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Xu D, Jia Z, Zhang L, Fu S, Gong H. Analysis of the Growth and Metabolites of a Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex- Deficient Klebsiella pneumoniae Mutant in a Glycerol-Based Medium. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:753-761. [PMID: 32482942 PMCID: PMC9728353 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1801.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, the growth and metabolism of PDHC-deficient mutant in glycerol-based medium were analyzed and compared with those of other strains. Under aerobic conditions, the PDHC activity was fourfold higher than that of pyruvate formate lyase (PFL), and blocking of PDHC caused severe growth defect and pyruvate accumulation, indicating that the carbon flux through pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A mainly depended on PDHC. Under anaerobic conditions, although the PDHC activity was only 50% of that of PFL, blocking of PDHC resulted in more growth defect than blocking of PFL. Subsequently, combined with the requirement of CO2 and intracellular redox status, it was presumed that the critical role of PDHC was to provide NADH for the anaerobic growth of K. pneumoniae. This presumption was confirmed in the PDHC-deficient mutant by further blocking one of the formate dehydrogenases, FdnGHI. Besides, based on our data, it can also be suggested that an improvement in the carbon flux in the PFL-deficient mutant could be an effective strategy to construct highyielding 1,3-propanediol-producing K. pneumoniae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Zongxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Shuilin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Heng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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Mulugeta E, He Q, Sareen D, Hong SJ, Oh JH, Lynch VM, Sessler JL, Kim SK, Lee CH. Recognition, Sensing, and Trapping of Bicarbonate Anions with a Dicationic meso-Bis(benzimidazolium) Calix[4]pyrrole. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Combes C, Rey C. Characterization and some physicochemical aspects of pathological microcalcifications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5092-120. [PMID: 22809072 DOI: 10.1021/cr200068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bazin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Zheng CM, Lu KC, Wu CC, Hsu YH, Lin YF. Association of Serum Phosphate and Related Factors in ESRD-Related Vascular Calcification. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:939613. [PMID: 21660259 PMCID: PMC3108197 DOI: 10.4061/2011/939613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is common in ESRD patients and is important in increasing mortality from cardiovascular complications in these patients. Hyperphosphatemia related to chronic kidney disease is increasingly known as major stimulus for vascular calcification. Hyperphosphatemia and vascular calcification become popular discussion among nephrologist environment more than five decades, and many researches have been evolved. Risk factors for calcification are nowadays focused for the therapeutic prevention of vascular calcification with the hope of reducing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Mei Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 231, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235, Taiwan
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Cardona PJ, Ivanyi J. The secret trumps, impelling the pathogenicity of tubercle bacilli. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29 Suppl 1:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(11)70013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Granuloma encapsulation is a key factor for containing tuberculosis infection in minipigs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10030. [PMID: 20386605 PMCID: PMC2850319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transthoracic infection involving a low dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been used to establish a new model of infection in minipigs. The 20-week monitoring period showed a marked Th1 response and poor humoral response for the whole infection. A detailed histopathological analysis was performed after slicing the formalin-fixed whole lungs of each animal. All lesions were recorded and classified according to their microscopic aspect, their relationship with the intralobular connective network and their degree of maturity in order to obtain a dissemination ratio (DR) between recent and old lesions. CFU counts and evolution of the DR with time showed that the proposed model correlated with a contained infection, decreasing from week 9 onwards. These findings suggest that the infection induces an initial Th1 response, which is followed by local fibrosis and encapsulation of the granulomas, thereby decreasing the onset of new lesions. Two therapeutic strategies were applied in order to understand how they could influence the model. Thus, chemotherapy with isoniazid alone helped to decrease the total number of lesions, despite the increase in DR after week 9, with similar kinetics to those of the control group, whereas addition of a therapeutic M. tuberculosis fragment-based vaccine after chemotherapy increased the Th1 and humoral responses, as well as the number of lesions, but decreased the DR. By providing a local pulmonary structure similar to that in humans, the mini-pig model highlights new aspects that could be key to a better understanding tuberculosis infection control in humans.
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Lee CH. Physiological variables involved in heart valve substitute calcification. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1031-42. [PMID: 19555314 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903085091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical, histological and genetic studies using in vitro/in vivo models have demonstrated that pathological calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) is regulated by various mechanisms associated with physiological variables. The major objective of this review is to characterize physiological variables involved in BHV calcification. This review examines our understanding of the systemic cellular behavior and physiological regulation processes behind BHV calcification and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H Lee
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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Bobryshev YV, Killingsworth MC, Huynh TG, Lord RSA, Grabs AJ, Valenzuela SM. Are calcifying matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions of cellular origin? Basic Res Cardiol 2006; 102:133-43. [PMID: 17136418 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-006-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the role of matrix vesicles in the initial stages of arterial calcification has been recognized. Matrix calcifying vesicles have been isolated from atherosclerotic arteries and the biochemical composition of calcified vesicles has been studied. No studies have yet been carried out to examine the fine structure of matrix vesicles in order to visualize the features of the consequent stages of their calcification in arteries. In the present work, a high resolution ultrastructural analysis has been employed and the study revealed that matrix vesicles in human atherosclerotic lesions are heterogeneous with two main types which we classified. Type I calcified vesicles were presented by vesicles surrounded by two electron-dense layers and these vesicles were found to be resistant to the calcification process in atherosclerotic lesions in situ. Type II matrix vesicles were presented by vesicles surrounded by several electron-dense layers and these vesicles were found to represent calcifying vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions. To test the hypothesis that calcification of matrix vesicles surrounded by multilayer sheets may occur simply as a physicochemical process, independently from the cell regulation, we produced multilamellar liposomes and induced their calcification in vitro in a manner similar to that occurring in matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, (NSW), 2052, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that calcification in rabbit thoracic aortas is initiated in the lower zone of the extensively thickened plaques (LZP) adjacent to the media. Whether osteogenesis or a local increase in calcifying vesicles underlies the focal calcification remains to be established. METHODS To determine that focal calcification is related to osteogenesis, an obligatory osteogenic biomarker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, was evaluated in the unfixed thoracic aorta sections of rabbits fed a supplemental cholesterol diet and of humans with advanced atherosclerosis. To determine whether blood shortage to the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) imposed by intima thickening may increase calcifying vesicles, the effect of serum deprivation on the biogenesis of calcifying vesicles in cultured SMCs was investigated. RESULTS (1) In contrast to positive rabbit kidney cross sections and consistent with the activity in various isolated subcellular fractions of aortas, ALP activity was absent in the media, adventitia, lesions, and LZP of rabbit aortas or in the fibrointima of human aortas. (2) Histologic assessments of the lesions indicate the absence of bone cells or osteoid. (3) Depletion of the serum from culture media caused a twofold increase in the levels of ALP-deficient and adenosine triphosphatase-rich calcifying vesicles, which were released from the cells by treatment with 0.05% trypsin-0.02% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 15 minutes. CONCLUSIONS (1) Focal calcification in rabbit aortas and diffuse mineralization in human fibrointima are not associated with osteogenesis, and (2) blockade of the blood supply to SMCs may trigger the cells to produce more calcifying vesicles, thereby leading to site-specific calcification in rabbit aortas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H T Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Tripathi YB, Singh BK, Pandey RS, Kumar M. BHUx: A Patent Polyherbal Formulation to Prevent Atherosclerosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:217-221. [PMID: 15937563 PMCID: PMC1142207 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ayurvedic medicine is a time-tested system of medicine which has been in clinical use for centuries in India. Being a time-tested system, it has an edge over other existing systems of health management, especially for dealing with chronic disorders such as coronary artery disease, which is of a complex multi-etiological nature. Recently, we have shown that BHUx, a patented polyherbal formulation consisting of the aqueous fraction of five medicinal plants of the ayurvedic system, has significant anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase-15. Here we have investigated its effect on diet-induced atherosclerosis in albino rabbits. BHUx was given orally for 3 months to rabbits pre-treated with an atherogenic diet for 3 months. After 6 months, the dorsal aorta was processed for histological studies for calcium and collagen content. The results demonstrated a remarkable reduction in intimal thickening in the treated animals. In addition, there was less calcification at the intima–medial interface and increased intensity of collagen cap on the surface along with an increase in survival, compared with the sham control. We suggest that BHUx is a potent, multi-factorial formulation against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini B. Tripathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India
- For reprints and all correspondence: Dr Yamini B. Tripathi, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. Tel: +91-542-2366577, 2369659; Fax: +91-542-2366566; E-mail: ,
| | - Birendra K. Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India
| | - Ravi S. Pandey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India
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Knudsen JF, Carlsson U, Hammarström P, Sokol GH, Cantilena LR. The Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib Is a Potent Inhibitor of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II. Inflammation 2004; 28:285-90. [PMID: 16134002 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-004-6052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is up-regulated in stromal and inflammatory cells. The inducible COX-2 isoform is expressed during inflammation, in some cancers, and in brain tissue after global and focal ischemia. Tissue acidosis is a dominant factor in inflammation, and contributes to pain and hyperalgesia. Recently, compelling epidemiological and clinical evidence has documented the COX-independent effects of some COX-2 inhibitors (i.e., celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib); among these effects are carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition. Carbonic anhydrases are zinc metalloenzymes expressed in various cell types, including those of the kidney, where they act as general acid-base catalysts. The kidneys are also known to express the highest concentration of COX-2 messenger ribonucleic acid. Celecoxib, like the prototypic CA inhibitor acetazolamide, is structurally characterized by an unsubstituted sulfonamide moiety. In the present study, we report that celecoxib exhibits the characteristics of a potent CA inhibitor, showing inhibitory human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) activity in the nanomolar range. Valdecoxib was relatively less potent. Rofecoxib, which lacks the unsubstituted sulfonamide moiety characteristic of CA inhibitors, showed no significant hCAII inhibitory activity. The current study corroborates our earlier report of structure-activity relationships as predictors of such metabolic events as hyperchloremia, acidosis, and changes in calcium and phosphate disposition; and clinical manifestations associated with CA inhibition reported with celecoxib. These data showing inhibition of hCAII by the unsubstituted sulfonamides celecoxib and valdecoxib, but not by rofecoxib, may have important implications for the elucidation of the mechanisms of action as well as the side effects associated with COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Knudsen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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