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Gnanalingham S, Bhatti F, Sayeed R. Gender more than ethnicity or disability influences the choice of a career in cardiothoracic surgery by United Kingdom medical students. Surgeon 2024; 22:286-289. [PMID: 39030101 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiothoracic surgery has reported poor equality, diversity, and inclusion amongst its faculty [1-3]. We explored how gender, ethnicity, and disability influence medical students' interest in cardiothoracic surgery as a career choice, as well as overall exposure to cardiothoracic surgery in the undergraduate curriculum. METHODS We distributed a 26-item Google Forms online survey to student members of a medical education group from all 37 UK medical schools via social media. Respondents were asked to rank different 'factors of interest' on a 1-5 Likert scale (1 = not important at all, 5 = very important) and were encouraged to add free-text comments. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS. RESULTS There were 258 respondents, 62% identifying as female and 38% male. Respondents' ethnicities were 45% White, 44% Asian or Asian British, and 11% from other ethnic groups. 11% of respondents confirmed 'long-standing illness or disability'. Men were almost twice as likely to consider a career in cardiothoracic surgery than women (33% vs 19%; p < 0.001). Women were more likely than men to feel that their gender, lack of a similarly gendered mentor, and long working hours were important factors when considering cardiothoracic surgery as a career. Ethnicity of the respondent did not appear to affect how they perceived the challenges of a career in cardiothoracic surgery. Interestingly, 'long-standing illness or disability' did not significantly affect the decision making to consider this specialty as a career. Overall, 73% of respondents reported not having adequate exposure to cardiothoracic surgery at medical school and agreed they would benefit from more time. CONCLUSIONS Female medical students felt their gender, lack of same-sex role models, and perceived long working hours were barriers in considering cardiothoracic surgery as a career. All students felt the need for more exposure to Cardiothoracic Surgery in the undergraduate curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyan Gnanalingham
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Farah Bhatti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Sayeed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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2
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Enofe N, Tompkins A, Cooke DT, Freeman K, DiMaio JM, Merrill W, Erkmen CP. A Report of Salaries of Academic Cardiothoracic Surgeons Based on Race and Ethnicity. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 118:569-578. [PMID: 38723883 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity in the physician workforce improves patient care, physician well-being, and innovation. Workforce diversity is dependent on fair compensation that is unbiased by race or ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a disparity of representation and salary on the basis of race or ethnicity exists in academic cardiothoracic surgery. METHODS Study investigators performed a cross-sectional analysis of data collected by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) faculty data for US medical school faculty 2021 and 2022. Salary data were not available if an academic rank and race or ethnicity had fewer than 6 cardiothoracic surgeons. Study investigators performed a descriptive analysis of the number of faculty and compared median and mean salaries according to academic rank using a paired t test. RESULTS Of the 758 academic cardiothoracic surgeons, 64.9% were White, 25.2% were Asian, 3.3% were Black or African American, 4.9% were Hispanic or Latino, and 1.7% were of other race or ethnicity. Cardiothoracic surgeons at the academic rank of professor were 74.6% White, 17.7% Asian, 3.4% Black or African American, 3.9% Hispanic or Latino, and 0.4% other races. Asian faculty earned 89% to 171%, Black or African American faculty earned 59% to 94%, and Hispanic or Latino faculty earned 84% to 165% of the median salary earned by White faculty. Black or African American faculty consistently and significantly (P = .002) earned lower median salaries compared with White faculty at each academic rank measured. CONCLUSIONS The academic cardiothoracic surgery workforce lacks diversity, especially at the highest academic ranks. Salary equity among races or ethnicities is complex, requiring additional study. However, Black or African American cardiothoracic surgeons experience low representation and salary disparity at every academic rank measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosayaba Enofe
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anastasiia Tompkins
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David T Cooke
- Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Kirsten Freeman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J Michael DiMaio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor Scott & White The Heart Hospital, Plano, Texas
| | - Walter Merrill
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cherie P Erkmen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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3
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Olds A, Tompkins A, Erkmen CP. History and Current Status of Well-being Among Organizations (Impact of Wellness on a Section, Division, Institution and Profession, ACGME Requirements, Policies). Thorac Surg Clin 2024; 34:249-259. [PMID: 38944452 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The authors provide an overview of cultural adjustments and policy changes to support wellness in medicine. Subsequently, the data around wellness in cardiothoracic surgery, as well as policies and interventions that have been put into place to address wellness concerns in cardiothoracic surgery is discussed. The authors focus on both trainees and attendings and provide both a list of actions to address deficits in wellness management in the field, as well as resources available to promote well-being among cardiothoracic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olds
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 4300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Anastasiia Tompkins
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3401 N. Broad Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cherie P Erkmen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University Hospital, 3401 N. Broad Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Contreras N, Essig R, Magarinos J, Pereira S. Abuse, Bullying, Harassment, Discrimination, and Allyship in Cardiothoracic Surgery. Thorac Surg Clin 2024; 34:239-247. [PMID: 38944451 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Abuse, bullying, harassment, and discrimination are prominent workplace occurrences within cardiothoracic (CT) surgery that cause burnout and threaten the well-being of surgeons. Under-represented and marginalized groups experience higher incidences of these negative events, and CT surgery is one of the least diverse specialties. The CT surgery workforce and institutional leadership must prioritize mentorship, sponsorship, and allyship to promote a diverse and healthy specialty for surgeon recruitment, growth, and job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Contreras
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah and Huntsman Cancer Institute, 1950 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rachael Essig
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road, PHC4, Washington, DC 20007, USA. https://twitter.com/RachaelEssig
| | - Jessica Magarinos
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, 3401 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA
| | - Sara Pereira
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 30 North Mario Capecchi Drive, 4N133, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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5
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Gulati S, Wang S, Mazzola E, Marshall MB. Industry payments and implicit bias in cardiothoracic surgery: Difference in industry payments to cardiothoracic surgeons by gender. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024:S0022-5223(24)00608-1. [PMID: 39004269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Industry payments, as sources of revenue and prestige, may contribute to gender implicit bias. We examined industry payments to cardiothoracic surgeons to determine differences with respect to gender while accounting for practice focus and experience. METHODS Payments to cardiothoracic surgeons from 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 were abstracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payment database. Data were restricted to individual payments >$1000 and the following payment criteria: consulting fees, compensation for services other than consulting, honoraria, education, compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a nonaccredited and noncertified continuing education program, and grant. Physician profiles were queried for gender, practice type, and year of last fellowship completion. Descriptive statistics were reported based on these factors. RESULTS In 2014, 509 cardiothoracic surgeons (497 men and 12 women) received meaningful industry payments. Male surgeons received $10,471,192 (99.3%) with median payment of $6500 and mean of $21,069, whereas women received $70,310 (0.7%) with median of $3500 and mean of $5859. In 2022, 674 cardiothoracic surgeons (613 men and 61 women) received industry payments, with men receiving $10,967,855 (92.4%) with a median payment of $6611 and mean of $17,892 and women receiving $905,431 (7.6%) with a median payment of $6000 and mean of $14,843. CONCLUSIONS Industry payments to women increased from 2014 to 2022 as the proportion of women in practice rose. Industry support of women, with increases in compensation and roles as speakers, consultants, and educators, offers a potential strategy to combat implicit bias within cardiothoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Gulati
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sue Wang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Emanuele Mazzola
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - M Blair Marshall
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brian D. Jellison Cancer Institute, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, Fla
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6
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Higaki AA, Papageorge MV, Waldron C, Huggins L, Brinker M, Erez E, Milewski RC, Woodard GA, Antonoff MB, Lee ME. Gender representation trends in cardiothoracic surgery journal editorial boards. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024:S0022-5223(24)00541-5. [PMID: 38944272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize chronologic trends of gender composition of the editorial boards of major cardiothoracic surgery journals in the current era. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed of gender representation in editorial board members of 2 North American cardiothoracic surgery journals from 2008 to 2023. Member names and roles were collected from available monthly issues. Validated software programming was used to classify gender. The annual proportion of women representation was compared to the thoracic surgery workforce. RESULTS During the study period, 558 individuals (3641 names) were identified, 14.3% of whom were women. The total number of editorial board women increased for both journals. The proportion of women also increased from 2.5% (3 out of 118) in 2008 to 17.8% (71 out of 399) in 2023 (P < .001), exceeding the percentage of women in the thoracic surgery workforce, which increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 8.3% in 2021 (P < .001). The average duration of participation was longer for men than for women (53.8 vs 44.5 months; P = .01). Women in editorial board senior roles also increased from 3.3% (1 out of 30) in 2008 to 28.6% (42 out of 147) in 2023 (P < .001), almost triple the increase in nondesignated roles from 2.3% (2 out of 88) in 2008 to 11.5% (29 out of 252) in 2023 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In recent years, the appointment of women to the editorial boards of high-impact cardiothoracic surgery journals and senior roles have proportionally exceeded the overall representation of women in cardiothoracic surgery. These findings indicate progress in inclusive efforts and offer insight toward reducing academic gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Acuna Higaki
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Marianna V Papageorge
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Christina Waldron
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Lenique Huggins
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Morgan Brinker
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Ely Erez
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Rita C Milewski
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Gavitt A Woodard
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Division of Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Madonna E Lee
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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7
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Larson EL, Sangalang J, Chinedozi I, Yang S, Lawton JS. Preparing for a Cardiothoracic Surgery Career: Opportunities for Undergraduate and Medical Students. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 117:883-886. [PMID: 38342397 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Larson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janelle Sangalang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ifeanyi Chinedozi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen Yang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer S Lawton
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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8
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Hutchings H, Chang D, Ruffin W, Mohan N, Hooper R, Brue K, Okereke I. Effect of cardiothoracic surgery mentorship on underrepresented high school students. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 167:1885-1890. [PMID: 37500055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Chang
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich
| | - Wilma Ruffin
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich
| | - Navyatha Mohan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor University School of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Rachel Hooper
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Kellie Brue
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich
| | - Ikenna Okereke
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Mich.
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9
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Dafflisio GJ, Abdelrehim AA, Han JJ, Nguyen TC. Attending your first academic cardiothoracic conference: Comprehensive guide for trainees and students. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 167:1385-1390. [PMID: 37714370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianna J Dafflisio
- Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa.
| | | | - Jason J Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Tom C Nguyen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
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10
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Ferguson MK, Naunheim KS. Big Data Analytics-Surgeon Careers and the Continued Need for Human Connection. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 117:485-488. [PMID: 38043847 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Ferguson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Keith S Naunheim
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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11
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Edwards MA. Diversity in the Cardiothoracic Surgery Workforce: What I Can Do. Thorac Surg Clin 2024; 34:89-97. [PMID: 37953057 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the cardiothoracic surgery workforce, there are significant gaps in the numbers of women and underrepresented in medicine minorities, but some progress has been made in gender diversity at the resident level. Individual surgeons play an important role in combatting discrimination and harassment, while also promoting women and minorities through mentorship and sponsorship. More importantly, a multifaceted and structured approach is needed to increase diversity at the institutional level with strategies to create a culture of inclusion, working to retain underrepresented minority and female surgeons, and eliminating bias in the recruitment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Edwards
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Trinity Medical Group Ann Arbor, 5325 Elliott Drive, Suite 102, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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12
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Gelhard S, O'Brien L, Vincenti S, Smego DR, Hobbs R, Varghese TK, Selzman CH, Pereira SJ. Disparities in Gender and Diversity Representation Among Surgical Subspecialties: Are we Losing Momentum? J Surg Res 2024; 293:413-419. [PMID: 37812874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recruitment efforts have demonstrated small increases in female and under-represented applicants in recent years; however, the majority of surgical programs remain predominantly Caucasian and male. With increased national emphasis on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion initiatives and mentoring programs, applicants to surgical specialties have continued to increase. While strategies to improve gender and racial diversity are now openly discussed, it is unclear if we have seen significant improvement. We sought to analyze the gender and diversity trends between surgical specialties. METHODS Publicly available data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, National Board of Medical Examiners, and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were extracted to determine total number, gender, and diversity of surgery applicants and active residents from the years 2018 to 2021. Surgical specialties within the main match were compared through an analysis completed through Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Between the years from 2018 to 2021, there was a rise in diversity representation among all surgical residents except for orthopedics which remained less than 30%. Orthopedics, Neurosurgery, and Thoracic Integrated training programs have the lowest rates of female representation among current residents at 16.72%, 20.37%, and 30.05%, respectively. General surgery demonstrates the greatest increase of female residents with a positive 6% change over this recent four-year time period. CONCLUSIONS There has been minimal positive progress in gender and diversity representation in surgical subspecialties overall in recent years. Continued advocacy through mentorship and scholarship programs is recommended to achieve greater gender and diversity representation in general surgery and surgical subspecialties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam O'Brien
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sydney Vincenti
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas R Smego
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Reilly Hobbs
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Section of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake, Utah
| | - Thomas K Varghese
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Craig H Selzman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sara J Pereira
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Elfaki LA, Groenewoud R, Nwakoby A, Zubair A, Verma R, Yanagawa B. 2023 Update on equity, diversity, and inclusion in Canadian cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024; 39:68-71. [PMID: 37934715 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite efforts to diversify the medical field, cardiac surgery remains amongst the least diverse specialties. Specifically, the percentage of women and racial minorities has remained low in past few decades. This may impact prospective trainee recruitment and surgical care. This paper highlights recent efforts that aim to promote diversity and inclusion of the Canadian cardiac surgical workforce. RECENT FINDINGS Formal programs have been established to support students at different stages of training. In 2022, the Canadian Society for Cardiac Surgery has released an equity, diversity, and inclusion statement to summarize the current state and the strategic goals to accomplish a more just working environment. At the local level, the University of Toronto Next Surgeon high school pilot program, provided low-income, women, and racial minority students mentorship and experiential exposure to our field. Also, the University of Toronto, scholarships funded summer research with cardiac surgeons for women, as well as Black and Indigenous medical students. SUMMARY Tangible efforts that target high school, undergraduate, and medical students are underway to promote equity and diversity of cardiac surgeons in Canada. Future studies that evaluate the gaps and identify bottlenecks could better guide interventions at institutions across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Elfaki
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Rosalind Groenewoud
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Akachukwu Nwakoby
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Areeba Zubair
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Raj Verma
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bobby Yanagawa
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Eisenberg MA, Deboever N, Swisher SG, Vaporciyan AA, Hetz RA, Antonoff MB. Removing Implicit Bias From Cardiothoracic Surgery Resident Recruitment: Changing the Paradigm. J Surg Res 2023; 292:72-78. [PMID: 37595516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cardiothoracic (CT) surgery workforce continues to suffer from underrepresentation of women and minority physicians. The presence of implicit bias in the recruitment process may impair efforts to enhance the diversity of our training programs. Using a systematic approach, we aimed to investigate and optimize our candidate selection processes to minimize implicit bias. METHODS Internal review of a single center's CT fellowship program selection process was conducted. Areas of potential bias were evaluated. Specifically, we investigated how interview questions were selected, how candidates were assessed during interviews, and how they were compared after interviews. Proactive measures were implemented to remove identified sources of bias. RESULTS Several areas of potential bias were identified, including variability in types of questions asked and disparities in how candidates were scored. We noted the presence of potentially gendered language, cultural bias, and stereotyping within traits being scored. With the goals of intentionally promoting diversity and inclusion, we selected five traits as likely predictors of success which served as the framework from which standardized interview questions were created. The interview scoresheet was modified to include all attributes felt to be important, while eliminating irrelevant confounders and language that could carry potential advantage to specific groups. CONCLUSIONS By implementing strategies to identify and remove sources of implicit bias in the interview and recruitment process, our training program improved its process for the recruitment of a diverse cadre of matriculants. We must aim not only to diversify the composition of our trainee classes, but also to ensure equitable support, mentorship, and sponsorship throughout training and career advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Eisenberg
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nathaniel Deboever
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ara A Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A Hetz
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Ononuju UC, Morgan JB, Ode GE. The Role of Inclusion in Increasing Diversity and Retention Across Surgical Residencies: a Literature Review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:557-562. [PMID: 37715927 PMCID: PMC10587044 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Across surgical specialties, residencies are incentivized to improve program diversity, most often through recruitment of underrepresented minority (URM), women, LGBTQ, and disabled applicants. However, residency attrition remains high in these groups, highlighting the need for specific inclusion initiatives to improve retention and support for these cohorts. A better understanding of previous efforts at retention is paramount. This paper reviews the existing literature on inclusion and retention efforts in surgical residencies. RECENT FINDINGS A literature search was conducted using PubMed Central. Published articles were filtered based on date (2018-2023) and relevancy. Articles were evaluated holistically and focused on methods in increasing diversity and inclusion in residency retention. Through formal literature review focusing on pertinent research topic terms (i.e., inclusion, diversity, residency, surgery, retention), efforts that included inclusion initiatives, improving residency retention, and diversifying leadership were overarching themes. In recent years, there have been marked strides and improvements in encouraging resident diversity and inclusion. However, more widespread efforts with proven efficacy are needed in order to improve residency retention and to increase and maintain diversity in leadership in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ucheze C. Ononuju
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wellstar Kennestone Regional Medical Center, Marietta, GA USA
| | - Jakara B. Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of South Carolina-Greenville, Greenville, SC USA
| | - Gabriella E. Ode
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital For Special Surgery, New York City, NY USA
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Pompili C, Opitz I, Elswick E, Novoa N, Cabalo M, Beck Shimmer B, Sardari Nia P, Stiles B. Importance of personal development for a diverse workforce in thoracic surgery: the art of Curriculum Vitae building and interviewing. INTERDISCIPLINARY CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC SURGERY 2023; 37:ivad144. [PMID: 37659769 PMCID: PMC10474968 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nuria Novoa
- University Hospital Puerta de Hierro—Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Brendon Stiles
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Steele M, Gianakos AL, Stamm MA, Mulcahey MK. Diversity in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Societies. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:100752. [PMID: 37645393 PMCID: PMC10461193 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to report demographic trends in terms of ethnicity/race and gender among the membership and leadership positions of the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) and the American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine (AOSSM). Over the years both AANA and AOSSM will increase in diversity through their committee membership and leadership positions. Methods AANA and AOSSM membership and leadership were reviewed for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020. Race/ethnicity was divided into Caucasian, Asian, African American (AA), Hispanic/Latin/South American (HLSA), and Middle Eastern (ME). Gender was limited to male or female, based on name and photographic depiction. Results Diversity in AANA and AOSSM committee and leadership positions is summarized in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. In 2010, 166/191 (87%) AANA committee members were Caucasian, as compared with 125/186 (67%) in 2020. Asian committee members were similar in 2010 (13/191, 7%) and 2015 (13/216, 6%) but increased to 17/186 (10%) in 2020. HLSA committee members increased from 5/191 (3%) 2010 to 11/186 (6%) in 2020. AA committee membership increased from 2/191 (1%) in 2010 to 5/186 (3%) in 2020. The diversity of AANA Board of Director leadership positions increased, with Caucasian representation decreasing from 14/14 (100%) 2010 to 11/12 (92%) in 2020 and Asian representation increasing from 0% in 2010 to 1/12 (8%) in 2020, with HLSA, AA and ME remaining the same with 0/12 (0%). In AANA, men comprised 181/191 (95%) committee members in 2010 and 166/186 (89%) in 2020. The percentage of female committee members increased from 10/191 (5%) in 2010 to 20/186 (11%) in 2020. In 2010, 73/79 (92%) AOSSM committee members were Caucasian compared to 62/81 (77%) in 2020 with AA having the largest increase in committee members from 0% in 2010 to 6/81 (7%) in 2020 (Table 2). Within AOSSM, men comprised 73/79 (92%) committee members in 2010 and 70/81 (86%) in 2020. The percentage of female committee members in AOSSM increased from 6/79 (8%) in 2010 to 11/81 (14%) in 2020. Conclusion There has been a progressive trend toward increasing diversity in both committee membership and leadership positions in AANA and AOSSM from 2010 to 2020. Within AANA, there has been a decrease in the Caucasian representation from 87% in 2010 to 67% in 2020 and an increase in the female representation from 5% in 2010 to 11% in 2020. AOSSM demonstrated a similar trend, with Caucasian representation decreasing from 92% in 2010 to 77% in 2020, in addition to female percentage increasing from 8% in 2010 to 14% in 2020. Although there has been an increase in representation of minority and female orthopaedic surgeons within both societies, there is still room for more diversity and inclusion within committee membership and leadership. It is important to progress toward the understanding of the changes that need to be made and work to implement opening the field of orthopaedic sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia Steele
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | | | - Michaela A. Stamm
- Harvard-Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Mary K. Mulcahey
- Harvard-Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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18
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Khan IF, Ketheeswaran S, Willey B, Alasgarov E, Turker I, Guliyeva G, Scott Hultman C, Cooney CM, Caffrey JA. 13-Year Analysis of Gender Disparity in Peer-reviewed Burn Literature. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:775-779. [PMID: 36645329 PMCID: PMC10653194 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Women are less likely to be senior authors, invited to write in scientific journals, and to be cited in high impact journals. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in authorship and gender differences in peer-reviewed burn literature over 13 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of original research articles published from January 2009 to September 2021 in three burn journals. A gender determination application was used to categorize the gender of the first and senior author. Of the 3908 articles analyzed, 42.5% had a woman first author and 27.6% had a woman senior author. We identified 2029 unique senior authors, 29.0% of whom were women. Woman senior authorship was associated with increased odds of woman first authorship [OR = 2.31 (95% CI: 2.00, 2.67); P < .001]. The percentage of papers with a woman senior author increased from 17.8% in 2009 to 35.7% in 2021. If this 1.0% (95% CI: 0.50-1.51%) linear trend increase per year in woman senior authorship continues, we will expect to see equal proportions of woman and man senior authors in the included journals starting in 2037. The field of burn care is far from reaching gender parity with respect to authorship of peer-reviewed publications. Supporting and encouraging gender-concordant and discordant first:last authorship dyads in mentorship as well as redistributing obligations that may detract from authorship opportunities are potential ways to improve parity in authorship and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman F Khan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suvethavarshini Ketheeswaran
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brea Willey
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elvin Alasgarov
- Azerbaijan State Advanced Training Institute for Doctors Named After A. Aliyev, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan
| | - Ismail Turker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Gunel Guliyeva
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Scott Hultman
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carisa M Cooney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie A Caffrey
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Olive JK, Yost CC, Robinson JA, Brescia AA, Han JJ, Haney JC, Forbess JM, Varghese TK, Backhus LM, Cooke DT, Cornwell LD, Preventza OA. Demographics of Current and Aspiring Integrated Six-year Cardiothoracic Surgery Trainees. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 115:771-777. [PMID: 35934069 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrated 6-year thoracic surgery (I-6) residency model was developed in part to promote early interest in cardiothoracic surgery in diverse trainees. To determine gaps in and opportunities for recruitment of women and minority groups in the pipeline for I-6 residency, we quantified rates of progression at each training level and trends over time. METHODS We obtained 2015 to 2019 medical student, I-6 applicant, and I-6 resident gender and race/ethnicity demographic data from the American Association of Medical Colleges and Electronic Residency Application Service public databases and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Books. We performed χ2, Fisher exact, and Cochran-Armitage tests for trend to compare 2015 and 2019. RESULTS Our cross-sectional analysis found increased representation of women and all non-White races/ethnicities, except Native American, at each training level from 2015 to 2019 (P < .001 for all). The greatest trends in increases were seen in the proportions of women (28% vs 22%, P = .46) and Asian/Pacific Islander (25% vs 15%, P = .08) applicants. There was also an increase in the proportions of women (28% vs 24%, P = .024) and White (61% vs 58%, P = .007) I-6 residents, with a trend for Asian/Pacific Islanders (20% vs 17%, P = .08). The proportions of Hispanic (5%) and Black/African American (2%) I-6 residents in 2019 remained low. CONCLUSIONS I-6 residency matriculation is not representative of medical student demographics and spotlights a need to foster early interest in cardiothoracic surgery among all groups underrepresented in medicine while ensuring that we mitigate bias in residency recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Olive
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Colin C Yost
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin A Robinson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jason J Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John C Haney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph M Forbess
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas K Varghese
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Leah M Backhus
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David T Cooke
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Lorraine D Cornwell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ourania A Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
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Elfaki L, Nwakoby A, Lia H, Zhao G, Sicila A, Yoshida N, Yanagawa B. Engaging medical students in cardiac surgery: a focus on equity, diversity, and inclusion. Curr Opin Cardiol 2023; 38:94-102. [PMID: 36656289 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic prohibited Canadian medical students from in-person observerships. This may be particularly detrimental to under-represented groups that may consider surgical subspecialties. To address the unprecedented need for alternative surgical career exploration and diversity within the profession, The University of Toronto Cardiac Surgery Interest Group and Division of Cardiac Surgery collaborated on virtual experiential programming. RECENT FINDINGS Medical students were invited to virtual (1) observerships of a cardiac bypass case, (2) mentorship sessions with surgeons, (3) resident teaching sessions, (4) multidisciplinary case-based Heart Team discussions to further their understanding of the scope of Cardiac surgery, and (5) a virtual coronary anastomosis training program. Additionally, a comprehensive virtual program was spearheaded to increase interest in Cardiac surgery among low-income Black high school students. SUMMARY Trainee response to the virtual education, mentorship, and skill acquisition was positive. Trainees reported high levels of interest in the profession, particularly among females and under-represented minorities, supporting the principles of equity diversity, and inclusion in Cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Elfaki
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | | | - Hillary Lia
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - George Zhao
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Amanda Sicila
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bobby Yanagawa
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Feldman H, Blackmon S, Lawton JS, Antonoff MB. Dear sirs, your bias is showing: Implicit bias in letters of recommendation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 165:398-400. [PMID: 35599208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope Feldman
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Shanda Blackmon
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jennifer S Lawton
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex.
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22
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Bashir M, Jubouri M, Chen EP, Mariscalco G, Narayan P, Bailey DM, Awad WI, Williams IM, Velayudhan B, Mohammed I. Cardiothoracic surgery leadership and learning are indispensable to each other. J Card Surg 2022; 37:4204-4206. [PMID: 36345687 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.17116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiothoracic surgery is facing a multitude of challenges in leadership and training on the global scale, these being a complex and aging patient population, shortage of cardiac surgeons, diminishing student interest and trainee enthusiasm, increasingly challenging training obstacles and work-life imbalances, suboptimal job prospects, reports of discrimination and bullying and lack of diversity as well as gap between innovation and technology, clinical application, and training of future surgeons. The survival of cardiac surgery hinges on the leadership attracting and retaining young surgeons into the specialty. Mentoring, leading through example, recognizing the work-life imbalances, adapting to diverse and modern training models and embracing diversity with respect to gender and race, will ultimately be required to create and cultivate a nurturing environment of training and preparing future leaders. The vision for training future generations of cardiothoracic surgeons must rely heavily on strengthening the unity of the heart team. In doing so we can provide the best possible care for our patients and a most fulfilling career for the future generation of cardiac surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Bashir
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Velindre University NHS Trust, Health Education and Improvement Wales (HEIW), Cardiff, UK.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Matti Jubouri
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Edward P Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giovanni Mariscalco
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Pradeep Narayan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Wael I Awad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bashi Velayudhan
- Institute of Cardiac and Aortic Disorders (ICAD), SRM Institutes for Medical Science (SIMS Hospital), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Idhrees Mohammed
- Institute of Cardiac and Aortic Disorders (ICAD), SRM Institutes for Medical Science (SIMS Hospital), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Bernstein SL, Wei C, Gu A, Campbell JC, Fufa D. An Analysis of Underrepresented in Medicine Away Rotation Scholarships in Surgical Specialties. J Grad Med Educ 2022; 14:533-541. [PMID: 36274775 PMCID: PMC9580313 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-21-00952.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underrepresented in medicine (UIM) visiting student clerkship scholarships provide an opportunity for supporting diversity. Although these scholarships have become a popular initiative to recruit diverse surgical applicants, they have not been thoroughly analyzed regarding which programs offer scholarships and the characteristics of the scholarships. UIM scholarship opportunity disparities may exist depending on location, funding, reputation, and program size among different specialties. OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics and prevalence of UIM visiting student scholarships by examining institutional and program websites for the surgical specialties. METHODS Using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Accreditation Data System for 2021, residency training and diversity websites were identified and evaluated for the availability of UIM visiting student scholarships in July 2021. Eight surgical specialties were examined. Scholarships were categorized by how UIM was defined, the funding amount provided, and scholarship application requirements. We analyzed the association of the program's National Institutes of Health funding, size, type, region, reputation, and population density of the program's area via Doximity on scholarship availability using chi-square and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Of the 1058 analyzed programs, 314 (29.7%) had a UIM visiting student scholarship. There were 4 different definitions of UIM used among the analyzed programs. The average scholarship amount offered was $1,852.25 ($500-$4,000). Depending on the specialty, different variables were associated with whether a program had a UIM scholarship. CONCLUSIONS Currently, UIM scholarship offerings were variable between programs and surgical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Bernstein
- is a Medical Student, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
| | - Chapman Wei
- is PGY-1 Resident, Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Northwell Health
| | - Alex Gu
- is a PGY-2 Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | - Joshua C Campbell
- is Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | - Duretti Fufa
- is Associate Professor and Program Director of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery
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Marinello F, Fleming CA, Möeslein G, Khan J, Espín-Basany E, Pellino G. Diversity bias in colorectal surgery: a global perspective. Updates Surg 2022; 74:1915-1923. [PMID: 36083460 PMCID: PMC9674724 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-022-01355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There is a specific lack of data on equity and injustices among colorectal surgeons regarding diversity. This study aimed to explore colorectal surgeon’s lived experience of diversity bias with a specific focus on gender, sexual orientation or gender identity and race or religion. A bespoke questionnaire was designed and disseminated to colorectal surgeons and trainees through specialty association mailing lists and social media channels. Quantitative and qualitative data points were analysed. 306 colorectal surgeons responded globally. 58.8% (n = 180) identified as male and 40.5% (n = 124) as female. 19% were residents/registrars. 39.2% stated that they had personally experienced or witnessed gender inequality in their current workplace, 4.9% because of sexual orientation, and 7.5% due to their race or religion. Sexist jokes, pregnancy-related comments, homophobic comments, liberal use of offensive terms and disparaging comments and stereotypical jokes were commonly experienced. 44.4% (n = 135) did not believe their institution of employer guaranteed an environment of respect for diversity and only 20% were aware of society guidelines on equality and diversity. Diversity bias is prevalent in colorectal surgery. It is necessary to work towards real equality and inclusivity and embrace diversity, both to promote equity among colleagues and provide better surgical care to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Marinello
- Colorectal Surgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina A. Fleming
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriela Möeslein
- Center for Hereditary Tumors, Ev. Krankenhaus BETHESDA, University of Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jim Khan
- Colorectal Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Eloy Espín-Basany
- Colorectal Surgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Colorectal Surgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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Egelko A, Agarwal S, Erkmen C. Confronting the Scope of LGBT Inequity in Surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234:959-963. [PMID: 35426412 PMCID: PMC9022331 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This landmark paper traces anti-LGBT discrimination in surgery from history to present with particular analysis of discrimination against patients, providers, and within faith-based and military While research alone will not end healthcare iniquity, the work cannot begin until the “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” era of scholarship on ends. institutions. Discrimination against marginalized individuals is an epidemic in American Healthcare. Research regarding gender- and race- based discrimination in healthcare and surgery is robust; scholarship on anti-LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender; see Table 1 for explanations of commonly used terms) discrimination is woefully lacking. A Pubmed search of the top 10 Surgical Journals by h-index for the terms “Gay” “Lesbian” “LGBT” or “LGBTQ” turns up a single relevant article (1 ). This is despite the myriad of inequities LGBT surgeons and LGBT surgical patients face. The history of LGBT identity and discrimination has led to inequitable systems at both the structural and interpersonal level which are mutually reinforcing and synergistically harmful to patients (see figure 1 ). Addressing such inequities in surgery will require continual individual, systemic, and structural changes. Delineating all these changes is beyond the scope of any one paper. However, improving and sustaining LGBT equity cannot begin without first providing a common background to create change upon. This paper seeks to correct the discursive gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Egelko
- From the Departments of General Surgery (Egelko, Agarwal), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shilpa Agarwal
- From the Departments of General Surgery (Egelko, Agarwal), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cherie Erkmen
- Thoracic Surgery (Erkmen), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
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Green RL, Kling SM, Dunham P, Erkmen CP, Kuo LE. Gender Diversity in Surgery: A Review. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diversity in National Society Leadership and Podium Speakers in Cardiothoracic Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2022; 114:561-566. [PMID: 35182515 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women and people of colour are often under-represented in medicine. The objective of this study was to examine the inclusivity and diversity of the recent history of the Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), in terms of both its executive committees and invited participation at its annual meeting. METHODS CATS internal records and previous programs of CATS annual meetings were reviewed from 1997-2020. Leadership positions, invited speakers and award recipients were categorized by sex and race. RESULTS Of 199 CATS members in 2020, 93 were white men (47%), 64 were men of colour (32%), 24 were white women (12%) and 18 were women of colour (9%). The majority of CATS Presidents (86%), committee chairs (57%), named lecturers (88%), other invited speakers (67%) and major award winners (90%) were white men. Women and people of colour were under-represented. The resident research award was the most diverse: Of 23 awards, 10 have been to men of colour (44%), six to white men (26%), four to women of colour (15%) and two to white women (8%). CONCLUSIONS There is a need for more representation and inclusion of both women and people of colour at multiple levels in CATS. This includes opportunities for improvement in the make-up of its executive, the speakers at its annual conference and the recipients of its awards. CATS has established an Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Task Force to address this critical issue.
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Smith CB, Purcell LN, Charles A. Cultural Competence, Safety, Humility, and Dexterity in Surgery. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022; 10:1-7. [PMID: 35039788 PMCID: PMC8756410 DOI: 10.1007/s40137-021-00306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review As the United States’ population diversifies, urgent action is required to identify, dismantle, and eradicate persistent health disparities. The surgical community must recognize how patients’ values, beliefs, and behaviors are influenced by race, ethnicity, nationality, language, gender, socioeconomic status, physical and mental ability, sexual orientation, and occupation. Recent Findings Lately, health disparities have been highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surgery is no exception, with notable disparities occurring in pediatric, vascular, trauma, and cardiac surgery. In response, numerous curricula and training programs are being designed to increase cultural competence and safety among surgeons. Summary Cultural competence, safety, humility, and dexterity are required to improve healthcare experiences and outcomes for minorities. Various opportunities exist to enhance cultural competency and can be implemented at the medical student, resident, attending, management, and leadership levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Smith
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, CB USA
| | - Laura N Purcell
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, CB USA
| | - Anthony Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, CB USA.,Department of Surgery, University of north Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4008 Burnett Womack Building, Chapel Hill, CB 7228 USA
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Deboever N, Bayley EM, Vaporciyan AA, Antonoff MB. Traits of the current traditional pathway cardiothoracic surgery training pool: Results of a cross-sectional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 165:1743-1750. [PMID: 34920868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As new paradigms for cardiothoracic surgery training emerged in recent years, the traditional 2- or 3-year pathway has persisted as an option for trainees completing general surgery residencies. Although the applicant pool for 6-year integrated cardiothoracic surgery training programs has been superficially explored, little data exist characterizing those applicants to the traditional cardiothoracic surgery training pathway and the influence of 6-year integrated expansion on the traditional applicant pool. METHODS We reviewed materials from candidates applying to a single 2-year cardiothoracic surgery training program between 2015 and 2020. Descriptive and comparative analyses of multiple characteristics were performed over the years of the study. RESULTS During the years 2015 through 2020, we received 571 applications, accounting for 72% of the total National Residency Matching Program applicant pool. We saw no significant trends in numbers of peer-reviewed publications or presentations. There was a minimal year-to-year increase in number of first-authored posters, 2.04 in 2015 to 2.13 in 2020 (P = .008). Online publications, book chapters, and other publications were stable throughout the study period. Applicants consistently provided an average of 3.6 letters of recommendation, 1.9 from cardiothoracic surgery faculty. Mean in-service score percentiles were stable at the 54th percentile, whereas US Medical Licensing Examination scores increased. CONCLUSIONS Despite expansion of the 6-year integrated pathway to cardiothoracic surgery, we have seen no substantial year-to-year changes in attributes of traditional applicants. Our findings suggest that the cardiothoracic surgery applicant pool continues to be composed of a stable group of highly productive trainees. Future initiatives in candidate selection should emphasize interview strategies to highlight aspects of grit, emotional intelligence, and team dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Deboever
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Erin M Bayley
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Ara A Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex.
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Ceppa DP. Social Disparities in the Thoracic Surgery Workforce. Thorac Surg Clin 2021; 32:103-109. [PMID: 34801190 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diversity fosters innovation, advances the work environment, and enriches patient care. Despite that, only 17%, 5%, and 3% of cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons in academia were women, Hispanic, and Black, respectively. Diversity, equity, and inclusion goals and deliberate initiatives are necessary to eradicate disparities in the CT workforce. Leading organizational changes from the top down is paramount and above all else, changes and improvements should be based on a meritocracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuyKhanh P Ceppa
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Drive, EH215, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sumler ML, Capdeville M, Ngai J, Cormican D, Oakes D. A Call for Diversity: Underrepresented Minorities and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Fellowship Education. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 36:58-65. [PMID: 34696968 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper is the first of a four-part series that details the current barriers to diversity in the field of adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology and outlines actionable programs that can be implemented to create change. Part I and Part II address the training experience of women and underrepresented minorities (URMs) in adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology (ACTA), respectively, and explore concrete opportunities to promote positive change. Part III and Part IV examine the professional experience of URMs and women in ACTA, respectively, and discuss interventions that can facilitate a more equitable and inclusive environment for both groups. Although these problems are complex, the authors here offer a detailed analysis of the challenges faced by each group both in the training phase and the professional practice phase of their careers. The authors also present meaningful and concrete actions that can be implemented to create a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive professional environment in cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennie Ngai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | | | - Daryl Oakes
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Mansur A, Yang CFJ. Commentary: The important contributions that first-generation medical students offer to the field of cardiothoracic surgery. JTCVS OPEN 2021; 7:295-296. [PMID: 36003709 PMCID: PMC9390667 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arian Mansur
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
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Olive JK, Mansoor S, Simpson K, Cornwell LD, Jimenez E, Ghanta RK, Groth SS, Burt BM, Rosengart TK, Coselli JS, Preventza O. Demographic Landscape of Cardiothoracic Surgeons and Residents at United States Training Programs. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:108-114. [PMID: 34454903 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruiting and promoting women and racial/ethnic minorities could help enhance diversity and inclusion in the academic cardiothoracic (CT) surgery workforce. However, the demographics of trainees and faculty at US training programs have not yet been studied. METHODS Traditional, integrated (I-6), and fast-track (4+3) programs listed in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) public database were analyzed. Demographics of trainees and surgeons, including gender, race/ethnicity, subspecialty, and academic appointment (if applicable), were obtained from ACGME Data Resource Books, institutional websites, and public profiles. Chi-square and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were performed. RESULTS In July 2020, 78 institutions had at least one CT surgery training program; 40 (51%) had only a traditional program, 20 (26%) traditional and I-6, 6 (8%) all three types of program, and 4 (5%) only I-6. The proportion of female trainees increased significantly from 2011 to 2019 (19% vs 24%, p<0.001), with female I-6 trainees outnumbering female traditional trainees since 2018. Significant increases by race/ethnicity were observed overall and by program type, notably for Asians and Hispanics in I-6 programs and Blacks in traditional programs. Finally, of the 1,175 CT surgeons identified, 633 (54%) were adult cardiac surgeons, 360 (37%) assistant professors, 116 (10%) women, and 33 (3%) Black. CONCLUSIONS The demographic landscape of CT surgery trainees and faculty across multiple training pathways reflects increasing representation by gender and race/ethnicity. However, we must continue to work toward equitable representation in the workforce to benefit the diverse patients we treat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine Simpson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorraine D Cornwell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernesto Jimenez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ravi K Ghanta
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shawn S Groth
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan M Burt
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd K Rosengart
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Ourania Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
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34
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Lassemillante ACM, Delbridge R. Do we dare ask if this is racism? Nutr Diet 2021; 78:458-460. [PMID: 34109718 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie-Claude M Lassemillante
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, School of Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn Delbridge
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, School of Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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35
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Erkmen CP, Ortmeyer KA, Cooke DT. Diversity in Cardiothoracic Surgery: Beyond a "Gender/Color-Blind" Approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 113:2112-2113. [PMID: 34102174 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie P Erkmen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street Philadelphia, PA 19140.
| | - Katherine A Ortmeyer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - David T Cooke
- Section of General Thoracic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
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Feldman HA, Luc JGY, Antonoff MB. Diversity in Education-A Necessary Priority for the Future of CT Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 113:2111-2112. [PMID: 33891911 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Feldman
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica G Y Luc
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1489, Houston, TX 77030.
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37
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Let the Light Shine: The Need for Diversity and Inclusion in Cardiothoracic Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:752-753. [PMID: 33345788 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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