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Brad GF, Nicoară DM, Scutca AC, Bugi MA, Asproniu R, Olariu LG, Jugănaru I, Cristun LI, Mărginean O. Exploring Chronic Hypocalcemia: Insights into Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1-A Case Study and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2368. [PMID: 38673639 PMCID: PMC11051075 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypocalcemia is a common occurrence in pediatric patients, attributed to various causes and presenting with diverse clinical manifestations. A prompt evaluation is necessary to determine its underlying cause, whether it presents acutely or chronically, and to tailor treatment based on its severity. Among the potential causes of chronic hypocalcemia, primary hypoparathyroidism stands out. The case of a seven-year-old male patient with hypocalcemia reported in this article serves as an illustration, wherein targeted next-generation sequencing revealed a homozygous p.R257X mutation in the AIRE gene, indicative of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1). It poses challenges due to its multisystemic nature and involvement of specific autoantibodies, often leading to underdiagnosis, owing to its rarity, varied manifestations, and incomplete penetrance. A comprehensive review of the APS-1 literature was conducted to provide insights into the clinical manifestations, genetic spectrum, potential immunological mechanisms, and current medical strategies. Additionally, the recognition of AIRE gene mutations is crucial for facilitating genetic diagnosis, prognosis, and potential treatment strategies for APS-1. The management of such cases involves individualized approaches to treatment, regular monitoring, medication adjustments, and the early identification of associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgiana-Flavia Brad
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Delia-Maria Nicoară
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Scutca
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Meda-Ada Bugi
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Disturbances of Growth and Development in Children BELIVE, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Asproniu
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Laura-Gratiela Olariu
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iulius Jugănaru
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Disturbances of Growth and Development in Children BELIVE, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lucian-Ioan Cristun
- Ph.D. School Department, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Otilia Mărginean
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.-F.B.); (A.-C.S.); (R.A.); (L.-G.O.); (I.J.); (O.M.)
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Emergency Hospital ‘Louis Turcanu’, 300011 Timisoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Disturbances of Growth and Development in Children BELIVE, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Wu H, Mo Y, Yu S, Ye X, Lu Y, Wang C, Shan X. Novel homozygous mutations in AIRE leading to APS-1 and potential mechanisms based on bioinformatics analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28037. [PMID: 38524621 PMCID: PMC10957416 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune Poly-endocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1), also known as autoimmune poly-endocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), is a single-gene hereditary disorder usually characterized by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and autoimmune adrenocortical insufficiency. This syndrome is very rare in China. Methods For our reported patient, we employed clinical and laboratory examinations along with genetic identification. For previously reported cases, we summarized findings based on meta-analysis principles. To investigate the AIRE gene's role in disease, we utilized bioinformatics analysis with existing databases and R language processing. Results Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed two novel homozygous missense mutations (c.74C > G; c.1612C > T) in the patient's AIRE gene, confirming APS-1 diagnosis. The 3D structure of these mutation sites was described for the first time, showing that altered side chains could affect AIRE protein function. We analyzed 16 genetically diagnosed APS-1 Chinese patients, summarized the AIRE genetic spectrum, and found that exons 1, 2, 3, and 5 were most commonly affected. Hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency were the most common clinical manifestations (56%-93%), followed by hypothyroidism (31.25%), hypogonadism (12.5%), type 2 diabetes (6.25%), and type 1 diabetes (6.25%). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that AIRE mutations cause antigen presentation abnormalities in immune cells, leading to excessive endogenous and reduced exogenous antigen presentation. Conclusions Our study summarized the clinical features of APS-1 caused by AIRE gene mutations and explored underlying mechanisms. For some patients, the prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents may be beneficial. These findings guide early genetic screening and inform potential research directions for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Wu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Mo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yili Lu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaoban Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine, Wenzhou Yuying Children's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Källberg E, Mehmeti-Ajradini M, Björk Gunnarsdottir F, Göransson M, Bergenfelz C, Allaoui Fredriksson R, Hagerling C, Johansson ME, Welinder C, Jirström K, Leandersson K. AIRE is expressed in breast cancer TANs and TAMs to regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:664-678. [PMID: 38060995 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a transcriptional regulator expressed in the thymus and is necessary for maintaining immunological self-tolerance. Extrathymic AIRE expression is rare, and a role for AIRE in tumor-associated innate immune cells has not yet been established. In this study, we show that AIRE is expressed in human pro-tumor neutrophils. In breast cancer, AIRE was primarily located to tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and to a lesser extent to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells. Expression of AIRE in TAN/TAMs, but not in cancer cells, was associated with an adverse prognosis. We show that the functional role for AIRE in neutrophils and macrophages is to regulate expression of immune mediators and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway involving the Fas/TNFR death receptors and cathepsin G. Here, we propose that the role for AIRE in TAN/TAMs in breast tumors is to regulate cell death and inflammation, thus promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Källberg
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Meliha Mehmeti-Ajradini
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Frida Björk Gunnarsdottir
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marcus Göransson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bergenfelz
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roni Allaoui Fredriksson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin E Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, Vasaparken Universitetsplatsen 1, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Mass Spectrometry, Department for Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströmsg 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
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Wei X, Zhu T, Wang L, Sui R. Leber congenital amaurosis as the initial and essential manifestation in a Chinese patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1. Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 147:225-232. [PMID: 37715919 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1 (APS-1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Patients are generally diagnosed at ages between five and fifteen years when they exhibit three or more manifestations, most typically mucocutaneous candidiasis, autoimmune Addison's disease, and hypoparathyroidism. Our study aims to report the first case of a Chinese APS-1 patient, presented with LCA as the initial and essential clinical feature of this rare syndrome. METHODS Detailed medical and family history were recorded for the patient. Also, the comprehensive ophthalmological examinations were conducted. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied to screen pathogenic variants. Sanger sequencing validation and segregation analysis were further performed for confirmation. RESULTS A 3-year-old boy with severely impaired vision and initially referred as LCA. However, with a detailed history review, oral candidiasis, dental enamel hypoplasia, and nail candida infection were revealed. Moreover, genetic analysis revealed the homozygous c.769C>T (p.R257X) in AIRE gene (NM_000383.3) as the causative variant. CONCLUSION We presented one case diagnosed with APS-1 based on clinical characteristics and genetic analysis. Our study demonstrated that LCA could serve as a warning sign for APS-1 and a potential trigger of early screening, which might prevent life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1, Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Tian Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1, Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Mei'ermu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1, Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Li C, Qiu S, Liu X, Guo F, Zhai J, Li Z, Deng L, Ge L, Qian H, Yang L, Xu B. Extracellular matrix-derived mechanical force governs breast cancer cell stemness and quiescence transition through integrin-DDR signaling. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:247. [PMID: 37369642 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as signals that regulate specific cell states in tumor tissues. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular biomechanical force signals are critical in tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to explore the influence of ECM-derived biomechanical force on breast cancer cell status. Experiments were conducted using 3D collagen, fibrinogen, and Matrigel matrices to investigate the role of mechanical force in tumor development. Integrin-cytoskeleton-AIRE and DDR-STAT signals were examined using RNA sequencing and western blotting. Data from 1358 patients and 86 clinical specimens were used for ECM signature-prognosis analysis. Our findings revealed that ECM-derived mechanical force regulated tumor stemness and cell quiescence in breast cancer cells. A mechanical force of ~45 Pa derived from the extracellular substrate activated integrin β1/3 receptors, stimulating stem cell signaling pathways through the cytoskeleton/AIRE axis and promoting tumorigenic potential and stem-like phenotypes. However, excessive mechanical force (450 Pa) could drive stem-like cancer cells into a quiescent state, with the removal of mechanical forces leading to vigorous proliferation in quiescent cancer stem cells. Mechanical force facilitated cell cycle arrest to induce quiescence, dependent on DDR2/STAT1/P27 signaling. Therefore, ECM-derived mechanical force governs breast cancer cell status and proliferative characteristics through stiffness alterations. We further established an ECM signature based on the fibrinogen/fibronectin/vitronectin/elastin axis, which efficiently predicts patient prognosis in breast cancer. Our findings highlight the vital role of ECM-derived mechanical force in governing breast cancer cell stemness/quiescence transition and suggest the novel use of ECM signature in predicting the clinical prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Fengzhu Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jingtong Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linghui Deng
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Liming Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haili Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Rosochowicz MA, Lipowicz JM, Karwacka MI, Ostapowicz J, Cisek M, Mackiewicz AA, Czerwinska P. It Runs in the Bromodomain Family: Speckled Proteins (SP) Play a Role in the Antitumor Immune Response in Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010549. [PMID: 36614001 PMCID: PMC9820261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and immune cells in the extracellular matrix: Depending on the tumor type and variety of TAAs (tumor-associated antigens), immune infiltrates are composed of many different subpopulations of immune cells. Epigenetic changes are also considered to be characteristic of cancer. Epigenetic factors taking part in the regulation of gene expression include the VII group of bromodomain proteins (BrD)-SP-family proteins. Here, we used transcriptomic data from the TCGA database, as well as immunological evidence from ESTIMATE, TIP, and TIMER2.0 databases for various solid tumor types and harnessed several publicly available bioinformatic tools (such as GSEA and GSCA) to demonstrate mechanisms and interactions between BrD proteins and immune infiltrates in cancer. We present a consistently positive correlation between the SP-family genes and immune score regardless of the tumor type. The SP-family proteins correlate positively with T cells' trafficking and infiltration into tumor. Our results also show an association between the high expression of SP family genes and enriched transcriptome profiles of inflammatory response and TNF-α signaling via NF-κβ. We also show that the SP-family proteins could be considered good predictors of high immune infiltration phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Anna Rosochowicz
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
| | - Julia Maria Lipowicz
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Iga Karwacka
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Julia Ostapowicz
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Cisek
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Adam Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-885-06-67; Fax: +48-61-852-85-02
| | - Patrycja Czerwinska
- Undergraduate Research Group “Biobase”, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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Santos JC, Dametto M, Masson AP, Faça VM, Bonacin R, Donadi EA, Passos GA. The AIRE G228W mutation disturbs the interaction of AIRE with its partner molecule SIRT1. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948419. [PMID: 36148232 PMCID: PMC9485725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein functions as a tetramer, interacting with partner proteins to form the “AIRE complex,” which relieves RNA Pol II stalling in the chromatin of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). AIRE is the primary mTEC transcriptional controller, promoting the expression of a large set of peripheral tissue antigen genes implicated in the negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes. Under normal conditions, the SIRT1 protein temporarily interacts with AIRE and deacetylates K residues of the AIRE SAND domain. Once the AIRE SAND domain is deacetylated, the binding with SIRT1 is undone, allowing the AIRE complex to proceed downstream with the RNA Pol II to the elongation phase of transcription. Considering that the in silico and in vitro binding of the AIRE SAND domain with SIRT1 provides a powerful model system for studying the dominant SAND G228W mutation mechanism, which causes the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome-1, we integrated computational molecular modeling, docking, dynamics between the whole SAND domain with SIRT1, and surface plasmon resonance using a peptide harboring the 211 to 230 residues of the SAND domain, to compare the structure and energetics of binding/release between AIRE G228 (wild-type) and W228 (mutant) SAND domain to SIRT1. We observed that the G228W mutation in the SAND domain negatively influences the AIRE-SIRT1 interaction. The disturbed interaction might cause a disruption in the binding of the AIRE SAND domain with the SIRT1 catalytic site, impairing the AIRE complex to proceed downstream with RNA Pol II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadson C. Santos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Dametto
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI Brazil), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Masson
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor M. Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bonacin
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI Brazil), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Donadi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Aleixo Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy in Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Geraldo Aleixo Passos,
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Qian G, Yan X, Xuan J, Zheng D, He Z, Shen J. A novel AIRE mutation leads to autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948350. [PMID: 36072346 PMCID: PMC9441485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) is a rare inherited monogenic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of at least two of three following major clinical features: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency. Mutations in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene have been found to contribute to APS-1. In the present study, we reported a 36-years-old male APS-1 patient who presented with hypoparathyroidism and Addison’s disease. The proband underwent complete clinical examinations and mutation screening was performed by Sanger sequencing on AIRE gene. A novel homozygous mutation in exon 9 of the AIRE gene (c.1024C>T) was identified. Based on sequencing findings, HEK293T cell-based assays were conducted to analyze the subcellular localization and mutant transcript processing. Our results revealed that p.Q342X mutant localized in nuclear speckles and exerted a dominant-negative effect on wildtype AIRE function. We reported the c.1024C>T mutation of AIRE gene for the first time, which enriched the AIRE mutation database and contributed to further understanding of APS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guofeng Qian, ; Jianguo Shen,
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Xuan
- Imaging Facility of Core Facilities, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen He
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guofeng Qian, ; Jianguo Shen,
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Chen J, Lu T, Liu C, Zhao Y, Huang A, Hu X, Li M, Xiang R, Feng M, Lu H. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 with diabetes insipidus: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:154. [PMID: 34344344 PMCID: PMC8336383 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare monogenic inherited disease caused by mutations of the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE). The three major components of this syndrome are chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical insufficiency. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 20-year-old male who was clinically diagnosed with APS-1 at the age of 15. He was admitted to our department this time for suffering from polyuria and polydipsia for 6 months and was finally diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel compound heterozygous mutation of the AIRE gene -the c.239 T > G (p.Val80Gly) variant on one allele and the copy number variant (CNV) of 21q22.3(chr21:45,670,150-45,706,528)*1 on the other. CONCLUSIONS This case suggests that diabetes insipidus is a rare component of APS-1 and expands the variety of mutations on AIRE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaQi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - ChenXiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - AiJie Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - XingNa Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - HongHong Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Ji DX, Witt KC, Kotov DI, Margolis SR, Louie A, Chevée V, Chen KJ, Gaidt MM, Dhaliwal HS, Lee AY, Nishimura SL, Zamboni DS, Kramnik I, Portnoy DA, Darwin KH, Vance RE. Role of the transcriptional regulator SP140 in resistance to bacterial infections via repression of type I interferons. eLife 2021; 10:67290. [PMID: 34151776 PMCID: PMC8248984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for anti-viral immunity, but often impair protective immune responses during bacterial infections. An important question is how type I IFNs are strongly induced during viral infections, and yet are appropriately restrained during bacterial infections. The Super susceptibility to tuberculosis 1 (Sst1) locus in mice confers resistance to diverse bacterial infections. Here we provide evidence that Sp140 is a gene encoded within the Sst1 locus that represses type I IFN transcription during bacterial infections. We generated Sp140–/– mice and found that they are susceptible to infection by Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Susceptibility of Sp140–/– mice to bacterial infection was rescued by crosses to mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar–/–). Our results implicate Sp140 as an important negative regulator of type I IFNs that is essential for resistance to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy X Ji
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kristen C Witt
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Shally R Margolis
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alexander Louie
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Victoria Chevée
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Katherine J Chen
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Moritz M Gaidt
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Harmandeep S Dhaliwal
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stephen L Nishimura
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Kramnik
- The National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Center), and Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - K Heran Darwin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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11
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Perniola R, Fierabracci A, Falorni A. Autoimmune Addison's Disease as Part of the Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1: Historical Overview and Current Evidence. Front Immunol 2021; 12:606860. [PMID: 33717087 PMCID: PMC7953157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1) is caused by pathogenic variants of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, located in the chromosomal region 21q22.3. The related protein, AIRE, enhances thymic self-representation and immune self-tolerance by localization to chromatin and anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in the initiation and post-initiation events of tissue-specific antigen-encoding gene transcription. Once synthesized, the self-antigens are presented to, and cause deletion of, the self-reactive thymocyte clones. The clinical diagnosis of APS1 is based on the classic triad idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (HPT)—chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis—autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD), though new criteria based on early non-endocrine manifestations have been proposed. HPT is in most cases the first endocrine component of the syndrome; however, APS1-associated AAD has received the most accurate biochemical, clinical, and immunological characterization. Here is a comprehensive review of the studies on APS1-associated AAD from initial case reports to the most recent scientific findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatal Intensive Care, V. Fazzi Hospital, ASL LE, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Falorni
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrinological and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Zsidó BZ, Hetényi C. Molecular Structure, Binding Affinity, and Biological Activity in the Epigenome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114134. [PMID: 32531926 PMCID: PMC7311975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of valid structure–activity relationships (SARs) is a key to the elucidation of pathomechanisms of epigenetic diseases and the development of efficient, new drugs. The present review is based on selected methodologies and applications supplying molecular structure, binding affinity and biological activity data for the development of new SARs. An emphasis is placed on emerging trends and permanent challenges of new discoveries of SARs in the context of proteins as epigenetic drug targets. The review gives a brief overview and classification of the molecular background of epigenetic changes, and surveys both experimental and theoretical approaches in the field. Besides the results of sophisticated, cutting edge techniques such as cryo-electron microscopy, protein crystallography, and isothermal titration calorimetry, examples of frequently used assays and fast screening techniques are also selected. The review features how different experimental methods and theoretical approaches complement each other and result in valid SARs of the epigenome.
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13
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Oliveira EH, Assis AF, Speck-Hernandez CA, Duarte MJ, Passos GA. Aire Gene Influences the Length of the 3' UTR of mRNAs in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1039. [PMID: 32547551 PMCID: PMC7270294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aire is a transcriptional controller in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) modulating a set of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs) and non-PTA mRNAs as well as miRNAs. Even miRNAs exerting posttranscriptional control of mRNAs in mTECs, the composition of miRNA-mRNA networks may differ. Under reduction in Aire expression, networks exhibited greater miRNA diversity controlling mRNAs. Variations in the number of 3'UTR binding sites of Aire-dependent mRNAs may represent a crucial factor that influence the miRNA interaction. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed through bioinformatics the length of 3'UTRs of a large set of Aire-dependent mRNAs. The data were obtained from existing RNA-seq of mTECs of wild type or Aire-knockout (KO) mice. We used computational algorithms as FASTQC, STAR and HTSEQ for sequence alignment and counting reads, DESEQ2 for the differential expression, 3USS for the alternative 3'UTRs and TAPAS for the alternative polyadenylation sites. We identified 152 differentially expressed mRNAs between these samples comprising those that encode PTAs as well as transcription regulators. In Aire KO mTECs, most of these mRNAs featured an increase in the length of their 3'UTRs originating additional miRNA binding sites and new miRNA controllers. Results from the in silico analysis were statistically significant and the predicted miRNA-mRNA interactions were thermodynamically stable. Even with no in vivo or in vitro experiments, they were adequate to show that lack of Aire in mTECs might favor the downregulation of PTA mRNAs and transcription regulators via miRNA control. This could unbalance the overall transcriptional activity in mTECs and thus the self-representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernna H. Oliveira
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar A. Speck-Hernandez
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Max Jordan Duarte
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A. Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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14
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Toraih EA, Ameen HM, Hussein MH, Youssef Elabd AA, Mohamed AM, Abdel-Gawad AR, Fawzy MS. Association of Autoimmune Regulator Gene Rs2075876 Variant, but Not Gene Expression with Alopecia Areata in Males: A Case-control Study. Immunol Invest 2020; 49:146-165. [PMID: 31601134 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1671450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss of autoimmune etiology. The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene is believed to be an important driver in AA pathogenesis. Genetic variants can alter mRNA expression levels which may provoke an autoimmune response. A total of 337 males (97 AA patients and 240 controls) were enrolled in the current case-control study. On screening of the most frequent variants in the gene, rs2075876 (A/G) polymorphism in intron 5 was selected and genotyped using Real-Time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology. Additionally, circulatory AIRE expression levels were quantified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Allelic discrimination analysis revealed GG genotype to be more frequent in patients (90.7% in AA compared to 32.5% in controls, p < .001). G variant conferred increased risk to alopecia under homozygote comparison (GG versus AA: OR = 16.1, 95%CI = 5.57-46.3), dominant model (GG+AG versus AA: OR = 7.24, 95%CI = 2.5-20.5), recessive model (GG versus AG+AA: OR = 20.3, 95%CI = 9.7-42.4), and allelic model (G versus A: OR = 11.6, 95%CI = 6.47-21.1). The expression levels of AIRE gene did not differ significantly between patients and controls and were not related to rs2075876 variant. In conclusion, the intronic variant (rs2075876) is suggested to be a potent susceptibility variant for AA development in the studied population.Abbreviations: AA: Alopecia areata; AIRE: Autoimmune Regulator; APECED: Autoimmune, Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy; DLQI: Dermatology life quality index questionnaire; MIQE: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments; mTEC: Medullary thymic epithelial cells; PHD: Plant homeodomain; qRT-PCR: Quantitative reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Toraih
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hatem M Ameen
- Department of Dermatology, Al Qantara East Central Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Hussein
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Youssef Elabd
- Department of Dermatology, El-Sheikh Zaied Aal Nahyan hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Dermatology, Emirates Medical Center, Salalah Oman, Oman
| | - Abeer M Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manal S Fawzy
- Deprtment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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15
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Qin L, Qiu K, Hu C, Wang L, Wu G, Tan Y. Respiratory syncytial virus promoted the differentiation of Th17 cells in airway microenvironment through activation of Notch-1/Delta3. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:649-656. [PMID: 30843783 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with serious lung disease in infants and immunocompromised individuals and is linked to development of asthma. Infection of RSV has been shown to induce Th lymphocyte differentiation. The present study was designed to determine the effects of RSV on the expression of Notch-1 and the related mechanisms on subsequent differentiation of Th lymphocytes. METHODS A RSV-infected animal model was established and investigated at 7, 28 and 60 days post infection. Real-time qPCR and Western blot were used to observe the expression levels of Notch-1 in CD4+ T cells and its five ligands in lung tissues. The methylation levels of CpG islands in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and Notch-1 promoters were analysed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentiation of Th lymphocytes was assayed by real-time qPCR. The distribution of JAG1 and DLL3 in the lung tissues were assayed by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between Th17 and DLL3 was analysed by simple correlation. RESULTS The results showed that RSV promoted the expression and de-methylation of Notch-1 promoters in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, RSV infection promoted Th1 differentiation at day 7 and day 28; Th17 differentiation at day 7, day 28 and day 60; Th2 differentiation at day 28 and day 60. At the same time, RSV infection promoted the expression of JAG1 and DLL3. Activation of Notch-1/ DLL 3 in lungs may be associated with the differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that activation of RSV stimulated the differentiation of Th17 in airway microenvironment through activation Notch-1/DLL3, which may be associated with the occurrence and development of RSV-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Kezi Qiu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Respiratory Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
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16
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Goode BL, Sweeney MO, Eskin JA. GMF as an Actin Network Remodeling Factor. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:749-760. [PMID: 29779865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glia maturation factor (GMF) has recently been established as a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton with a unique role in remodeling actin network architecture. Conserved from yeast to mammals, GMF is one of five members of the ADF-H family of actin regulatory proteins, which includes ADF/cofilin, Abp1/Drebrin, Twinfilin, and Coactosin. GMF does not bind actin, but instead binds the Arp2/3 complex with high affinity. Through this association, GMF catalyzes the debranching of actin filament networks and inhibits actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex. Here, we discuss GMF's emerging role in controlling actin filament spatial organization and dynamics underlying cell motility, endocytosis, and other biological processes. Further, we attempt to reconcile these functions with its earlier characterization as a cell differentiation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Goode
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
| | - Meredith O Sweeney
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA
| | - Julian A Eskin
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA
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17
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Speck-Hernandez CA, Assis AF, Felicio RF, Cotrim-Sousa L, Pezzi N, Lopes GS, Bombonato-Prado KF, Giuliatti S, Passos GA. Aire Disruption Influences the Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cell Transcriptome and Interaction With Thymocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:964. [PMID: 29867946 PMCID: PMC5949327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is associated with thymocyte adhesion, which is crucial for the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes in the thymus. This process represents the root of central tolerance of self-components and prevents the onset of autoimmune diseases. Since thymic epithelia correspond to an important target of donor T cells during the onset of chronic graft-vs-host-disease, mTEC-thymocyte adhesion may have implications for alloimmunity. The Aire and Fezf2 genes function as transcriptome controllers in mTECs. The central question of this study is whether there is a mutual relationship between mTEC-thymocyte adhesion and the control of the mTEC transcriptome and whether Aire is involved in this process. Here, we show that in vitro mTEC-thymocyte adhesion causes transcriptome changes in mTECs and upregulates the transcriptional expression of Aire and Fezf2, as well as cell adhesion-related genes such as Cd80 or Tcf7, among others. Crispr-Cas9-mediated Aire gene disruption demonstrated that this gene plays a role in the process of mTEC-thymocyte adhesion. Consistent with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) encoded by Aire exon 3, which was targeted, we demonstrate that Aire KO-/- mTECs impair AIRE protein localization in the nucleus. Consequently, the loss of function of Aire reduced the ability of these cells to adhere to thymocytes. Their transcriptomes differed from their wild-type Aire+/+ counterparts, even during thymocyte adhesion. A set of mRNA isoforms that encode proteins involved in cell adhesion were also modulated during this process. This demonstrates that both thymocyte interactions and Aire influence transcriptome profiling of mTEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Speck-Hernandez
- Graduate Programme in Basic and Applied Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda F. Assis
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela F. Felicio
- Graduate Programme in Basic and Applied Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cotrim-Sousa
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole Pezzi
- Graduate Programme in Basic and Applied Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. Lopes
- Graduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina F. Bombonato-Prado
- Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Giuliatti
- Genetics, Bioinformatics Group, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A. Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Conteduca G, Indiveri F, Filaci G, Negrini S. Beyond APECED: An update on the role of the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) in physiology and disease. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:325-330. [PMID: 29427825 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) is a transcription factor expressed both in the thymus, by medullary thymic epithelial cells, and in secondary lymphoid organs. AIRE controls the local transcription of organ- specific proteins typically expressed in peripheral tissues, thus allowing the negative selection of self- reactive T cells. The crucial role played by AIRE in central immune tolerance emerged in the studies on the pathogenesis of Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy, a rare inherited polyendocrine/autoimmune disease. Thereafter, several studies found evidences indicating that AIRE impairment might be pathogenically involved in several autoimmune diseases and in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent advances relative to AIRE's effect on T cell development in physiology and disease. In particular, we address the following issues: 1) AIRE function and mTECs biology, 2) the impact of AIRE gene mutations in autoimmune diseases, and 3) the role of AIRE gene in anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Conteduca
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)-I3, Laboratory of Hematology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Indiveri
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Simone Negrini
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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19
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Abstract
About two decades ago, cloning of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene materialized one of the most important actors on the scene of self-tolerance. Thymic transcription of genes encoding tissue-specific antigens (ts-ags) is activated by AIRE protein and embodies the essence of thymic self-representation. Pathogenic AIRE variants cause the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, which is a rare and complex disease that is gaining attention in research on autoimmunity. The animal models of disease, although not identically reproducing the human picture, supply fundamental information on mechanisms and extent of AIRE action: thanks to its multidomain structure, AIRE localizes to chromatin enclosing the target genes, binds to histones, and offers an anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in initiation and post-initiation events of gene transcription. In addition, AIRE enhances mRNA diversity by favoring alternative mRNA splicing. Once synthesized, ts-ags are presented to, and cause deletion of the self-reactive thymocyte clones. However, AIRE function is not restricted to the activation of gene transcription. AIRE would control presentation and transfer of self-antigens for thymic cellular interplay: such mechanism is aimed at increasing the likelihood of engagement of the thymocytes that carry the corresponding T-cell receptors. Another fundamental role of AIRE in promoting self-tolerance is related to the development of thymocyte anergy, as thymic self-representation shapes at the same time the repertoire of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIRE seems to replicate its action in the secondary lymphoid organs, albeit the cell lineage detaining such property has not been fully characterized. Delineation of AIRE functions adds interesting data to the knowledge of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and introduces exciting perspectives of therapeutic interventions against the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, Vito Fazzi Regional Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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Passos GA, Speck‐Hernandez CA, Assis AF, Mendes‐da‐Cruz DA. Update on Aire and thymic negative selection. Immunology 2018; 153:10-20. [PMID: 28871661 PMCID: PMC5721245 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene was associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, and was cloned and sequenced. Its importance goes beyond its abstract link with human autoimmune disease. Aire identification opened new perspectives to better understand the molecular basis of central tolerance and self-non-self distinction, the main properties of the immune system. Since 1997, a growing number of immunologists and molecular geneticists have made important discoveries about the function of Aire, which is essentially a pleiotropic gene. Aire is one of the functional markers in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), controlling their differentiation and expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs), mTEC-thymocyte adhesion and the expression of microRNAs, among other functions. With Aire, the immunological tolerance became even more apparent from the molecular genetics point of view. Currently, mTECs represent the most unusual cells because they express almost the entire functional genome but still maintain their identity. Due to the enormous diversity of PTAs, this uncommon gene expression pattern was termed promiscuous gene expression, the interpretation of which is essentially immunological - i.e. it is related to self-representation in the thymus. Therefore, this knowledge is strongly linked to the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes. In this update, we focus on the most relevant results of Aire as a transcriptional and post-transcriptional controller of PTAs in mTECs, its mechanism of action, and its influence on the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes as the bases of the induction of central tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo A. Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of GeneticsRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
- Discipline of Genetics and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Morphology, Physiology and Basic PathologySchool of Dentistry of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Cesar A. Speck‐Hernandez
- Graduate Programme in Basic and Applied ImmunologyRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Amanda F. Assis
- Molecular Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of GeneticsRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Daniella A. Mendes‐da‐Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus ResearchOswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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Gu B, Lambert JP, Cockburn K, Gingras AC, Rossant J. AIRE is a critical spindle-associated protein in embryonic stem cells. eLife 2017; 6:e28131. [PMID: 28742026 PMCID: PMC5560860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells go though embryo-like cell cycles regulated by specialized molecular mechanisms. However, it is not known whether there are ES cell-specific mechanisms regulating mitotic fidelity. Here we showed that Autoimmune Regulator (Aire), a transcription coordinator involved in immune tolerance processes, is a critical spindle-associated protein in mouse ES(mES) cells. BioID analysis showed that AIRE associates with spindle-associated proteins in mES cells. Loss of function analysis revealed that Aire was important for centrosome number regulation and spindle pole integrity specifically in mES cells. We also identified the c-terminal LESLL motif as a critical motif for AIRE's mitotic function. Combined maternal and zygotic knockout further revealed Aire's critical functions for spindle assembly in preimplantation embryos. These results uncovered a previously unappreciated function for Aire and provide new insights into the biology of stem cell proliferation and potential new angles to understand fertility defects in humans carrying Aire mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Katie Cockburn
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bruserud Ø, Oftedal BE, Wolff AB, Husebye ES. AIRE-mutations and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:8-15. [PMID: 27504588 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gene causing the severe organ-specific autoimmune disease autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) was identified in 1997 and named autoimmune regulator (AIRE). AIRE plays a key role in shaping central immunological tolerance by facilitating negative selection of T cells in the thymus, building the thymic microarchitecture, and inducing a specific subset of regulatory T cells. So far, about 100 mutations have been identified. Recent advances suggest that certain mutations located in the SAND and PHD1 domains exert a dominant negative effect on wild type AIRE resulting in milder seemingly common forms of autoimmune diseases, including pernicious anemia, vitiligo and autoimmune thyroid disease. These findings indicate that AIRE also contribute to autoimmunity in more common organ-specific autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is a very rare clinical entity primarily reported in infancy. In recent years, adult involvement has also been documented. Intractable diarrhea is the main manifestation, which is associated with small bowel villous atrophy. Corticosteroids are considered the first-choice therapy for AIE. In some patients, immunosuppressive therapies are necessary.
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Sahoo SK, Zaidi G, Srivastava R, Sarangi AN, Bharti N, Eriksson D, Bensing S, Kämpe O, Aggarwal A, Aggarwal R, Bhatia E. Identification of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 in patients with isolated hypoparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:544-50. [PMID: 27219120 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) among isolated hypoparathyroidism (HP) or primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is not well established. We studied the frequency of APS1 in patients with HP or PAI by measuring interferon-α (IFN-α) antibody levels, a highly sensitive and specific marker for APS1. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS In a single-centre cross-sectional study, 37 Indian patients with isolated HP and 40 patients with PAI were tested for IFN-α antibody using an indirect ELISA. In patients with elevated IFN-α antibody, the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene was bidirectionally sequenced. RESULTS Three (8·1%) patients with isolated HP had elevated IFN-α antibody levels (range: 367-17382 units; positive titre >56 units). Homozygous or compound heterozygous AIRE mutations were detected in all three patients, including a novel mutation (p.T68P). All three APS1 patients had atypical features. The first patient, diagnosed at 7 years of age, died suddenly 5 months later. The second patient had late-onset HP (at the age of 34 years) and a solitary episode of transient mucocutaneous candidiasis 5 years later. The final patient developed HP at the age of 14 years and premature ovarian insufficiency 14 years later. Interleukin-22 antibodies, as well as most other organ-specific antibodies, were absent in the 3 APS1 patients. All patients with PAI were negative for IFN-α antibody. CONCLUSION Eight percentage of patients with isolated HP had elevated IFN-α antibody levels and AIRE mutation-positive APS1. All APS1 patients had atypical clinical features. Testing for IFN-α antibody should be considered in patients with idiopathic HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ghazala Zaidi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajni Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditya N Sarangi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Niharika Bharti
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Daniel Eriksson
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Bensing
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eesh Bhatia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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Abramson J, Husebye ES. Autoimmune regulator and self-tolerance - molecular and clinical aspects. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:127-40. [PMID: 27088911 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of central tolerance in the thymus is critical for avoiding deleterious autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), the causative gene in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1), is crucial for the establishment of self-tolerance in the thymus by promoting promiscuous expression of a wide array of tissue-restricted self-antigens. This step is critical for elimination of high-affinity self-reactive T cells from the immunological repertoire, and for the induction of a specific subset of Foxp3(+) T-regulatory (Treg ) cells. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of how AIRE operates on molecular and cellular levels, as well as of how its loss of function results in breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms characterized by a broad and heterogeneous repertoire of autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Niroula A, Vihinen M. Variation Interpretation Predictors: Principles, Types, Performance, and Choice. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:579-97. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; BMC B13 Lund SE-22184 Sweden
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; BMC B13 Lund SE-22184 Sweden
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De Martino L, Capalbo D, Improda N, Lorello P, Ungaro C, Di Mase R, Cirillo E, Pignata C, Salerno M. Novel Findings into AIRE Genetics and Functioning: Clinical Implications. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:86. [PMID: 27597936 PMCID: PMC4992815 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), formerly known as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, is a paradigm of a monogenic autoimmune disease caused by mutations of a gene, named autoimmune regulator (AIRE). AIRE acts as a transcription regulator that promotes immunological central tolerance by inducing the ectopic thymic expression of many tissue-specific antigens. Although the syndrome is a monogenic disease, it is characterized by a wide variability of the clinical expression with no significant correlation between genotype and phenotype. Indeed, many aspects regarding the exact role of AIRE and APECED pathogenesis still remain unraveled. In the last decades, several studies in APECED and in its mouse experimental counterpart have revealed new insights on how immune system learns self-tolerance. Moreover, novel interesting findings have extended our understanding of AIRE's function and regulation thus improving our knowledge on the pathogenesis of APECED. In this review, we will summarize recent novelties on molecular mechanisms underlying the development of APECED and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Martino
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Nicola Improda
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Paola Lorello
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Carla Ungaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Emilia Cirillo
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
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Abramson J, Goldfarb Y. AIRE: From promiscuous molecular partnerships to promiscuous gene expression. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:22-33. [PMID: 26450177 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a unique transcriptional regulator that induces promiscuous expression of thousands of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), a step critical for the induction of immunological self-tolerance. The past 15 years have seen dramatic progress in our understanding of how AIRE induces immunological self-tolerance on a molecular level. This major advancement can be greatly attributed to the identification of a large variety of proteins that physically associate with AIRE, supporting and regulating its transcription-transactivation capacity. These diverse molecular partnerships have been shown to play roles in shuttling AIRE to the nucleus, securing AIRE's interaction with nuclear matrix and chromatin, releasing RNA polymerase-II from its stalled state and potentiating AIRE-mediated gene expression, among others. In this review we discuss the relationship of AIRE with its vast and rather diverse repertoire of partners and highlight how such "promiscuous partnerships" contribute to the phenomenon of "promiscuous gene expression" in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Brozzetti A, Alimohammadi M, Morelli S, Minarelli V, Hallgren Å, Giordano R, De Bellis A, Perniola R, Kämpe O, Falorni A. Autoantibody response against NALP5/MATER in primary ovarian insufficiency and in autoimmune Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:1941-8. [PMID: 25734249 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 5 (NALP5)/maternal antigen that embryo requires (MATER) is an autoantigen in hypoparathyroidism associated with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) but is also expressed in the ovary. Mater is an autoantigen in experimental autoimmune oophoritis. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of NALP5/MATER autoantibodies (NALP5/MATER-Ab) in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and in patients with autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) and to evaluate whether inhibin chains are a target for autoantibodies in POI. METHODS Autoantibodies against NALP5/MATER and inhibin chains-α and -βA were determined by radiobinding assays in 172 patients with AAD without clinical signs of gonadal insufficiency, 41 women with both AAD and autoimmune POI [steroidogenic cell autoimmune POI (SCA-POI)], 119 women with idiopathic POI, 19 patients with APS1, and 211 healthy control subjects. RESULTS NALP5/MATER-Ab were detected in 11 of 19 (58%) sera from APS1 patients, 12 of 172 (7%) AAD sera, 5 of 41 (12%) SCA-POI sera, 0 of 119 idiopathic POI sera and 1 of 211 healthy control sera (P < .001). None of 160 POI sera, including 41 sera from women with SCA-POI and 119 women with idiopathic POI, and none of 211 healthy control sera were positive for inhibin chain-α/βA autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS NALP5/MATER-Ab are associated with hypoparathyroidism in APS1 but are present also in patients with AAD and in women with SCA-POI without hypoparathyroidism. Inhibin chains do not appear to be likely candidate targets of autoantibodies in human POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Brozzetti
- Department of Internal Medicine (A.B., S.M., V.M., A.F.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences (M.A., O.K.), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 750 03 Uppsala, Sweden; Centre of Molecular Medicine (M.A., A.H., O.K.), Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (R.G.), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Science (A.D.B.), Endocrinology Unit, Second University of Naples, 80132 Naples, Italy; and Department of Pediatrics-Neonatal Intensive Care (R.P.), V. Fazzi Regional Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Vihinen M. Types and effects of protein variations. Hum Genet 2015; 134:405-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Cohen IR. Activation of benign autoimmunity as both tumor and autoimmune disease immunotherapy: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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