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Gushi S, Balis V. Mitochondrial Inherited Disorders and their Correlation with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:381-393. [PMID: 37937560 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303250271231018103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for the survival of a cell because they produce energy. The cells that need more mitochondria are neurons because they perform a variety of tasks that are necessary to support brain homeostasis. The build-up of abnormal proteins in neurons, as well as their interactions with mitochondrial proteins, or MAM proteins, cause serious health issues. As a result, mitochondrial functions, such as mitophagy, are impaired, resulting in the disorders described in this review. They are also due to mtDNA mutations, which alter the heritability of diseases. The topic of disease prevention, as well as the diagnosis, requires further explanation and exploration. Finally, there are treatments that are quite promising, but more detailed research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofjana Gushi
- Department of Health Science and Biomedical Science, Metropolitan College - Thessaloniki Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Balis
- Department of Health Science and Biomedical Science, Metropolitan College - Thessaloniki Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Golomb BA, Sanchez Baez R, Schilling JM, Dhanani M, Fannon MJ, Berg BK, Miller BJ, Taub PR, Patel HH. Mitochondrial impairment but not peripheral inflammation predicts greater Gulf War illness severity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10739. [PMID: 37438460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War illness (GWI) is an important exemplar of environmentally-triggered chronic multisymptom illness, and a potential model for accelerated aging. Inflammation is the main hypothesized mechanism for GWI, with mitochondrial impairment also proposed. No study has directly assessed mitochondrial respiratory chain function (MRCF) on muscle biopsy in veterans with GWI (VGWI). We recruited 42 participants, half VGWI, with biopsy material successfully secured in 36. Impaired MRCF indexed by complex I and II oxidative phosphorylation with glucose as a fuel source (CI&CIIOXPHOS) related significantly or borderline significantly in the predicted direction to 17 of 20 symptoms in the combined sample. Lower CI&CIIOXPHOS significantly predicted GWI severity in the combined sample and in VGWI separately, with or without adjustment for hsCRP. Higher-hsCRP (peripheral inflammation) related strongly to lower-MRCF (particularly fatty acid oxidation (FAO) indices) in VGWI, but not in controls. Despite this, whereas greater MRCF-impairment predicted greater GWI symptoms and severity, greater inflammation did not. Surprisingly, adjusted for MRCF, higher hsCRP significantly predicted lesser symptom severity in VGWI selectively. Findings comport with a hypothesis in which the increased inflammation observed in GWI is driven by FAO-defect-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. In conclusion, impaired mitochondrial function-but not peripheral inflammation-predicts greater GWI symptoms and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA.
| | - Roel Sanchez Baez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
- San Ysidro Health Center, San Diego, CA, 92114, USA
| | - Jan M Schilling
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mehul Dhanani
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Avidity Biosciences, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Brinton K Berg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Bruce J Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Pam R Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
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3
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Rahmadanthi FR, Maksum IP. Transfer RNA Mutation Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:871. [PMID: 37372155 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in the mitochondrial DNA genome play an important role in protein synthesis. The 22 tRNA genes carry the amino acid that corresponds to that codon but changes in the genetic code often occur such as gene mutations that impact the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Insulin secretion does not occur because the mitochondria cannot work optimally. tRNA mutation may also be caused by insulin resistance. In addition, the loss of tRNA modification can cause pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Therefore, both can be indirectly associated with diabetes mellitus because diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is caused by insulin resistance and the body cannot produce insulin. In this review, we will discuss tRNA in detail, several diseases related to tRNA mutations, how tRNA mutations can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus, and one example of a point mutation that occurs in tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Rizki Rahmadanthi
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Iman Permana Maksum
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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4
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Gezen-Ak D, Alaylıoğlu M, Yurttaş Z, Çamoğlu T, Şengül B, İşler C, Kına ÜY, Keskin E, Atasoy İL, Kafardar AM, Uzan M, Annweiler C, Dursun E. Vitamin D receptor regulates transcription of mitochondrial DNA and directly interacts with mitochondrial DNA and TFAM. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 116:109322. [PMID: 36963731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an essential transcription factor (TF) synthesized in different cell types. We hypothesized that VDR might also act as a mitochondrial TF. We conducted the experiments in primary cortical neurons, PC12, HEK293T, SH-SY5Y cell lines, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human brain. We showed that vitamin D/VDR affects the expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits. We observed the co-localization of VDR with mitochondria and the mtDNA with confocal microscopy. mtDNA-chromatin-immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that VDR was able to bind to the mtDNA D-loop site in several locations, with a consensus sequence 'MMHKCA'. We also reported the possible interaction between VDR and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and their binding sites located in close proximity in mtDNA. Consequently, our results showed for the first time that VDR was able to bind and regulate mtDNA transcription and interact with TFAM even in the human brain. These results not only revealed a novel function of VDR, but also showed that VDR is indispensable for energy demanded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Alaylıoğlu
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yurttaş
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugay Çamoğlu
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Şengül
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cihan İşler
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Ümit Yaşar Kına
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Keskin
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrem Lütfiye Atasoy
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Metin Kafardar
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Mustafa Uzan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Cedric Annweiler
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic, Research Center on Autonomy and Longevity, University Hospital, Angers, France.; UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, Angers, France.; Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dai Y, Wang H, Lian A, Li J, Zhao G, Hu S, Li B. A comprehensive perspective of Huntington's disease and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:8-19. [PMID: 36906250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. It is caused by the expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat sequence in the HTT gene. HD mainly manifests as involuntary dance-like movements and severe mental disorders. As it progresses, patients lose the ability to speak, think, and even swallow. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunctions occupy an important position in the pathogenesis of HD. Based on the latest research advances, this review sorts out and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction on HD in terms of bioenergetics, abnormal autophagy, and abnormal mitochondrial membranes. This review provides researchers with a more complete perspective on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between mitochondrial dysregulation and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Rd., Changsha, China
| | - Aojie Lian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guihu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghui Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E. Vitamin D, a Secosteroid Hormone and Its Multifunctional Receptor, Vitamin D Receptor, in Alzheimer's Type Neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1273-1299. [PMID: 37661883 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone exerting neurosteroid-like properties. Its well-known nuclear hormone receptor, and recently proposed as a mitochondrial transcription factor, vitamin D receptor, acts for its primary functions. The second receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum protein, protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), suggested to act as a rapid response. Vitamin D has effects on various systems, particularly through calcium metabolism. Among them, the nervous system has an important place in the context of our subject. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D and its receptors have numerous effects on the nervous system. Neurodegeneration is a long-term process. Throughout a human life span, so is vitamin D deficiency. Our previous studies and others have suggested that the out-come of long-term vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D or inefficient utilization of vitamin D), may lead neurons to be vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. We suggest that keeping vitamin D levels at adequate levels at all stages of life, considering new approaches such as agonists that can activate vitamin D receptors, and utilizing other derivatives produced in the synthesis process with UVB are crucial when considering vitamin D-based intervention studies. Given most aspects of vitamin D, this review outlines how vitamin D and its receptors work and are involved in neurodegeneration, emphasizing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Dursun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Kalra J. Crosslink between mutations in mitochondrial genes and brain disorders: implications for mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic interventions. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799515 PMCID: PMC9241418 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
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8
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Gezen-Ak D, Yurttaş Z, Çamoǧlu T, Dursun E. Could Amyloid-β 1-42 or α-Synuclein Interact Directly with Mitochondrial DNA? A Hypothesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2803-2812. [PMID: 36125124 PMCID: PMC9542719 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ) and the α-synuclein (α-syn) are shown to be translocated into mitochondria. Even though their roles are widely investigated in pathological conditions, information on the presence and functions of Aβ and α-syn in mitochondria in endogenous levels is somewhat limited. We hypothesized that endogenous Aβ fragments or α-syn could interact with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) directly or influence RNAs or transcription factors in mitochondria and change the mtDNA transcription profile. In this review, we summarized clues of these possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erdinç Dursun
- E.D.: email, ; phone, +90 212 414 30 00/68025, +90 533 339
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9
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DNA2 mutation causing multisystemic disorder with impaired mitochondrial DNA maintenance. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:691-699. [PMID: 36064591 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a novel DNA2 variant contributing to defects in mtDNA maintenance and mtDNA depletion syndrome (MDS), and the clinical and histological findings associated with this variation. METHODS Herein, we describe the case of a patient who presented with hearing loss and myopathy, given the family history of similar findings in the father, was evaluated by sequencing of the deafness gene panel, mitochondrial genome, and the exome. Furthermore, tissue staining, mtDNA copy number detection, mtDNA sequencing, and long-range polymerase chain reaction tests were also conducted on the muscle biopsy specimen. In vitro experiments, including analyses of the mtDNA copy number; levels of ATP, ATPase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS); and the membrane potential, were performed. RESULTS The DNA2 heterozygous truncating variant c. 2368C > T (p.Q790X) was identified and verified as the cause of an mtDNA copy number decrement in both functional experiments and muscle tissue analyses. These changes were accompanied by reductions in ATP, ATPase, and ROS levels. CONCLUSION The DNA2 variant was a likely cause of MDS in this patient. These findings expand the mutational spectrum of MDS and improve our understanding of the functions of DNA2 by revealing its novel role in mtDNA maintenance.
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Exposure to a Pathological Condition May Be Required for the Cells to Secrete Exosomes Containing mtDNA Aberration. J Nucleic Acids 2022; 2022:7960198. [PMID: 35465178 PMCID: PMC9020996 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7960198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanovesicles secreted by all cells, carry out intercellular communication by transmitting biologically active cargo comprising DNA, RNA, and proteins. These biomolecules reflect the status of their parent cells and can be altered by pathological conditions. Therefore, the researchers have been investigating differential sequences and quantities of DNA associated with exosomes as valuable biomarkers of diseases. Exosomes carry different types of DNA molecules, including genomic, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial (mtDNA). The mtDNA aberrations are reported to be a hallmark of diseases involving oxidative stress, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Establishing robust in vitro models comprising appropriate cell lineages is the first step towards investigating disease-specific anomalies and testing therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from patients with diseases have been used for this purpose since they can differentiate into various cells. The current study investigated mtDNA aberrations in exosomes secreted by primary cancer cells and neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiated from iPS cells. The primary cancer cells were isolated from surgically removed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tissue, and the iPS cells were produced from control and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects' B lymphocytes. We detected aberrations in mtDNA associated with exosomes secreted from GBM cells but not from the NSCs. This result indicates that the cells may not secrete exosomes carrying mtDNA aberration without exposure to a pathological condition. Thus, we may need to consider this fact when we use iPS cell-derived cells as an in vitro disease model.
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Guitton R, Dölle C, Alves G, Ole-Bjørn T, Nido GS, Tzoulis C. Ultra-deep whole genome bisulfite sequencing reveals a single methylation hotspot in human brain mitochondrial DNA. Epigenetics 2022; 17:906-921. [PMID: 35253628 PMCID: PMC9423827 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2045754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While DNA methylation is established as a major regulator of gene expression in the nucleus, the existence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation remains controversial. Here, we characterized the mtDNA methylation landscape in the prefrontal cortex of neurological healthy individuals (n=26) and patients with Parkinson’s disease (n=27), using a combination of whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) and bisulphite-independent methods. Accurate mtDNA mapping from WGBS data required alignment to an mtDNA reference only, to avoid misalignment to nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes. Once correctly aligned, WGBS data provided ultra-deep mtDNA coverage (16,723 ± 7,711) and revealed overall very low levels of cytosine methylation. The highest methylation levels (5.49 ± 0.97%) were found on CpG position m.545, located in the heavy-strand promoter 1 region. The m.545 methylation was validated using a combination of methylation-sensitive DNA digestion and quantitative PCR analysis. We detected no association between mtDNA methylation profile and Parkinson’s disease. Interestingly, m.545 methylation correlated with the levels of mtDNA transcripts, suggesting a putative role in regulating mtDNA gene expression. In addition, we propose a robust framework for methylation analysis of mtDNA from WGBS data, which is less prone to false-positive findings due to misalignment of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Guitton
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tysnes Ole-Bjørn
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gonzalo S Nido
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Zhang X, Farrell JJ, Tong T, Hu J, Zhu C, Wang L, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Pericak‐Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. Association of mitochondrial variants and haplogroups identified by whole exome sequencing with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:294-306. [PMID: 34152079 PMCID: PMC8764625 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Findings regarding the association between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inconsistent. METHODS We developed a pipeline for accurate assembly and variant calling in mitochondrial genomes embedded within whole exome sequences (WES) from 10,831 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). Association of AD risk was evaluated with each mtDNA variant and variants located in 1158 nuclear genes related to mitochondrial function using the SCORE test. Gene-based tests were performed using SKAT-O. RESULTS Analysis of 4220 mtDNA variants revealed study-wide significant association of AD with a rare MT-ND4L variant (rs28709356 C>T; minor allele frequency = 0.002; P = 7.3 × 10-5 ) as well as with MT-ND4L in a gene-based test (P = 6.71 × 10-5 ). Significant association was also observed with a MT-related nuclear gene, TAMM41, in a gene-based test (P = 2.7 × 10-5 ). The expression of TAMM41 was lower in AD cases than controls (P = .00046) or mild cognitive impairment cases (P = .03). DISCUSSION Significant findings in MT-ND4L and TAMM41 provide evidence for a role of mitochondria in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public Health801 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd FloorBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | - John J. Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | - Junming Hu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | | | - Li‐San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York10032USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
| | | | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public Health801 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd FloorBostonMassachusetts02118USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of Medicine72 East Concord StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public Health801 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd FloorBostonMassachusetts02118USA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusetts02118USA
- Department of OphthalmologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusetts02118USA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public Health715 Albany StreetBostonMassachusetts02118USA
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Longchamps RJ, Yang SY, Castellani CA, Shi W, Lane J, Grove ML, Bartz TM, Sarnowski C, Liu C, Burrows K, Guyatt AL, Gaunt TR, Kacprowski T, Yang J, De Jager PL, Yu L, Bergman A, Xia R, Fornage M, Feitosa MF, Wojczynski MK, Kraja AT, Province MA, Amin N, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Broer L, Van Meurs JBJ, Van Duijn CM, Raffield LM, Lange L, Rich SS, Lemaitre RN, Goodarzi MO, Sitlani CM, Mak ACY, Bennett DA, Rodriguez S, Murabito JM, Lunetta KL, Sotoodehnia N, Atzmon G, Ye K, Barzilai N, Brody JA, Psaty BM, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Pankratz N, Arking DE. Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation. Hum Genet 2022; 141:127-146. [PMID: 34859289 PMCID: PMC8758627 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) measured from blood specimens is a minimally invasive marker of mitochondrial function that exhibits both inter-individual and intercellular variation. To identify genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 465,809 White individuals from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 133 SNPs with statistically significant, independent effects associated with mtDNA-CN across 100 loci. A combination of fine-mapping, variant annotation, and co-localization analyses was used to prioritize genes within each of the 133 independent sites. Putative causal genes were enriched for known mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (p = 3.09 × 10-15) and the gene ontology (GO) terms for mtDNA metabolism (p = 1.43 × 10-8) and mtDNA replication (p = 1.2 × 10-7). A clustering approach leveraged pleiotropy between mtDNA-CN associated SNPs and 41 mtDNA-CN associated phenotypes to identify functional domains, revealing three distinct groups, including platelet activation, megakaryocyte proliferation, and mtDNA metabolism. Finally, using mitochondrial SNPs, we establish causal relationships between mitochondrial function and a variety of blood cell-related traits, kidney function, liver function and overall (p = 0.044) and non-cancer mortality (p = 6.56 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Longchamps
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Y Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A Castellani
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - W Shi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M L Grove
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - A L Guyatt
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - T R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - T Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics, TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Brunswick, Germany
| | - J Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Bergman
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - R Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - M F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - M K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - A T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - M A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - N Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J B J Van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C M Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A C Y Mak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - J M Murabito
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Atzmon
- Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - K Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - N Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - J A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - J I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - E Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D E Arking
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Holt AG, Davies AM. The Effect of Mitochondrial DNA Half-Life on Deletion Mutation Proliferation in Long Lived Cells. Acta Biotheor 2021; 69:671-695. [PMID: 34131800 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-021-09417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with deletion mutations has been linked to aging and age related neurodegenerative conditions. In this study we model the effect of mtDNA half-life on mtDNA competition and selection. It has been proposed that mutation deletions ([Formula: see text]) have a replicative advantage over wild-type ([Formula: see text]) and that this is detrimental to the host cell, especially in post-mitotic cells. An individual cell can be viewed as forming a closed ecosystem containing a large population of independently replicating mtDNA. Within this enclosed environment a selfishly replicating [Formula: see text] would compete with the [Formula: see text] for space and resources to the detriment of the host cell. In this paper, we use a computer simulation to model cell survival in an environment where [Formula: see text] compete with [Formula: see text] such that the cell expires upon [Formula: see text] extinction. We focus on the survival time for long lived post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. We confirm previous observations that [Formula: see text] do have a replicative advantage over [Formula: see text]. As expected, cell survival times diminished with increased mutation probabilities, however, the relationship between survival time and mutation rate was non-linear, that is, a ten-fold increase in mutation probability only halved the survival time. The results of our model also showed that a modest increase in half-life had a profound affect on extending cell survival time, thereby, mitigating the replicative advantage of [Formula: see text]. Given the relevance of mitochondrial dysfunction to various neurodegenerative conditions, we propose that therapies to increase mtDNA half-life could significantly delay their onset.
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15
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Son D, Zheng J, Kim IY, You S. Self-replicative mRNA-mediated generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line from a 1-year-old Leigh syndrome patient with mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b mutation. Stem Cell Res 2021; 54:102392. [PMID: 34091428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to defects in the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (MTCYB) mutation, that typically begins in infancy or early childhood. Exercise intolerance and fatigue are common symptoms of mitochondrial disorders. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a 1-year-old patient with Leigh syndrome with MTCYB through temporal expression of exogenes, synthetic self-replicative mRNAs which were regulated by B18R protein. The established iPSCs showed expression of various pluripotency markers, a normal karyotype and differentiation potential to three germ layers in vitro while retaining MTCYB mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryeon Son
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungkwon You
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Gezen-Ak D, Alaylıoğlu M, Genç G, Şengül B, Keskin E, Sordu P, Güleç ZEK, Apaydın H, Bayram-Gürel Ç, Ulutin T, Yılmazer S, Ertan S, Dursun E. Altered Transcriptional Profile of Mitochondrial DNA-Encoded OXPHOS Subunits, Mitochondria Quality Control Genes, and Intracellular ATP Levels in Blood Samples of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:287-307. [PMID: 32007957 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are significant contributors to neurodegeneration. One result or a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction might be the disruption of mtDNA transcription. Limited data indicated an altered expression of mtDNA encoded transcripts in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD). The number of mitochondria is high in cells with a high energy demand, such as muscle or nerve cells. AD or PD involves increased risk of cardiomyopathy, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction might be systemic. If it is systemic, we should observe it in different cell types. Given that, we wanted to investigate any disruption in the regulation of mtDNA encoded gene expression in addition to PINK1, PARKIN, and ATP levels in peripheral blood samples of PD cases who are affected by a neurodegenerative disorder that is very well known by its mitochondrial aspects. Our results showed for the first time that: 1) age of onset > 50 PD sporadic (PDS) cases: mtDNA transcription and quality control genes were affected; 2) age of onset <50 PDS cases: only mtDNA transcription was affected; and 3) PD cases with familial background: only quality control genes were affected. mtDNA copy number was not a confounder. Intracellular ATP levels of PD case subgroups were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects. We suggest that a systemic dysregulation of transcription of mtDNA or mitochondrial quality control genes might result in the development of a sporadic form of the disease. Additionally, ATP elevation might be an independent compensatory and response mechanism. Hyperactive cells in AD and PD require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Alaylıoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gençer Genç
- Department of Neurology, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Şengül
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Keskin
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pelin Sordu
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ece Kaya Güleç
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Apaydın
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Bayram-Gürel
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Ulutin
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Yılmazer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ertan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Department of Medical Biology, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Fu Y, Ricciardiello F, Yang G, Qiu J, Huang H, Xiao J, Cao Z, Zhao F, Liu Y, Luo W, Chen G, You L, Chiaradonna F, Zheng L, Zhang T. The Role of Mitochondria in the Chemoresistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:497. [PMID: 33669111 PMCID: PMC7996512 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-line chemotherapies for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer (PC) are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine therapy. However, due to chemoresistance the prognosis of patients with PC has not been significantly improved. Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotes that evolved from aerobic bacteria. In recent years, many studies have shown that mitochondria play important roles in tumorigenesis and may act as chemotherapeutic targets in PC. In addition, according to recent studies, mitochondria may play important roles in the chemoresistance of PC by affecting apoptosis, metabolism, mtDNA metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics. Interfering with some of these factors in mitochondria may improve the sensitivity of PC cells to chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine, making mitochondria promising targets for overcoming chemoresistance in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Fu
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Francesca Ricciardiello
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Gang Yang
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jiangdong Qiu
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Hua Huang
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jianchun Xiao
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhe Cao
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yueze Liu
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Wenhao Luo
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Guangyu Chen
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei You
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Taiping Zhang
- General Surgery Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.F.); (G.Y.); (J.Q.); (H.H.); (J.X.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (L.Y.)
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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Golomb BA, Koslik HJ, Han JH, Preger Guida AH, Hamilton G, Kelley RI. A Pilot Study of Bioenergetic Marker Relationships in Gulf War Illness: Phosphocreatine Recovery vs. Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041635. [PMID: 33572101 PMCID: PMC7914405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired bioenergetics have been reported in veterans with Gulf War illness (VGWIs), including prolonged post-exercise recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr-R) assessed with 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The citric acid cycle (CAC) is considered the most important metabolic pathway for supplying energy, with relationships among CAC markers reported to shift in some but not all impaired bioenergetic settings. We sought to assess relations of CAC markers to one another and to PCr-R. Participants were 33 VGWIs and 33 healthy controls 1:1 matched on age–sex–ethnicity. We assessed seven CAC intermediates, and evaluated PCr-R in a subset of matched case–control pairs (N = 14). CAC markers did not significantly differ between cases and controls. Relationships of alpha-ketoglutarate to malate, isocitrate, and succinate were strongly significant in cases with materially weaker relationships in controls, suggesting possible shifts in these markers in concert in VGWIs. PCr-R correlated strongly with five of seven CAC markers in controls (succinate, malate, fumarate, citrate, isocitrate, range r = −0.74 to −0.88), but bore no relationship in VGWIs. In summary, PCr-R related significantly to CAC markers in healthy controls, but not VGWIs. In contrast, relations of CAC markers to one another appeared to shift (often strengthen) in VGWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0995, USA; (H.J.K.); (J.H.H.); (A.H.P.G.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Hayley J. Koslik
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0995, USA; (H.J.K.); (J.H.H.); (A.H.P.G.)
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0995, USA; (H.J.K.); (J.H.H.); (A.H.P.G.)
| | - Anna Helena Preger Guida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0995, USA; (H.J.K.); (J.H.H.); (A.H.P.G.)
| | - Gavin Hamilton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0995, USA;
| | - Richard I. Kelley
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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19
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Esterhuizen K, Lindeque JZ, Mason S, van der Westhuizen FH, Rodenburg RJ, de Laat P, Smeitink JAM, Janssen MCH, Louw R. One mutation, three phenotypes: novel metabolic insights on MELAS, MIDD and myopathy caused by the m.3243A > G mutation. Metabolomics 2021; 17:10. [PMID: 33438095 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The m.3243A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation is one of the most common mitochondrial disease-causing mutations, with a carrier rate as high as 1:400. This point mutation affects the MT-TL1 gene, ultimately affecting the oxidative phosphorylation system and the cell's energy production. Strikingly, the m.3243A > G mutation is associated with different phenotypes, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) and myopathy. OBJECTIVES We investigated urine metabolomes of MELAS, MIDD and myopathy patients in order to identify affected metabolic pathways and possible treatment options. METHODS A multiplatform metabolomics approach was used to comprehensively analyze the metabolome and compare metabolic profiles of different phenotypes caused by the m.3243A > G mutation. Our analytical array consisted of NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS and GC-TOF-MS. RESULTS The investigation revealed phenotypic specific metabolic perturbations, as well as metabolic similarities between the different phenotypes. We show that glucose metabolism is highly disturbed in the MIDD phenotype, but not in MELAS or myopathy, remodeled fatty acid oxidation is characteristic of the MELAS patients, while one-carbon metabolism is strongly modified in both MELAS and MIDD, but not in the myopathy group. Lastly we identified increased creatine in the urine of the myopathy patients, but not in MELAS or MIDD. CONCLUSION We conclude by giving novel insight on the phenotypes of the m.3243A > G mutation from a metabolomics point of view. Directives are also given for future investigations that could lead to better treatment options for patients suffering from this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Esterhuizen
- Mitochondria Research Laboratory, Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J Zander Lindeque
- Mitochondria Research Laboratory, Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Mitochondria Research Laboratory, Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Laat
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirian C H Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roan Louw
- Mitochondria Research Laboratory, Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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20
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Bordoni L, Gabbianelli R. Mitochondrial DNA and Neurodegeneration: Any Role for Dietary Antioxidants? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E764. [PMID: 32824558 PMCID: PMC7466149 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the mitochondrial function is essential in preventing and counteracting neurodegeneration. In particular, mitochondria of neuronal cells play a pivotal role in sustaining the high energetic metabolism of these cells and are especially prone to oxidative damage. Since overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, dietary antioxidants have been suggested to counteract the detrimental effects of ROS and to preserve the mitochondrial function, thus slowing the progression and limiting the extent of neuronal cell loss in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to their role in the redox-system homeostasis, mitochondria are unique organelles in that they contain their own genome (mtDNA), which acts at the interface between environmental exposures and the molecular triggers of neurodegeneration. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that mtDNA (including both genetics and, from recent evidence, epigenetics) might play relevant roles in modulating the risk for neurodegenerative disorders. This mini-review describes the link between the mitochondrial genome and cellular oxidative status, with a particular focus on neurodegeneration; moreover, it provides an overview on potential beneficial effects of antioxidants in preserving mitochondrial functions through the protection of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
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21
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Calió ML, Henriques E, Siena A, Bertoncini CRA, Gil-Mohapel J, Rosenstock TR. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neurogenesis, and Epigenetics: Putative Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurodegeneration and Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:679. [PMID: 32760239 PMCID: PMC7373761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and devastating multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Although the pathogenesis of ALS is still not completely understood, numerous studies suggest that mitochondrial deregulation may be implicated in its onset and progression. Interestingly, mitochondrial deregulation has also been associated with changes in neural stem cells (NSC) proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In this review, we highlight the importance of mitochondrial function for neurogenesis, and how both processes are correlated and may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS; we have focused primarily on preclinical data from animal models of ALS, since to date no studies have evaluated this link using human samples. As there is currently no cure and no effective therapy to counteract ALS, we have also discussed how improving neurogenic function by epigenetic modulation could benefit ALS. In support of this hypothesis, changes in histone deacetylation can alter mitochondrial function, which in turn might ameliorate cellular proliferation as well as neuronal differentiation and migration. We propose that modulation of epigenetics, mitochondrial function, and neurogenesis might provide new hope for ALS patients, and studies exploring these new territories are warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisandra Henriques
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Siena
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Rejane Antonio Bertoncini
- CEDEME, Center of Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Victoria and Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Aldosary M, Al-Bakheet A, Al-Dhalaan H, Almass R, Alsagob M, Al-Younes B, AlQuait L, Mustafa OM, Bulbul M, Rahbeeni Z, Alfadhel M, Chedrawi A, Al-Hassnan Z, AlDosari M, Al-Zaidan H, Al-Muhaizea MA, AlSayed MD, Salih MA, AlShammari M, Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M, Chishti MA, Al-Harazi O, Al-Odaib A, Kaya N, Colak D. Rett Syndrome, a Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Whole-Transcriptome, and Mitochondrial Genome Multiomics Analyses Identify Novel Variations and Disease Pathways. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:160-171. [PMID: 32105570 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder reported worldwide in diverse populations. RTT is diagnosed primarily in females, with clinical findings manifesting early in life. Despite the variable rates across populations, RTT has an estimated prevalence of ∼1 in 10,000 live female births. Among 215 Saudi Arabian patients with neurodevelopmental and autism spectrum disorders, we identified 33 patients with RTT who were subsequently examined by genome-wide transcriptome and mitochondrial genome variations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth molecular and multiomics analyses of a large cohort of Saudi RTT cases with a view to informing the underlying mechanisms of this disease that impact many patients and families worldwide. The patients were unrelated, except for 2 affected sisters, and comprised of 25 classic and eight atypical RTT cases. The cases were screened for methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), CDKL5, FOXG1, NTNG1, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants, as well as copy number variations (CNVs) using a genome-wide experimental strategy. We found that 15 patients (13 classic and two atypical RTT) have MECP2 mutations, 2 of which were novel variants. Two patients had novel FOXG1 and CDKL5 variants (both atypical RTT). Whole mtDNA sequencing of the patients who were MECP2 negative revealed two novel mtDNA variants in two classic RTT patients. Importantly, the whole-transcriptome analysis of our RTT patients' blood and further comparison with previous expression profiling of brain tissue from patients with RTT revealed 77 significantly dysregulated genes. The gene ontology and interaction network analysis indicated potentially critical roles of MAPK9, NDUFA5, ATR, SMARCA5, RPL23, SRSF3, and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress response and MAPK signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of RTT genes. This study expands our knowledge on RTT disease networks and pathways as well as presents novel mutations and mtDNA alterations in RTT in a population sample that was not previously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhor Aldosary
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AlBandary Al-Bakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Al-Dhalaan
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Banan Al-Younes
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila AlQuait
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Mufid Mustafa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Bulbul
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Chedrawi
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Al-Hassnan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlDosari
- Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hamad Al-Zaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Al-Muhaizea
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeenaldeen D AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai AlShammari
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Azhar Chishti
- Department of Biochemistry, King Khalid Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Al-Harazi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Odaib
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Yuan H, Yang H, Peng L, Peng Y, Chen Z, Wan L, Wang C, Shi Y, Zhang VW, Tang B, Qiu R, Jiang H. Profiling of mitochondrial genomes in SCA3/MJD patients from mainland China. Gene 2020; 738:144487. [PMID: 32087274 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD), is the most common type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Few studies focused on the changes of the whole mitochondrial genomes of SCA3/MJD patients and its relationship with the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD. We adapted one-step long-range PCR to amplify the entire mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) followed by next-generation sequencing technology to investigate the information of whole mitochondrial genomes in 38 SCA3/MJD patients and 31 healthy controls from mainland China. Compared to the healthy control group, the mitochondrial variations in SCA3/MJD patients were more concentrated in the tRNA-transcribed genes which were further found to be potentially associated with the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD by SKAT-O analysis. However, owning variations in tRNA-transcribed genes could not affect the age of onset (AO) of SCA3/MJD patients. We also noticed that the variant loads greater than 90% took up more in SCA3/MJD patients than in controls. Moreover, from our preliminary study, compared to the patients whose ages of onset were elder than 20, the mitochondrial genomes showed no difference in those AO less than 20. This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using the next-generation sequencing technology for mtDNA variant analysis of SCA3/MJD patients from mainland China. And this research enriches the genetic information of SCA3/MJD and provides a direction for further investigations about the mitochondrial genomes in SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linliu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Victor Wei Zhang
- AmCare Genomics Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China.
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24
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Kolesar JE, Kaufman BA. Using Two-Dimensional Intact Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (2D-IMAGE) to Detect Changes in Topology Associated with Mitochondrial Replication, Transcription, and Damage. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2119:25-42. [PMID: 31989512 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0323-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and how replication, transcription, repair, and degradation maintain mitochondrial function has been hampered due to the inability to identify mtDNA structural forms. Here we describe the use of 2D intact mtDNA agarose gel electrophoresis, or 2D-IMAGE, to identify up to 25 major mtDNA topoisomers such as double-stranded circular mtDNA (including supercoiled molecules, nicked circles, and multiple catenated species) and various forms containing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) structures. Using this modification of a classical 1D gel electrophoresis procedure, many of the identified mtDNA species have been associated with mitochondrial replication, damage, deletions, and possibly transcription. The increased resolution of 2D-IMAGE allows for the identification and monitoring of novel mtDNA intermediates to reveal alterations in genome replication, transcription, repair, or degradation associated with perturbations during mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kolesar
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and the Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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25
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Double immunofluorescent evidence that oxidative stress-associated activation of JNK/AP-1 signaling participates in neuropeptide-mediated appetite control. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1235-1249. [PMID: 31519469 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.08.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH), an appetite suppressant, alters expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus. This study explored the potential role of cJun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) in appetite control, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in AMPH-treated rats. Rats were given AMPH daily for 4 days. Changes in feeding behavior and expression levels of hypothalamic NPY, CART, cFos, cJun, phosphorylated JNK (pJNK), as well as those of anti-oxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were examined and compared. Following AMPH treatment, food intake and NPY expression decreased, whereas the other proteins expression and AP-1/DNA binding activity increased. Both cerebral cJun inhibition and ROS inhibition attenuated AMPH anorexia and modified detected protein, revealing a crucial role for AP-1 and ROS in regulating AMPH-induced appetite control. Moreover, both pJNK/CART and SOD/CART activities detected by double immunofluorescent staining increased in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in AMPH-treated rats. The results suggested that pJNK/AP-1 signaling and endogenous anti-oxidants participated in regulating NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in rats treated with AMPH. These findings advance understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the role of pJNK/AP-1 and oxidative stress in NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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26
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Dierckxsens N, Mardulyn P, Smits G. Unraveling heteroplasmy patterns with NOVOPlasty. NAR Genom Bioinform 2019; 2:lqz011. [PMID: 33575563 PMCID: PMC7671380 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroplasmy, the existence of multiple mitochondrial haplotypes within an individual, has been studied across different scientific fields. Mitochondrial genome polymorphisms have been linked to multiple severe disorders and are of interest to evolutionary studies and forensic science. Before the development of massive parallel sequencing (MPS), most studies of mitochondrial genome variation were limited to short fragments and to heteroplasmic variants associated with a relatively high frequency (>10%). By utilizing ultra-deep sequencing, it has now become possible to uncover previously undiscovered patterns of intra-individual polymorphisms. Despite these technological advances, it is still challenging to determine the origin of the observed intra-individual polymorphisms. We therefore developed a new method that not only detects intra-individual polymorphisms within mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes more accurately, but also looks for linkage among polymorphic sites by assembling the sequence around each detected polymorphic site. Our benchmark study shows that this method is capable of detecting heteroplasmy more accurately than any method previously available and is the first tool that is able to completely or partially reconstruct the sequence for each mitochondrial haplotype (allele). The method is implemented in our open source software NOVOPlasty that can be downloaded at https://github.com/ndierckx/NOVOPlasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dierckxsens
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Triomflaan CP 263, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mardulyn
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Triomflaan CP 263, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, CP 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Triomflaan CP 263, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Gambardella S, Limanaqi F, Ferese R, Biagioni F, Campopiano R, Centonze D, Fornai F. ccf-mtDNA as a Potential Link Between the Brain and Immune System in Neuro-Immunological Disorders. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1064. [PMID: 31143191 PMCID: PMC6520662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are released outside the cell and they appear to persist in extracellular fluids as circulating, cell-free, mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). When compared to nuclear DNA, such a double stranded mtDNA is more resistant to nuclease degradation. In fact, it is stable extracellularly where it can be detected in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), here acting as a potential biomarker in various disorders. In neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and end-stage progressive Multiple Sclerosis), a decreased amount of CSF ccf-mtDNA is related with progressive cell dysfunction. This suggests an alteration in neuronal mtDNA levels (mtDNA replication, degradation and depletion) in vulnerable brain regions at early stages of neurodegeneration leading to reduced mtDNA release, which takes place before actual cell death occurs. On the other hand, elevated CSF ccf-mtDNA levels are reported in acute phases of relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). This occurs during acute inflammation, which anticipates the neurodegenerative process. Thus, an increase in inflammatory cells in the affected regions is expected to add on mtDNA release into the CSF. In addition, similarly to bacterial DNA, the non-methylated CpG sites of mtDNA, which activate innate immunity and inflammation, are likely to participate in the molecular mechanisms of disease. Thus, ccf-mtDNA may represent a powerful biomarker for disease screening and prognosis at early stage, although its biological role may extend to generating the neurobiology of disease. The present manuscript discusses recent experimental findings in relationship with clinical evidence comparing neuro-immunological features of neurodegenerative disorders with frankly neuro-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Diego Centonze
- I.R.C.C.S Neuromed, Via Atinense, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S Neuromed, Via Atinense, Pozzilli, Italy.,Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Antimycin A-Induced Mitochondrial Damage Causes Human RPE Cell Death despite Activation of Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1583656. [PMID: 31007832 PMCID: PMC6441541 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1583656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a wide variety of degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration. Damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA accumulates with age in the postmitotic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which could lead to RPE cell death and trigger disease. One possible mechanism for cells to avoid cell death is mitophagy, the targeted clearance of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Here, we induced mitochondrial damage in human RPE cells (ARPE-19 and hRPE), using antimycin A, an inhibitor of complex III of the electron transport chain, and investigated cellular viability, mitochondrial structure and function, and autophagy activity. We observed that antimycin A evoked dose-dependent cell death, a rapid loss in mitochondrial membrane potential, and a collapse of oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria appeared swollen and there was clear damage to their cristae structure. At the same time, cells were undergoing active autophagy and were sensitive to autophagy inhibition by bafilomycin A1 or chloroquine. These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction can cause significant RPE damage and that autophagy is an important survival mechanism for cells suffering from mitochondrial damage.
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29
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Figueiro-Silva J, Antequera D, Pascual C, de la Fuente Revenga M, Volt H, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Carro E. The Melatonin Analog IQM316 May Induce Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Preserve Recognition Memories in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 27:423-437. [PMID: 29873251 PMCID: PMC6038050 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is a unique process in neurobiology that requires functional integration of newly generated neurons, which may disrupt existing hippocampal network connections and consequently loss of established memories. As neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal neurogenesis and memory dysfunctions are increasing, the identification of new anti-aging drugs is required. In adult mice, we found that melatonin, a well-established neurogenic hormone, and the melatonin analog 2-(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (IQM316) were able to induce hippocampal neurogenesis, measured by neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. More importantly, only IQM316 administration was able to induce hippocampal neurogenesis while preserving previously acquired memories, assessed with object recognition tests. In vitro studies with embryonic neural stem cells replicated the finding that both melatonin and IQM316 induce direct differentiation of neural precursors without altering their proliferative activity. Furthermore, IQM316 induces differentiation through a mechanism that is not dependent of melatonergic receptors (MTRs), since the MTR antagonist luzindole could not block the IQM316-induced effects. We also found that IQM316 and melatonin modulate mitochondrial DNA copy number and oxidative phosphorylation proteins, while maintaining mitochondrial function as measured by respiratory assays and enzymatic activity. These results uncover a novel pharmacological agent that may be capable of inducing adult hippocampal neurogenesis at a healthy and sustainable rate that preserves recognition memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiro-Silva
- 1 Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Desireé Antequera
- 1 Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Pascual
- 1 Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- 4 Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Huayqui Volt
- 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Eva Carro
- 1 Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Pal A, Pal A, Banerjee S, Batabyal S, Chatterjee PN. Mutation in Cytochrome B gene causes debility and adverse effects on health of sheep. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:393-404. [PMID: 30660753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome B is the mitochondrial protein, which functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes affecting energy metabolism through oxidative phosphorylation. The present study was conducted to study the effect of mutation of Cytochrome B gene on the health condition of sheep, which the first report of association of mitochondrial gene with disease traits in livestock species. Non-synonymous substitutions (F33 L and D171N) and Indel mutations were observed for Cytochrome B gene, leading to a truncated protein, where anemia, malfunctioning of most of the vital organs as liver, kidney and mineral status was observed and debility with exercise intolerance and cardiomyopathy in extreme cases were depicted. These findings were confirmed by bioinformatics analysis, haematological and biochemical data analysis, and other phenotypical physiological data pertaining to different vital organs. The molecular mechanism of cytochrome B mutation was that the mutant variant interferes with the site of heme binding (iron containing) domain and calcium binding essential for electron transport chain. Mutation at amino acid site 33 is located within transmembrane helix A, a hydrophobic environment at the Qi site and close to heme binding domain, and mutation effects these domain and diseases occur. Thermodynamic stability was also observed to decrease in mutant variant. Sheep Cytochrome B being genetically more similar to the human, it may be used as a model for studying human diseases related to cytochrome B defects. Future prospect of the study includes the therapeutic application of recombinant protein, gene therapy and marker-assisted selection of disease-resistant livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Pal
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abantika Pal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Samiddha Banerjee
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India
| | - S Batabyal
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India
| | - P N Chatterjee
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India
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Kozin MS, Kulakova OG, Favorova OO. Involvement of Mitochondria in Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:813-830. [PMID: 30200866 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional disruption and neuronal loss followed by progressive dysfunction of the nervous system underlies the pathogenesis of numerous disorders defined as "neurodegenerative diseases". Multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system resulting in serious neurological dysfunctions and disability, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies suggest that disturbances in mitochondrial functioning are key factors leading to neurodegeneration. In this review, we consider data on mitochondrial dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis, which were obtained both with patients and with animal models. The contemporary data indicate that the axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis largely results from the activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases and from misbalance of ion homeostasis caused by energy deficiency. The genetic studies analyzing association of mitochondrial DNA polymorphic variants in multiple sclerosis suggest the participation of mitochondrial genome variability in the development of this disease, although questions of the involvement of individual genomic variants are far from being resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kozin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - O G Kulakova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - O O Favorova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Mitochondrial Targeting in Neurodegeneration: A Heme Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030087. [PMID: 30231533 PMCID: PMC6161291 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has achieved an increasing interest in the field of neurodegeneration as a pathological hallmark for different disorders. The impact of mitochondria is related to a variety of mechanisms and several of them can co-exist in the same disease. The central role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders has stimulated studies intended to implement therapeutic protocols based on the targeting of the distinct mitochondrial processes. The review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to neurodegeneration, encompassing therapeutic approaches. Moreover, a new perspective is proposed based on the heme impact on neurodegeneration. The heme metabolism plays a central role in mitochondrial functions, and several evidences indicate that alterations of the heme metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. By reporting the body of knowledge on this topic, the review intends to stimulate future studies on the role of heme metabolism in neurodegeneration, envisioning innovative strategies in the struggle against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cruz ACP, Ferrasa A, Muotri AR, Herai RH. Frequency and association of mitochondrial genetic variants with neurological disorders. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:345-360. [PMID: 30218715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are small cytosolic organelles and the main source of energy production for the cells, especially in the brain. This organelle has its own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and genetic variants in this molecule can alter the normal energy metabolism in the brain, contributing to the development of a wide assortment of Neurological Disorders (ND), including neurodevelopmental syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. These ND are comprised by a heterogeneous group of syndromes and diseases that encompass different cognitive phenotypes and behavioral disorders, such as autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Huntington disease, Leigh Syndrome and bipolar disorder. In this work we carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify and describe the mitochondrial genetic variants associated with the occurrence of ND. Most of genetic variants found in mtDNA were associated with Single Nucleotide Polimorphisms (SNPs), ~79%, with ~15% corresponding to deletions, ~3% to Copy Number Variations (CNVs), ~2% to insertions and another 1% included mtDNA replication problems and genetic rearrangements. We also found that most of the variants were associated with coding regions of mitochondrial proteins but were also found in regulatory transcripts (tRNA and rRNA) and in the D-Loop replication region of the mtDNA. After analysis of mtDNA deletions and CNV, none of them occur in the D-Loop region. This SLR shows that all transcribed mtDNA molecules have mutations correlated with ND. Finally, we describe that all mtDNA variants found were associated with deterioration of cognitive (dementia) and intellectual functions, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and personality and behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina P Cruz
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Department of Informatics (DEINFO), Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Lico Kaesemodel Institute (ILK), Curitiba, Paraná 80240-000, Brazil.
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Dharmarwardana M, Martins AF, Chen Z, Palacios PM, Nowak CM, Welch RP, Li S, Luzuriaga MA, Bleris L, Pierce BS, Sherry AD, Gassensmith JJ. Nitroxyl Modified Tobacco Mosaic Virus as a Metal-Free High-Relaxivity MRI and EPR Active Superoxide Sensor. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2973-2983. [PMID: 29771534 PMCID: PMC6078806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide overproduction is known to occur in multiple disease states requiring critical care; yet, noninvasive detection of superoxide in deep tissue remains a challenge. Herein, we report a metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) active contrast agent prepared by "click conjugating" paramagnetic organic radical contrast agents (ORCAs) to the surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While ORCAs are known to be reduced in vivo to an MRI/EPR silent state, their oxidation is facilitated specifically by reactive oxygen species-in particular, superoxide-and are largely unaffected by peroxides and molecular oxygen. Unfortunately, single molecule ORCAs typically offer weak MRI contrast. In contrast, our data confirm that the macromolecular ORCA-TMV conjugates show marked enhancement for T1 contrast at low field (<3.0 T) and T2 contrast at high field (9.4 T). Additionally, we demonstrated that the unique topology of TMV allows for a "quenchless fluorescent" bimodal probe for concurrent fluorescence and MRI/EPR imaging, which was made possible by exploiting the unique inner and outer surface of the TMV nanoparticle. Finally, we show TMV-ORCAs do not respond to normal cellular respiration, minimizing the likelihood for background, yet still respond to enzymatically produced superoxide in complicated biological fluids like serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushani Dharmarwardana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - André F. Martins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Philip M. Palacios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Chance M. Nowak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Raymond P. Welch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Shaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Michael A. Luzuriaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
| | - Brad S. Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
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Reversing wrinkled skin and hair loss in mice by restoring mitochondrial function. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:735. [PMID: 30026579 PMCID: PMC6053453 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion is involved in mtDNA depletion syndromes, mitochondrial diseases, aging and aging-associated chronic diseases, and other human pathologies. To evaluate the consequences of depletion of mtDNA in the whole animal, we created an inducible mtDNA-depleter mouse expressing, in the polymerase domain of POLG1, a dominant-negative mutation to induce depletion of mtDNA in various tissues. These mice showed reduced mtDNA content, reduced mitochondrial gene expression, and instability of supercomplexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) resulting in reduced OXPHOS enzymatic activities. We demonstrate that ubiquitous depletion of mtDNA in mice leads to predominant and profound effects on the skin resulting in wrinkles and visual hair loss with an increased number of dysfunctional hair follicles and inflammatory responses. Development of skin wrinkle was associated with the significant epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases, and decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP1. We also discovered markedly increased skin inflammation that appears to be a contributing factor in skin pathology. Histopathologic analyses revealed dysfunctional hair follicles. mtDNA-depleter mice also show changes in expression of aging-associated markers including IGF1R, KLOTHO, VEGF, and MRPS5. mtDNA-repleter mice showed that, by turning off the mutant POLG1 transgene expression, mitochondrial function, as well as the skin and hair pathology, is reversed to wild-type level. To our knowledge that restoration of mitochondrial functions can reverse the skin and hair pathology is unprecedented.
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Oxygen Concentration and Oxidative Stress Modulate the Influence of Alzheimer's Disease A β1-42 Peptide on Human Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7567959. [PMID: 29576854 PMCID: PMC5821958 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7567959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated after exposure to ionizing radiation and toxic peptides, in mitochondrial metabolism and during aging contribute to damage of cell's structural and functional components and can lead to diseases. Monomers and small oligomers of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, players in Alzheimer's disease, are recently suggested to be involved in damaging of neurons, instead of extracellular Aβ plaques. We demonstrate that externally applied disaggregated Aβ1–42 peptide interacts preferentially with acidic compartments (lysosomes). We compared standard cell cultivation (21% O2) to more physiological cell cultivation (5% O2). Cells did not exhibit a dramatic increase in ROS and change in glutathione level upon 4 μM Aβ peptide treatment, whereas exposure to 2 Gy X-rays increased ROS and changed glutathione level and ATP concentration. The occurrence of the 4977 bp deletion in mtDNA and significant protein carbonylation were specific effects of IR and more pronounced at 21% O2. An increase in cell death after Aβ peptide treatment or irradiation was unexpectedly restored to the control level or below when both were combined, particularly at 5% O2. Therefore, Aβ peptide at low concentration can trigger neuroprotective mechanisms in cells exposed to radiation. Oxygen concentration is an important modulator of cellular responses to stress.
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37
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Young MJ. Off-Target Effects of Drugs that Disrupt Human Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 29214156 PMCID: PMC5702650 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Development of severe mitochondrial toxicity has been well documented in patients infected with HIV and administered NRTIs. In vitro biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the replicative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma, Polg, is a sensitive target for inhibition by metabolically active forms of NRTIs, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs). Once incorporated into newly synthesized daughter strands NtRTIs block further DNA polymerization reactions. Human cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that cell lines and mice exposed to NRTIs display mtDNA depletion. Further complicating NRTI off-target effects on mtDNA maintenance, two additional DNA polymerases, Pol beta and PrimPol, were recently reported to localize to mitochondria as well as the nucleus. Similar to Polg, in vitro work has demonstrated both Pol beta and PrimPol incorporate NtRTIs into nascent DNA. Cell culture and biochemical experiments have also demonstrated that antiviral ribonucleoside drugs developed to treat hepatitis C infection act as off-target substrates for POLRMT, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase and primase. Accompanying the above-mentioned topics, this review examines: (1) mtDNA maintenance in human health and disease, (2) reports of DNA polymerases theta and zeta (Rev3) localizing to mitochondria, and (3) additional drugs with off-target effects on mitochondrial function. Lastly, mtDNA damage may induce cell death; therefore, the possibility of utilizing compounds that disrupt mtDNA maintenance to kill cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
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Mehta SR, Pérez-Santiago J, Hulgan T, Day TRC, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Gittleman H, Letendre S, Ellis R, Heaton R, Patton S, Suben JD, Franklin D, Rosario D, Clifford DB, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, McArthur J, McCutchan A, Morgello S, Simpson D, Connor J, Grant I, Kallianpur A. Cerebrospinal fluid cell-free mitochondrial DNA is associated with HIV replication, iron transport, and mild HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:72. [PMID: 28359324 PMCID: PMC5374652 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are abundant organelles critical for energy metabolism and brain function. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), released during cellular injury and as part of the innate immune response to viral pathogens, contains CpG motifs that act as TLR-9 ligands. We investigated relationships between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell-free mtDNA levels and HIV viral load (VL), biomarkers of inflammation and iron transport, and neurocognitive (NC) function in the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) cohort. Methods We quantified cell-free mtDNA in CSF by droplet digital PCR in 332 CHARTER participants who underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric evaluation. NC performance was assessed using the global deficit score (GDS) as either a continuous or a binary measure (GDS ≥ 0.5, impaired vs. GDS < 0.5, unimpaired). CSF, clinical, and biomarker data from the earliest available time point were analyzed. Cell-free mtDNA associations with CSF inflammation and iron-related biomarkers [CXCL10, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, transferrin (TF), ceruloplasmin (CP), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], VL, and GDS were evaluated by multivariable regression. Results CSF cell-free mtDNA levels were significantly lower in participants with undetectable (vs. detectable) VL in either plasma (p < 0.001) or CSF (p < 0.001) and in those on antiretroviral therapy (ART; p < 0.001). Participants on ART with undetectable VL in both CSF and plasma had lower mtDNA levels than those with detectable VL in both compartments (p = 0.001). Higher mtDNA levels were observed in participants in the highest vs. lowest tertile (T3 vs. T1) of CSF CXCL10 (T3 vs. T1, p < 0.001) and TNF-a (T3 vs. T1, p < 0.05) in unadjusted analyses. MtDNA levels also correlated with CSF leukocyte count. After adjusting for CSF leukocyte count and VL, mtDNA levels were also associated with other inflammation- and iron-related biomarkers in CSF, including TF (T3 vs. T1, p < 0.05) and CP (T3 vs. T1, p < 0.05). With additional correction for ART use, mtDNA was also negatively associated with CSF VEGF (p < 0.05) and IL-6 (p = 0.05). We observed no associations of CSF mtDNA levels with age or GDS-defined NC impairment. Conclusions CSF cell-free mtDNA levels were associated with HIV RNA and ART status, as well as with biomarkers of iron transport and VEGF, a growth factor with known effects on mitochondrial integrity and autophagy. CSF mtDNA may be a biomarker of iron dysregulation and/or neuroinflammation during HIV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0848-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay R Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Todd Hulgan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tyler R C Day
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Ellis
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Patton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D Suben
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Debralee Rosario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ann C Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Justin McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allen McCutchan
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Simpson
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Asha Kallianpur
- Genomic Medicine Institute/Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Stauch KL, Villeneuve LM, Purnell PR, Ottemann BM, Emanuel K, Fox HS. Loss of Pink1 modulates synaptic mitochondrial bioenergetics in the rat striatum prior to motor symptoms: concomitant complex I respiratory defects and increased complex II-mediated respiration. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1205-1217. [PMID: 27568932 PMCID: PMC5810131 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1), a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, cause a recessive inherited form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pink1 deletion in rats results in a progressive PD-like phenotype, characterized by significant motor deficits starting at 4 months of age. Despite the evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, the pathogenic mechanism underlying disease due to Pink1-deficiency remains obscure. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Striatal synaptic mitochondria from 3-month-old Pink1-deficient rats were characterized using bioenergetic and mass spectroscopy (MS)-based proteomic analyses. RESULTS Striatal synaptic mitochondria from Pink1-deficient rats exhibit decreased complex I-driven respiration and increased complex II-mediated respiration compared with wild-type rats. MS-based proteomics revealed 69 of the 811 quantified mitochondrial proteins were differentially expressed between Pink1-deficient rats and controls. Down-regulation of several electron carrier proteins, which shuttle electrons to reduce ubiquinone at complex III, in the Pink1-knockouts suggests disruption of the linkage between fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism and the mitochondrial respiratory system. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that complex II activity is increased to compensate for loss of electron transfer mechanisms due to reduced complex I activity and loss of electron carriers within striatal nerve terminals early during disease progression. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Stauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lance M. Villeneuve
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Phillip R. Purnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brendan M. Ottemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Wang H, Dharmalingam P, Vasquez V, Mitra J, Boldogh I, Rao KS, Kent TA, Mitra S, Hegde ML. Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:163-176. [PMID: 27663141 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A foremost challenge for the neurons, which are among the most oxygenated cells, is the genome damage caused by chronic exposure to endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed as cellular respiratory byproducts. Strong metabolic activity associated with high transcriptional levels in these long lived post-mitotic cells render them vulnerable to oxidative genome damage, including DNA strand breaks and mutagenic base lesions. There is growing evidence for the accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) during accelerated aging and progressive neurodegeneration. Several germ line mutations in DNA repair or DNA damage response (DDR) signaling genes are uniquely manifested in the phenotype of neuronal dysfunction and are etiologically linked to many neurodegenerative disorders. Studies in our lab and elsewhere revealed that pro-oxidant metals, ROS and misfolded amyloidogenic proteins not only contribute to genome damage in CNS, but also impede their repair/DDR signaling leading to persistent damage accumulation, a common feature in sporadic neurodegeneration. Here, we have reviewed recent advances in our understanding of the etiological implications of DNA damage vs. repair imbalance, abnormal DDR signaling in triggering neurodegeneration and potential of DDR as a target for the amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prakash Dharmalingam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Velmarini Vasquez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - K S Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA.
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41
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Mutant desmin substantially perturbs mitochondrial morphology, function and maintenance in skeletal muscle tissue. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:453-73. [PMID: 27393313 PMCID: PMC4992032 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature in a wide variety of human protein aggregate diseases caused by mutations in different proteins, both in the central nervous system and in striated muscle. The functional relationship between the expression of a mutated protein and mitochondrial dysfunction is largely unknown. In particular, the mechanism how this dysfunction drives the disease process is still elusive. To address this issue for protein aggregate myopathies, we performed a comprehensive, multi-level analysis of mitochondrial pathology in skeletal muscles of human patients with mutations in the intermediate filament protein desmin and in muscles of hetero- and homozygous knock-in mice carrying the R349P desmin mutation. We demonstrate that the expression of mutant desmin causes disruption of the extrasarcomeric desmin cytoskeleton and extensive mitochondrial abnormalities regarding subcellular distribution, number and shape. At the molecular level, we uncovered changes in the abundancy and assembly of the respiratory chain complexes and supercomplexes. In addition, we revealed a marked reduction of mtDNA- and nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins in parallel with large-scale deletions in mtDNA and reduced mtDNA copy numbers. Hence, our data demonstrate that the expression of mutant desmin causes multi-level damage of mitochondria already in early stages of desminopathies.
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42
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Kesner EE, Saada-Reich A, Lorberboum-Galski H. Characteristics of Mitochondrial Transformation into Human Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26057. [PMID: 27184109 PMCID: PMC4868981 DOI: 10.1038/srep26057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria can be incorporated into mammalian cells by simple co-incubation of isolated mitochondria with cells, without the need of transfection reagents or any other type of intervention. This phenomenon was termed mitochondrial transformation, and although it was discovered in 1982, currently little is known regarding its mechanism(s). Here we demonstrate that mitochondria can be transformed into recipient cells very quickly, and co-localize with endogenous mitochondria. The isolated mitochondria interact directly with cells, which engulf the mitochondria with cellular extensions in a way, which may suggest the involvement of macropinocytosis or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms in mitochondrial transformation. Indeed, macropinocytosis inhibitors but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibition-treatments, blocks mitochondria transformation. The integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane and its proteins is essential for the transformation of the mitochondria into cells; cells can distinguish mitochondria from similar particles and transform only intact mitochondria. Mitochondrial transformation is blocked in the presence of the heparan sulfate molecules pentosan polysulfate and heparin, which indicate crucial involvement of cellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the mitochondrial transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Kesner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - A. Saada-Reich
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H. Lorberboum-Galski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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43
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Zheng X, Boyer L, Jin M, Kim Y, Fan W, Bardy C, Berggren T, Evans RM, Gage FH, Hunter T. Alleviation of neuronal energy deficiency by mTOR inhibition as a treatment for mitochondria-related neurodegeneration. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27008180 PMCID: PMC4846388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibition is beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models and its effects are often attributable to the modulation of autophagy and anti-apoptosis. Here, we report a neglected but important bioenergetic effect of mTOR inhibition in neurons. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin significantly preserves neuronal ATP levels, particularly when oxidative phosphorylation is impaired, such as in neurons treated with mitochondrial inhibitors, or in neurons derived from maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS) patient iPS cells with ATP synthase deficiency. Rapamycin treatment significantly improves the resistance of MILS neurons to glutamate toxicity. Surprisingly, in mitochondrially defective neurons, but not neuroprogenitor cells, ribosomal S6 and S6 kinase phosphorylation increased over time, despite activation of AMPK, which is often linked to mTOR inhibition. A rapamycin-induced decrease in protein synthesis, a major energy-consuming process, may account for its ATP-saving effect. We propose that a mild reduction in protein synthesis may have the potential to treat mitochondria-related neurodegeneration. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13378.001 Living cells need to maintain an optimal balance between making new proteins and destroying older ones. Building proteins requires a supply of nutrients and appropriate levels of energy, and mammalian cells rely on a protein called mTOR to sense both nutrient availability and energy levels. Nutrients activate mTOR signaling to promote protein synthesis. In contrast, a lack of nutrients and low energy levels inhibit mTOR, which slows down protein synthesis to help the cell to conserve vital resources. The balance between protein synthesis and degradation is often perturbed in diseases that involve the progressive loss of nerve cells, and a drug called rapamycin – which inhibits mTOR signalling – can help treat this neurodegeneration in mice. Neurodegenerative diseases are also often linked to problems with the cellular structures called mitochondria that provide the cell with energy in the form of the chemical ATP. Previous research suggests that abnormal mitochondrial activity and energy deficiency could be a critical step that leads to neuron death in neurodegeneration. So far, the effect of rapamycin on energy deficiency in neurons has not been explored in detail. Zheng, Boyer et al. have now tested the therapeutic potential of rapamycin in a genetic disease called maternally inherited Leigh syndrome in which children suffer from severe neurodegeneration due to defects in their mitochondria. The experiments made use of neurons that could be grown in the laboratory and which faithfully mimicked the problems observed in maternally inherited Leigh syndrome patients. In some experiments, healthy neurons were treated with chemicals that inhibit ATP production. In other experiments, cells collected from a maternally inherited Leigh syndrome patient were coaxed into becoming neurons. Signaling via mTOR was enhanced in both kinds of neurons. Zheng, Boyer et al. then treated the defective neurons with rapamycin, which led to a significant rise in ATP levels. The production of proteins also slowed down. This could explain the observed rise in ATP levels, as making proteins consumes a lot of energy. Zheng, Boyer et al. propose that a mild reduction in protein synthesis may have the potential to treat neurodegeneration caused by defective mitochondria. Further work is needed to extend this analysis to animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13378.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mingji Jin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Cedric Bardy
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Travis Berggren
- Stem Cell Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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Irwin MH, Moos WH, Faller DV, Steliou K, Pinkert CA. Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:109-23. [PMID: 26899010 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research In this review, we discuss epigenetic-driven methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, focusing on carnitinoid antioxidant-histone deacetylase inhibitors that show an ability to reinvigorate synaptic plasticity and protect against neuromotor decline in vivo. Aging remains a major risk factor in patients who progress to dementia, a clinical syndrome typified by decreased mental capacity, including impairments in memory, language skills, and executive function. Energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are viewed as determinants in the aging process that may afford therapeutic targets for a host of disease conditions, the brain being primary in such thinking. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a core feature in the pathophysiology of both Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and rare mitochondrial diseases. The potential of new therapies in this area extends to glaucoma and other ophthalmic disorders, migraine, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, systemic exertion intolerance disease, and chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. An emerging and hopefully more promising approach to addressing these hard-to-treat diseases leverages their sensitivity to activation of master regulators of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, antioxidant response elements, and mitophagy. Drug Dev Res 77 : 109-123, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,SRI Biosciences, A Division of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,PhenoMatriX, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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45
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Moos WH, Maneta E, Pinkert CA, Irwin MH, Hoffman ME, Faller DV, Steliou K. Epigenetic Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Autism and Schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:53-72. [PMID: 26899191 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions that often share underlying mitochondrial dysfunction and biological pathways implicated in their pathogenesis, progression, and treatment. To date, these disorders have proven notoriously resistant to molecular-targeted therapies, and clinical options are relegated to interventional types, which do not address the core symptoms of the disease. In this review, we discuss emerging epigenetic-driven approaches using novel acylcarnitine esters (carnitinoids) that act on master regulators of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes and mitophagic pathways. These carnitinoids are actively transported, mitochondria-localizing, biomimetic coenzyme A surrogates of short-chain fatty acids, which inhibit histone deacetylase and may reinvigorate synaptic plasticity and protect against neuronal damage. We outline these neuroprotective effects in the context of treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,SRI Biosciences, A Division of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Eleni Maneta
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael H Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michelle E Hoffman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,PhenoMatriX, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Roses AD, Akkari PA, Chiba-Falek O, Lutz MW, Gottschalk WK, Saunders AM, Saul B, Sundseth S, Burns D. Structural variants can be more informative for disease diagnostics, prognostics and translation than current SNP mapping and exon sequencing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:135-47. [PMID: 26727306 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1133586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this article we discuss several human neurological diseases and their relationship to specific highly polymorphic small structural variants (SVs). Unlike genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), this methodology is not a genome screen to define new possibly associated genes, requiring statistical corrections for a million association tests. SVs provide local mapping information at a specific locus. Used with phylogenetic analysis, the specific association of length variants can be mapped and recognized. AREAS COVERED This experimental strategy provides identification of DNA variants, particularly variable length Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs or STRs or microsatellites) that provide specific local association data at the SV locus. Phylogenetic analysis that includes the specific appearance of different length SV variations can differentiate specific phenotypic risks in a population such as age of onset related to variable length polymorphisms and risk of phenotypic variations associated with several adjacent structural variations (SVs). We focus on data for three recent examples associated with Alzheimer's disease, Levy Bodies, and Parkinson's disease. EXPERT OPINION SVs are understudied, but have led directly to mechanism of pathogenesis studies involving the regulation of gene expression. The identification of specific length polymorphisms associated with clinical disease has led to translational advances and new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Roses
- a Department of Neurology and Neurosciences , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.,b Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | | | - Michael W Lutz
- d Department of Neurology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | | | - Bob Saul
- e Polymorphic DNA , Alameda , CA , USA
| | - Scott Sundseth
- f Caberner Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Daniel Burns
- g Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Raleigh-Durham , NC , USA
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47
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Bakalova R, Georgieva E, Ivanova D, Zhelev Z, Aoki I, Saga T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Metabolic Activity, Accompanied by Overproduction of Superoxide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1922-9. [PMID: 26367059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that a mitochondria-penetrating nitroxide probe (mito-TEMPO) allows detection of superoxide and visualization of mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells due to the effect of T1 shortening in MRI. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by treatment of cells with rotenone and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME/Rot). The MRI measurements were performed on 7T MRI. The 2-ME/Rot-treated cells were characterized by overproduction of superoxide, which was confirmed by a conventional dihydroethidium test. In the presence of mito-TEMPO, the intensity of MRI signal in 2-ME/Rot-treated cells was ∼30-40% higher, in comparison with that in untreated cells or culture media. In model (cell-free) systems, we observed that superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, increased the intensity of T1-weighted MRI signal of mito-TEMPO. Moreover, the superoxide restores the T1-weighted MRI contrast of mito-TEMPOH, a noncontrast (diamagnetic) analogue of mito-TEMPO. This was also confirmed by using EPR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that superoxide radical is involved in the enhancement of T1-weighted MRI contrast in living cells, in the absence and presence of mito-TEMPO. This report gives a direction for discovering new opportunities for functional MRI, for detection of metabolic activity, accompanied by overproduction of superoxide, as well as by disturbance of the balance between superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, a very important approach to clarify the fine molecular mechanisms in the regulation of many pathologies. The visualization of mitochondrial activity in real-time can be crucial to clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional MRI in its commonly accepted definition, as a method for detection of neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Bakalova
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Georgieva
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Donika Ivanova
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Sofia 1114, Bulgaria
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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48
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Stewart JB, Chinnery PF. The dynamics of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy: implications for human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2015; 16:530-42. [PMID: 26281784 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Common genetic variants of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) increase the risk of developing several of the major health issues facing the western world, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, we consider how these mtDNA variants arose and how they spread from their origin on one single molecule in a single cell to be present at high levels throughout a specific organ and, ultimately, to contribute to the population risk of common age-related disorders. mtDNA persists in all aerobic eukaryotes, despite a high substitution rate, clonal propagation and little evidence of recombination. Recent studies have found that de novo mtDNA mutations are suppressed in the female germ line; despite this, mtDNA heteroplasmy is remarkably common. The demonstration of a mammalian mtDNA genetic bottleneck explains how new germline variants can increase to high levels within a generation, and the ultimate fixation of less-severe mutations that escape germline selection explains how they can contribute to the risk of late-onset disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Stewart
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1BZ, UK
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49
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Torregrosa-Muñumer R, Goffart S, Haikonen JA, Pohjoismäki JLO. Low doses of ultraviolet radiation and oxidative damage induce dramatic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA replication intermediates, fork regression, and replication initiation shift. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4197-208. [PMID: 26399294 PMCID: PMC4642854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is believed to cause pathological mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements. mtDNA damage induces specific changes in its maintenance, such as formation of x-junctions and changes in replication mode. The findings explain the significance of the different replication mechanisms that have been observed in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is prone to damage by various intrinsic as well as environmental stressors. DNA damage can in turn cause problems for replication, resulting in replication stalling and double-strand breaks, which are suspected to be the leading cause of pathological mtDNA rearrangements. In this study, we exposed cells to subtle levels of oxidative stress or UV radiation and followed their effects on mtDNA maintenance. Although the damage did not influence mtDNA copy number, we detected a massive accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrid–containing replication intermediates, followed by an increase in cruciform DNA molecules, as well as in bidirectional replication initiation outside of the main replication origin, OH. Our results suggest that mitochondria maintain two different types of replication as an adaptation to different cellular environments; the RNA:DNA hybrid–involving replication mode maintains mtDNA integrity in tissues with low oxidative stress, and the potentially more error tolerant conventional strand-coupled replication operates when stress is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Juha A Haikonen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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50
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Abstract
In the past century, considerable efforts were made to understand the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and of oxidative stress in aging. The classic mitochondrial free radical theory of aging, in which mtDNA mutations cause genotoxic oxidative stress, which in turn creates more mutations, has been a central hypothesis in the field for decades. In the past few years, however, new elements have discredited this original theory. The major sources of mitochondrial DNA mutations seem to be replication errors and failure of the repair mechanisms, and the accumulation of these mutations as observed in aged organisms seems to occur by clonal expansion and not to be caused by a reactive oxygen species-dependent vicious cycle. New hypotheses of how age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to aging are based on the role of reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules and on their role in mediating stress responses to age-dependent damage. Here, we review the changes that mtDNA undergoes during aging and the past and most recent hypotheses linking these changes to the tissue failure observed in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Pinto
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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