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Yu J, Zheng C, Guo Q, Yin Y, Duan Y, Li F. LPS-related muscle loss is associated with the alteration of Bacteroidetes abundance, systemic inflammation, and mitochondrial morphology in a weaned piglet model. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1970-1988. [PMID: 38913237 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection-induced immune stress could impair muscle growth in weaned piglets, but the precise mechanisms behind this remain elusive. Here, we found that chronic immune stress induced by LPS resulted in a significant reduction of 36.86% in the total muscle mass of piglets at 5 d post-treatment compared with the control group. At 1 d, prior to muscle mass loss, multiple alterations were noted in response to LPS treatment. These included a reduction in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, an increase in serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compromised mitochondrial morphology, and an upregulation in the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a critical protein involved in mitochondrial fission. We highlight a strong negative correlation between Bacteroidetes abundance and the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, corroborated by in vivo intervention strategies in the musculature of both pig and mouse models. Mechanistically, the effects of Bacteroidetes on inflammation and muscle mass loss may involve the signaling pathway of the tauro-β-muricholic acid-fibroblast growth factor 15. Furthermore, the induction of overexpression of inflammatory cytokines, achieved without LPS treatment through oral administration of recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6), led to increased levels of circulating cytokines, subsequently causing a decrease in muscle mass. Notably, pre-treatment with Mdivi-1, an inhibitor of Drp-1, markedly attenuated the LPS-induced elevation in reactive oxygen species levels and rescued the associated decline in muscle mass. Collectively, these data indicate that LPS-induced muscle mass loss was linked to the reduction of Bacteroidetes abundance, increased inflammation, and the disruption of mitochondrial morphology. These insights offer promising avenues for the identification of potential therapeutic targets aimed at mitigating muscle mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fengna Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Haug M, Schwappacher R, Pollmann C, Ritter P, Michael M, Hermann HJ, Grützmann R, Mittelstädt A, Neurath MF, Zopf Y, Friedrich O. Effects of Adjuvant Exercise and Nutrition Therapy on Muscle Fibre Biomechanics in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1608. [PMID: 38672689 PMCID: PMC11049604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with aggressive cancer, e.g., gastrointestinal cancer, are prone (≥50% chance) to developing cancer cachexia (CC). Little is known about the effects of CC on the biomechanical function of muscle. A promising prevention strategy was found in the form of a multi-modal therapy combining mild resistance exercise (e.g., whole-body electro-myostimulation, WB-EMS) and a protein-rich diet. In a previous study of ours, this was effective in counteracting the loss of muscle mass, yet a systematic and comprehensive assessment of active and passive single muscle fibre functions was so far absent. This pilot study investigated the biomechanical function of single muscle fibres (rectus abdominis) from the biopsies of conventionally treated (pre-)cachectic cancer ((pre-)CC) patients (m = 9), those receiving the multi-modal therapy comprising WB-EMS training and protein-rich nutrition (m = 3), and a control group (m = 5). Our findings not only align with previous findings showing the absolute force loss in CC that is accelerated by atrophy but also speak in favour of a different, potentially energy- and Ca2+-homeostasis-related effect that compromises muscle contraction (F ~0.9 mN vs. F ~0.6 mN in control patients). However, myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity and the quality of contraction were unaltered (pCa50: 5.6-5.8). Single fibres from the (pre-)CC patients receiving WB-EMS training and protein supplementation were significantly more compliant (p < 0.001 at ≥130% of resting length L0). Those fibres displayed a similar softness to the ones from the control patients (axial compliance ~15 m/N at ≥130% L0), while single fibres from the patients with (developing) cachexia were significantly stiffer (axial compliance ~7 m/N, p < 0.001 at ≥130% L0). Adjuvant multi-modal therapy (WB-EMS training and nutritional support) contributes to maintaining the axial compliance of single fibres and potentially improves the quality of life for patients at risk of developing CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haug
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raphaela Schwappacher
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Pollmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Paul Ritter
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mena Michael
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hans Joachim Hermann
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Anke Mittelstädt
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Markus Friedrich Neurath
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Wallace Wurth Building, 18 High St, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Hesketh SJ. Advancing cancer cachexia diagnosis with -omics technology and exercise as molecular medicine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:1-15. [PMID: 38463663 PMCID: PMC10918365 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy exacerbates disease outcomes and increases mortality, whereas the preservation of skeletal muscle mass and function play pivotal roles in ensuring long-term health and overall quality-of-life. Muscle atrophy represents a significant clinical challenge, involving the continued loss of muscle mass and strength, which frequently accompany the development of numerous types of cancer. Cancer cachexia is a highly prevalent multifactorial syndrome, and although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved management strategies for the disease. The etiology of this condition is based on the upregulation of systemic inflammation factors and catabolic stimuli, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of protein degradation. Numerous necessary cellular processes are disrupted by cachectic pathology, which mediate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in the net loss of muscle and organelles. However, the exact underpinning molecular mechanisms of how these changes are orchestrated are incompletely understood. Much work is still required, but structured exercise has the capacity to counteract numerous detrimental effects linked to cancer cachexia. Primarily through the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and the release of myokines. As a result, muscle mass and strength increase, leading to improved mobility, and quality-of-life. This review summarises existing knowledge of the complex molecular networks that regulate cancer cachexia and exercise, highlighting the molecular interplay between the two for potential therapeutic intervention. Finally, the utility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics is considered as a way of establishing early diagnostic biomarkers of cachectic patients.
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Sato K, Satoshi Y, Miyauchi Y, Sato F, Kon R, Ikarashi N, Chiba Y, Hosoe T, Sakai H. Downregulation of PGC-1α during cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in murine skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166877. [PMID: 37673360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of cisplatin on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, expressions of genes related to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and the factors related to mitochondrial biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. Systemic cisplatin administration decreased skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle strength, and endurance. The mitochondrial DNA /nuclear DNA ratio was also reduced after treatment with cisplatin. Moreover, among the factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was significantly downregulated in the cisplatin-treated group. Downregulation of PGC-1α in the skeletal muscle may contribute to muscle weakness during cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Yoshida Satoshi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Yu Miyauchi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hosoe
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan; Department of Bioregulatory Science, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1428501, Japan.
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Papadopetraki A, Giannopoulos A, Maridaki M, Zagouri F, Droufakou S, Koutsilieris M, Philippou A. The Role of Exercise in Cancer-Related Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5856. [PMID: 38136400 PMCID: PMC10741686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common adverse effects of cancer and its therapeutic strategies is sarcopenia, a condition which is characterised by excess muscle wasting and muscle strength loss due to the disrupted muscle homeostasis. Moreover, cancer-related sarcopenia may be combined with the increased deposition of fat mass, a syndrome called cancer-associated sarcopenic obesity. Both clinical conditions have significant clinical importance and can predict disease progression and survival. A growing body of evidence supports the claim that physical exercise is a safe and effective complementary therapy for oncology patients which can limit the cancer- and its treatment-related muscle catabolism and promote the maintenance of muscle mass. Moreover, even after the onset of sarcopenia, exercise interventions can counterbalance the muscle mass loss and improve the clinical appearance and quality of life of cancer patients. The aim of this narrative review was to describe the various pathophysiological mechanisms, such as protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, inflammatory response, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are regulated by exercise and contribute to the management of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Moreover, myokines, factors produced by and released from exercising muscles, are being discussed as they appear to play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise against sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Papadopetraki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Antonios Giannopoulos
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine & Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Maria Maridaki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Dafne, Greece
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
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Conti F, Di Martino S, Drago F, Bucolo C, Micale V, Montano V, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Lopriore P. Red Flags in Primary Mitochondrial Diseases: What Should We Recognize? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16746. [PMID: 38069070 PMCID: PMC10706469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are complex group of metabolic disorders caused by genetically determined impairment of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The unique features of mitochondrial genetics and the pivotal role of mitochondria in cell biology explain the phenotypical heterogeneity of primary mitochondrial diseases and the resulting diagnostic challenges that follow. Some peculiar features ("red flags") may indicate a primary mitochondrial disease, helping the physician to orient in this diagnostic maze. In this narrative review, we aimed to outline the features of the most common mitochondrial red flags offering a general overview on the topic that could help physicians to untangle mitochondrial medicine complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95213 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Montano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Piervito Lopriore
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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8
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Setiawan T, Sari IN, Wijaya YT, Julianto NM, Muhammad JA, Lee H, Chae JH, Kwon HY. Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 37217930 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a consequence of physiological changes or a pathology characterized by increased catabolic activity that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Numerous diseases, including cancer, organ failure, infection, and aging-associated diseases, are associated with muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, resulting in functional impairment and reduced quality of life. It is caused by the upregulation of systemic inflammation and catabolic stimuli, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of muscle catabolism. Here, we summarize the complex molecular networks that regulate muscle mass and function. Moreover, we describe complex multi-organ roles in cancer cachexia. Although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Thus, we compiled recent ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials and further discussed potential therapeutic approaches for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ita Novita Sari
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoseph Toni Wijaya
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadya Marcelina Julianto
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jabir Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Chae
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Stemmler B, Busquets S. Cancer-associated cachexia - understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:250-264. [PMID: 36806788 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating, multifactorial and often irreversible systemic syndrome characterized by substantial weight loss (mainly of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) that occurs in around 50-80% of patients with cancer. Although this condition mainly affects skeletal muscle (which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight), cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome that also involves white and brown adipose tissue, and organs including the bones, brain, liver, gut and heart. Notably, cachexia accounts for up to 20% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer-associated cachexia is invariably associated with systemic inflammation, anorexia and increased energy expenditure. Understanding these mechanisms is essential, and the progress achieved in this area over the past decade could help to develop new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine the currently available evidence on the roles of both the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment in cancer-associated cachexia, and provide an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies developed to manage this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Mannelli M, Gamberi T, Garella R, Magherini F, Squecco R, Fiaschi T. Pyruvate prevents the onset of the cachectic features and metabolic alterations in myotubes downregulating
STAT3
signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22598. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200848r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio” Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - Tania Gamberi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio” Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - Rachele Garella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio” Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio” Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence Italy
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11
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Pin F, Jones AJ, Huot JR, Narasimhan A, Zimmers TA, Bonewald LF, Bonetto A. RANKL Blockade Reduces Cachexia and Bone Loss Induced by Non-Metastatic Ovarian Cancer in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:381-396. [PMID: 34904285 PMCID: PMC8940654 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor- and bone-derived soluble factors have been proposed to participate in the alterations of skeletal muscle size and function in cachexia. We previously showed that mice bearing ovarian cancer (OvCa) exhibit cachexia associated with marked bone loss, whereas bone-targeting agents, such as bisphosphonates, are able to preserve muscle mass in animals exposed to anticancer drugs. De-identified CT images and plasma samples from female patients affected with OvCa were used for body composition assessment and quantification of circulating cross-linked C-telopeptide type I (CTX-I) and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), respectively. Female mice bearing ES-2 tumors were used to characterize cancer- and RANKL-associated effects on muscle and bone. Murine C2C12 and human HSMM myotube cultures were used to determine the OvCa- and RANKL-dependent effects on myofiber size. To the extent of isolating new regulators of bone and muscle in cachexia, here we demonstrate that subjects affected with OvCa display evidence of cachexia and increased bone turnover. Similarly, mice carrying OvCa present high RANKL levels. By using in vitro and in vivo experimental models, we found that elevated circulating RANKL is sufficient to cause skeletal muscle atrophy and bone resorption, whereas bone preservation by means of antiresorptive and anti-RANKL treatments concurrently benefit muscle mass and function in cancer cachexia. Altogether, our data contribute to identifying RANKL as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of musculoskeletal complications associated with RANKL-expressing non-metastatic cancers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander J Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua R Huot
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Kunz HE, Port JD, Kaufman KR, Jatoi A, Hart CR, Gries KJ, Lanza IR, Kumar R. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle and whole body functional deficits in cancer patients with weight loss. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:388-401. [PMID: 34941442 PMCID: PMC8791841 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00746.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in skeletal muscle mass and function are often reported in patients with cancer-associated weight loss and are associated with reduced quality of life, impaired treatment tolerance, and increased mortality. Although cellular changes, including altered mitochondrial function, have been reported in animals, such changes have been incompletely characterized in humans with cancer. Whole body and skeletal muscle physical function, skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, and whole body protein turnover were assessed in eight patients with cancer-associated weight loss (10.1 ± 4.2% body weight over 6-12 mo) and 19 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls to characterize skeletal muscle changes at the whole body, muscle, and cellular level. Potential pathways involved in cancer-induced alterations in metabolism and mitochondrial function were explored by interrogating skeletal muscle and plasma metabolomes. Despite similar lean mass compared with control participants, patients with cancer exhibited reduced habitual physical activity (57% fewer daily steps), cardiorespiratory fitness [22% lower V̇o2peak (mL/kg/min)] and leg strength (35% lower isokinetic knee extensor strength), and greater leg neuromuscular fatigue (36% greater decline in knee extensor torque). Concomitant with these functional declines, patients with cancer had lower mitochondrial oxidative capacity [25% lower State 3 O2 flux (pmol/s/mg tissue)] and ATP production [23% lower State 3 ATP production (pmol/s/mg tissue)] and alterations in phospholipid metabolite profiles indicative of mitochondrial abnormalities. Whole body protein turnover was unchanged. These findings demonstrate mitochondrial abnormalities concomitant with whole body and skeletal muscle functional derangements associated with human cancer, supporting future work studying the role of mitochondria in the muscle deficits associated with cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial deficits are associated with cancer-associated weight loss in humans. Mitochondrial deficits were concurrent with reductions in whole body and skeletal muscle functional capacity. Whether mitochondrial deficits are causal or secondary to cancer-associated weight loss and functional deficits remains to be determined, but this study supports further exploration of mitochondria as a driver of cancer-associated losses in muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E. Kunz
- 1Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D. Port
- 2Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kenton R. Kaufman
- 3Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- 4Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Corey R. Hart
- 1Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin J. Gries
- 1Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- 1Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- 5Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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13
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Leucine-Rich Diet Improved Muscle Function in Cachectic Walker 256 Tumour-Bearing Wistar Rats. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123272. [PMID: 34943780 PMCID: PMC8699792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, especially during cancer-induced cachexia. This condition is associated with increased morbidity and poor treatment response, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality in cancer patients. A leucine-rich diet could be used as a coadjutant therapy to prevent muscle atrophy in patients suffering from cancer cachexia. Besides muscle atrophy, muscle function loss is even more important to patient quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of leucine supplementation on whole-body functional/movement properties, as well as some markers of muscle breakdown and inflammatory status. Adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four experimental groups. Two groups were fed with a control diet (18% protein): Control (C) and Walker 256 tumour-bearing (W), and two other groups were fed with a leucine-rich diet (18% protein + 3% leucine): Leucine Control (L) and Leucine Walker 256 tumour-bearing (LW). A functional analysis (walking, behaviour, and strength tests) was performed before and after tumour inoculation. Cachexia parameters such as body weight loss, muscle and fat mass, pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, and molecular and morphological aspects of skeletal muscle were also determined. As expected, Walker 256 tumour growth led to muscle function decline, cachexia manifestation symptoms, muscle fibre cross-section area reduction, and classical muscle protein degradation pathway activation, with upregulation of FoxO1, MuRF-1, and 20S proteins. On the other hand, despite having no effect on the walking test, inflammation status or muscle oxidative capacity, the leucine-rich diet improved muscle strength and behaviour performance, maintained body weight, fat and muscle mass and decreased some protein degradation markers in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats. Indeed, a leucine-rich diet alone could not completely revert cachexia but could potentially diminish muscle protein degradation, leading to better muscle functional performance in cancer cachexia.
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14
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Mallard J, Hucteau E, Hureau TJ, Pagano AF. Skeletal Muscle Deconditioning in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Current Knowledge and Insights From Other Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719643. [PMID: 34595171 PMCID: PMC8476809 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer while neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies are extensively used in order to reduce tumor development and improve disease-free survival. However, chemotherapy also leads to severe off-target side-effects resulting, together with the tumor itself, in major skeletal muscle deconditioning. This review first focuses on recent advances in both macroscopic changes and cellular mechanisms implicated in skeletal muscle deconditioning of breast cancer patients, particularly as a consequence of the chemotherapy treatment. To date, only six clinical studies used muscle biopsies in breast cancer patients and highlighted several important aspects of muscle deconditioning such as a decrease in muscle fibers cross-sectional area, a dysregulation of protein turnover balance and mitochondrial alterations. However, in comparison with the knowledge accumulated through decades of intensive research with many different animal and human models of muscle atrophy, more studies are necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the cellular processes implicated in breast cancer-mediated muscle deconditioning. This understanding is indeed essential to ultimately lead to the implementation of efficient preventive strategies such as exercise, nutrition or pharmacological treatments. We therefore also discuss potential mechanisms implicated in muscle deconditioning by drawing a parallel with other cancer cachexia models of muscle wasting, both at the pre-clinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Mallard
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elyse Hucteau
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Hureau
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Mao X, Gu Y, Sui X, Shen L, Han J, Wang H, Xi Q, Zhuang Q, Meng Q, Wu G. Phosphorylation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673618. [PMID: 34422804 PMCID: PMC8375307 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy, and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Recent research studies have shed light on a noteworthy link between mitochondrial dynamics and muscle physiology. In the present study, we investigate the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a pivotal factor of mitochondrial dynamics, in myotube atrophy during cancer-associated cachexia. Methods Seventy-six surgical patients, including gastrointestinal tumor and benign disease, were enrolled in the study and divided to three groups: control, non-cachexia, and cancer-associated cachexia. Demographic data were collected. Their rectus abdominis samples were acquired intraoperatively. Muscle fiber size, markers of ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), mitochondrial ultrastructure, and markers of mitochondrial function and dynamics were assayed. A cachexia model in vitro was established via coculturing a C2C12 myotube with media from C26 colon cancer cells. A specific DRP1 inhibitor, Mdivi-1, and a lentivirus of DRP1 knockdown/overexpression were used to regulate the expression of DRP1. Muscle diameter, mitochondrial morphology, mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential, and markers of UPS, mitochondrial function, and dynamics were determined. Results Patients of cachexia suffered from a conspicuous worsened nutrition status and muscle loss compared to patients of other groups. Severe mitochondrial swelling and enlarged area were observed, and partial alterations in mitochondrial function were found in muscle. Analysis of mitochondrial dynamics indicated an upregulation of phosphorylated DRP1 at the ser616 site. In vitro, cancer media resulted in the atrophy of myotube. This was accompanied with a prominent unbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, as well as enhanced mitochondrial ROS and decreased mitochondrial function and membrane potential. However, certain concentrations of Mdivi-1 and DRP1 knockdown rebalanced the mitochondrial dynamics, mitigating this negative phenotype caused by cachexia. Moreover, overexpression of DRP1 aggravated these phenomena. Conclusion In clinical patients, cachexia induces abnormal mitochondrial changes and possible fission activation for the atrophied muscle. Our cachexia model in vitro further demonstrates that unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics contributes to this atrophy and mitochondrial impairment, and rebuilding the balance by regulating of DRP1 could ameliorate these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Mao
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Sui
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulei Xi
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulin Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Kitaoka Y, Miyazaki M, Kikuchi S. Voluntary exercise prevents abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology in cancer cachexia mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15016. [PMID: 34427401 PMCID: PMC8383714 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of voluntary wheel running on cancer cachexia-induced mitochondrial alterations in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice bearing colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26) were used as a model of cancer cachexia. C26 mice showed a lower gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle weight, but 4 weeks of voluntary exercise rescued these changes. Further, voluntary exercise attenuated observed declines in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins and activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice. Among mitochondrial morphology regulatory proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were decreased in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice, but exercise resulted in similar improvements as seen in markers of mitochondrial content. In isolated mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were elevated in C26 mice, but exercise blunted the increases in these markers of oxidative stress. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that exercise alleviated the observed increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria in C26 mice. These results suggest that voluntary exercise effectively counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction to mitigate muscle loss in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Physical TherapySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesHealth Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari‐TobetsuJapan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy 1Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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17
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Moreira-Pais A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Duarte JA. Sarcopenia versus cancer cachexia: the muscle wasting continuum in healthy and diseased aging. Biogerontology 2021; 22:459-477. [PMID: 34324116 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is one of the major health problems in older adults and is traditionally associated to sarcopenia. Nonetheless, muscle loss may also occur in older adults in the presence of cancer, and in this case, it is associated to cancer cachexia. The clinical management of these conditions is a challenge due to, at least in part, the difficulties in their differential diagnosis. Thus, efforts have been made to better comprehend the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia, envisioning the improvement of their clinical discrimination and treatment. To add insights on this topic, this review discusses the current knowledge on key molecular players underlying sarcopenia and cancer cachexia in a comparative perspective. Data retrieved from this analysis highlight that while sarcopenia is characterized by the atrophy of fast-twitch muscle fibers, in cancer cachexia an increase in the proportion of fast-twitch fibers appears to happen. The molecular drivers for these specificmuscle remodeling patterns are still unknown; however, among the predominant contributors to sarcopenia is the age-induced neuromuscular denervation, and in cancer cachexia, the muscle disuse experienced by cancer patients seems to play an important role. Moreover, inflammation appears to be more severe in cancer cachexia. Impairment of nutrition-related mediators may also contribute to sarcopenia and cancer cachexia, being distinctly modulated in each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moreira-Pais
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José A Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
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18
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Sadek J, Hall DT, Colalillo B, Omer A, Tremblay AK, Sanguin‐Gendreau V, Muller W, Di Marco S, Bianchi ME, Gallouzi I. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of iNOS prevents cachexia-mediated muscle wasting and its associated metabolism defects. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13591. [PMID: 34096686 PMCID: PMC8261493 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia syndrome develops in patients with diseases such as cancer and sepsis and is characterized by progressive muscle wasting. While iNOS is one of the main effectors of cachexia, its mechanism of action and whether it could be targeted for therapy remains unexplored. Here, we show that iNOS knockout mice and mice treated with the clinically tested iNOS inhibitor GW274150 are protected against muscle wasting in models of both septic and cancer cachexia. We demonstrate that iNOS triggers muscle wasting by disrupting mitochondrial content, morphology, and energy production processes such as the TCA cycle and acylcarnitine transport. Notably, iNOS inhibits oxidative phosphorylation through impairment of complexes II and IV of the electron transport chain and reduces ATP production, leading to energetic stress, activation of AMPK, suppression of mTOR, and, ultimately, muscle atrophy. Importantly, all these effects were reversed by GW274150. Therefore, our data establish how iNOS induces muscle wasting under cachectic conditions and provide a proof of principle for the repurposing of iNOS inhibitors, such as GW274150 for the treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sadek
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Derek T Hall
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell ResearchRegenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Bianca Colalillo
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Anne‐Marie K Tremblay
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Virginie Sanguin‐Gendreau
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - William Muller
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Marco Emilio Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyChromatin Dynamics UnitIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Imed‐Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- KAUST Smart‐Health Initiative and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)JeddahSaudi Arabia
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19
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Mannelli M, Gamberi T, Magherini F, Fiaschi T. A Metabolic Change towards Fermentation Drives Cancer Cachexia in Myotubes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060698. [PMID: 34203023 PMCID: PMC8234377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a disorder associated with several pathologies, including cancer. In this paper, we describe how cachexia is induced in myotubes by a metabolic shift towards fermentation, and the block of this metabolic modification prevents the onset of the cachectic phenotype. Cachectic myotubes, obtained by the treatment with conditioned medium from murine colon carcinoma cells CT26, show increased glucose uptake, decreased oxygen consumption, altered mitochondria, and increased lactate production. Interestingly, the block of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-glucose or lactate dehydrogenase inhibition by oxamate prevents the induction of cachexia, thus suggesting that this metabolic change is greatly involved in cachexia activation. The treatment with 2-deoxy-glucose or oxamate induces positive effects also in mitochondria, where mitochondrial membrane potential and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity became similar to control myotubes. Moreover, in myotubes treated with interleukin-6, cachectic phenotype is associated with a fermentative metabolism, and the inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase by oxamate prevents cachectic features. The same results have been achieved by treating myotubes with conditioned media from human colon HCT116 and human pancreatic MIAPaCa-2 cancer cell lines, thus showing that what has been observed with murine-conditioned media is a wide phenomenon. These findings demonstrate that cachexia induction in myotubes is linked with a metabolic shift towards fermentation, and inhibition of lactate formation impedes cachexia and highlights lactate dehydrogenase as a possible new tool for counteracting the onset of this pathology.
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20
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Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, Atfi A. Cancer-Mediated Muscle Cachexia: Etiology and Clinical Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:382-402. [PMID: 33888422 PMCID: PMC8102392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cachexia has a major detrimental impact on cancer patients, being responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths. It is characterized by a debilitating loss in muscle mass and function, which ultimately deteriorates patients' quality of life and dampens therapeutic treatment efficacy. Muscle cachexia stems from widespread alterations in whole-body metabolism as well as immunity and neuroendocrine functions and these global defects often culminate in aberrant signaling within skeletal muscle, causing muscle protein breakdown and attendant muscle atrophy. This review summarizes recent landmark discoveries that significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer-driven muscle cachexia and further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches seeking to simultaneously target those newly discovered mechanisms to efficiently curb this lethal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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21
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Hyatt HW, Powers SK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040588. [PMID: 33920468 PMCID: PMC8070615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.
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22
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Martin A, Freyssenet D. Phenotypic features of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: lessons from human and animal studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:252-273. [PMID: 33783983 PMCID: PMC8061402 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multi-organ catabolic syndrome that reduces mobility, increases fatigue, decreases the efficiency of therapeutic strategies, diminishes the quality of life, and increases the mortality of cancer patients. This review provides an exhaustive and comprehensive analysis of cancer cachexia-related phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle at both the cellular and subcellular levels in human cancer patients, as well as in animal models of cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized by a major decrease in skeletal muscle mass in human and animals that depends on the severity of the disease/model and the localization of the tumour. It affects both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres, even if some animal studies suggest that type 2 muscle fibres would be more prone to atrophy. Animal studies indicate an impairment in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism resulting from a decrease in mitochondrial content, an alteration in mitochondria morphology, and a reduction in mitochondrial metabolic fluxes. Immuno-histological analyses in human and animal models also suggest that a faulty mechanism of skeletal muscle repair would contribute to muscle mass loss. An increase in collagen deposit, an accumulation of fat depot outside and inside the muscle fibre, and a disrupted contractile machinery structure are also phenotypic features that have been consistently reported in cachectic skeletal muscle. Muscle function is also profoundly altered during cancer cachexia with a strong reduction in skeletal muscle force. Even though the loss of skeletal muscle mass largely contributes to the loss of muscle function, other factors such as muscle-nerve interaction and calcium handling are probably involved in the decrease in muscle force. Longitudinal analyses of skeletal muscle mass by imaging technics and skeletal muscle force in cancer patients, but also in animal models of cancer cachexia, are necessary to determine the respective kinetics and functional involvements of these factors. Our analysis also emphasizes that measuring skeletal muscle force through standardized tests could provide a simple and robust mean to early diagnose cachexia in cancer patients. That would be of great benefit to cancer patient's quality of life and health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
| | - Damien Freyssenet
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
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23
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Kunz HE, Dorschner JM, Berent TE, Meyer T, Wang X, Jatoi A, Kumar R, Lanza IR. Methylarginine metabolites are associated with attenuated muscle protein synthesis in cancer-associated muscle wasting. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17441-17459. [PMID: 33453990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is characterized by reductions in peripheral lean muscle mass. Prior studies have primarily focused on increased protein breakdown as the driver of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Therapeutic interventions targeting catabolic pathways have, however, largely failed to preserve muscle mass in cachexia, suggesting that other mechanisms might be involved. In pursuit of novel pathways, we used untargeted metabolomics to search for metabolite signatures that may be linked with muscle atrophy. We injected 7-week-old C57/BL6 mice with LLC1 tumor cells or vehicle. After 21 days, tumor-bearing mice exhibited reduced body and muscle mass and impaired grip strength compared with controls, which was accompanied by lower synthesis rates of mixed muscle protein and the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle fractions. Reductions in protein synthesis were accompanied by mitochondrial enlargement and reduced coupling efficiency in tumor-bearing mice. To generate mechanistic insights into impaired protein synthesis, we performed untargeted metabolomic analyses of plasma and muscle and found increased concentrations of two methylarginines, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, in tumor-bearing mice compared with control mice. Compared with healthy controls, human cancer patients were also found to have higher levels of ADMA in the skeletal muscle. Treatment of C2C12 myotubes with ADMA impaired protein synthesis and reduced mitochondrial protein quality. These results suggest that increased levels of ADMA and mitochondrial changes may contribute to impaired muscle protein synthesis in cancer cachexia and could point to novel therapeutic targets by which to mitigate cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jessica M Dorschner
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Taylor E Berent
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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24
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Exercise-A Panacea of Metabolic Dysregulation in Cancer: Physiological and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073469. [PMID: 33801684 PMCID: PMC8037630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a comorbidity of many types of cancers. Disruption of glucose metabolism is of concern, as it is associated with higher cancer recurrence rates and reduced survival. Current evidence suggests many health benefits from exercise during and after cancer treatment, yet only a limited number of studies have addressed the effect of exercise on cancer-associated disruption of metabolism. In this review, we draw on studies in cells, rodents, and humans to describe the metabolic dysfunctions observed in cancer and the tissues involved. We discuss how the known effects of acute exercise and exercise training observed in healthy subjects could have a positive outcome on mechanisms in people with cancer, namely: insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and cachexia. Finally, we compile the current limited knowledge of how exercise corrects metabolic control in cancer and identify unanswered questions for future research.
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25
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Busquets S, Castillejo M, Jové Q, Jude B, Mejías P, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM. Lack of Synergy Between β-Agonist Treatment and a Blockage of Sarcoplasmic Calcium Flow in a Rat Cancer Cachexia Model. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1953-1959. [PMID: 33762827 PMCID: PMC7982712 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s293834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During cancer cachexia, both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue losses take place. The use of β2-agonists, formoterol in particular, has proven to be very successful in the treatment of the syndrome in pre-clinical models. The object of the present research was to study the effects of a combination of formoterol and dantrolene, an inhibitor of the ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), on body weight loss and cachexia in tumour-bearing animals. Methods Rats were separated into two groups: controls (C) and tumour bearing (TB). TB group was further subdivided into four groups: untreated (saline as a vehicle), treated with Formoterol (TF) (0,3 mg/kg body weight in saline, subcutaneous (s.c.), daily), treated with Dantrolene (TD) (5 mg/kg body weight in saline, subcutaneous (s.c.), daily), and double-treated treated (TFD) with Formoterol (0,3 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous (s.c.), daily) and Dantrolene (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous (s.c.), daily). 7 days after tumour transplantation, muscle weight, grip force, and total physical activity were specified in all experimental groups. Results While formoterol had, as in previous studies, a very positive effect in reducing muscle weight loss, dantrolene had no effects, neither on skeletal muscle nor on any of the parameters studied. Finally, the combined treatment (formoterol and dantrolene) did not result in any significant benefit on the action of the β2-agonist. Conclusion It is concluded that, in the preclinical cachectic model used, no synergy exists between β2-agonist treatment and the blockade of sarcoplasmic-calcium flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Castillejo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Queralt Jové
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baptiste Jude
- Laboratoire de Physiologie - EA 4324 ORPHY, IBSAM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Patricia Mejías
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Li C, Wu Q, Li Z, Wang Z, Tu Y, Chen C, Sun S, Sun S. Exosomal microRNAs in cancer-related sarcopenia: Tumor-derived exosomal microRNAs in muscle atrophy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1156-1166. [PMID: 33554647 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221990322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated sarcopenia is a complex metabolic syndrome marked by muscle mass wasting. Muscle wasting is a serious complication that is a primary contributor to cancer-related mortality. The underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer-associated sarcopenia have not been completely described to date. In general, evidence shows that the main pathophysiological alterations in sarcopenia are associated with the degradation of cellular components, an exceptional inflammatory secretome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, we highlight the prospect that several miRNAs carried by tumor-derived exosomes that have shown the ability to promote inflammatory secretion, activate catabolism, and even participate in the regulation of cellular degradation pathways can be delivered to and exert effects on muscle cells. In this review, we aim to describe the current knowledge about the functions of exosomal miRNAs in the induction of cancer-associated muscle wasting and propose potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yi Tu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
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27
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Memme JM, Hood DA. Molecular Basis for the Therapeutic Effects of Exercise on Mitochondrial Defects. Front Physiol 2021; 11:615038. [PMID: 33584337 PMCID: PMC7874077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.615038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is common to many organ system disorders, including skeletal muscle. Aging muscle and diseases of muscle are often accompanied by defective mitochondrial ATP production. This manuscript will focus on the pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of regular exercise to improve defective mitochondrial metabolism and function in skeletal muscle, through the stimulation of mitochondrial turnover. Examples from aging muscle, muscle-specific mutations and cancer cachexia will be discussed. We will also examine the effects of exercise on the important mitochondrial regulators PGC-1α, and Parkin, and summarize the effects of exercise to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., ROS production, apoptotic susceptibility, cardiolipin synthesis) in muscle pathology. This paper will illustrate the breadth and benefits of exercise to serve as "mitochondrial medicine" with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Dolly A, Dumas J, Servais S. Cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy in clinical studies: what do we really know? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1413-1428. [PMID: 33053604 PMCID: PMC7749617 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research investigators have shown a growing interest in investigating alterations underlying skeletal muscle wasting in patients with cancer. However, skeletal muscle dysfunctions associated with cancer cachexia have mainly been studied in preclinical models. In the present review, we summarize the results of clinical studies in which skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from cachectic vs. non-cachectic cancer patients. Most of these studies suggest the presence of significant physiological alterations in skeletal muscle from cachectic cancer patients. We suggest a hypothesis, which connects structural and metabolic parameters that may, at least in part, be responsible for the skeletal muscle atrophy characteristic of cancer cachexia. Finally, we discuss the importance of a better standardization of the diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia, as well as the requirement for additional clinical studies to improve the robustness of these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et CancerUniversité de ToursToursFrance
| | - Jean‐François Dumas
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et CancerUniversité de ToursToursFrance
| | - Stéphane Servais
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et CancerUniversité de ToursToursFrance
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29
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Yang W, Huang J, Wu H, Wang Y, Du Z, Ling Y, Wang W, Wu Q, Gao W. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia‑induced muscle atrophy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4967-4980. [PMID: 33174001 PMCID: PMC7646947 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is a severe clinical problem involving the loss of muscle mass and strength that frequently accompanies the development of numerous types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung and gastric cancers. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a continuous decline in skeletal muscle mass that cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional therapy. The pathophysiological characteristic of cancer cachexia is a negative protein and energy balance caused by a combination of factors, including reduced food intake and metabolic abnormalities. Numerous necessary cellular processes are disrupted by the presence of abnormal metabolites, which mediate several intracellular signaling pathways and result in the net loss of cytoplasm and organelles in atrophic skeletal muscle during various states of cancer cachexia. Currently, the clinical morbidity and mortality rates of patients with cancer cachexia are high. Once a patient enters the cachexia phase, the consequences are difficult to reverse and the treatment methods for cancer cachexia are very limited. The present review aimed to summarize the recent discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy and provided novel ideas for the comprehensive treatment to improve the prognosis of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyin Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Ling
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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30
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Costelli P. The Redox Balance: A Target for Interventions Against Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:542-558. [PMID: 32037856 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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31
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Dave DT, Patel BM. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cachexia: Novel Drug Target. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1141-1153. [PMID: 31418657 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190816162658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome prevalent in the majority of the advanced cancers and is associated with complications such as anorexia, early satiety, weakness, anaemia, and edema, thereby reducing performance and impairing quality of life. Skeletal muscle wasting is a characteristic feature of cancer-cachexia and mitochondria is responsible for regulating total protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue. METHODS We carried out exhaustive search for cancer cachexia and role of mitochondria in the same in various databases. All the relevant articles were gathered and the pertinent information was extracted out and compiled which was further structured into different sub-sections. RESULTS Various findings on the mitochondrial alterations in connection to its disturbed normal physiology in various models of cancer-cachexia have been recently reported, suggesting a significant role of the organelle in the pathogenesis of the complications involved in the disorder. It has also been reported that reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial biogenesis as well as altered balance between fusion and fission protein activities. Moreover, autophagy in mitochondria (termed as mitophagy) is reported to play an important role in cancer cachexia. CONCLUSION The present review aims to put forth the changes occurring in mitochondria and hence explore possible targets which can be exploited in cancer-induced cachexia for treatment of such a debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani T Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
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32
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Suzuki T, Von Haehling S, Springer J. Promising models for cancer-induced cachexia drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:627-637. [PMID: 32050816 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1724954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cachexia is a frequent, multifactorial syndrome associated with cancer afflicting patients' quality of life, their ability to tolerate anti-neoplastic therapies and the therapies efficacy, as well as survival. Currently, there are no approved cancer cachexia treatments other than those for the treatment of the underlying cancer. Cancer cachexia (CC) is poorly understood and hence makes clinical trial design difficult at best. This underlines the importance of well-characterized animal models to further elucidate the pathophysiology of CC and drug discovery/development.Areas covered: This review gives an overview of the available animal models and their value and limitations in translational studies.Expert opinion: Using more than one CC model to test research questions or novel compounds/treatment strategies is strongly advisable. The main reason is that models have unique signaling modalities driving cachexia that may only relate to subgroups of cancer patients. Human xenograph CC models require the use of mice with a compromised immune system, limiting their value for translational experiments. It may prove beneficial to include standard care chemotherapy in the experimental design, as many chemotherapeutic agents can induce cachexia themselves and alter the metabolic and signaling derangements of CC and thus the response to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Daou HN. Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for cancer cachexia: a focus on interleukin-6 regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R296-R310. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complicated disorder of extreme, progressive skeletal muscle wasting. It is directed by metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation dysregulation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that increased systemic inflammation promotes this type of cachexia and have suggested that cytokines are implicated in the skeletal muscle loss. Exercise is firmly established as an anti-inflammatory therapy that can attenuate or even reverse the process of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. The interleukin IL-6 is generally considered to be a key player in the development of the microenvironment of malignancy; it promotes tumor growth and metastasis by acting as a bridge between chronic inflammation and cancerous tissue and it also induces skeletal muscle atrophy and protein breakdown. Paradoxically, a beneficial role for IL-6 has also been identified recently, and that is its status as a “founding member” of the myokine class of proteins. Skeletal muscle is an important source of circulating IL-6 in people who participate in exercise training. IL-6 acts as an anti-inflammatory myokine by inhibiting TNFα and improving glucose uptake through the stimulation of AMPK signaling. This review discusses the action of IL-6 in skeletal muscle tissue dysfunction and the role of IL-6 as an “exercise factor” that modulates the immune system. This review also sheds light on the main considerations related to the treatment of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.
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Guigni BA, van der Velden J, Kinsey CM, Carson JA, Toth MJ. Effects of conditioned media from murine lung cancer cells and human tumor cells on cultured myotubes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E22-E32. [PMID: 31689144 PMCID: PMC6985792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Factors secreted from tumors/tumor cells are hypothesized to cause skeletal muscle wasting in cancer patients. We examined whether cancer cells secrete factors to promote atrophy by evaluating the effects of conditioned media (CM) from murine lung cancer cells and primary cultures of human lung tumor cells on cultured myotubes. We evaluated murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and KRASG12D cells, and primary cell lines derived from tumor biopsies from patients with lung cancer (hTCM; n = 6). In all experiments, serum content was matched across treatment groups. We hypothesized that CM from murine and human tumor cells would reduce myotube myosin content, decrease mitochondrial content, and increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Treatment of myotubes differentiated for 7 days with CM from LLC and KRASG12D cells did not alter any of these variables. Effects of murine tumor cell CM were observed when myotubes differentiated for 4 days were treated with tumor cell CM and compared with undiluted differentiation media. However, these effects were not apparent if tumor cell CM treatments were compared with control cell CM or dilution controls. Finally, CM from human lung tumor primary cell lines did not modify myosin content or mitochondrial content or ROS production compared with either undiluted differentiated media, control cell CM, or dilution controls. Our results do not support the hypothesis that factors released from cultured lung cancer/tumor cells promote myotube wasting or mitochondrial abnormalities, but we cannot dismiss the possibility that these cells could secrete such factors in vivo within the native tumor microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal
- Myosins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/complications
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas A Guigni
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C Matthew Kinsey
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael J Toth
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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35
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Growth Hormone Secretagogues and the Regulation of Calcium Signaling in Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184361. [PMID: 31491959 PMCID: PMC6769538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) are a family of synthetic molecules, first discovered in the late 1970s for their ability to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release. Many effects of GHS are mediated by binding to GHS-R1a, the receptor for the endogenous hormone ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide isolated from the stomach. Besides endocrine functions, both ghrelin and GHS are endowed with some relevant extraendocrine properties, including stimulation of food intake, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection of muscle tissue in different pathological conditions. In particular, ghrelin and GHS inhibit cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell apoptosis and improve cardiac left ventricular function during ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, in a model of cisplatin-induced cachexia, GHS protect skeletal muscle from mitochondrial damage and improve lean mass recovery. Most of these effects are mediated by GHS ability to preserve intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In this review, we address the muscle-specific protective effects of GHS mediated by Ca2+ regulation, but also highlight recent findings of their therapeutic potential in pathological conditions characterized by skeletal or cardiac muscle impairment.
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de Castro GS, Simoes E, Lima JDCC, Ortiz-Silva M, Festuccia WT, Tokeshi F, Alcântara PS, Otoch JP, Coletti D, Seelaender M. Human Cachexia Induces Changes in Mitochondria, Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Skeletal Muscle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1264. [PMID: 31466311 PMCID: PMC6770124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass due to imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is related with poor prognosis and compromised quality of life. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with lower muscle strength and muscle atrophy in cancer patients, yet poorly described in human cachexia. We herein investigated mitochondrial morphology, autophagy and apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of patients with gastrointestinal cancer-associated cachexia (CC), as compared with a weight-stable cancer group (WSC). CC showed prominent weight loss and increased circulating levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower body mass index and decreased circulating hemoglobin, when compared to WSC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed an increase in intermyofibrillar mitochondrial area in CC, as compared to WSC. Relative gene expression of Fission 1, a protein related to mitochondrial fission, was increased in CC, as compared to WSC. LC3 II, autophagy-related (ATG) 5 and 7 essential proteins for autophagosome formation, presented higher content in the cachectic group. Protein levels of phosphorylated p53 (Ser46), activated caspase 8 (Asp384) and 9 (Asp315) were also increased in the skeletal muscle of CC. Overall, our results demonstrate that human cancer-associated cachexia leads to exacerbated muscle-stress response that may culminate in muscle loss, which is in part due to disruption of mitochondrial morphology, dysfunctional autophagy and increased apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing quantitative morphological alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria in cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna D C C Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Alcântara
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Coletti
- Department of Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A (CNRS UMR 8256-INSERM ERL U1164-UPMC P6), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Hall DT, Griss T, Ma JF, Sanchez BJ, Sadek J, Tremblay AMK, Mubaid S, Omer A, Ford RJ, Bedard N, Pause A, Wing SS, Di Marco S, Steinberg GR, Jones RG, Gallouzi IE. The AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), but not metformin, prevents inflammation-associated cachectic muscle wasting. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708307. [PMID: 29844217 PMCID: PMC6034131 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of AMPK has been associated with pro-atrophic signaling in muscle. However, AMPK also has anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting that in cachexia, a syndrome of inflammatory-driven muscle wasting, AMPK activation could be beneficial. Here we show that the AMPK agonist AICAR suppresses IFNγ/TNFα-induced atrophy, while the mitochondrial inhibitor metformin does not. IFNγ/TNFα impair mitochondrial oxidative respiration in myotubes and promote a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, similarly to metformin. In contrast, AICAR partially restored metabolic function. The effects of AICAR were prevented by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C and were reproduced with A-769662, a specific AMPK activator. AICAR and A-769662 co-treatment was found to be synergistic, suggesting that the anti-cachectic effects of these drugs are mediated through AMPK activation. AICAR spared muscle mass in mouse models of cancer and LPS induced atrophy. Together, our findings suggest a dual function for AMPK during inflammation-driven atrophy, wherein it can play a protective role when activated exogenously early in disease progression, but may contribute to anabolic suppression and atrophy when activated later through mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Takla Griss
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brenda Janice Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Marie K Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Souad Mubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bedard
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon S Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell G Jones
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imed-Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, College of Sciences and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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38
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Neyroud D, Nosacka RL, Judge AR, Hepple RT. Colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26)-induced cancer cachexia impairs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and content. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:59-65. [PMID: 30945134 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the impact of colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26)-induced cancer cachexia on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and content. Twelve male CD2F1 mice were injected with C26-cells (tumor bearing (TB) group), whereas 12 age-matched mice received PBS vehicle injection (non-tumor bearing (N-TB) group). Mitochondrial respiration was studied in saponin-permeabilized soleus myofibers. TB mice showed lower body weight (~ 20%) as well as lower soleus, gastrocnemius-plantaris complex and tibialis anterior masses versus N-TB mice (p < 0.05). Soleus maximal state III mitochondrial respiration was 20% lower (10 mM glutamate, 5 mM malate, 5 mM adenosine diphosphate; p < 0.05) and acceptor control ratio (state III/state II) was 15% lower in the TB vs. N-TB (p < 0.05), with the latter suggesting uncoupling. Lower VDAC protein content suggested reduced mitochondrial content in TB versus N-TB (p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle in C26-induced cancer cachexia exhibits reductions in: maximal mitochondrial respiration capacity, mitochondrial coupling and mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Neyroud
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Rachel L Nosacka
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Abstract
Alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism-particularly in skeletal muscle-are a key feature of cancer that contributes to the cachexia syndrome. Thus, skeletal muscle protein turnover is characterized by an exacerbated rate of protein degradation, promoted by an activation of different proteolytic systems that include the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagic-lysosomal pathways. These changes are promoted by both hormonal alterations and inflammatory mediators released as a result of the systemic inflammatory response induced by the tumor. Other events, such as alterations in the rate of myogenesis/apoptosis and decreased regeneration potential also affect skeletal muscle in patients with cancer. Mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and further contributes to the exacerbation of the cancer-wasting syndrome. Different inflammatory mediators-either released by the tumor or by the patient's healthy cells-are responsible for the activation of these catabolic processes that take place in skeletal muscle and in other tissues/organs, such as liver or adipose tissues. Indeed, white adipose tissue is also subject to extensive wasting and "browning" of some of the white adipocytes into beige cells; therefore increasing the energetic inefficiency of the patient with cancer. Recently, an interest in the role of micromRNAs-either free or transported into exosomes-has been related to the events that take place in white adipose tissue during cancer cachexia.
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40
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Beltrà M, De Lucia S, García Castillo L, Costelli P. The Skeletal Muscle as an Active Player Against Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30833900 PMCID: PMC6387914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of cachexia. This is a complex syndrome that markedly impacts on quality of life as well as on tolerance and response to anticancer treatments. Loss of body weight, wasting of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and reduced survival rates are among the main features of cachexia. Skeletal muscle wasting has been shown to depend, mainly at least, on the induction of protein degradation rates above physiological levels. Such hypercatabolic pattern is driven by overactivation of different intracellular proteolytic systems, among which those dependent on ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy. Selective rather than bulk degradation of altered proteins and organelles was also proposed to occur. Within the picture described above, the muscle is frequently considered a sort of by-stander tissue where external stimuli, directly or indirectly, can poise protein metabolism toward a catabolic setting. By contrast, several observations suggest that the muscle reacts to the wasting drive imposed by cancer growth by activating different compensatory strategies that include anabolic capacity, the activation of autophagy and myogenesis. Even if muscle response is eventually ill-fated, its occurrence supports the idea that in the presence of appropriate treatments the development of cancer-induced wasting might not be an ineluctable event in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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41
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Wilson HE, Rhodes KK, Rodriguez D, Chahal I, Stanton DA, Bohlen J, Davis M, Infante AM, Hazard-Jenkins H, Klinke DJ, Pugacheva EN, Pistilli EE. Human Breast Cancer Xenograft Model Implicates Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Signaling as Driver of Cancer-induced Muscle Fatigue. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2336-2347. [PMID: 30559167 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model would recapitulate the common clinical phenomenon of breast cancer-induced skeletal muscle (SkM) fatigue in the absence of muscle wasting. This study additionally sought to identify drivers of this condition to facilitate the development of therapeutic agents for patients with breast cancer experiencing muscle fatigue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight female BC-PDOX-bearing mice were produced via transplantation of tumor tissue from 8 female patients with breast cancer. Individual hind limb muscles from BC-PDOX mice were isolated at euthanasia for RNA-sequencing, gene and protein analyses, and an ex vivo muscle contraction protocol to quantify tumor-induced aberrations in SkM function. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the BC-PDOX mice relative to control mice were identified using DESeq2, and multiple bioinformatics platforms were employed to contextualize the DEGs. RESULTS We found that SkM from BC-PDOX-bearing mice showed greater fatigability than control mice, despite no differences in absolute muscle mass. PPAR, mTOR, IL6, IL1, and several other signaling pathways were implicated in the transcriptional changes observed in the BC-PDOX SkM. Moreover, 3 independent in silico analyses identified PPAR signaling as highly dysregulated in the SkM of both BC-PDOX-bearing mice and human patients with early-stage nonmetastatic breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that the BC-PDOX model recapitulates the expected breast cancer-induced SkM fatigue and further identify aberrant PPAR signaling as an integral factor in the pathology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Wilson
- MD/PhD Medical Scientist Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kacey K Rhodes
- Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ikttesh Chahal
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - David A Stanton
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joseph Bohlen
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mary Davis
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Aniello M Infante
- Genomics Core Facility, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Hannah Hazard-Jenkins
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - David J Klinke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. .,Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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42
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Cole CL, Kleckner IR, Jatoi A, Schwarz E, Dunne RF. The Role of Systemic Inflammation in Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting and Rationale for Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.17987/jcsm-cr.v3i2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia involves a process of dysregulated protein synthesis and breakdown. This catabolism may be the result of mal-nutrition, and an upregulation of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), which can subsequently increase myostatin and activin A release. The skeletal muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia is clinically significant, it can contribute to treatment toxicity or the premature discontinuation of treatments resulting in increases in morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a need for further investigation into the pathophysiology of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Several studies have identified a central role for chronic-systemic inflammation in initiating and perpetuating muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Interestingly, while exercise has shown efficacy in improving muscle quality, only recently have investigators begun to assess the impact that exercise has on chronic-systemic inflammation. To put this new information into context with established paradigms, here we review several biological pathways (e.g. dysfunctional inflammatory response, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, and increased myostatin/activin A activity) that may be responsible for the muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Additionally, we discuss the potential impact that exercise has on these pathways in the treatment of cancer cachexia. Exercise is an attractive intervention for muscle wasting in this population, partially because it disrupts chronic-systemic inflammation mediated catabolism. Most importantly, exercise is a potent stimulator of muscle synthesis, and therefore this therapy may reverse muscle damage caused by cancer cachexia.
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43
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Pin F, Barreto R, Kitase Y, Mitra S, Erne CE, Novinger LJ, Zimmers TA, Couch ME, Bonewald LF, Bonetto A. Growth of ovarian cancer xenografts causes loss of muscle and bone mass: a new model for the study of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:685-700. [PMID: 30009406 PMCID: PMC6104117 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia frequently occurs in women with advanced ovarian cancer (OC), along with enhanced inflammation. Despite being responsible for one third of all cancer deaths, cachexia is generally under-studied in OC due to a limited number of pre-clinical animal models. We aimed to address this gap by characterizing the cachectic phenotype in a mouse model of OC. METHODS Nod SCID gamma mice (n = 6-10) were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 107 ES-2 human OC cells to mimic disseminated abdominal disease. Muscle size and strength, as well as bone morphometry, were assessed. Tumour-derived effects on muscle fibres were investigated in C2C12 myotube cultures. IL-6 levels were detected in serum and ascites from tumour hosts, as well as in tumour sections. RESULTS In about 2 weeks, ES-2 cells developed abdominal tumours infiltrating omentum, mesentery, and adjacent organs. The ES-2 tumours caused severe cachexia with marked loss of body weight (-12%, P < 0.01) and ascites accumulation in the peritoneal cavity (4.7 ± 1.5 mL). Skeletal muscles appeared markedly smaller in the tumour-bearing mice (approximately -35%, P < 0.001). Muscle loss was accompanied by fibre atrophy, consistent with reduced muscle cross-sectional area (-34%, P < 0.01) and muscle weakness (-50%, P < 0.001). Body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed decreased bone mineral density (-8%, P < 0.01) and bone mineral content (-19%, P < 0.01), also consistent with reduced trabecular bone in both femurs and vertebrae, as suggested by micro-CT imaging of bone morphometry. In the ES-2 mouse model, cachexia was also associated with high tumour-derived IL-6 levels in plasma and ascites (26.3 and 279.6 pg/mL, respectively) and with elevated phospho-STAT3 (+274%, P < 0.001), reduced phospho-AKT (-44%, P < 0.001) and decreased mitochondrial proteins, as well as with increased protein ubiquitination (+42%, P < 0.001) and expression of ubiquitin ligases in the skeletal muscle of tumour hosts. Similarly, ES-2 conditioned medium directly induced fibre atrophy in C2C12 mouse myotubes (-16%, P < 0.001), consistent with elevated phospho-STAT3 (+1.4-fold, P < 0.001) and altered mitochondrial homoeostasis and metabolism, while inhibition of the IL-6/STAT3 signalling by means of INCB018424 was sufficient to restore the myotubes size. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the development of ES-2 OC promotes muscle atrophy in both in vivo and in vitro conditions, accompanied by loss of bone mass, enhanced muscle protein catabolism, abnormal mitochondrial homoeostasis, and elevated IL-6 levels. Therefore, this represents an appropriate model for the study of OC cachexia. Our model will aid in identifying molecular mediators that could be effectively targeted in order to improve muscle wasting associated with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Rafael Barreto
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Yukiko Kitase
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Sumegha Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
- Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Carlie E. Erne
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Leah J. Novinger
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and TherapyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Marion E. Couch
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and TherapyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and TherapyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and TherapyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA
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44
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van der Ende M, Grefte S, Plas R, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Keijer J, van Norren K. Mitochondrial dynamics in cancer-induced cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:137-150. [PMID: 30059724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced cachexia has a negative impact on quality of life and adversely affects therapeutic outcomes and survival rates. It is characterized by, often severe, loss of muscle, with or without loss of fat mass. Insight in the pathophysiology of this complex metabolic syndrome and direct treatment options are still limited, which creates a research demand. Results from recent studies point towards a significant involvement of muscle mitochondrial networks. However, data are scattered and a comprehensive overview is lacking. This paper aims to fill existing knowledge gaps by integrating published data sets on muscle protein or gene expression from cancer-induced cachexia animal models. To this end, a database was compiled from 94 research papers, comprising 11 different rodent models. This was combined with four genome-wide transcriptome datasets of cancer-induced cachexia rodent models. Analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion, fission, ATP production and mitochondrial density is decreased, while that of genes involved ROS detoxification and mitophagy is increased. Our results underline the relevance of including post-translational modifications of key proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning in future studies on cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Ende
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Plas
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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45
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Salazar-Degracia A, Busquets S, Argilés JM, Bargalló-Gispert N, López-Soriano FJ, Barreiro E. Effects of the beta 2 agonist formoterol on atrophy signaling, autophagy, and muscle phenotype in respiratory and limb muscles of rats with cancer-induced cachexia. Biochimie 2018; 149:79-91. [PMID: 29654866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass loss and wasting are characteristic features of patients with chronic conditions including cancer. Beta-adrenoceptors attenuate muscle wasting. We hypothesized that specific muscle atrophy signaling pathways and altered metabolism may be attenuated in cancer cachectic animals receiving treatment with the beta2 agonist formoterol. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of tumor-bearing rats (intraperitoneal inoculum, 108 AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells, 7-day study period) with and without treatment with formoterol (0.3 mg/kg body weight/day/7days, subcutaneous), atrophy signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK, FoxO), proteolytic markers (ligases, proteasome, ubiquitination), autophagy markers (p62, beclin-1, LC3), myostatin, apoptosis, muscle metabolism markers, and muscle structure features were analyzed (immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry). In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of cancer cachectic rats, fiber sizes were reduced, levels of structural alterations, atrophy signaling pathways, proteasome content, protein ubiquitination, autophagy, and myostatin were increased, while those of regenerative and metabolic markers (myoD, mTOR, AKT, and PGC-1alpha) were decreased. Formoterol treatment attenuated such alterations in both muscles. Muscle wasting in this rat model of cancer-induced cachexia was characterized by induction of significant structural alterations, atrophy signaling pathways, proteasome activity, apoptotic and autophagy markers, and myostatin, along with a significant decline in the expression of muscle regenerative and metabolic markers. Treatment of the cachectic rats with formoterol partly attenuated the structural alterations and atrophy signaling, while improving other molecular perturbations similarly in both respiratory and limb muscles. The results reported in this study have relevant therapeutic implications as they showed beneficial effects of the beta2 agonist formoterol in the cachectic muscles through several key biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salazar-Degracia
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló-Gispert
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Modulating Metabolism to Improve Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7153610. [PMID: 29785246 PMCID: PMC5896402 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7153610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is one of the main features of cancer cachexia, a multifactorial syndrome frequently occurring in oncologic patients. The onset of cachexia is associated with reduced tolerance and response to antineoplastic treatments, eventually leading to clinical conditions that are not compatible with survival. Among the mechanisms underlying cachexia, protein and energy dysmetabolism play a major role. In this regard, several potential treatments have been proposed, mainly on the basis of promising results obtained in preclinical models. However, at present, no treatment yet reached validation to be used in the clinical practice, although several drugs are currently tested in clinical trials for their ability to improve muscle metabolism in cancer patients. Along this line, the results obtained in both experimental and clinical studies clearly show that cachexia can be effectively approached by a multidirectional strategy targeting nutrition, inflammation, catabolism, and inactivity at the same time. In the present study, approaches aimed to modulate muscle metabolism in cachexia will be reviewed.
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47
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Barreto R, Waning DL, Gao H, Liu Y, Zimmers TA, Bonetto A. Chemotherapy-related cachexia is associated with mitochondrial depletion and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43442-43460. [PMID: 27259276 PMCID: PMC5190036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia affects the majority of cancer patients, with currently no effective treatments. Cachexia is defined by increased fatigue and loss of muscle function resulting from muscle and fat depletion. Previous studies suggest that chemotherapy may contribute to cachexia, although the causes responsible for this association are not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) associated with chemotherapy-related effects on body composition and muscle function. Normal mice were administered chemotherapy regimens used for the treatment of colorectal cancer, such as Folfox (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) or Folfiri (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) for 5 weeks. The animals that received chemotherapy exhibited concurrent loss of muscle mass and muscle weakness. Consistently with previous findings, muscle wasting was associated with up-regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. No changes in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis or in the expression of TGFβ-family members were detected. Further, marked decreases in mitochondrial content, associated with abnormalities at the sarcomeric level and with increase in the number of glycolytic fibers were observed in the muscle of mice receiving chemotherapy. Finally, ACVR2B/Fc or PD98059 prevented Folfiri-associated ERK1/2 activation and myofiber atrophy in C2C12 cultures. Our findings demonstrate that chemotherapy promotes MAPK-dependent muscle atrophy as well as mitochondrial depletion and alterations of the sarcomeric units. Therefore, these findings suggest that chemotherapy potentially plays a causative role in the occurrence of muscle loss and weakness. Moreover, the present observations provide a strong rationale for testing ACVR2B/Fc or MEK1 inhibitors in combination with anticancer drugs as novel strategies aimed at preventing chemotherapy-associated muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David L Waning
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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48
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Salazar-Degracia A, Busquets S, Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Barreiro E. Formoterol attenuates increased oxidative stress and myosin protein loss in respiratory and limb muscles of cancer cachectic rats. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4109. [PMID: 29255650 PMCID: PMC5732544 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle mass loss and wasting are characteristic features of patients with chronic conditions including cancer. Therapeutic options are still scarce. We hypothesized that cachexia-induced muscle oxidative stress may be attenuated in response to treatment with beta2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist formoterol in rats. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of tumor-bearing rats (108 AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells inoculated intraperitoneally) with and without treatment with formoterol (0.3 mg/kg body weight/day for seven days, daily subcutaneous injection), redox balance (protein oxidation and nitration and antioxidants) and muscle proteins (1-dimensional immunoblots), carbonylated proteins (2-dimensional immunoblots), inflammatory cells (immunohistochemistry), and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex activities were explored. In the gastrocnemius, but not the diaphragm, of cancer cachectic rats compared to the controls, protein oxidation and nitration levels were increased, several functional and structural proteins were carbonylated, and in both study muscles, myosin content was reduced, inflammatory cell counts were greater, while no significant differences were seen in MRC complex activities (I, II, and IV). Treatment of cachectic rats with formoterol attenuated all the events in both respiratory and limb muscles. In this in vivo model of cancer-cachectic rats, the diaphragm is more resistant to oxidative stress. Formoterol treatment attenuated the rise in oxidative stress in the limb muscles, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the loss of myosin content seen in both study muscles, whereas no effects were observed in the MRC complex activities. These findings have therapeutic implications as they demonstrate beneficial effects of the beta2 agonist through decreased protein oxidation and inflammation in cachectic muscles, especially the gastrocnemius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salazar-Degracia
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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49
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VanderVeen BN, Hardee JP, Fix DK, Carson JA. Skeletal muscle function during the progression of cancer cachexia in the male Apc Min/+ mouse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:684-695. [PMID: 29122966 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00897.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting has been widely investigated, the drivers of cancer-induced muscle functional decrements are only beginning to be understood. Decreased muscle function impacts cancer patient quality of life and health status, and several potential therapeutics have failed in clinical trials due to a lack of functional improvement. Furthermore, systemic inflammation and intrinsic inflammatory signaling's role in the cachectic disruption of muscle function requires further investigation. We examined skeletal muscle functional properties during cancer cachexia and determined their relationship to systemic and intrinsic cachexia indices. Male ApcMin/+ (MIN) mice were stratified by percent body weight loss into weight stable (WS; <5% loss) or cachectic (CX; >5% loss). Age-matched C57BL/6 littermates served as controls. Tibialis anterior (TA) twitch properties, tetanic force, and fatigability were examined in situ. TA protein and mRNA expression were examined in the nonstimulated leg. CX decreased muscle mass, tetanic force (Po), and specific tetanic force (sPo). Whole body and muscle fatigability were increased in WS and CX. CX had slower contraction rates, +dP/d t and -dP/d t, which were inversely associated with muscle signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3) and p65 activation. STAT3 and p65 activation were also inversely associated with Po. However, STAT3 was not related to sPo or fatigue. Muscle suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 mRNA expression was negatively associated with TA weight, Po, and sPo but not fatigue. Our study demonstrates that multiple functional deficits that occur with cancer cachexia are associated with increased muscle inflammatory signaling. Notably, muscle fatigability is increased in the MIN mouse before cachexia development. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent studies have identified decrements in skeletal muscle function during cachexia. We have extended these studies by directly relating decrements in muscle function to established cachexia indices. Our results demonstrate that a slow-fatigable contractile phenotype is developed during the progression of cachexia that coincides with increased muscle inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, regression analysis identified predictors of cancer-induced muscle dysfunction. Last, we report the novel finding that whole body and muscle fatigability were increased before cachexia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N VanderVeen
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
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50
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Barreto R, Kitase Y, Matsumoto T, Pin F, Colston KC, Couch KE, O'Connell TM, Couch ME, Bonewald LF, Bonetto A. ACVR2B/Fc counteracts chemotherapy-induced loss of muscle and bone mass. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14470. [PMID: 29089584 PMCID: PMC5665981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy promotes the development of cachexia, a debilitating condition characterized by muscle and fat loss. ACVR2B/Fc, an inhibitor of the Activin Receptor 2B signaling, has been shown to preserve muscle mass and prolong survival in tumor hosts, and to increase bone mass in models of osteogenesis imperfecta and muscular dystrophy. We compared the effects of ACVR2B/Fc on muscle and bone mass in mice exposed to Folfiri. In addition to impairing muscle mass and function, Folfiri had severe negative effects on bone, as shown by reduced trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), thickness (Tb.Th), number (Tb.N), connectivity density (Conn.Dn), and by increased separation (Tb.Sp) in trabecular bone of the femur and vertebra. ACVR2B/Fc prevented the loss of muscle mass and strength, and the loss of trabecular bone in femurs and vertebrae following Folfiri administration. Neither Folfiri nor ACVR2B/Fc had effects on femoral cortical bone, as shown by unchanged cortical bone volume fraction (Ct.BV/TV), thickness (Ct.Th) and porosity. Our results suggest that Folfiri is responsible for concomitant muscle and bone degeneration, and that ACVR2B/Fc prevents these derangements. Future studies are required to determine if the same protective effects are observed in combination with other anticancer regimens or in the presence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yukiko Kitase
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tsutomu Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kyra C Colston
- Indianapolis Project STEM, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Katherine E Couch
- Indianapolis Project STEM, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Marion E Couch
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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