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Murotomi K, Umeno A, Shichiri M, Tanito M, Yoshida Y. Significance of Singlet Oxygen Molecule in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032739. [PMID: 36769060 PMCID: PMC9917472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, play an important role in the onset and progression of disease, as well as in aging. Singlet oxygen can be formed non-enzymatically by chemical, photochemical, and electron transfer reactions, or as a byproduct of endogenous enzymatic reactions in phagocytosis during inflammation. The imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant networks with the generation of singlet oxygen increases oxidative stress, resulting in the undesirable oxidation and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of singlet oxygen production in vivo and methods for the evaluation of damage induced by singlet oxygen. The involvement of singlet oxygen in the pathogenesis of skin and eye diseases is also discussed from the biomolecular perspective. We also present our findings on lipid oxidation products derived from singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation in glaucoma, early diabetes patients, and a mouse model of bronchial asthma. Even in these diseases, oxidation products due to singlet oxygen have not been measured clinically. This review discusses their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis. Recent developments in singlet oxygen scavengers such as carotenoids, which can be utilized to prevent the onset and progression of disease, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Aya Umeno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-751-8234
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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Mourad MM, Shahin SA, El-Ratel IT, El Basuini MF. Effect of Treating Eggs with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on Growth Variables, Histomorphometry, and Antioxidant Capacity in Red Tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis mossambicus) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172219. [PMID: 36077939 PMCID: PMC9454522 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Red tilapia eggs one day post fertilization (dpf) were exposed to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) at rates of 0, 5, and 10 mg/L for control, treatment 2 (C5), and treatment 3 (C10), respectively, without exchanging water and until the larval mouth-opening stage. Fertilized eggs of red tilapia exposed to different concentrations of CoQ10 were hatched at rates (p > 0.05) between 38 to 54.67%. The yolk-sac diameter at the 2nd day post hatching (dph), ranged from 1.85 to 1.87 mm in depth and 1.63 to 1.88 mm in width and was not altered by the CoQ10 treatments. Similarly, red tilapia survival (p > 0.05) ranged from 22.67 to 32%. On 6 dph, a slight percentage (2.08%) of survived fishes exposed to high CoQ10 dose (C10) exhibited larval deformation in the form of an axial curvature of the spine in the abdominal and caudal region. Larvae displayed a normal structure of the esophagus folds in all fish groups, and larvae in the C5 group displayed the longest folds and widest muscularis layer, followed by fishes in the C10 group and the control. Red tilapia fry on 30 dph treated with CoQ10 possessed higher antioxidant potentials in terms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared to the control. In conclusion, treating Red tilapia fertile eggs with 5 mg/L CoQ10 improves the growth, gut structure, and antioxidant efficiency of the produced larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Mourad
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 11516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A. Shahin
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture-Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim T. El-Ratel
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F. El Basuini
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, El Tor 46612, Egypt
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
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Silva SVE, Gallia MC, da Luz JRD, de Rezende AA, Bongiovanni GA, Araujo-Silva G, Almeida MDG. Antioxidant Effect of Coenzyme Q10 in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Arsenic-Treated CHO-K1 Cells and Possible Participation of Zinc as a Pro-Oxidant Agent. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163265. [PMID: 36014770 PMCID: PMC9412518 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes. Compounds with antioxidant properties, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), can reduce cellular imbalance caused by an increase in ROS. CoQ10 participates in modulating redox homeostasis due to its antioxidant activity and its preserving mitochondrial functions. Thus, the present study demonstrated the protective effects of CoQ10 against oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by arsenic (As). Antioxidant capacity, formation of hydroperoxides, generation of ROS, and the effect on cellular viability of CoQ10, were investigated to determine the protective effect of CoQ10 against As and pro-oxidant compounds, such as zinc. Cell viability assays showed that CoQ10 is cytoprotective under cellular stress conditions, with potent antioxidant activity, regardless of the concentration tested. Zn, when used at higher concentrations, can increase ROS and show a pro-oxidant effect causing cell damage. The cytotoxic effect observed for As, Zn, or the combination of both could be prevented by CoQ10, without any decrease in its activity at cellular levels when combined with Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Victor e Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012570, Brazil
| | - María Celeste Gallia
- Institute of Research and Development in Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Alternative Energies (PROBIEN), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), School of Agricultural Sciences, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da Luz
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, UFRN, Natal 59012570, Brazil
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Macapá 68900070, Brazil
| | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012570, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, UFRN, Natal 59012570, Brazil
| | - Guillermina Azucena Bongiovanni
- Institute of Research and Development in Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Alternative Energies (PROBIEN), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), School of Agricultural Sciences, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Araujo-Silva
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Macapá 68900070, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Almeida
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012570, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT), Health Sciences Center, UFRN, Natal 59012570, Brazil
- Sciences Center, UFRN, Natal 59012570, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Mahoney-Sánchez L, Bouchaoui H, Ayton S, Devos D, Duce JA, Devedjian JC. Ferroptosis and its potential role in the physiopathology of Parkinson's Disease. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 196:101890. [PMID: 32726602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor impairments as well as non-motor symptoms. While dopamine-based therapies are effective in fighting the symptoms in the early stages of the disease, a lack of neuroprotective drugs means that the disease continues to progress. Along with the traditionally recognised pathological hallmarks of dopaminergic neuronal death and intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) depositions, iron accumulation, elevated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation damage are further conspicuous features of PD pathophysiology. However, the underlying mechanisms linking these pathological hallmarks with neurodegeneration still remain unclear. Ferroptosis, a regulated iron dependent cell death pathway involving a lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides, shares several features with PD pathophysiology. Interestingly, α-syn has been functionally linked with the metabolism of both iron and lipid, suggesting a possible interplay between dysregulated α-syn and other PD pathological hallmarks related to ferroptosis. This review will address the importance for understanding these disease mechanisms that could be targeted therapeutically. Anti-ferroptosis molecules are neuroprotective in PD animal models and the anti-ferroptotic iron chelator, deferiprone, slowed disease progression and improved motor function in two independent clinical trials for PD. An ongoing larger multi-centre phase 2 clinical trial will confirm the therapeutic potential of deferiprone and the relevance of ferroptosis in PD. This review addresses the known pathological features of PD in relation to the ferroptosis pathway with therapeutic implications of targeting this cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mahoney-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM UMRS_1172, University Hospital Centre, LICEND COEN Centre, LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, France
| | - Hind Bouchaoui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM UMRS_1172, University Hospital Centre, LICEND COEN Centre, LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, France
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM UMRS_1172, University Hospital Centre, LICEND COEN Centre, LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, France.
| | - James A Duce
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jean-Christophe Devedjian
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM UMRS_1172, University Hospital Centre, LICEND COEN Centre, LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, France; Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale-1, place de l'Yser, BP 72033, 59375, Dunkerque Cedex, France
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El Basuini MF, Teiba II, Zaki MAA, Alabssawy AN, El-Hais AM, Gabr AA, Dawood MAO, Zaineldin AI, Mzengereza K, Shadrack RS, Dossou S. Assessing the effectiveness of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, blood health, immune response, and oxidative-related genes expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:420-428. [PMID: 32001349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, blood profile, immune response, and oxidative status of Nile tilapia (12.4 ± 0.11 g, initial body weight). Five experimental diets were formulated containing CoQ10 at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg kg-1 diet (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively). The results of a 56-days feeding trial showed that, significantly higher weight gain % (WG %), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were recorded in fish groups fed diets supplemented with different levels of CoQ10 than fish fed the control diet, while survival rate (SR%), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) showed no obvious differences (P > 0.05) among all experimental groups. The highest activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase) were recorded in D3, D4, and D5 groups. Moreover, blood status of all experimental fish was within normal rates and significant alterations were only in the case of glucose, cortisol, total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglycerides, and total protein (TP), where fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 diets exhibited lower values of glucose, cortisol, T-Chol, and triglycerides and higher values of TP. Furthermore, the lowest values of immune response [lysozyme, bactericidal, respiratory burst (NBT), and alternative complement pathway activities (ACP)], antioxidant capacity and oxidative related genes expressions [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] resulted from feeding on the basal diet (D1) compared to CoQ10 diets, especially with its high levels {≥20 mg kg-1 diet (D3, D4, and D5)} in most cases. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of ≥20 mg CoQ10 kg-1 diet improves the growth and health being of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F El Basuini
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Islam I Teiba
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt; The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | | | | | - Abdelaziz M El-Hais
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Gabr
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Kumbukani Mzengereza
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Ronick S Shadrack
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Serge Dossou
- Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie et d'Aquaculture, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
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Comprehensive measurements of hydroxylinoleate and hydroxyarachidonate isomers in blood samples from primary open-angle glaucoma patients and controls. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2171. [PMID: 30778084 PMCID: PMC6379359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that lower systemic antioxidant capacity is involved in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and exfoliation syndrome pathogeneses as measured by ferric-reducing activity. In the present study, we measured hydroxylinoleate (HODE) and hydroxyarachidonate (HETE) isomer serum levels after sample reduction and saponification to investigate POAG pathogenesis. POAG patients (n = 198) were recruited and divided into normal- and high-tension glaucoma groups (n = 84 and 114, respectively) depending on intraocular pressure. Total HODE (/linoleic acid) and HETE (/arachidonic acid) serum levels were significantly higher in the POAG group (211.9 ± 143.0 and 181.0 ± 164.1 µmol/mol, respectively) than in controls (167.1 ± 105.2 and 132.5 ± 139.7 µmol/mol, p = 0.0025 and 0.0101, respectively). The associations between HODEs/HETEs and glaucoma were further confirmed by multivariate analyses after adjusting for differences in demographic parameters. Among the HODE isomers, the levels of 9- and 13-(Z,E)-HODEs (p = 0.0014) and singlet oxygen-specific products (i.e., 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODEs, p = 0.0345) were higher in the POAG group than in controls, while free radical-mediated oxidation-specific products (i.e., 9- and 13-(E,E)-HODEs, p = 0.0557) demonstrated a marginal difference. Enzymatic and singlet oxygen-mediated fatty acid oxidation may be major pathways of oxidation process in glaucoma subjects.
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Shichiri M, Ishida N, Hagihara Y, Yoshida Y, Kume A, Suzuki H. Probucol induces the generation of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocytes and plasma of male cynomolgus macaques. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:129-142. [PMID: 30936625 PMCID: PMC6436040 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that probucol, a lipid lowering agent, protected mice from malaria infection via depletion in plasma α-tocopherol. The antioxidant α-tocopherol in host circulation is necessary for the malaria parasites to protect themselves from oxidative stress in erythrocytes where high amounts of reactive oxygen species are generated. To assess the potential for the clinical application of probucol as an anti-malarial therapy, it was necessary to determine the effects of probucol by using primate experiments. Here we verified that probucol induces an α-tocopherol decrement in cynomolgus macaque erythrocytes and plasma. After 2 weeks of probucol administration at doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg/day, the α-tocopherol contents in erythrocytes tended to decrease. The contents of hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, peroxidation products derived from linoleic acid and cholesterol, respectively, increased in erythrocytes. On the other hand, plasma α-tocopherol concentration showed a marginal decrement. Plasma lipid peroxidation products were transiently increased in the early stages of probucol administration. No adverse effects were observed throughout the experiment, although the dosage of probucol was higher than the clinical maximum dosage. Considering that malaria proliferates in erythrocytes, probucol-induced disruption of redox homeostasis in erythrocytes could be effective in the inhibition of parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.,DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishida
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Aiko Kume
- Research Unit for Functional Genomics, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-5555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Research Unit for Functional Genomics, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-5555, Japan
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Shukla S, Dubey KK. CoQ10 a super-vitamin: review on application and biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:249. [PMID: 29755918 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) or ubiquinone is found in the biological system which is synthesized by the conjugation of benzoquinone ring with isoprenoid chain of variable length. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation energizes the body and increases body energy production in the form of ATP and helps to treat various human diseases such as cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, periodontal disease, etc. Reports of these potential therapeutic advantages of CoQ10 have resulted in its high market demand, which focus the researchers to work on this molecule and develop better bioprocess methods for commercial level production. At the moment, chemical synthesis, semi-synthetic method as well as bio-production utilizing microbes as biofactory are in use for the synthesis of CoQ10. Chemical synthesis involves use of cheap and easily available precursor molecules such as isoprenol, chloromethylquinone, vinylalane, and solanesol. Chemical synthesis methods due to the use of various solvents and chemicals are less feasible, which limits its application. The microbial production of CoQ10 has added advantages of being produced in optically pure form with high yield using inexpensive medium composition. Several bacteria, e.g., Agrobacterium, Paracoccus, Rhodobacterium, and yeast such as Candida, Rhodotorula are the potent ubiquinone producer. Some alternative biosynthetic pathway for designing of CoQ10 production coupled with metabolic engineering might help to increase CoQ10 production. The most common practiced strategy for strain development for commercial CoQ10 production is through natural isolation and chemical mutagenesis. Here, we have reviewed the chemical, semi-synthetic as well as microbial CoQ10 production in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Shukla
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
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Zhu Y, Ye L, Chen Z, Hu W, Shi Y, Chen J, Wang C, Li Y, Li W, Yu H. Synergic regulation of redox potential and oxygen uptake to enhance production of coenzyme Q 10 in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 101:36-43. [PMID: 28433189 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an electron carrier suggests its association with redox potential. Overexpression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase type I (gapA-1) in Rhodobacter sphaeroides elevated the NADH/NAD+ ratio and meanwhile enhanced the CoQ10 content by 58%, but at the sacrifice of biomass. On the other hand, Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was heterologously expressed to enhance the oxygen uptake ability of the cells, leading to 127% improvement of biomass. Subsequent coexpression of gapA-1 and vgb resulted in a CoQ10 titer of 83.24mg/L, representing 71% improvement as compared to the control strain RspMCS. When gapA-1 and vgb genes were co-expressed in a previously created strain RspMQd [1], 163.5mg/L of CoQ10 was produced. Finally, 600mg/L of CoQ10 production was achieved in fed-batch fermentation. These results demonstrated the synergic effect of redox potential regulation and oxygen uptake improvement on enhancing CoQ10 production in R. sphaeroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Chen
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Weijiang Hu
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Yanghui Shi
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Group of Bioengineering, ZheJiang NHU Company Limited, Shaoxing 312521, PR China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
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Dong J, Shichiri M, Chung CI, Shibata T, Uchida K, Hagihara Y, Yoshida Y, Ueda H. An open sandwich immunoassay for detection of 13(R,S)-hydroxy-9(E),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid. Analyst 2017; 142:787-793. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is involved in many disorders and diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and even aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Japan
| | - Chan-I. Chung
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
- Nagoya University
- Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
- Nagoya University
- Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
- Institute of Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Japan
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Aukema HM, Winter T, Ravandi A, Dalvi S, Miller DW, Hatch GM. Generation of Bioactive Oxylipins from Exogenously Added Arachidonic, Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Primary Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells. Lipids 2015; 51:591-9. [PMID: 26439837 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood and is formed in part by microvessel endothelial cells. The brain contains significant amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which potentially give rise to the generation of bioactive oxylipins. Oxylipins are oxygenated fatty acid metabolites that are involved in an assortment of biological functions regulating neurological health and disease. Since it is not known which oxylipins are generated by human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs), they were incubated for up to 30 min in the absence or presence of 0.1-mM ARA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or DHA bound to albumin (1:1 molar ratio), and the oxylipins generated were examined using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Of 135 oxylipins screened in the media, 63 were present at >0.1 ng/mL at baseline, and 95 were present after incubation with fatty acid. Oxylipins were rapidly generated and reached maximum levels by 2-5 min. While ARA, EPA and DHA each stimulated the production of oxylipins derived from these fatty acids themselves, ARA also stimulated the production of oxylipins from endogenous 18- and 20-carbon fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid. Oxylipins generated by the lipoxygenase pathway predominated both in resting and stimulated states. Oxylipins formed via the cytochrome P450 pathway were formed primarily from DHA and EPA, but not ARA. These data indicate that HBMECs are capable of generating a plethora of bioactive lipids that have the potential to modulate BBB endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Siddhartha Dalvi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Donald W Miller
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada.
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Umeno A, Yoshino K, Hashimoto Y, Shichiri M, Kataoka M, Yoshida Y. Multi-Biomarkers for Early Detection of Type 2 Diabetes, Including 10- and 12-(Z,E)-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acids, Insulin, Leptin, and Adiponectin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130971. [PMID: 26132231 PMCID: PMC4488492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that fasting plasma levels of totally assessed 10- and 12-(Z,E)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) correlated well with levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT); these levels were determined via liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry after reduction and saponification. However, 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE alone cannot perfectly detect early impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or insulin resistance, which ultimately lead to diabetes. In this study, we randomly recruited healthy volunteers (n = 57) who had no known history of any diseases, and who were evaluated using the OGTT, the HODE biomarkers, and several additional proposed biomarkers, including retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glycoalbumin, and high sensitivity-C-reactive protein. The OGTT revealed that our volunteers included normal individuals (n = 44; Group N), “high-normal” individuals (fasting plasma glucose 100–109 mg/dL) with IGT (n = 11; Group HN+IGT), and diabetic individuals (n = 2; Group D). We then used these groups to evaluate the potential biomarkers for the early detection of type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of RBP4 and glycoalbumin were higher in Group HN+IGT, compared to those in Group N, and fasting levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids were significantly correlated with levels of RBP4 (p = 0.003, r = 0.380) and glycoalbumin (p = 0.006, r = 0.316). Furthermore, we developed a stepwise multiple linear regression models to predict the individuals’ insulin resistance index (the Matsuda Index 3). Fasting plasma levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids, glucose, insulin, and leptin/adiponectin were selected as the explanatory variables for the models. The risks of type 2 diabetes, early IGT, and insulin resistance were perfectly predicted by comparing fasting glucose levels to the estimated Matsuda Index 3 (fasting levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids, insulin, and leptin/adiponectin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Umeno
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217–14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761–0395, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Yoshino
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563–8577, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217–14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761–0395, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563–8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217–14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761–0395, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217–14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761–0395, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yoshida Y, Umeno A, Akazawa Y, Shichiri M, Murotomi K, Horie M. Chemistry of Lipid Peroxidation Products and Their Use as Biomarkers in Early Detection of Diseases. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:347-56. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Aya Umeno
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yoko Akazawa
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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15
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Oxidative stress is involved in fatigue induced by overnight deskwork as assessed by increase in plasma tocopherylhydroqinone and hydroxycholesterol. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Umeno A, Shichiri M, Ishida N, Hashimoto Y, Abe K, Kataoka M, Yoshino K, Hagihara Y, Aki N, Funaki M, Asada Y, Yoshida Y. Singlet oxygen induced products of linoleates, 10- and 12-(Z,E)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE), can be potential biomarkers for early detection of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63542. [PMID: 23691063 PMCID: PMC3655182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic tests such as glycemic indicators have limitations for early detection of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which leads to diabetes. Oxidative stress induced by various oxidants in a random and destructive manner is considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of human disorders and diseases such as impaired glucose tolerance. We have developed an improved method for the measurement of in vivo lipid peroxidation, where the presence of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and 7-hydroxycholesterol (7-OHCh), as well as their parent molecules, linoleic acid (LA) and cholesterol (Ch), was determined by performing LC-MS/MS (for 8-iso-PGF2α, HODE, and HETE) and GC-MS (for 7-OHCh, LA, and Ch) after reduction with triphenyl phosphine and saponification by potassium hydroxide. We then applied this method to volunteers (n = 57), including normal type (n = 43), “high-normal” (fasting plasma glucose, 100–109 mg/dL, n = 7), pre-diabetic type (IGT, n = 5), and diabetic type (n = 2) subjects who are diagnosed by performing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Several biomarkers in plasma, such as insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, high sensitivity-C-reactive protein, HbA1c, and glucose levels were measured during OGTT. We found that the fasting levels of (10- and 12-(Z,E)- HODE)/LA increased significantly with increasing levels of HbA1c and glucose during OGTT and with insulin secretion and resistance index. In conclusion, 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE may be prominent biomarkers for the early detection of IGT and “high-normal” type without OGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Umeno
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YY); (MS)
| | - Noriko Ishida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Abe
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Yoshino
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanako Aki
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Funaki
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Asada
- Depertment of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YY); (MS)
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17
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Turkowicz MJ, Karpińska J. Analytical problems with the determination of coenzyme Q10 in biological samples. Biofactors 2013; 39:176-85. [PMID: 23303649 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses analytical problems related to the determination of coenzyme Q10 in biological samples. The assaying of coenzyme Q10 in complex samples, such as plasma, tissues, or food items requires meticulous sample preparation prior to final quantification. The process typically consists of the following steps: deproteinization, extraction, and ultimately reduction of extract volumes. At times drying under a gentle stream of neutral gas is applied. In the case of solid samples, a careful homogenization is also required. Each step of the sample preparation process can be a source of analytical errors that may lead to inaccurate results. The main aim of this work is to point to sources of analytical errors in the preparation process and their relation to physicochemical properties of coenzyme Q10. The article also discusses ways of avoiding and reducing the errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Joanna Turkowicz
- Voivodship Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Bialystok, Food Examination Unit, Białystok, Poland.
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18
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Yoshida Y, Umeno A, Shichiri M. Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress and assessing antioxidant capacity in vivo. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 52:9-16. [PMID: 23341691 PMCID: PMC3541426 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the biological roles of lipid peroxidation products have received a great deal of attention not only for elucidating pathological mechanisms but also for practical clinical applications as biomarkers. In the last 50 years, lipid peroxidation has been the subject of extensive studies from the viewpoints of mechanisms, dynamics, product analysis, involvement in diseases, inhibition, and biological signaling. Lipid hydroperoxides are formed as major primary products, but they are substrates for various enzymes and they also undergo various secondary reactions. During this decade, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid from linoleates, F2-isoprostanes from arachidonates, and neuroprostanes from docosahexanoates have been proposed as biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in vivo and its related diseases. The implications of lipid peroxidation products in vivo will be briefly reviewed and their practical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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19
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Recent advances on the neuroprotective potential of antioxidants in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10608-10629. [PMID: 22949883 PMCID: PMC3431881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative movement disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. Although the etiology of PD is not completely understood and is believed to be multifactorial, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are widely considered major consequences, which provide important clues to the disease mechanisms. Studies have explored the role of free radicals and oxidative stress that contributes to the cascade of events leading to dopamine cell degeneration in PD. In general, in-built protective mechanisms consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the CNS play decisive roles in preventing neuronal cell loss due to free radicals. But the ability to produce these antioxidants decreases with aging. Therefore, antioxidant therapy alone or in combination with current treatment methods may represent an attractive strategy for treating or preventing the neurodegeneration seen in PD. Here we summarize the recent discoveries of potential antioxidant compounds for modulating free radical mediated oxidative stress leading to neurotoxicity in PD.
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20
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Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 has emerged as a valuable molecule for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Therefore, research into producing and optimizing coenzyme Q10 via microbial fermentation is ongoing. There are two major paths being explored for maximizing production of this molecule to commercially advantageous levels. The first entails using microbes that naturally produce coenzyme Q10 as fermentation biocatalysts and optimizing the fermentation parameters in order to reach industrial levels of production. However, the natural coenzyme Q10-producing microbes tend to be intractable for industrial fermentation settings. The second path to coenzyme Q10 production being explored is to engineer Escherichia coli with the ability to biosynthesize this molecule in order to take advantage of its more favourable fermentation characteristics and the well-understood array of genetic tools available for this bacteria. Although many studies have attempted to over-produce coenzyme Q10 in E. coli through genetic engineering, production titres still remain below those of the natural coenzyme Q10-producing microorganisms. Current research is providing the knowledge needed to alleviate the bottlenecks involved in producing coenzyme Q10 from an E. coli strain platform and the fermentation parameters that could dramatically increase production titres from natural microbial producers. Synthesizing the lessons learned from both approaches may be the key towards a more cost-effective coenzyme Q10 industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne P Cluis
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montréal, H4B 1R6, Québec, Canada
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21
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Identification of bottlenecks in Escherichia coli engineered for the production of CoQ10. Metab Eng 2011; 13:733-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5944-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Liu W, Yin H, Akazawa YO, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Porter NA. Ex vivo oxidation in tissue and plasma assays of hydroxyoctadecadienoates: Z,E/E,E stereoisomer ratios. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:986-95. [PMID: 20423158 DOI: 10.1021/tx1000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary products from peroxidation of linoleate in biological tissues and fluids are the hydroperoxy octadecadienoates, and the products normally assayed, after reduction of the hydroperoxides, are the corresponding hydroxy octadecadienoates (HODEs). The HODEs are found in tissues and fluids as a mixture of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers. Two regioisomeric sets of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers are normally observed with substitution at the 9- and 13-positions of the 18-carbon chain. The Z,E/E,E product ratio has proved to be a useful means for assessing the reducing capacity of the medium undergoing peroxidation. The HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios previously reported for tissues such as liver and brain vary from 0.5 to 2.0, and plasma ratios are somewhat higher, between 2.0 and 3.0. The reported literature protocols for HODE assay in tissues involve homogenization, reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of BHT, and ester hydrolysis with KOH to give the free HODEs. This is followed by either reverse-phase HPLC of the free acid HODEs or by conversion to TMS derivatives and GC-MS. When sodium borohydride is replaced in the protocol by triphenylphosphine, a gentler reducing agent, HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios are much higher, and lower total HODE levels of are found. It is proposed that inclusion of sodium borohydride in the isolation procedures leads to ex vivo reactions that are avoided if triphenylphosphine is used as the reducing agent. Modified protocols for HODE analyses (tissue and plasma methods #2) are described that should be used for assays of tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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24
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Yoshida Y, Imai Y, Sawai Y, Saito Y, Cao J, Fukuda K, Niki E. Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid as a potential biomarker for oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:107-15. [PMID: 19780883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The possible involvement of oxidative stress in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver damage and hepatocarcinogenesis has been reported. We have recently developed a novel method to measure total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (tHODE) and have proposed its usefulness as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate oxidative stress in HCV-infected liver diseases by several potential oxidative stress markers including tHODE and further to validate the biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of iron reduction therapy. METHODS Total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, total 8-iso-prostagrandin F(2alpha) (t8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), selenoprotein P and other antioxidant compounds were measured in the plasma and erythrocytes obtained from 42 healthy controls and 78 HCV patients. Plasma levels of biomarkers and antioxidants were also assessed during the iron reduction therapy for 16 weeks in 12 HCV patients. RESULTS The concentrations of tHODE in the plasma and erythrocytes and t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) in the plasma of chronic HCV-infected patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls. Plasma levels of vitamin E and vitamin C of HCV-infected patients were lower than those of the controls. Furthermore, the plasma tHODE significantly correlated with serum aminotransferases and type IV collagen-7S domain in chronic HCV-infected patients. During the iron reduction therapy, the plasma levels of tHODE but not t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) decreased and inversely its stereo-isomer ratio (ZE/EE) increased in parallel with the decreases of serum alanine aminotransferase, ferritin and alpha-fetoprotein. CONCLUSION The levels of tHODE in chronic HCV-infected patients can be a useful biomarker for the evaluation of oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan.
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Jeya M, Moon HJ, Lee JL, Kim IW, Lee JK. Current state of coenzyme Q(10) production and its applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1653-63. [PMID: 20012276 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)), an obligatory cofactor in the aerobic respiratory electron transfer for energy generation, is formed from the conjugation of a benzoquinone ring with a hydrophobic isoprenoid chain. CoQ(10) is now used as a nutritional supplement because of its antioxidant properties and is beneficial in the treatment of several human diseases when administered orally. Bioprocesses have been developed for the commercial production of CoQ(10) because of its increased demand, and these bioprocesses depend on microbes that produce high levels of CoQ(10) naturally. However, as knowledge of the biosynthetic enzymes and the regulatory mechanisms modulating CoQ(10) production increases, approaches arise for the genetic engineering of CoQ(10) production in Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This review focused on approaches for CoQ(10) production, strategies used to engineer CoQ(10) production in microbes, and potential applications of CoQ(10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Jeya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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26
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Shin JY, Shin JI, Kim JS, Yang YS, Hwang Y, Yang JS, Shin D, Seo JH, Jin YS, Park YC, Hwang JS, Kweon DH. Assembly of Coenzyme Q10 nanostructure resembling nascent discoidal high density lipoprotein particle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Protective effect of serotonin derivatives on glucose-induced damage in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:25-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is believed to be associated with ageing, cancer and several degenerative diseases. Previous reports have shown that safflower-seed extract and its major antioxidant constituents, serotonin hydroxycinnamic amides, possess a powerful free radical-scavenging and antioxidative activity, paying particular attention to atherosclerotic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related dysfunctions. In the present report, we examined a still unknown cell-based mechanism of serotonin derivatives against ROS-related neuronal damage, phenomena that represent a crucial event in neurodegenerative diseases. Serotonin derivatives N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin exerted a protective effect on high glucose-induced cell death, inhibited the activation of caspase-3 which represents the last and crucial step within the cascade of events leading to apoptosis, and inhibited the overproduction of the mitochondrial superoxide, which represents the most dangerous radical produced by hyperglycaemia, by acting as scavengers of the superoxide radical. In addition, serotonin derivative concentration inside the cells and inside the mitochondria was increased in a time-dependent manner. Since recent studies support the assertion that mitochondrial dysfunctions related to oxidative damage are the major contributors to neurodegenerative diseases, these preliminary cell-based results identify a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant property of serotonin derivatives that could represent a novel therapeutic approach against the neuronal disorders and complications related to ROS.
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Inhibitory effect of serotonin derivatives on high glucose-induced adhesion and migration of monocytes on human aortic endothelial cells. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:264-72. [PMID: 19222875 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508201947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that safflower-seed extract and its major antioxidant constituents, serotonin hydroxycinnamic amides, attenuated atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE-deficient mice, as well as inflammation and aortic stiffness in human subjects. In the present report, we examined a still unknown cell-based mechanism of serotonin derivatives against the development of atherosclerosis, focusing our attention on their action against the increase of adhesion molecules and the release of chemotactic factors on human aortic endothelial cells, phenomena that represent the key events in the early stages of atherosclerogenesis. Serotonin derivatives N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin exerted an inhibitory effect on short-term high glucose-induced up-regulation of mRNA and protein of adhesion and migration factors, and the consequent adhesion and migration of monocytes to endothelial cells; they inhibited the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, and the overproduction of the mitochondrial superoxide by acting as scavengers of the superoxide radical. In addition, serotonin derivative concentration inside the cells and inside the mitochondria was increased in a time-dependent manner. These results identify a mechanism of action of serotonin derivatives against endothelial damage at a cellular level, and underline their benefits against the disorders and complications related to reactive oxygen species.
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Yamaoka S, Kim HS, Ogihara T, Oue S, Takitani K, Yoshida Y, Tamai H. Severe Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates acute hyperoxic lung injury associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:602-12. [PMID: 18569018 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802189864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia causes acute lung injury along with an increase of oxidative stress and inflammation. It was hypothesized that vitamin E deficiency might exacerbate acute hyperoxic lung injury. This study used alpha-tocopherol transfer protein knockout (alpha-TTP KO) mice fed a vitamin E-deficient diet (KO E(-) mice) as a model of severe vitamin E deficiency. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, KO E(-) mice showed a significantly lower survival rate during hyperoxia. After 72 h of hyperoxia, KO E(-) mice had more severe histologic lung damage and higher values of the total cell count and the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than WT mice. IL-6 mRNA expression in lung tissue and the levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) in both lungs and BALF were higher in KO E(-) mice than in WT mice. It was concluded that severe vitamin E deficiency exacerbates acute hyperoxic lung injury associated with increased oxidative stress or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Yamaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Center, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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30
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Simultaneous measurement of F2-isoprostane, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and hydroxycholesterols from physiological samples. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:105-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cluis CP, Burja AM, Martin VJJ. Current prospects for the production of coenzyme Q10 in microbes. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 25:514-21. [PMID: 17935805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q or ubiquinone (UQ) is a naturally occurring coenzyme formed from the conjugation of a benzoquinone ring and an isoprenoid chain of varying length. UQ-10, the main UQ species produced by humans, provides therapeutic benefits in certain human diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, when administered orally. Increased consumer demand has led to the development of bioprocesses for the commercial production of UQ-10. Up to now, these processes have relied on microbes that produce high levels of UQ-10 naturally. However, as knowledge of the biosynthetic enzymes and of regulatory mechanisms modulating UQ production increases, opportunities arise for the genetic engineering of UQ-10 production in hosts, such as Escherichia coli, that are better suited for commercial fermentation. We present the various strategies used up to now to improve and/or engineer UQ-10 production in microbes and analyze yields obtained in light of the current knowledge on the biosynthesis of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne P Cluis
- Concordia University, Department of Biology, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4B 1R6
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32
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Takahashi T, Okuno M, Okamoto T, Kishi T. NADPH-dependent coenzyme Q reductase is the main enzyme responsible for the reduction of non-mitochondrial CoQ in cells. Biofactors 2008; 32:59-70. [PMID: 19096101 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520320108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We purified an NADPH-dependent coenzyme Q reductase (NADPH-CoQ reductase) in rat liver cytosol and compared its enzymatic properties with those of the other CoQ10 reductases such as NADPH: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), lipoamide dehydrogenase, thioredoxine reductase and glutathione reductase. NADPH-CoQ reductase was the only enzyme that preferred NADPH to NADH as an electron donor and was also different from the other CoQ10 reductases in the sensitivities to its inhibitors and stimulators. Especially, Zn2+ was the most powerful inhibitor for NADPH-CoQ reductase, but CoQ10 reduction by the other CoQ10 reductases could not be inhibited by Zn2+. Furthermore, the reduction of the CoQ9 incorporated into HeLa cells was also inhibited by Zn2+ in the presence of pyrithione, a zinc ionophore. Moreover, NQO1 gene silencing in HeLa cells by transfection of a small interfering RNA resulted in lowering of both the NQO1 protein level and the NQO1 activity by about 75%. However, this transfection did not affect the NADPH-CoQ reductase activity and the reduction of CoQ9 incorporated into the cells. These results suggest that the NADPH-CoQ reductase located in cytosol may be the main enzyme responsible for the reduction of non-mitochondrial CoQ in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
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33
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Cleren C, Yang L, Lorenzo B, Calingasan NY, Schomer A, Sireci A, Wille EJ, Beal MF. Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and reduced CoQ10 in the MPTP model of Parkinsonism. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1613-21. [PMID: 17973981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a promising agent for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. We tested the effects of various doses of two formulations of CoQ10 in food and found that administration in the diet resulted in significant protection against loss of dopamine (DA), which was accompanied by a marked increase in plasma concentrations of CoQ10. We further investigated the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10, reduced CoQ10 (ubiquinol), and CoQ10 emulsions in the (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We found neuroprotection against MPTP induced loss of DA using both CoQ10, and reduced CoQ10, which produced the largest increases in plasma concentrations. Lastly, we administered CoQ10 in the diet to test its effects in a chronic MPTP model induced by administration of MPTP by Alzet pump for 1 month. We found neuroprotective effects against DA depletion, loss of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons and induction of alpha-synuclein inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The finding that CoQ10 is effective in a chronic dosing model of MPTP toxicity, is of particular interest, as this may be more relevant to PD. These results provide further evidence that administration of CoQ10 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Cleren
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Yoshida Y, Hayakawa M, Habuchi Y, Itoh N, Niki E. Evaluation of lipophilic antioxidant efficacy in vivo by the biomarkers hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and isoprostane. Lipids 2007; 42:463-72. [PMID: 17476550 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of antioxidant activity in vivo is difficult. In this study, the effects of dietary natural and synthetic antioxidants on the lipid peroxidation in mice were assessed using a biomarker, total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (tHODE). Biological samples such as plasma, erythrocytes, and tissues were first reduced and then saponified to convert various oxidation products of linoleates to tHODE. Subsequently, the absolute concentration of tHODE and its stereoisomer ratio, [9- and 13-(Z,E)-HODE)/[9- and 13-(E,E)-HODE], which is a measure of the hydrogen donor capacity of antioxidants, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. These were then compared with total 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (t8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) which was also assessed after reduction and saponification. Remarkable increases in tHODE and t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) levels were observed in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and brain of mice that were fed an alpha-tocopherol (alphaT)-stripped (E-free) diet for 1 month when compared with those of mice that were fed a standard diet (alphaT = 0.002 wt%). When mice were fed for 1 month on an E-free diet supplemented with a lipophilic antioxidant (0.04 wt%), namely, alphaT, alpha-tocotrienol (alphaT3), gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), or 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4,6-di-tert-butyl-2,2-dipentylbenzofuran (BO-653), a potent synthetic antioxidant, the increases of tHODE and t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and brain were suppressed to the levels lower than those of mice fed a standard diet. The (Z,E/E,E) HODE ratio was decreased in the plasma and erythrocytes of mice fed the E-free diet when compared with that in mice fed the standard diet. This stereo-isomeric ratio was significantly recovered by the addition of alphaT and BO-653. These results show that the tHODE level and the (Z,E/E,E) HODE ratio are useful biomarkers for the assessment of antioxidant capacity in vivo and that the antioxidant capacity decreased in the order: BO-653 > alphaT3 >or= alphaT, gammaT, as assessed by tHODE levels from blood, liver, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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35
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Yoshida Y, Saito Y, Hayakawa M, Habuchi Y, Imai Y, Sawai Y, Niki E. Levels of lipid peroxidation in human plasma and erythrocytes: comparison between fatty acids and cholesterol. Lipids 2007; 42:439-49. [PMID: 17476548 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation has gained renewed attention with increasing evidence showing its biological role in producing toxic compounds and cellular signaling mediators. The assessment of lipid peroxidation levels in vivo is difficult partly because lipids are oxidized by different oxidants by different mechanisms to give versatile types of products, which may undergo metabolism and secondary reactions. In the present study, total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (tHODE) and 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (t7-OHCh) from 44 healthy human subjects were assessed as biomarkers after reduction with sodium borohydride followed by saponification with potassium hydroxide comparing with the prevailing standard 8-isoprostaglandin F(2alpha) (t8-iso-PGF(2alpha)). The average concentrations of tHODE, total 8-isoprostaglandin F(2alpha) (t8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), t7alpha-OHCh, and t7beta-OHCh were 203, 0.727, 87.1, and 156 nmol/l plasma and 1,917, 12.8, 1,372, and 3,854 nmol/l packed erythrocytes, respectively. The ratios of tHODE and t7-OHCh to the parent substrates were 194 and 3,519 micromol tHODE/mol linoleates and 40.9 and 686 micromol t7-OHCh/mol cholesterol in plasma and erythrocytes, respectively. It was found that (1) t7-OHCh in blood was unexpectedly high, as high as or even higher than tHODE, (2) the amounts of tHODE was more than 100 fold higher than t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (3) the level of lipid oxidation products in erythrocytes was higher than that in plasma, and (4) lipid peroxidation products level tended to increase while antioxidant level decrease with age. These products may be used as potential biomarker for assessment of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Yoshida
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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