaken with nine patients and an additional four patients with low signal quality. Across the nine patients we tested, an average correlation of 0.834 was observed with the Bispectral (BIS) index. The analysis of the DoA stage transition exhibited a Choen's Kappa of 0.809, indicative of a high agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmierer
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Australia
| | - Tianning Li
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Australia
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6
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Wang Q, Liu F, Wan G, Chen Y. Inference of Brain States under Anesthesia with Meta Learning Based Deep Learning Models. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1081-1091. [PMID: 35404821 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3166517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the depth of unconsciousness during anesthesia is beneficial in both clinical settings and neuroscience investigations to understand brain mechanisms. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used as an objective means of characterizing brain altered arousal and/or cognition states induced by anesthetics in real-time. Different general anesthetics affect cerebral electrical activities in different ways. However, the performance of conventional machine learning models on EEG data is unsatisfactory due to the low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in the EEG signals, especially in the office-based anesthesia EEG setting. Deep learning models have been used widely in the field of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) to perform classification and pattern recognition tasks due to their capability of good generalization and handling noises. Compared to other BCI applications, where deep learning has demonstrated encouraging results, the deep learning approach for classifying different brain consciousness states under anesthesia has been much less investigated. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on meta-learning using deep neural networks, named Anes-MetaNet, to classify brain states under anesthetics. The Anes-MetaNet is composed of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract power spectrum features, and a time consequence model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to capture the temporal dependencies, and a meta-learning framework to handle large cross-subject variability. We use a multi-stage training paradigm to improve the performance, which is justified by visualizing the high-level feature mapping. Experiments on the office-based anesthesia EEG dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed Anes-MetaNet by comparison of existing methods.
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Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) can be analyzed in its raw form for characteristic drug-induced patterns of change or summarized using mathematical parameters as a processed electroencephalogram (pEEG). In this article we aim to summarize the contemporary literature pertaining to the commonly available pEEG monitors including the effects of commonly used anesthetic drugs on the EEG and pEEG parameters, pEEG monitor pitfalls, and the clinical implications of pEEG monitoring for anesthesia, pediatrics, and intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roche
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Cork University Hospital, Wilton Road, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Padraig Mahon
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Cork University Hospital, Wilton Road, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland
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Coté CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2019-1000. [PMID: 31138666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of appropriately trained staff to both carry out the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.
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9
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Elbadawy AM, Khidr AM, Saleh AA. Comparative study of implicit memory during bispectral index guided total intravenous anesthesia versus sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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10
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Anesthesia Assessment Based on ICA Permutation Entropy Analysis of Two-Channel EEG Signals. Brain Inform 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37078-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Eglen M, Kuvaki B, Günenç F, Ozbilgin S, Küçükgüçlü S, Polat E, Pekel E. [Comparison of three different insertion techniques with LMA-Unique™ in adults: results of a randomized trial]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2017; 67:521-526. [PMID: 28526466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triple airway maneuver insertion technique allowed faster insertion of the LMA. This study compared three different insertion techniques of the laryngeal mask airway-Unique™. METHODS One hundred and eighty ASA I-II patients aged 18-65 years were included into the study. Patients were randomly allocated to the standard, rotational and triple airway maneuver (triple) group. In the standard group (n=60), the LMA (Laryngeal Mask Airway) was inserted with digital intraoral manipulation. In the triple group (n=60), the LMA was inserted with triple airway maneuver (mouth opening, head extension and jaw thrust). In the rotational group (n=60), LMA was inserted back-to-front, like a Guedel airway. Successful insertion at first attempt, time for successful insertion, fiber optic assessment, airway morbidity and hemodynamic responses were assessed. RESULTS Successful insertion at the first attempt was 88.3% for the standard, 78.3% for the rotational and 88.3% for the triple group. Overall success rate (defined as successful insertion at first and second attempt) was 93% for the standard, 90% for the rotational and 95% for the triple group. Time for successful insertion was significantly shorter in the triple group (mean [range] 8.63 [5-19]s) compared with the standard (11.78 [6-24]s) and rotational group (11.57 [5-31]s). Fiber optic assessment, airway morbidity and hemodynamic responses were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Rotational and triple airway maneuver insertion techniques are acceptable alternatives. Triple airway maneuver technique shows higher overall success rates and allows shorter insertion time for LMA insertion and should therefore be kept in mind for emergent situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merih Eglen
- Malatya State Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Malatya, Turquia
| | - Bahar Kuvaki
- Dokuz Eylül University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İzmir, Turquia
| | - Ferim Günenç
- Dokuz Eylül University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İzmir, Turquia
| | - Sule Ozbilgin
- Dokuz Eylül University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İzmir, Turquia.
| | - Semih Küçükgüçlü
- Dokuz Eylül University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İzmir, Turquia
| | - Ebru Polat
- Samsun State Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Samsun, Turquia
| | - Emel Pekel
- Florence Nighthingale Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, İstanbul, Turquia
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Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska W, Dąbrowski S, Gutysz-Wojnicka A, Ozga D, Wojtaszek M. Unintended Return of Consciousness in a Patient during Surgery and General Anesthesia. Eur Neurol 2017; 77:262-266. [PMID: 28365683 DOI: 10.1159/000471510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Zorrilla-Vaca A, Healy RJ, Wu CL, Grant MC. Relation between bispectral index measurements of anesthetic depth and postoperative mortality: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Can J Anaesth 2017; 64:597-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Coté CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: Update 2016. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-1212. [PMID: 27354454 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of staff to both carry out the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.
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15
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Li T, Wen P. Depth of anaesthesia assessment based on adult electroencephalograph beta frequency band. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2016; 39:773-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-016-0459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Feldheiser A, Aziz O, Baldini G, Cox BPBW, Fearon KCH, Feldman LS, Gan TJ, Kennedy RH, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN, Miller T, Radtke FF, Ruiz Garces T, Schricker T, Scott MJ, Thacker JK, Ytrebø LM, Carli F. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60:289-334. [PMID: 26514824 PMCID: PMC5061107 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The present interdisciplinary consensus review proposes clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthetic practice in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery with an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programme. Methods Studies were selected with particular attention being paid to meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials and large prospective cohort studies. For each item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English‐language literature was examined and reviewed. The group reached a consensus recommendation after critical appraisal of the literature. Results This consensus statement demonstrates that anaesthesiologists control several preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative ERAS elements. Further research is needed to verify the strength of these recommendations. Conclusions Based on the evidence available for each element of perioperative care pathways, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society presents a comprehensive consensus review, clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthesia care in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery within an ERAS programme. This unified protocol facilitates involvement of anaesthesiologists in the implementation of the ERAS programmes and allows for comparison between centres and it eventually might facilitate the design of multi‐institutional prospective and adequately powered randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Feldheiser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow‐Klinikum Charité University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - O. Aziz
- St. Mark's Hospital Harrow Middlesex UK
| | - G. Baldini
- Department of Anesthesia McGill University Health Centre Montreal General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - B. P. B. W. Cox
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy University Hospital Maastricht (azM) Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - K. C. H. Fearon
- University of Edinburgh The Royal Infirmary Clinical Surgery Edinburgh UK
| | - L. S. Feldman
- Department of Surgery McGill University Health Centre Montreal General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - T. J. Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina USA
| | - R. H. Kennedy
- St. Mark's Hospital/Imperial College Harrow, Middlesex/London UK
| | - O. Ljungqvist
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Örebro University Örebro Sweden
| | - D. N. Lobo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham UK
| | - T. Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina USA
| | - F. F. Radtke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow‐Klinikum Charité University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - T. Ruiz Garces
- Anestesiologa y Reanimacin Hospital Clinico Lozano Blesa Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - T. Schricker
- Department of Anesthesia McGill University Health Centre Royal Victoria Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - M. J. Scott
- Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust University of Surrey Surrey UK
| | - J. K. Thacker
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina USA
| | - L. M. Ytrebø
- Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospital of North Norway Tromso Norway
| | - F. Carli
- Department of Anesthesia McGill University Health Centre Montreal General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
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Shoushtarian M, Sahinovic MM, Absalom AR, Kalmar AF, Vereecke HEM, Liley DTJ, Struys MMRF. Comparisons of Electroencephalographically Derived Measures of Hypnosis and Antinociception in Response to Standardized Stimuli During Target-Controlled Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:382-92. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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EEG Signals Analysis Using Multiscale Entropy for Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring during Surgery through Artificial Neural Networks. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:232381. [PMID: 26491464 PMCID: PMC4600924 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to build a reliable index to monitor the depth of anesthesia (DOA), many algorithms have been proposed in recent years, one of which is sample entropy (SampEn), a commonly used and important tool to measure the regularity of data series. However, SampEn only estimates the complexity of signals on one time scale. In this study, a new approach is introduced using multiscale entropy (MSE) considering the structure information over different time scales. The entropy values over different time scales calculated through MSE are applied as the input data to train an artificial neural network (ANN) model using bispectral index (BIS) or expert assessment of conscious level (EACL) as the target. To test the performance of the new index's sensitivity to artifacts, we compared the results before and after filtration by multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD). The new approach via ANN is utilized in real EEG signals collected from 26 patients before and after filtering by MEMD, respectively; the results show that is a higher correlation between index from the proposed approach and the gold standard compared with SampEn. Moreover, the proposed approach is more structurally robust to noise and artifacts which indicates that it can be used for monitoring the DOA more accurately.
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Lo YL, Ni YL, Wang TY, Lin TY, Li HY, White DP, Lin JR, Kuo HP. Bispectral Index in Evaluating Effects of Sedation Depth on Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:1011-20. [PMID: 25979098 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of sedation depth on drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). METHODS Ninety patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 18 snorers underwent polysomnography and DISE under bispectral index (BIS)-guided propofol infusion at two different sedation levels: BIS 65-75 (light sedation) and 50-60 (deep sedation). RESULTS For the patients with OSA, the percentages of velopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx obstructions under light sedation were 77.8%, 63.3%, 30%, and 33.3%, respectively. Sedation depth was associated with the severity of velopharynx and oropharynx obstruction, oropharynx obstruction pattern, tongue base obstruction, epiglottis anteroposterior prolapse and folding, and arytenoid prolapse. In comparison, OSA severity was associated with the severity of velopharynx obstruction, severity of oropharynx obstruction, and arytenoid prolapse (odds ratio (95% confidence interval); 14.3 (4.7-43.4), 11.7 (4.2-32.9), and 13.2 (2.8-62.3), respectively). A good agreement was noted between similar DISE findings at different times and different observers (kappa value 0.6 to 1, respectively). A high percentage of arytenoid prolapse (46.7% among the patients with OSA under light sedation) was noted. CONCLUSIONS Greater sedative depth increased upper airway collapsibility under DISE assessment. DISE under BIS-guided propofol infusion, and especially a level of 65-75, offers an objective and reproducible method to evaluate upper airway collapsibility. Some findings were induced by drug sedation and need careful interpretation. Specific arytenoid prolapse patterns were noted for which further investigations are warranted. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT01100554. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lun Lo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Healthcare Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lun Ni
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chest Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David P White
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jr-Rung Lin
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Perera T, Lewis PM, Davidson AJ, Junor P, Bottrell S. A pilot study to determine whether visually evoked hemodynamic responses are preserved in children during inhalational anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:317-26. [PMID: 25557014 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic depth is an important parameter to monitor during surgery, yet remains difficult to quantify, particularly in young children where developmental changes influence the electroencephalogram. A more fundamental physiological response to stimulation is the increase in cerebral blood flow secondary to increased metabolic demand, referred to as flow-metabolism coupling (FMC) and measurable using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Little is known about the effect of anesthesia on FMC; therefore, we studied visually evoked hemodynamic responses (VEHRs) using NIRS in children undergoing general anesthesia for minor surgical procedures. METHOD We recruited 23 children (aged 2-5 years), undergoing surgery requiring general anesthesia. VEHRs were measured for 30 min using NIRS, including 5 min of baseline recording after anesthetic induction. Parameters recorded using NIRS included the concentrations of oxygenated (oxy), deoxygenated (deoxy), and total hemoglobin (Hb), which were separated into epochs for evoked response analysis after filtration of motion artifact and baseline drift. Goodness-of-fit statistics and classification rules were used to determine the existence of evoked responses, and a modified Gaussian equation was used to model each evoked response. RESULTS Near-infrared spectroscopy data were recorded in 20/23 children, of whom nine showed a VEHR. No responses were seen in the baseline control data. When examining the relationship between VEHR and anesthetic agents, we noted that for 8/10 patients in whom preoperative or intraoperative fentanyl were administered and VEHRs were absent. CONCLUSION We have shown that VEHRs can be detected using NIRS in some anesthetized children. Administration of fentanyl was associated with an absence of VEHRs. The mechanism underlying this association is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Perera
- Department of Electronic Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Real-time depth of anaesthesia assessment using strong analytical signal transform technique. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2014; 37:723-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-014-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bollag L, Ortner CM, Jelacic S, Rivat C, Landau R, Richebé P. The effects of low-dose ketamine on the analgesia nociception index (ANI) measured with the novel PhysioDoloris™ analgesia monitor: a pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput 2014; 29:291-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-014-9600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li TN, Li Y. Depth of anaesthesia monitors and the latest algorithms. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Zhang L, Xu L, Zhu J, Gao Y, Luo Z, Wang H, Zhu Z, Yu Y, Shi H, Bao H. To clarify features of photoplethysmography in monitoring balanced anesthesia, compared with Cerebral State Index. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:481-6. [PMID: 24662222 PMCID: PMC3972055 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although photoplethysmography and cerebral state index (CSI) have been used as indices in monitoring vital signs perioperatively, there are only a few reports comparing the performance of photoplethysmography with CSI in monitoring anaesthesia depth. The aim of the present study was to clarify features of photoplethysmography in monitoring balanced general anesthesia compared with CSI. Material/Methods Forty-five patients undergoing elective operation under general anaesthesia were enrolled in this study. Anaesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion propofol. The photoplethysmogram, CSI, Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAAS), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were continuously monitored and recorded. Finger photoplethysmogram amplitude (PPGA) and pulse beat interval (PBI) were calculated off-line. Results For the period of time from pre-induction to pre-intubation, the coefficient of correlation between MOAAS and CSI was higher than those between MOAAS and PPGA, PBI, and MAP. CSI showed higher prediction probabilities (Pk) to differentiate the levels of MOAAS than did PPGA, PBI, and MAP. PPGA, PBI, and MAP values showed significant differences between before and after intubation, as well as pre- and post-incision (P<0.05), but no significant changes in cerebral state index (P>0.05). Conclusions The present study shows that photoplethysmography-derived parameters appear to be more suitable in monitoring the nociceptive component of balanced general anesthesia, while CSI performs well in detecting the sedation or hypnotic component of balanced general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieliang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Yujie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhonghua Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Hongwei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
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Kortelainen J, Seppänen T. Electroencephalogram-based depth of anaesthesia measurement: Combining opioids with hypnotics. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kasdorf E, Engel M, Perlman JM. Amplitude electroencephalogram characterization in preterm infants undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 49:102-6. [PMID: 23859855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment following patent ductus arteriosus surgical ligation. The mechanisms are unclear, but intraoperative stress or pain may contribute. The objectives of this study were to determine if pain, evidenced by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, during patent ductus arteriosus ligation would be accompanied by an increase in amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) voltage. METHODS This was an observational, pilot study of infants born at 22.6-35.1 weeks with patent ductus arteriosus requiring surgical ligation. The aEEG was recorded prior to, during surgery, and for 2 hours following surgery. Mean heart rate, blood pressure, and aEEG voltage were analyzed for each recording period. RESULTS Seventeen preterm infants were studied at a mean postmenstrual age of 26.6 weeks. Following anesthetic induction, aEEG became suppressed and remained suppressed during the postoperative period. Heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly intraoperatively. The aEEG voltage did not increase with an increase in heart rate. Infants received between 3.7-47 μg/kg of fentanyl. CONCLUSIONS There was no correlation between aEEG voltage and vital sign changes. aEEG is not a useful tool as a marker of pain during patent ductus arteriosus ligation, rather a more standardized approach to pain management should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericalyn Kasdorf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
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Wu Q, Sun B, Wang S, Zhao L, Qi F. Estimating the Plasma Effect-Site Equilibrium Rate Constant ( Ke0) of Propofol by Fitting Time of Loss and Recovery of Consciousness. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:1420-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Baozhu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Shuqin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Lianying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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Wen P. Consciousness, EEG and depth of anaesthesia monitoring. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2012; 35:389-92. [PMID: 23247832 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-012-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We critically review brain function monitors based on the processed electroencephalogram with regards to signal quality, artefacts and other limitations in clinical performance. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have been showing that depth of anaesthesia monitors based on processed electroencephalogram has limitations that can lead to a wrong interpretation of the level of anaesthesia. Processed electroencephalogram indices can be altered by nonanaesthetic influences ranging from artefacts that affect signal quality and signal processing, adverse effects of some anaesthetic and nonanaesthetic drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents to conditions inherent to the patient such as cerebral tumours, brain ischemia and temperature. SUMMARY Clinicians should be aware of the several limitations of the commercial devices intending to monitor the depth of anaesthesia, which may not reflect the real underlying level of unconsciousness.
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Cillo JE. Analysis of Propofol and Low-Dose Ketamine Admixtures for Adult Outpatient Dentoalveolar Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Positive-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70:537-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Klein K, Fukui K, Schramm P, Stadie A, Fischer G, Werner C, Oertel J, Engelhard K. Human cerebral microcirculation and oxygen saturation during propofol-induced reduction of bispectral index †. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:735-41. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Caputo TD, Ramsay MAE, Rossmann JA, Beach MM, Griffiths GR, Meyrat B, Barnes JB, Kerns DG, Crump B, Bookatz B, Ezzo P. Evaluation of the SEDline to improve the safety and efficiency of conscious sedation. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2011; 24:200-4. [PMID: 21738291 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2011.11928715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain function monitors have improved safety and efficiency in general anesthesia; however, they have not been adequately tested for guiding conscious sedation for periodontal surgical procedures. This study evaluated the patient state index (PSI) obtained from the SEDline monitor (Sedline Inc., San Diego, CA) to determine its capacity to improve the safety and efficiency of intravenous conscious sedation during outpatient periodontal surgery. Twenty-one patients at the periodontics clinic of Baylor College of Dentistry were admitted to the study in 2009 and sedated to a moderate level using midazolam and fentanyl during periodontal surgery. The PSI monitoring was blinded from the clinician, and the following data were collected: vital signs, Ramsay sedation scale (RSS), medications administered, adverse events, PSI, electroencephalography, and the patients' perspective through visual analogue scales. The data were correlated to evaluate the PSI's ability to assess the level of sedation. Results showed that the RSS and PSI did not correlate (r = -0.25) unless high values associated with electromyographical (EMG) activity were corrected (r = -0.47). Oxygen desaturation did not correlate with the PSI (r = -0.08). Satisfaction (r = -0.57) and amnesia (r = -0.55) both increased as the average PSI decreased. In conclusion, within the limits of this study, PSI appears to correlate with amnesia, allowing a practitioner to titrate medications to that effect. It did not provide advance warning of adverse events and had inherent inaccuracies due to EMG activity during oral surgery. The PSI has the potential to increase safety and efficiency in conscious sedation but requires further development to eliminate EMG activity from confounding the score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Caputo
- Department of Periodontology, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Health Science Center (Caputo, Rossmann, Beach, Meyrat, Barnes, Kerns, Crump, Bookatz, Ezzo); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (Ramsay); and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Dental Service, Dallas, TX (Griffiths). Dr. Caputo is now in private practice in Castle Rock, Colorado
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Kortelainen J, Vayrynen E, Seppanen T. Isomap approach to EEG-based assessment of neurophysiological changes during anesthesia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2010; 19:113-20. [PMID: 21147597 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2010.2098420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of anesthetics in the blood induce a continuum of neurophysiological changes, which reflect on the electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG-based depth of anesthesia assessment requires that the signal samples are correctly associated with the neurophysiological changes occurring at different anesthetic levels. A novel method is presented to estimate the phase of the continuum using the feature data extracted from EEG. The feature data calculated from EEG sequences corresponding to continuously deepening anesthesia are considered to form a one-dimensional nonlinear manifold in the multidimensional feature space. Utilizing a recently proposed algorithm, Isomap, the dimensionality of the feature data is reduced to achieve a one-dimensional embedding representing this manifold and thereby the continuum of neurophysiological changes during induction of anesthesia. The Isomap-based estimation is validated with data recorded from nine patients during induction of propofol anesthesia. The proposed method provides a novel approach to assess neurophysiological changes during anesthesia and offers potential for the development of more advanced systems for the depth of anesthesia monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Kortelainen
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Does Nitrous Oxide Affect Bispectral Index and State Entropy When Added to a Propofol Versus Sevoflurane Anesthetic? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010; 22:309-15. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181e4b7c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nishiyama T. Recent advance in patient monitoring. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59:144-59. [PMID: 20877698 PMCID: PMC2946031 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.59.3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advance in technology has developed a lot of new aspects of clinical monitoring. We can monitor sedation levels during anesthesia using various electroencephalographic (EEG) indices, while it is still not useful for anesthesia depth monitoring. Some attempts are made to monitor the changes in sympathetic nerve activity as one of the indicators of stress, pain/analgesia, or anesthesia. To know the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, heart rate or blood pressure variability is investigated. For trend of cardiac output, low invasive monitors have been investigated. Improvement of ultrasound enables us to see cardiac structure and function continuously and clearer, increases success rate and decreases complication of central venous puncture and various kinds of nerve blocks. Without inserting an arterial catheter, trends of arterial oxygen tension or carbon dioxide tension can be monitored. Indirect visualization of the airway decreases difficult intubation and makes it easier to teach tracheal intubation. The changes in blood volume can be speculated non-invasively. Cerebral perfusion and metabolism are not ordinary monitored yet, but some studies show their usefulness in management of critically ill. This review introduces recent advances in various monitors used in anesthesia and critical care including some studies of the author, especially focused on EEG and cardiac output. However, the most important is that these new monitors are not almighty but should be used adequately in a limited situation where their meaning is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Higashi Omiya General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Springman SR, Andrei AC, Willmann K, Rusy DA, Warren ME, Han S, Lee M. A comparison of SNAP II and bispectral index monitoring in patients undergoing sedation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:815-9. [PMID: 20586747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs and patients' verbal responses have traditionally been used to assess patients' comfort and the depth of sedation. Recently, level-of-consciousness monitors have been used to guide sedation. The SNAP II(c) is a single-lead electroencephalogram device that displays a SNAP(c) Index - a derived value based on both high and low frequency electroencephalogram signals. Much of the current clinical research on monitoring during sedation involves the bispectral index monitor. We compared simultaneous readings recorded by the SNAP II and bispectral index during sedation in 51 consecutive patients undergoing surgery. The anaesthesia team was blinded to the SNAP II and bispectal index values. Concurrent SNAP II and bispectral index readings displayed similarly-shaped trajectories during sedation, but further studies are needed to establish the routine clinical utility of both these monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Springman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Same-patient reproducibility of state entropy: a comparison of simultaneous bilateral measurements during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:1830-5. [PMID: 19448208 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819dc668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND State Entropy (SE) is an index of anesthetic depth similar to Bispectral Index (BIS). Both indices use a single-channel electroencephalogram, recorded from a unilaterally applied electrode on the forehead, as their input. Intrapatient reproducibility of BIS was questioned in a recent study in which simultaneous measurements from two electrodes applied to the same patient showed conflicting anesthetic depths. Our purpose was to determine whether SE results are similarly reproducible, even though their computation uses a different algorithm than BIS. In this study, we investigated the reproducibility of SE measurements simultaneously obtained from bilaterally applied electrodes in the same patient. METHODS Entropy electrodes were applied bilaterally on 21 patients under general inhaled anesthesia. Simultaneous SE measurements from both electrodes were recorded every 10 s from each patient. Data were analyzed with Bland-Altman statistics. RESULTS We obtained 14,379 pairs of SE measurements. Four percent of the individual measurements suggested conflicting anesthetic depth along with a numeric difference more than 10 points. Bias was not clinically significant (-0.3). Ninety-five percent limits of agreement were -11.7 and +11.6. CONCLUSIONS SE showed a clinically significant degree of disagreement when probes were applied on both sides of the forehead in the same patient. Bland-Altman statistics showed better same-patient reproducibility in SE than did a similar study on BIS. Nevertheless, 4% of the simultaneously measured pairs of SE suggested different anesthetic depths and differed by more than 10 points. Caution is advised when using SE as a clinical index of anesthetic depth.
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Kim J, Yum MK, Kim HS, Kim JT, Kim CS, Kim SD. Measuring depth of anesthesia with EEG and ECG in children. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57:56-61. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.57.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Myung-Kul Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Chong Sung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Seong Deok Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
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Huang HH, Lee YH, Chan HL, Wang YP, Huang CH, Fan SZ. Using a short-term parameter of heart rate variability to distinguish awake from isoflurane anesthetic states. Med Biol Eng Comput 2008; 46:977-84. [PMID: 18414913 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-008-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of anesthetic depth is important in anesthesiology. Although heart rate variability (HRV) is profoundly affected by general anesthesia, it has not yet been commonly used in this field. One of the reasons is the lack of suitable parameters of HRV for short-term observations. In this study, we designed a time domain parameter of HRV named the similarity index. It was based on observing the trend of the distribution of instantaneous heart rates as time moved. Taking epochs of ECG data as short as 64 s can derive the index. We observed the values of this index of 30 patients when they were awake and under isoflurane anesthesia. The values had very little overlapping between the two states and the prediction probability to distinguish the two states was 0.91. We suggest that HRV, if suitably treated, can play more roles in the monitoring of anesthetic depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsun Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mandt MJ, Roback MG. Assessment and Monitoring of Pediatric Procedural Sedation. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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