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Bayat M, Boostani R, Sabeti M, Yadegari F, Pirmoradi M, Rao KS, Nami M. Source Localization and Spectrum Analyzing of EEG in Stuttering State upon Dysfluent Utterances. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:371-383. [PMID: 36627837 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study which addressed adults who stutter (AWS) attempted to investigate power spectral dynamics in the stuttering state by answering the questions using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Method: A 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) setup was used for data acquisition at 20 AWS. Since the speech, especially stuttering, causes significant noise in the EEG, 2 conditions of speech preparation (SP) and imagined speech (IS) were considered. EEG signals were decomposed into 6 bands. The corresponding sources were localized using the standard low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) tool in both fluent and dysfluent states. Results: Significant differences were noted after analyzing the time-locked EEG signals in fluent and dysfluent utterances. Consistent with previous studies, poor alpha and beta suppression in SP and IS conditions were localized in the left frontotemporal areas in a dysfluent state. This was partly true for the right frontal regions. In the theta range, disfluency was concurrence with increased activation in the left and right motor areas. Increased delta power in the left and right motor areas as well as increased beta2 power over left parietal regions was notable EEG features upon fluent speech. Conclusion: Based on the present findings and those of earlier studies, explaining the neural circuitries involved in stuttering probably requires an examination of the entire frequency spectrum involved in speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bayat
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Malihe Sabeti
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Yadegari
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Pirmoradi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K S Rao
- Neuroscience Center, INDICASAT-AIP, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Mohammad Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Neuroscience Center, INDICASAT-AIP, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz, Iran
- Academy of Health, Senses Cultural Foundation, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Irani F, Mock JR, Myers JC, Johnson J, Golob EJ. A novel non-word speech preparation task to increase stuttering frequency in experimental settings for longitudinal research. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023; 105:106353. [PMID: 37331327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The variable and intermittent nature of stuttering makes it difficult to consistently elicit a sufficient number of stuttered trials for longitudinal experimental research. This study tests the efficacy of using non-word pairs that phonetically mimic English words with no associated meaning, to reliably elicit balanced numbers of stuttering and fluent trials over multiple sessions. The study also evaluated the effect of non-word length on stuttering frequency, the consistency of stuttering frequency across sessions, and potential carry-over effects of increased stuttering frequency in the experimental task to conversational and reading speech after the task. METHODS Twelve adults who stutter completed multiple sessions (mean of 4.8 sessions) where they were video-recorded during pre-task reading and conversation, followed by an experimental task where they read 400 non-word pairs randomized for each session, and then a post-task reading and conversation sample. RESULTS On average, across sessions and participants, non-word pairs consistently yielded a balanced distribution of fluent (60.7%) and stuttered (39.3%) trials over five sessions. Non-word length had a positive effect on stuttering frequency. No carryover effects from experimental to post-task conversation and reading were found. CONCLUSIONS Non-word pairs effectively and consistently elicited balanced proportions of stuttered and fluent trials. This approach can be used to gather longitudinal data to better understand the neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Irani
- Department of Communication Disorders, Texas State University, Round Rock Campus.
| | - Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
| | - John C Myers
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Communication Disorders, Texas State University, Round Rock Campus
| | - Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
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Goldfarb JH, Orpella J, Jackson ES. Eliciting Stuttering in School-Age and Adolescent Stutterers in Experimental Settings. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:1631-1638. [PMID: 37059075 PMCID: PMC10465159 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most neural and physiological research on stuttering focuses on the fluent speech of speakers who stutter due to the difficulty associated with eliciting stuttering reliably in the laboratory. We previously introduced an approach to elicit stuttered speech in the laboratory in adults who stutter. The purpose of this study was to determine whether that approach reliably elicits stuttering in school-age children and teenagers who stutter (CWS/TWS). METHOD Twenty-three CWS/TWS participated. A clinical interview was used to identify participant-specific anticipated and unanticipated words in CWS and TWS. Two tasks were administered: (a) a delayed word reading task in which participants read words and produced them after a 5-s delay and (b) a delayed response question task in which participants responded to examiner questions after a 5-s delay. Two CWS and eight TWS completed the reading task; six CWS and seven TWS completed the question task. Trials were coded as unambiguously fluent, ambiguous, and unambiguously stuttered. RESULTS The method yielded, at a group level, a near-equal distribution of unambiguously stuttered and fluent utterances: 42.5% and 45.1%, respectively, in the reading task and 40.5% and 51.4%, respectively, in the question task. CONCLUSIONS The method presented in this article elicited a comparable amount of unambiguously stuttered and fluent trials in CWS and TWS, at a group level, during two different word production tasks. The inclusion of different tasks supports the generalizability of our approach, which can be used to elicit stuttering in studies that aim to unravel the neural and physiological bases that underlie stuttered speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake H Goldfarb
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
| | - Joan Orpella
- Department of Psychology, New York University, NY
| | - Eric S Jackson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
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García-Salinas JS, Torres-García AA, Reyes-Garćia CA, Villaseñor-Pineda L. Intra-subject class-incremental deep learning approach for EEG-based imagined speech recognition. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Jackson ES, Dravida S, Zhang X, Noah JA, Gracco V, Hirsch J. Activation in Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Underlies Stuttering Anticipation. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 3:469-494. [PMID: 37216062 PMCID: PMC10158639 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
People who stutter learn to anticipate many of their overt stuttering events. Despite the critical role of anticipation, particularly how responses to anticipation shape stuttering behaviors, the neural bases associated with anticipation are unknown. We used a novel approach to identify anticipated and unanticipated words, which were produced by 22 adult stutterers in a delayed-response task while hemodynamic activity was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty-two control participants were included such that each individualized set of anticipated and unanticipated words was produced by one stutterer and one control participant. We conducted an analysis on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) based on converging lines of evidence from the stuttering and cognitive control literatures. We also assessed connectivity between the R-DLPFC and right supramarginal gyrus (R-SMG), two key nodes of the frontoparietal network (FPN), to assess the role of cognitive control, and particularly error-likelihood monitoring, in stuttering anticipation. All analyses focused on the five-second anticipation phase preceding the go signal to produce speech. The results indicate that anticipated words are associated with elevated activation in the R-DLPFC, and that compared to non-stutterers, stutterers exhibit greater activity in the R-DLPFC, irrespective of anticipation. Further, anticipated words are associated with reduced connectivity between the R-DLPFC and R-SMG. These findings highlight the potential roles of the R-DLPFC and the greater FPN as a neural substrate of stuttering anticipation. The results also support previous accounts of error-likelihood monitoring and action-stopping in stuttering anticipation. Overall, this work offers numerous directions for future research with clinical implications for targeted neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Jackson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Swethasri Dravida
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J. Adam Noah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent Gracco
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Bayat M, Boostani R, Sabeti M, Yadegari F, Taghavi M, Pirmoradi M, Chakrabarti P, Nami M. Speech Related Anxiety in Adults Who Stutter. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The relationship between anxiety and stuttering has always been a topic of debate with a great emphasis on research focused on examining whether speech-related anxiety can exacerbate stuttering. This investigation compares some speech-related anticipatory anxiety indices in fluent and dysfluent utterances in adults who stutter (AWS). We scored the level of cognitive speech-related anxiety (anticipatory anxiety) using a self-reporting method and also evaluated the autonomic aspects of anxiety (state anxiety) through recording changes in Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) signals. Explaining the link between stuttering and anxiety is expected to assist practitioners in stuttering assessment and subsequent treatment strategies. Phasic GSR values of six events related to answering the verbal stimuli through fluent and dysfluent responses were registered to measure sympathetic arousal as an index of state anxiety in 20 AWS ( Mage = 35 ± 4 years, range: 21–42). To quantitatively examine the cognitive aspects of speech-related anticipatory anxiety, two questionnaires were rated by participants addressing the stuttering anticipation and semantic difficulty of verbal stimuli. GSR measures of fluent events were significantly higher than dysfluent counterparts within time windows before and during answering aloud the verbal stimuli ( p < .001). Later in the experiment, GSR values of dysfluent events were found to be higher than their fluent counterparts ( p < .001). Stuttering anticipation yielded a weak negative meaningful correlation with the scores of fluency ( r = −0.283, p = .046) and a positive yet nonsignificant correlation with the stuttering scores. The semantic difficulty had a moderately significant correlation with stuttering anticipation ( r = 0.354, p = .012) but not a meaningful correlation with fluency state. Autonomic and cognitive indices of speech-related anticipatory anxiety are not robust predictors of fluency. Anxiety seems to be more of a consequence of stuttering than a cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bayat
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Head of Biomedical Engineering Group, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Malihe Sabeti
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North-Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Yadegari
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi
- Psychiatry group, medical school, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon Branch, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Pirmoradi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- ITM SLS, Baroda University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz, Iran
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Harvard Alumni for Mental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Jackson ES, Wijeakumar S, Beal DS, Brown B, Zebrowski PM, Spencer JP. Speech planning and execution in children who stutter: Preliminary findings from a fNIRS investigation. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 91:32-42. [PMID: 34373047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying speech production in children who stutter (CWS), despite the critical importance of understanding these mechanisms closer to the time of stuttering onset. The relative contributions of speech planning and execution in CWS therefore are also unknown. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, the current study investigated neural mechanisms of planning and execution in a small sample of 9-12 year-old CWS and controls (N = 12) by implementing two tasks that manipulated speech planning and execution loads. Planning was associated with atypical activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus. Execution was associated with atypical activation in bilateral precentral gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, as well as right supramarginal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. The CWS exhibited some activation patterns that were similar to the adults who stutter (AWS) as reported in our previous study: atypical planning in frontal areas including left inferior frontal gyrus and atypical execution in fronto-temporo-parietal regions including left precentral gyrus, and right inferior frontal, superior temporal, and supramarginal gyri. However, differences also emerged. Whereas CWS and AWS both appear to exhibit atypical activation in right inferior and supramarginal gyri during execution, only CWS appear to exhibit this same pattern during planning. In addition, the CWS appear to exhibit atypical activation in left inferior frontal and right precentral gyri related to execution, whereas AWS do not. These preliminary results are discussed in the context of possible impairments in sensorimotor integration and inhibitory control for CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Jackson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, 665 Broadway, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA.
| | | | - Deryk S Beal
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R8, Canada; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Bryan Brown
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 239 Water Street, Eau Claire, WI 54702, USA
| | - Patricia M Zebrowski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wendell Johnson Speech and Hearing Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John P Spencer
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Lawrence Stenhouse Building 0.09, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Frankford SA, Nieto-Castañón A, Tourville JA, Guenther FH. Reliability of single-subject neural activation patterns in speech production tasks. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 212:104881. [PMID: 33278802 PMCID: PMC7781091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Speech neuroimaging research targeting individual speakers could help elucidate differences that may be crucial to understanding speech disorders. However, this research necessitates reliable brain activation across multiple speech production sessions. In the present study, we evaluated the reliability of speech-related brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging data from twenty neuro-typical subjects who participated in two experiments involving reading aloud simple speech stimuli. Using traditional methods like the Dice and intraclass correlation coefficients, we found that most individuals displayed moderate to high reliability. We also found that a novel machine-learning subject classifier could identify these individuals by their speech activation patterns with 97% accuracy from among a dataset of seventy-five subjects. These results suggest that single-subject speech research would yield valid results and that investigations into the reliability of speech activation in people with speech disorders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul A Frankford
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Alfonso Nieto-Castañón
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason A Tourville
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Frank H Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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9
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Kim KS, Daliri A, Flanagan JR, Max L. Dissociated Development of Speech and Limb Sensorimotor Learning in Stuttering: Speech Auditory-motor Learning is Impaired in Both Children and Adults Who Stutter. Neuroscience 2020; 451:1-21. [PMID: 33091464 PMCID: PMC7704609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder of speech fluency. Various experimental paradigms have demonstrated that affected individuals show limitations in sensorimotor control and learning. However, controversy exists regarding two core aspects of this perspective. First, it has been claimed that sensorimotor learning limitations are detectable only in adults who stutter (after years of coping with the disorder) but not during childhood close to the onset of stuttering. Second, it remains unclear whether stuttering individuals' sensorimotor learning limitations affect only speech movements or also unrelated effector systems involved in nonspeech movements. We report data from separate experiments investigating speech auditory-motor learning (N = 60) and limb visuomotor learning (N = 84) in both children and adults who stutter versus matched nonstuttering individuals. Both children and adults who stutter showed statistically significant limitations in speech auditory-motor adaptation with formant-shifted feedback. This limitation was more profound in children than in adults and in younger children versus older children. Between-group differences in the adaptation of reach movements performed with rotated visual feedback were subtle but statistically significant for adults. In children, even the nonstuttering groups showed limited visuomotor adaptation just like their stuttering peers. We conclude that sensorimotor learning is impaired in individuals who stutter, and that the ability for speech auditory-motor learning-which was already adult-like in 3-6 year-old typically developing children-is severely compromised in young children near the onset of stuttering. Thus, motor learning limitations may play an important role in the fundamental mechanisms contributing to the onset of this speech disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang S Kim
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Ludo Max
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States.
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10
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Jackson ES, Gracco V, Zebrowski PM. Eliciting Stuttering in Laboratory Contexts. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:143-150. [PMID: 31835000 PMCID: PMC7213478 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The contextual variability of stuttering events makes it difficult to reliably elicit stuttered speech in laboratory settings. As a result, studies that compare stuttered versus fluent speech are difficult to conduct and, thus, are limited in the literature. The purpose of the current study is to describe a novel approach to elicit stuttering during laboratory testing. Method A semistructured clinical interview leveraging the phenomenon of stuttering anticipation was administered to 22 adults who stutter (1st visit). The interview was used to generate participant-specific anticipated and unanticipated word lists, which were used as stimuli during a 2nd visit so that the validity of the method could be tested. Results The method yielded a near-equal distribution of unambiguously stuttered and fluent utterances (43.6% and 43.5%, respectively). Moreover, 12.9% of the utterances were judged to be ambiguous, that is, not unambiguously stuttered or fluent. Conclusion This approach outperformed previous attempts to elicit stuttering during laboratory testing. It could be implemented in future studies that compare neural, physiological, or behavioral correlates of fluent versus stuttered speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Jackson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York City
| | | | - Patricia M. Zebrowski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wendell Johnson Speech and Hearing Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City
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11
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Sengupta R, Yaruss JS, Loucks TM, Gracco VL, Pelczarski K, Nasir SM. Theta Modulated Neural Phase Coherence Facilitates Speech Fluency in Adults Who Stutter. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:394. [PMID: 31798431 PMCID: PMC6878001 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults who stutter (AWS) display altered patterns of neural phase coherence within the speech motor system preceding disfluencies. These altered patterns may distinguish fluent speech episodes from disfluent ones. Phase coherence is relevant to the study of stuttering because it reflects neural communication within brain networks. In this follow-up study, the oscillatory cortical dynamics preceding fluent speech in AWS and adults who do not stutter (AWNS) were examined during a single-word delayed reading task using electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques. Compared to AWNS, fluent speech preparation in AWS was characterized by a decrease in theta-gamma phase coherence and a corresponding increase in theta-beta coherence level. Higher spectral powers in the beta and gamma bands were also observed preceding fluent utterances by AWS. Overall, there was altered neural communication during speech planning in AWS that provides novel evidence for atypical allocation of feedforward control by AWS even before fluent utterances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranit Sengupta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - J Scott Yaruss
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Torrey M Loucks
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Research, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Kristin Pelczarski
- School of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sazzad M Nasir
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States.,Indiana Academy, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
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12
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Jackson ES, Wijeakumar S, Beal DS, Brown B, Zebrowski P, Spencer JP. A fNIRS Investigation of Speech Planning and Execution in Adults Who Stutter. Neuroscience 2019; 406:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Neef NE, Anwander A, Bütfering C, Schmidt-Samoa C, Friederici AD, Paulus W, Sommer M. Structural connectivity of right frontal hyperactive areas scales with stuttering severity. Brain 2019; 141:191-204. [PMID: 29228195 PMCID: PMC5837552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuronal sign of persistent developmental stuttering is the magnified coactivation of right frontal brain regions during speech production. Whether and how stuttering severity relates to the connection strength of these hyperactive right frontal areas to other brain areas is an open question. Scrutinizing such brain–behaviour and structure–function relationships aims at disentangling suspected underlying neuronal mechanisms of stuttering. Here, we acquired diffusion-weighted and functional images from 31 adults who stutter and 34 matched control participants. Using a newly developed structural connectivity measure, we calculated voxel-wise correlations between connection strength and stuttering severity within tract volumes that originated from functionally hyperactive right frontal regions. Correlation analyses revealed that with increasing speech motor deficits the connection strength increased in the right frontal aslant tract, the right anterior thalamic radiation, and in U-shaped projections underneath the right precentral sulcus. In contrast, with decreasing speech motor deficits connection strength increased in the right uncinate fasciculus. Additional group comparisons of whole-brain white matter skeletons replicated the previously reported reduction of fractional anisotropy in the left and right superior longitudinal fasciculus as well as at the junction of right frontal aslant tract and right superior longitudinal fasciculus in adults who stutter compared to control participants. Overall, our investigation suggests that right fronto-temporal networks play a compensatory role as a fluency enhancing mechanism. In contrast, the increased connection strength within subcortical-cortical pathways may be implied in an overly active global response suppression mechanism in stuttering. Altogether, this combined functional MRI–diffusion tensor imaging study disentangles different networks involved in the neuronal underpinnings of the speech motor deficit in persistent developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Neef
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Anwander
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Bütfering
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Sommer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Bowers A, Bowers LM, Hudock D, Ramsdell-Hudock HL. Phonological working memory in developmental stuttering: Potential insights from the neurobiology of language and cognition. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 58:94-117. [PMID: 30224087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current review examines how neurobiological models of language and cognition could shed light on the role of phonological working memory (PWM) in developmental stuttering (DS). Toward that aim, we review Baddeley's influential multicomponent model of PWM and evidence for load-dependent differences between children and adults who stutter and typically fluent speakers in nonword repetition and dual-task paradigms. We suggest that, while nonword repetition and dual-task findings implicate processes related to PWM, it is unclear from behavioral studies alone what mechanisms are involved. To address how PWM could be related to speech output in DS, a third section reviews neurobiological models of language proposing that PWM is an emergent property of cyclic sensory and motor buffers in the dorsal stream critical for speech production. We propose that anomalous sensorimotor timing could potentially interrupt both fluent speech in DS and the emergent properties of PWM. To further address the role of attention and executive function in PWM and DS, we also review neurobiological models proposing that prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) function to facilitate working memory under distracting conditions and neuroimaging evidence implicating the PFC and BG in stuttering. Finally, we argue that cognitive-behavioral differences in nonword repetition and dual-tasks are consistent with the involvement of neurocognitive networks related to executive function and sensorimotor integration in PWM. We suggest progress in understanding the relationship between stuttering and PWM may be accomplished using high-temporal resolution electromagnetic experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bowers
- University of Arkansas, Epley Center for Health Professions, 606 N. Razorback Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Lisa M Bowers
- University of Arkansas, Epley Center for Health Professions, 606 N. Razorback Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Daniel Hudock
- Idaho State University, 650 Memorial Dr. Bldg. 68, Pocatello, ID 83201, United States.
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15
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Connally EL, Ward D, Pliatsikas C, Finnegan S, Jenkinson M, Boyles R, Watkins KE. Separation of trait and state in stuttering. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3109-3126. [PMID: 29624772 PMCID: PMC6055715 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is a disorder in which the smooth flow of speech is interrupted. People who stutter show structural and functional abnormalities in the speech and motor system. It is unclear whether functional differences reflect general traits of the disorder or are specifically related to the dysfluent speech state. We used a hierarchical approach to separate state and trait effects within stuttering. We collected sparse-sampled functional MRI during two overt speech tasks (sentence reading and picture description) in 17 people who stutter and 16 fluent controls. Separate analyses identified indicators of: (1) general traits of people who stutter; (2) frequency of dysfluent speech states in subgroups of people who stutter; and (3) the differences between fluent and dysfluent states in people who stutter. We found that reduced activation of left auditory cortex, inferior frontal cortex bilaterally, and medial cerebellum were general traits that distinguished fluent speech in people who stutter from that of controls. The stuttering subgroup with higher frequency of dysfluent states during scanning (n = 9) had reduced activation in the right subcortical grey matter, left temporo-occipital cortex, the cingulate cortex, and medial parieto-occipital cortex relative to the subgroup who were more fluent (n = 8). Finally, during dysfluent states relative to fluent ones, there was greater activation of inferior frontal and premotor cortex extending into the frontal operculum, bilaterally. The above differences were seen across both tasks. Subcortical state effects differed according to the task. Overall, our data emphasise the independence of trait and state effects in stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Connally
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David Ward
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of Reading, ReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Christos Pliatsikas
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of Reading, ReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Finnegan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rowan Boyles
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate E Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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16
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Etchell AC, Civier O, Ballard KJ, Sowman PF. A systematic literature review of neuroimaging research on developmental stuttering between 1995 and 2016. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 55:6-45. [PMID: 28778745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stuttering is a disorder that affects millions of people all over the world. Over the past two decades, there has been a great deal of interest in investigating the neural basis of the disorder. This systematic literature review is intended to provide a comprehensive summary of the neuroimaging literature on developmental stuttering. It is a resource for researchers to quickly and easily identify relevant studies for their areas of interest and enable them to determine the most appropriate methodology to utilize in their work. The review also highlights gaps in the literature in terms of methodology and areas of research. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review on neuroimaging studies on developmental stuttering according to the PRISMA guidelines. We searched for articles in the pubmed database containing "stuttering" OR "stammering" AND either "MRI", "PET", "EEG", "MEG", "TMS"or "brain" that were published between 1995/01/01 and 2016/01/01. RESULTS The search returned a total of 359 items with an additional 26 identified from a manual search. Of these, there were a total of 111 full text articles that met criteria for inclusion in the systematic literature review. We also discuss neuroimaging studies on developmental stuttering published throughout 2016. The discussion of the results is organized first by methodology and second by population (i.e., adults or children) and includes tables that contain all items returned by the search. CONCLUSIONS There are widespread abnormalities in the structural architecture and functional organization of the brains of adults and children who stutter. These are evident not only in speech tasks, but also non-speech tasks. Future research should make greater use of functional neuroimaging and noninvasive brain stimulation, and employ structural methodologies that have greater sensitivity. Newly planned studies should also investigate sex differences, focus on augmenting treatment, examine moments of dysfluency and longitudinally or cross-sectionally investigate developmental trajectories in stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Etchell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, MI, United States; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Oren Civier
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kirrie J Ballard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul F Sowman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Daliri A, Wieland EA, Cai S, Guenther FH, Chang SE. Auditory-motor adaptation is reduced in adults who stutter but not in children who stutter. Dev Sci 2018; 21:10.1111/desc.12521. [PMID: 28256029 PMCID: PMC5581739 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that adults who stutter produce smaller corrective motor responses to compensate for unexpected auditory perturbations in comparison to adults who do not stutter, suggesting that stuttering may be associated with deficits in integration of auditory feedback for online speech monitoring. In this study, we examined whether stuttering is also associated with deficiencies in integrating and using discrepancies between expected and received auditory feedback to adaptively update motor programs for accurate speech production. Using a sensorimotor adaptation paradigm, we measured adaptive speech responses to auditory formant frequency perturbations in adults and children who stutter and their matched nonstuttering controls. We found that the magnitude of the speech adaptive response for children who stutter did not differ from that of fluent children. However, the adaptation magnitude of adults who stutter in response to auditory perturbation was significantly smaller than the adaptation magnitude of adults who do not stutter. Together these results indicate that stuttering is associated with deficits in integrating discrepancies between predicted and received auditory feedback to calibrate the speech production system in adults but not children. This auditory-motor integration deficit thus appears to be a compensatory effect that develops over years of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Daliri
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | | | | | - Soo-Eun Chang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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18
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Ingham RJ, Ingham JC, Euler HA, Neumann K. Stuttering treatment and brain research in adults: A still unfolding relationship. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 55:106-119. [PMID: 28413060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain imaging and brain stimulation procedures have now been used for more than two decades to investigate the neural systems that contribute to the occurrence of stuttering in adults, and to identify processes that might enhance recovery from stuttering. The purpose of this paper is to review the extent to which these dual lines of research with adults who stutter have intersected and whether they are contributing towards the alleviation of this impairment. METHOD Several areas of research are reviewed in order to determine whether research on the neurology of stuttering is showing any potential for advancing the treatment of this communication disorder: (a) attempts to discover the neurology of stuttering, (b) neural changes associated with treated recovery, and (c) direct neural intervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although much has been learned about the neural underpinnings of stuttering, little research in any of the reviewed areas has thus far contributed to the advancement of stuttering treatment. Much of the research on the neurology of stuttering that does have therapy potential has been largely driven by a speech-motor model that is designed to account for the efficacy of fluency-inducing strategies and strategies that have been shown to yield therapy benefits. Investigations on methods that will induce neuroplasticity are overdue. Strategies profitable with other disorders have only occasionally been employed. However, there are signs that investigations on the neurology of adults who have recovered from stuttering are slowly being recognized for their potential in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Ingham
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Janis C Ingham
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Harald A Euler
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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19
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Mersov A, Cheyne D, Jobst C, De Nil L. A preliminary study on the neural oscillatory characteristics of motor preparation prior to dysfluent and fluent utterances in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 55:145-155. [PMID: 28577876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent literature on speech production in adults who stutter (AWS) has begun to investigate the neural mechanisms characterizing speech-motor preparation prior to speech onset. Compelling evidence has suggested that stuttering is associated with atypical processing within cortical and sub-cortical motor networks, particularly in the beta frequency range, that is effective before speech production even begins. Due to low stuttering frequency in experimental settings, however, the literature has so far predominantly reported on fluent speech production in AWS. Consequently, we have limited understanding of the way in which fluent speech processing in AWS is disturbed leading to a dysfluency. This preliminary study aims to characterize neural motor preparation prior to stuttered utterances in AWS. METHODS Eight AWS participated in the study. A total of 336 stuttered utterances were compared to the participants' own fluent utterance productions. Beta oscillatory activity was analyzed with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and localized using minimum-variance beamforming. RESULTS Preparation for speech production induced beta suppression in the bilateral premotor and motor cortex prior to speech onset. Although the data revealed some interesting trends, no significant differences between fluent and stuttered utterances were present. This may be due to a relatively low and variable number of stuttered trials analyzed in individual subjects. CONCLUSION While the lack of significant differences may have resulted from the relatively low numbers of stuttered utterances across subjects, the observed trends demonstrated that the proposed methodology and experimental paradigm is a promising approach for future studies aiming to characterize differences between stuttered and fluent speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mersov
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Douglas Cheyne
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1W7, Canada
| | - Cecilia Jobst
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Luc De Nil
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Neumann K, Euler HA, Kob M, Wolff von Gudenberg A, Giraud AL, Weissgerber T, Kell CA. Assisted and unassisted recession of functional anomalies associated with dysprosody in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 55:120-134. [PMID: 28958627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Speech in persons who stutter (PWS) is associated with disturbed prosody (speech melody and intonation), which may impact communication. The neural correlates of PWS' altered prosody during speaking are not known, neither is how a speech-restructuring therapy affects prosody at both a behavioral and a cerebral level. METHODS In this fMRI study, we explored group differences in brain activation associated with the production of different kinds of prosody in 13 male adults who stutter (AWS) before, directly after, and at least 1 year after an effective intensive fluency-shaping treatment, in 13 typically fluent-speaking control participants (CP), and in 13 males who had spontaneously recovered from stuttering during adulthood (RAWS), while sentences were read aloud with 'neutral', instructed emotional (happy), and linguistically driven (questioning) prosody. These activations were related to speech production acoustics. RESULTS During pre-treatment prosody generation, the pars orbitalis of the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left anterior insula were activated less in AWS than in CP. The degree of hypo-activation correlated with acoustic measures of dysprosody. Paralleling the near-normalization of free speech melody following fluency-shaping therapy, AWS normalized the inferior frontal hypo-activation, sooner after treatment for generating emotional than linguistic prosody. Unassisted recovery was associated with an additional recruitment of cerebellar resources. CONCLUSIONS Fluency shaping therapy may restructure prosody, which approaches that of typically fluent-speaking people. Such a process may benefit from additional training of instructed emotional and linguistic prosody by inducing plasticity in the inferior frontal region which has developed abnormally during childhood in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Neumann
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery,St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Harald A Euler
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery,St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Malte Kob
- Erich-Thienhaus-Institute, University of Music Detmold, Detmold, Germany
| | | | - Anne-Lise Giraud
- Département des Neuroscience Fondamentales, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weissgerber
- Department of Audiological Acoustics, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian A Kell
- Brain Imaging Center and Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Toyomura A, Fujii T, Yokosawa K, Kuriki S. Speech Disfluency-dependent Amygdala Activity in Adults Who Stutter: Neuroimaging of Interpersonal Communication in MRI Scanner Environment. Neuroscience 2018; 374:144-154. [PMID: 29378280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Affective states, such as anticipatory anxiety, critically influence speech communication behavior in adults who stutter. However, there is currently little evidence regarding the involvement of the limbic system in speech disfluency during interpersonal communication. We designed this neuroimaging study and experimental procedure to sample neural activity during interpersonal communication between human participants, and to investigate the relationship between the amygdala activity and speech disfluency. Participants were required to engage in live communication with a stranger of the opposite sex in the MRI scanner environment. In the gaze condition, the stranger gazed at the participant without speaking, while in the live conversation condition, the stranger asked questions that the participant was required to answer. The stranger continued to gaze silently at the participant while the participant answered. Adults who stutter reported significantly higher discomfort than fluent controls during the experiment. Activity in the right amygdala, a key anatomical region in the limbic system involved in emotion, was significantly correlated with stuttering occurrences in adults who stutter. Right amygdala activity from pooled data of all participants also showed a significant correlation with discomfort level during the experiment. Activity in the prefrontal cortex, which forms emotion regulation neural circuitry with the amygdala, was decreased in adults who stutter than in fluent controls. This is the first study to demonstrate that amygdala activity during interpersonal communication is involved in disfluent speech in adults who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Toyomura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Technologies, Tokyo Denki University, Muzai-Gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1382, Japan; Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Tetsunoshin Fujii
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Koichi Yokosawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shinya Kuriki
- Department of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Muzai-Gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1382, Japan
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22
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Arenas RM, Shoemaker JM, Phillips J. High prevalence of pineal cysts in adults who stutter. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 177-178:18-22. [PMID: 29421268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Arenas
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | | | - John Phillips
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, United States
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23
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Mohammadi H, Joghataei MT, Rahimi Z, Faghihi F, Khazaie H, Farhangdoost H, Mehrpour M. Sex steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin levels, CYP17 MSP AI (-34T:C) and CYP19 codon 39 (Trp:Arg) variants in children with developmental stuttering. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 175:47-56. [PMID: 28992603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is known to be a sexually dimorphic and male-biased speech motor control disorder. In the present case-control study, we investigated the relationship between developmental stuttering and steroid hormones. Serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), oestradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), as well as the 2nd/4th digit ratio (2D:4D), an indicator of prenatal testosterone level, were compared between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS). Moreover, two SNPs (CYP17 -34 T:C (MSP AI) and CYP19 T:C (Trp:Arg)) of cytochrome P450, which is involved in steroid metabolism pathways, were analysed between the groups. Our results showed significantly higher levels of testosterone, DHT, and oestradiol in CWS in comparison with CWNS. The severity of stuttering was positively correlated with the serum levels of testosterone, DHEA, and cortisol, whereas no association was seen between the stuttering and digit ratio, progesterone, or SHBG. The CYP17CC genotype was significantly associated with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Mohammadi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Faezeh Faghihi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hashem Farhangdoost
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mehrpour
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Metzger FL, Auer T, Helms G, Paulus W, Frahm J, Sommer M, Neef NE. Shifted dynamic interactions between subcortical nuclei and inferior frontal gyri during response preparation in persistent developmental stuttering. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:165-182. [PMID: 28741037 PMCID: PMC5772149 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent developmental stuttering is associated with basal ganglia dysfunction or dopamine dysregulation. Here, we studied whole-brain functional connectivity to test how basal ganglia structures coordinate and reorganize sensorimotor brain networks in stuttering. To this end, adults who stutter and fluent speakers (control participants) performed a response anticipation paradigm in the MRI scanner. The preparation of a manual Go/No-Go response reliably produced activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus and particularly in the substantia nigra. Strikingly, in adults who stutter, substantia nigra activity correlated positively with stuttering severity. Furthermore, functional connectivity analyses yielded altered task-related network formations in adults who stutter compared to fluent speakers. Specifically, in adults who stutter, the globus pallidus and the thalamus showed increased network synchronization with the inferior frontal gyrus. This implies dynamic shifts in the response preparation-related network organization through the basal ganglia in the context of a non-speech motor task in stuttering. Here we discuss current findings in the traditional framework of how D1 and D2 receptor activity shapes focused movement selection, thereby suggesting a disproportional involvement of the direct and the indirect pathway in stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Luise Metzger
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tibor Auer
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Gunther Helms
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Sommer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole E Neef
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Saltuklaroglu T, Harkrider AW, Thornton D, Jenson D, Kittilstved T. EEG Mu (µ) rhythm spectra and oscillatory activity differentiate stuttering from non-stuttering adults. Neuroimage 2017; 153:232-245. [PMID: 28400266 PMCID: PMC5569894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is linked to sensorimotor deficits related to internal modeling mechanisms. This study compared spectral power and oscillatory activity of EEG mu (μ) rhythms between persons who stutter (PWS) and controls in listening and auditory discrimination tasks. EEG data were analyzed from passive listening in noise and accurate (same/different) discrimination of tones or syllables in quiet and noisy backgrounds. Independent component analysis identified left and/or right μ rhythms with characteristic alpha (α) and beta (β) peaks localized to premotor/motor regions in 23 of 27 people who stutter (PWS) and 24 of 27 controls. PWS produced μ spectra with reduced β amplitudes across conditions, suggesting reduced forward modeling capacity. Group time-frequency differences were associated with noisy conditions only. PWS showed increased μ-β desynchronization when listening to noise and early in discrimination events, suggesting evidence of heightened motor activity that might be related to forward modeling deficits. PWS also showed reduced μ-α synchronization in discrimination conditions, indicating reduced sensory gating. Together these findings indicate spectral and oscillatory analyses of μ rhythms are sensitive to stuttering. More specifically, they can reveal stuttering-related sensorimotor processing differences in listening and auditory discrimination that also may be influenced by basal ganglia deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Saltuklaroglu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ashley W Harkrider
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - David Thornton
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David Jenson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tiffani Kittilstved
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Busan P, Battaglini P, Sommer M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in developmental stuttering: Relations with previous neurophysiological research and future perspectives. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:952-964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Piispala J, Määttä S, Pääkkönen A, Bloigu R, Kallio M, Jansson-Verkasalo E. Atypical brain activation in children who stutter in a visual Go/Nogo task: An ERP study. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Busan P, Del Ben G, Bernardini S, Natarelli G, Bencich M, Monti F, Manganotti P, Battaglini PP. Altered Modulation of Silent Period in Tongue Motor Cortex of Persistent Developmental Stuttering in Relation to Stuttering Severity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163959. [PMID: 27711148 PMCID: PMC5053488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor balance in developmental stuttering (DS) was investigated with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), with the aim to define novel neural markers of persistent DS in adulthood. Eleven DS adult males were evaluated with TMS on tongue primary motor cortex, compared to 15 matched fluent speakers, in a “state” condition (i.e. stutterers vs. fluent speakers, no overt stuttering). Motor and silent period thresholds (SPT), recruitment curves, and silent period durations were acquired by recording tongue motor evoked potentials. Tongue silent period duration was increased in DS, especially in the left hemisphere (P<0.05; Hedge’s g or Cohen’s dunbiased = 1.054, i.e. large effect size), suggesting a “state” condition of higher intracortical inhibition in left motor cortex networks. Differences in motor thresholds (different excitatory/inhibitory ratios in DS) were evident, as well as significant differences in SPT. In fluent speakers, the left hemisphere may be marginally more excitable than the right one in motor thresholds at lower muscular activation, while active motor thresholds and SPT were higher in the left hemisphere of DS with respect to the right one, resulting also in a positive correlation with stuttering severity. Pre-TMS electromyography data gave overlapping evidence. Findings suggest the existence of a complex intracortical balance in DS tongue primary motor cortex, with a particular interplay between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, also in neural substrates related to silent periods. Findings are discussed with respect to functional and structural impairments in stuttering, and are also proposed as novel neural markers of a stuttering “state” in persistent DS, helping to define more focused treatments (e.g. neuro-modulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Busan
- IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giovanni Del Ben
- B.R.A.I.N. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Natarelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Bencich
- B.R.A.I.N. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Monti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero Paolo Battaglini
- B.R.A.I.N. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Arenas RM. Conceptualizing and investigating the contextual variability of stuttering: The speech and monitoring interaction (SAMI) framework. SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2050571x.2016.1221877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Neef NE, Bütfering C, Anwander A, Friederici AD, Paulus W, Sommer M. Left posterior-dorsal area 44 couples with parietal areas to promote speech fluency, while right area 44 activity promotes the stopping of motor responses. Neuroimage 2016; 142:628-644. [PMID: 27542724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Area 44 is a cytoarchitectonically distinct portion of Broca's region. Parallel and overlapping large-scale networks couple with this region thereby orchestrating heterogeneous language, cognitive, and motor functions. In the context of stuttering, area 44 frequently comes into focus because structural and physiological irregularities affect developmental trajectories, stuttering severity, persistency, and etiology. A remarkable phenomenon accompanying stuttering is the preserved ability to sing. Speaking and singing are connatural behaviours recruiting largely overlapping brain networks including left and right area 44. Analysing which potential subregions of area 44 are malfunctioning in adults who stutter, and what effectively suppresses stuttering during singing, may provide a better understanding of the coordination and reorganization of large-scale brain networks dedicated to speaking and singing in general. We used fMRI to investigate functionally distinct subregions of area 44 during imagery of speaking and imaginary of humming a melody in 15 dextral males who stutter and 17 matched control participants. Our results are fourfold. First, stuttering was specifically linked to a reduced activation of left posterior-dorsal area 44, a subregion that is involved in speech production, including phonological word processing, pitch processing, working memory processes, sequencing, motor planning, pseudoword learning, and action inhibition. Second, functional coupling between left posterior area 44 and left inferior parietal lobule was deficient in stuttering. Third, despite the preserved ability to sing, males who stutter showed bilaterally a reduced activation of area 44 when imagine humming a melody, suggesting that this fluency-enhancing condition seems to bypass posterior-dorsal area 44 to achieve fluency. Fourth, time courses of the posterior subregions in area 44 showed delayed peak activations in the right hemisphere in both groups, possibly signaling the offset response. Because these offset response-related activations in the right hemisphere were comparably large in males who stutter, our data suggest a hyperactive mechanism to stop speech motor responses and thus possibly reflect a pathomechanism, which, until now, has been neglected. Overall, the current results confirmed a recently described co-activation based parcellation supporting the idea of functionally distinct subregions of left area 44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Neef
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 03104 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bütfering
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alfred Anwander
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 03104 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 03104 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Sommer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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When will a stuttering moment occur? The determining role of speech motor preparation. Neuropsychologia 2016; 86:93-102. [PMID: 27106391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate whether increased activity related to speech motor preparation preceding fluently produced words reflects a successful compensation strategy in stuttering. For this purpose, a contingent negative variation (CNV) was evoked during a picture naming task and measured by use of electro-encephalography. A CNV is a slow, negative event-related potential known to reflect motor preparation generated by the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (BGTC) - loop. In a previous analysis, the CNV of 25 adults with developmental stuttering (AWS) was significantly increased, especially over the right hemisphere, compared to the CNV of 35 fluent speakers (FS) when both groups were speaking fluently (Vanhoutte et al., (2015) doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.013). To elucidate whether this increase is a compensation strategy enabling fluent speech in AWS, the present analysis evaluated the CNV of 7 AWS who stuttered during this picture naming task. The CNV preceding AWS stuttered words was statistically compared to the CNV preceding AWS fluent words and FS fluent words. Though no difference emerged between the CNV of the AWS stuttered words and the FS fluent words, a significant reduction was observed when comparing the CNV preceding AWS stuttered words to the CNV preceding AWS fluent words. The latter seems to confirm the compensation hypothesis: the increased CNV prior to AWS fluent words is a successful compensation strategy, especially when it occurs over the right hemisphere. The words are produced fluently because of an enlarged activity during speech motor preparation. The left CNV preceding AWS stuttered words correlated negatively with stuttering frequency and severity suggestive for a link between the left BGTC - network and the stuttering pathology. Overall, speech motor preparatory activity generated by the BGTC - loop seems to have a determining role in stuttering. An important divergence between left and right hemisphere is hypothesized.
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Halag-Milo T, Stoppelman N, Kronfeld-Duenias V, Civier O, Amir O, Ezrati-Vinacour R, Ben-Shachar M. Beyond production: Brain responses during speech perception in adults who stutter. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 11:328-338. [PMID: 27298762 PMCID: PMC4893016 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is a speech disorder that disrupts the ability to produce speech fluently. While stuttering is typically diagnosed based on one's behavior during speech production, some models suggest that it involves more central representations of language, and thus may affect language perception as well. Here we tested the hypothesis that developmental stuttering implicates neural systems involved in language perception, in a task that manipulates comprehensibility without an overt speech production component. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals in adults who do and do not stutter, while they were engaged in an incidental speech perception task. We found that speech perception evokes stronger activation in adults who stutter (AWS) compared to controls, specifically in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) and in left Heschl's gyrus (LHG). Significant differences were additionally found in the lateralization of response in the inferior frontal cortex: AWS showed bilateral inferior frontal activity, while controls showed a left lateralized pattern of activation. These findings suggest that developmental stuttering is associated with an imbalanced neural network for speech processing, which is not limited to speech production, but also affects cortical responses during speech perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Halag-Milo
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; The Cognitive Science Program, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Stoppelman
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Vered Kronfeld-Duenias
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oren Civier
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofer Amir
- The Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruth Ezrati-Vinacour
- The Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Neef NE, Anwander A, Friederici AD. The Neurobiological Grounding of Persistent Stuttering: from Structure to Function. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15:63. [PMID: 26228377 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Neef
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany,
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Cieslak M, Ingham RJ, Ingham JC, Grafton ST. Anomalous white matter morphology in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2015; 58:268-77. [PMID: 25635376 PMCID: PMC4675119 DOI: 10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Developmental stuttering is now generally considered to arise from genetic determinants interacting with neurologic function. Changes within speech-motor white matter (WM) connections may also be implicated. These connections can now be studied in great detail by high-angular-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, diffusion spectrum imaging was used to reconstruct streamlines to examine white matter connections in people who stutter (PWS) and in people who do not stutter (PWNS). METHOD WM morphology of the entire brain was assayed in 8 right-handed male PWS and 8 similarly aged right-handed male PWNS. WM was exhaustively searched using a deterministic algorithm that identifies missing or largely misshapen tracts. To be abnormal, a tract (defined as all streamlines connecting a pair of gray matter regions) was required to be at least one 3rd missing, in 7 out of 8 subjects in one group and not in the other group. RESULTS Large portions of bilateral arcuate fasciculi, a heavily researched speech pathway, were abnormal in PWS. Conversely, all PWS had a prominent connection in the left temporo-striatal tract connecting frontal and temporal cortex that was not observed in PWNS. CONCLUSION These previously unseen structural differences of WM morphology in classical speech-language circuits may underlie developmental stuttering.
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Civier O, Kronfeld-Duenias V, Amir O, Ezrati-Vinacour R, Ben-Shachar M. Reduced fractional anisotropy in the anterior corpus callosum is associated with reduced speech fluency in persistent developmental stuttering. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 143:20-31. [PMID: 25728013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is a speech disorder that severely limits one's ability to communicate. White matter anomalies were reported in stuttering, but their functional significance is unclear. We analyzed the relation between white matter properties and speech fluency in adults who stutter (AWS). We used diffusion tensor imaging with tract-based spatial statistics, and examined group differences as well as correlations with behavioral fluency measures. We detected a region in the anterior corpus callosum with significantly lower fractional anisotropy in AWS relative to controls. Within the AWS group, reduced anisotropy in that region is associated with reduced fluency. A statistically significant interaction was found between group and age in two additional regions: the left Rolandic operculum and the left posterior corpus callosum. Our findings suggest that anterior callosal anomaly in stuttering may represent a maladaptive reduction in interhemispheric inhibition, possibly leading to a disadvantageous recruitment of right frontal cortex in speech production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Civier
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Vered Kronfeld-Duenias
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofer Amir
- The Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruth Ezrati-Vinacour
- The Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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36
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Daliri A, Max L. Modulation of auditory processing during speech movement planning is limited in adults who stutter. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 143:59-68. [PMID: 25796060 PMCID: PMC4380808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stuttering is associated with atypical structural and functional connectivity in sensorimotor brain areas, in particular premotor, motor, and auditory regions. It remains unknown, however, which specific mechanisms of speech planning and execution are affected by these neurological abnormalities. To investigate pre-movement sensory modulation, we recorded 12 stuttering and 12 nonstuttering adults' auditory evoked potentials in response to probe tones presented prior to speech onset in a delayed-response speaking condition vs. no-speaking control conditions (silent reading; seeing nonlinguistic symbols). Findings indicate that, during speech movement planning, the nonstuttering group showed a statistically significant modulation of auditory processing (reduced N1 amplitude) that was not observed in the stuttering group. Thus, the obtained results provide electrophysiological evidence in support of the hypothesis that stuttering is associated with deficiencies in modulating the cortical auditory system during speech movement planning. This specific sensorimotor integration deficiency may contribute to inefficient feedback monitoring and, consequently, speech dysfluencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Daliri
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Now at Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ludo Max
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Budde KS, Barron DS, Fox PT. Stuttering, induced fluency, and natural fluency: a hierarchical series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 139:99-107. [PMID: 25463820 PMCID: PMC4405378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is a speech disorder most likely due to a heritable form of developmental dysmyelination impairing the function of the speech-motor system. Speech-induced brain-activation patterns in persons who stutter (PWS) are anomalous in various ways; the consistency of these aberrant patterns is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, we present a hierarchical series of coordinate-based meta-analyses addressing this issue. Two tiers of meta-analyses were performed on a 17-paper dataset (202 PWS; 167 fluent controls). Four large-scale (top-tier) meta-analyses were performed, two for each subject group (PWS and controls). These analyses robustly confirmed the regional effects previously postulated as "neural signatures of stuttering" (Brown, Ingham, Ingham, Laird, & Fox, 2005) and extended this designation to additional regions. Two smaller-scale (lower-tier) meta-analyses refined the interpretation of the large-scale analyses: (1) a between-group contrast targeting differences between PWS and controls (stuttering trait); and (2) a within-group contrast (PWS only) of stuttering with induced fluency (stuttering state).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Budde
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Daniel S Barron
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Belyk M, Kraft SJ, Brown S. Stuttering as a trait or state - an ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:275-84. [PMID: 25350867 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stuttering is a speech disorder characterised by repetitions, prolongations and blocks that disrupt the forward movement of speech. An earlier meta-analysis of brain imaging studies of stuttering (Brown et al., 2005) revealed a general trend towards rightward lateralization of brain activations and hyperactivity in the larynx motor cortex bilaterally. The present study sought not only to update that meta-analysis with recent work but to introduce an important distinction not present in the first study, namely the difference between 'trait' and 'state' stuttering. The analysis of trait stuttering compares people who stutter (PWS) with people who do not stutter when behaviour is controlled for, i.e., when speech is fluent in both groups. In contrast, the analysis of state stuttering examines PWS during episodes of stuttered speech compared with episodes of fluent speech. Seventeen studies were analysed using activation likelihood estimation. Trait stuttering was characterised by the well-known rightward shift in lateralization for language and speech areas. State stuttering revealed a more diverse pattern. Abnormal activation of larynx and lip motor cortex was common to the two analyses. State stuttering was associated with overactivation in the right hemisphere larynx and lip motor cortex. Trait stuttering was associated with overactivation of lip motor cortex in the right hemisphere but underactivation of larynx motor cortex in the left hemisphere. These results support a large literature highlighting laryngeal and lip involvement in the symptomatology of stuttering, and disambiguate two possible sources of activation in neuroimaging studies of persistent developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Belyk
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M9, Canada
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Ingham RJ, Wang Y, Ingham JC, Bothe AK, Grafton ST. Regional brain activity change predicts responsiveness to treatment for stuttering in adults. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 127:510-519. [PMID: 24210961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is known to be associated with aberrant brain activity, but there is no evidence that this knowledge has benefited stuttering treatment. This study investigated whether brain activity could predict progress during stuttering treatment for 21 dextral adults who stutter (AWS). They received one of two treatment programs that included periodic H2(15)O PET scanning (during oral reading, monologue, and eyes-closed rest conditions). All participants successfully completed an initial treatment phase and then entered a phase designed to transfer treatment gains; 9/21 failed to complete this latter phase. The 12 pass and 9 fail participants were similar on speech and neural system variables before treatment, and similar in speech performance after the initial phase of their treatment. At the end of the initial treatment phase, however, decreased activation within a single region, L. putamen, in all 3 scanning conditions was highly predictive of successful treatment progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Ingham
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
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40
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La cause du bégaiement de l’enfant. ENFANCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4074/s0013754513003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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