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Han Q, He J, Bai L, Huang Y, Chen B, Li Z, Xu M, Liu Q, Wang S, Wen N, Zhang J, Guo B, Yin Z. Injectable Bioadhesive Photocrosslinkable Hydrogels with Sustained Release of Kartogenin to Promote Chondrogenic Differentiation and Partial-Thickness Cartilage Defects Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303255. [PMID: 38253413 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Partial-thickness cartilage defect (PTCD) is a common and formidable clinical challenge without effective therapeutic approaches. The inherent anti-adhesive characteristics of the extracellular matrix within cartilage pose a significant impediment to the integration of cells or biomaterials with the native cartilage during cartilage repair. Here, an injectable photocrosslinked bioadhesive hydrogel, consisting of gelatin methacryloyl (GM), acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid-g-N-hydroxysuccinimide (AN), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres loaded with kartogenin (KGN) (abbreviated as GM/AN/KGN hydrogel), is designed to enhance interfacial integration and repair of PTCD. After injected in situ at the irregular defect, a stable and robust hydrogel network is rapidly formed by ultraviolet irradiation, and it can be quickly and tightly adhered to native cartilage through amide bonds. The hydrogel exhibits good adhesion strength up to 27.25 ± 1.22 kPa by lap shear strength experiments. The GM/AN/KGN hydrogel demonstrates good adhesion, low swelling, resistance to fatigue, biocompatibility, and chondrogenesis properties in vitro. A rat model with PTCD exhibits restoration of a smoother surface, stable seamless integration, and abundant aggrecan and type II collagen production. The injectable stable adhesive hydrogel with long-term chondrogenic differentiation capacity shows great potential to facilitate repair of PTCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiahui He
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Baojun Chen
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Meiguang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Nuanyang Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhanhai Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Di Gioia M, Zanoni I. Dooming Phagocyte Responses: Inflammatory Effects of Endogenous Oxidized Phospholipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:626842. [PMID: 33790857 PMCID: PMC8005915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.626842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous oxidized phospholipids are produced during tissue stress and are responsible for sustaining inflammatory responses in immune as well as non-immune cells. Their local and systemic production and accumulation is associated with the etiology and progression of several inflammatory diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the biological activities of these oxidized phospholipids remain elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the ability of these stress mediators to modulate cellular metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and to alter the activation and polarization of these cells. Because these immune cells serve a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ function, understanding how endogenous oxidized lipids reshape phagocyte biology and function is vital for designing clinical tools and interventions for preventing, slowing down, or resolving chronic inflammatory disorders that are driven by phagocyte dysfunction. Here, we discuss the metabolic and signaling processes elicited by endogenous oxidized lipids and outline new hypotheses and models to elucidate the impact of these lipids on phagocytes and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Gioia
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ivan Zanoni,
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3
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Lewandowska H, Kalinowska M. New Polyphenol-Containing LDL Nano-Preparations in Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: A Potential Route for Cell-Targeted PP Delivery. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225106. [PMID: 33198280 PMCID: PMC7696759 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) preparations of the chosen polyphenols (PPs) were prepared for the first time in the literature. The solubility of the PPs in the lipidic core of the LDL increased with the increase of their lipophilicity. The anti-/pro-oxidative properties and toxicity of LDL-entrapped PPs toward A 2780 human ovarian cancer cells were examined. The obtained preparations were found to be stable in PBS, and characterized by low toxicity. A binding affinity study revealed that the uptake of PP-loaded LDL particles is non-receptor-specific under experimental conditions. The antioxidative potential of the obtained PPs-doped LDL preparations was shown to be higher than for the PPs themselves, probably due to facilitating transport of LDL preparations into the cellular milieu, where they can interact with the cellular systems and change the redox status of the cell. The PPs-loaded LDL displayed the highest protective effect against Fenton-type reaction induced oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lewandowska
- Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna St., 03195 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225-041-084
| | - Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15351 Bialystok, Poland;
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Dias IHK, Milic I, Heiss C, Ademowo OS, Polidori MC, Devitt A, Griffiths HR. Inflammation, Lipid (Per)oxidation, and Redox Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:166-190. [PMID: 31989835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation increases during the aging process. It is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondrial macromolecules are critical targets of oxidative damage; they contribute to respiratory uncoupling with increased ROS production, redox stress, and a cycle of senescence, cytokine production, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting the formation or accumulation of oxidized biomolecules, particularly oxidized lipids, in immune cells and mitochondria could be beneficial for age-related inflammation and comorbidities. Recent Advances: Inflammation is central to age-related decline in health and exhibits a complex relationship with mitochondrial redox state and metabolic function. Improvements in mass spectrometric methods have led to the identification of families of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), cholesterols, and fatty acids that increase during inflammation and which modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activator protein 1 (AP1), and NF-κB redox-sensitive transcription factor activity. Critical Issues: The kinetic and spatial resolution of the modified lipidome has profound and sometimes opposing effects on inflammation, promoting initiation at high concentration and resolution at low concentration of OxPLs. Future Directions: There is an emerging opportunity to prevent or delay age-related inflammation and vascular comorbidity through a resolving (oxy)lipidome that is dependent on improving mitochondrial quality control and restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Milic
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Heiss
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Opeyemi S Ademowo
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Polidori
- Ageing Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Cologne Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and CECAD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Different pro-angiogenic potential of γ-irradiated PBMC-derived secretome and its subfractions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18016. [PMID: 30573762 PMCID: PMC6301954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretomes from various cell sources exert strong regenerative activities on numerous organs, including the skin. Although secretomes consist of many diverse components, a growing body of evidence suggests that small extracellular vesicles (EVs) account for their regenerative capacity. We previously demonstrated that the secretome of γ-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exhibits wound healing capacity. Therefore, we sought to dissect the molecular composition of EVs present in the secretome and compared wound healing-related activities of these EVs to other subfractions of the secretome and the fully supplemented secretome (MNCaposec). Compared to EVs derived from non-irradiated PBMCs, γ-irradiation significantly increased the size and number and changed the composition of released EVs. Detailed characterization of the molecular components of EVs, i.e. miRNA, proteins, and lipids, derived from irradiated PBMCs revealed a strong association with regenerative processes. Reporter gene assays and aortic ring sprouting assays revealed diminished activity of the subfractions compared to MNCaposec. In addition, we showed that MNCaposec accelerated wound closure in a diabetic mouse model. Taken together, our results suggest that secretome-based wound healing represents a promising new therapeutic avenue, and strongly recommend using the complete secretome instead of purified subfractions, such as EVs, to exploit its full regenerative capacity.
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Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Oskolkova O, Bochkov VN, Latreille J, Fedorova M, Ni Z, Sialana FJ, Lubec G, Filzwieser M, Laggner M, Bilban M, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Grillari J, Gruber F. A novel role for NUPR1 in the keratinocyte stress response to UV oxidized phospholipids. Redox Biol 2018; 20:467-482. [PMID: 30466060 PMCID: PMC6243031 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light is the dominant environmental oxidative skin stressor and a major skin aging factor. We studied which oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) mediators would be generated in primary human keratinocytes (KC) upon exposure to ultraviolet A light (UVA) and investigated the contribution of OxPL to UVA responses. Mass spectrometric analysis immediately or 24 h post UV stress revealed significant changes in abundance of 173 and 84 lipid species, respectively. We identified known and novel lipid species including known bioactive and also potentially reactive carbonyl containing species. We found indication for selective metabolism and degradation of selected reactive lipids. Exposure to both UVA and to in vitro UVA - oxidized phospholipids activated, on transcriptome and proteome level, NRF2/antioxidant response signaling, lipid metabolizing enzyme expression and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. We identified NUPR1 as an upstream regulator of UVA/OxPL transcriptional stress responses and found this protein to be expressed in the epidermis. Silencing of NUPR1 resulted in augmented expression of antioxidant and lipid detoxification genes and disturbed the cell cycle, making it a potential key factor in skin reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses intimately involved in aging and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julie Latreille
- Department of Biology & Women's Beauty, Chanel, Pantin, France
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhixu Ni
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel Filzwieser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria.
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7
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Gesslbauer B, Kuerzl D, Valpatic N, Bochkov VN. Unbiased Identification of Proteins Covalently Modified by Complex Mixtures of Peroxidized Lipids Using a Combination of Electrophoretic Mobility Band Shift with Mass Spectrometry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090116. [PMID: 30200198 PMCID: PMC6162613 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of functionally important cell proteins by lipid oxidation products (LOPs) is a known mechanism initiating pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Identification of new proteins covalently modified by electrophilic lipids can be performed by a combination of chemical, immunological, and mass spectrometry-based methods, but requires prior knowledge either on the exact molecular structure of LOPs (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal) or candidate protein targets. However, under the conditions of oxidative stress in vivo, a complex mixture of proteins (e.g., cytosolic proteome) reacts with a complex mixture of LOPs. Here we describe a method for detection of lipid-modified proteins that does not require an a priori knowledge on the chemical structure of LOPs or identity of target proteins. The method is based on the change of electrophoretic mobility of lipid-modified proteins, which is induced by conformational changes and cross-linking with other proteins. Abnormally migrating proteins are detected by mass spectrometry-based protein peptide sequencing. We applied this method to study effects of oxidized palmitoyl-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) on endothelial cells. Several known, but also many new, OxPAPC-binding proteins were identified. We expect that this technically relatively simple method can be widely applied for label-free analysis of lipid-protein interactions in complex protein samples treated with different LOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David Kuerzl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Niko Valpatic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Lewandowska H, Stępkowski TM, Męczyńska-Wielgosz S, Sikorska K, Sadło J, Dudek J, Kruszewski M. LDL dinitrosyl iron complex acts as an iron donor in mouse macrophages. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 188:29-37. [PMID: 30119015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
[Fe(NO)2] - modified nanoparticles of low-density protein (DNICLDL) can serve as conveyors of iron in the form of stable complexes with ApoB100 protein. As reported recently, in human hepatoma cells DNICLDL significantly increased the total iron content, while showing low toxicity. In the present work, we focused on the effects of internalization of DNIC-modified lipoproteins in macrophages, with special regards to cytotoxicity. DNICLDL was administered to a model macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Administration of DNICLDL considerably increased total iron content. High increase of iron was accompanied by moderate toxicity. As shown by in vitro plasmid nicking assay, chelation of iron in the form of DNIC strongly reduced the iron-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) -induced DNA damage. In addition, DNICLDL, plausibly due to its NO-donating activity, did not induce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, as opposed to other forms of low-density protein (LDL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lewandowska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz M Stępkowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Centre of New Technologies UW, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sadło
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dudek
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, ul. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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9
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OLR1 scavenger receptor knockdown affects mitotic gene expression but is dispensable for oxidized phospholipid- mediated stress signaling in SZ 95 sebocytes. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 172:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Serbulea V, DeWeese D, Leitinger N. The effect of oxidized phospholipids on phenotypic polarization and function of macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:156-168. [PMID: 28232205 PMCID: PMC5511074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids are products of lipid oxidation that are found on oxidized low-density lipoproteins and apoptotic cell membranes. These biologically active lipids were shown to affect a variety of cell types and attributed pro-as well as anti-inflammatory effects. In particular, macrophages exposed to oxidized phospholipids drastically change their gene expression pattern and function. These 'Mox,'macrophages were identified in atherosclerotic lesions, however, it remains unclear how lipid oxidation products are sensed by macrophages and how they influence their biological function. Here, we review recent developments in the field that provide insight into the structure, recognition, and downstream signaling of oxidized phospholipids in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Dory DeWeese
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, USA
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Vogl F, Humpolícková J, Amaro M, Koller D, Köfeler H, Zenzmaier E, Hof M, Hermetter A. Role of protein kinase C δ in apoptotic signaling of oxidized phospholipids in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:320-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Nusshold C, Üllen A, Kogelnik N, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Plastira I, Glasnov T, Zangger K, Rechberger G, Kollroser M, Fauler G, Wolinski H, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Kohlwein SD, Couraud PO, Malle E, Sattler W. Assessment of electrophile damage in a human brain endothelial cell line utilizing a clickable alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanal. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:59-74. [PMID: 26577177 PMCID: PMC6392177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes aggravate brain damage by releasing cytotoxic mediators that compromise blood-brain barrier function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system. The reaction of HOCl with the endogenous plasmalogen pool of brain endothelial cells results in the generation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a toxic, lipid-derived electrophile that induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vivo. Here, we synthesized an alkynyl-analog of 2-ClHDA, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA) to identify potential protein targets in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Similar to 2-ClHDA, 2-ClHDyA administration reduced cell viability/metabolic activity, induced processing of pro-caspase-3 and PARP, and led to endothelial barrier dysfunction at low micromolar concentrations. Protein-2-ClHDyA adducts were fluorescently labeled with tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in situ, which unveiled a preferential accumulation of 2-ClHDyA adducts in mitochondria, the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomes. Thirty-three proteins that are subject to 2-ClHDyA-modification in hCMEC/D3 cells were identified by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins include cytoskeletal components that are central to tight junction patterning, metabolic enzymes, induction of the oxidative stress response, and electrophile damage to the caveolar/endosomal Rab machinery. A subset of the targets was validated by a combination of N3-TAMRA click chemistry and specific antibodies by fluorescence microscopy. This novel alkyne analog is a valuable chemical tool to identify cellular organelles and protein targets of 2-ClHDA-mediated damage in settings where myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants may play a disease-propagating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Rechberger
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria; OMICS-Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | | | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
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Toxicity of oxidized phosphatidylcholines in cultured human melanoma cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 189:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sottero B, Gargiulo S, Russo I, Barale C, Poli G, Cavalot F. Postprandial Dysmetabolism and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:968-1031. [PMID: 25943420 DOI: 10.1002/med.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial dysmetabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is known to impact the progression and evolution of this complex disease process. However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms still require full elucidation to provide guidance for disease prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the marked redox changes and inflammatory stimuli provoked by the spike in blood glucose and lipids in T2D individuals after meals. All the causes of exacerbated postprandial oxidative stress in T2D were analyzed, also considering the consequence of enhanced inflammation on vascular damage. Based on this in-depth analysis, current strategies of prevention and pharmacologic management of T2D were critically reexamined with particular emphasis on their potential redox-related rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Cristina Barale
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Franco Cavalot
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
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15
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Koller D, Hackl H, Bogner-Strauß JG, Hermetter A. Effects of oxidized phospholipids on gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages: a microarray study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110486. [PMID: 25333283 PMCID: PMC4204898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) are components of oxidized LDL (oxLDL). It is known that oxLDL activates expression of a series of atherogenic genes and their oxPLs contribute to their biological activities. In this study we present the effects of 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) on gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages using cDNA microarrays. PGPC affected the regulation of 146 genes, whereas POVPC showed only very minor effects. PGPC preferentially influenced expression of genes related to cell death, angiogenesis, cholesterol efflux, procoagulant mechanisms, atherogenesis, inflammation, and cell cycle. Many of these effects are known from studies with oxLDL or oxidized 1-hexadecanoyl-2-eicosatetra-5′,8′,11′,14′-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxPAPC), containing PGPC in addition to other oxPL species. It is known that POVPC efficiently reacts with proteins by Schiff base formation, whereas PGPC only physically interacts with its biological targets. POVPC seems to affect cell physiology to a great extent on the protein level, whereas PGPC gives rise to both the modulation of protein function and regulation on the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mozzini C, Fratta Pasini A, Garbin U, Stranieri C, Pasini A, Vallerio P, Cominacini L. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nrf2 repression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:178-85. [PMID: 24373961 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Insults interfering with ER function lead to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER that initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR). When the UPR fails to control the level of unfolded and misfolded proteins, ER-initiated apoptotic signaling is induced. We evaluated: (1) the UPR and ER-initiated apoptotic signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients; (2) PBMC content of oxidation products of phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (oxPAPC); (3) the possible origin of oxPAPC in PBMCs; and (4) the expression of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant-related element (ARE), a cellular defense mechanism. Twenty-nine CAD patients and 28 matched controls were enrolled. Expression of glucose-regulated protein 78kDa (GRP78/BiP), as a representative of the UPR, and of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), as a representative of ER apoptosis, was significantly higher in CAD than in controls (p<0.01). Concentrations of oxPAPC in PBMCs, in plasma, and in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly higher in CAD compared to controls (p<0.01). The oxPAPC in PBMCs may derive from circulating ox-LDL. Nrf2/ARE gene expression and circulating and cellular glutathione were significantly lower in CAD compared to controls (p<0.01). In in vitro studies, increasing amounts of oxPAPC induced a dose-dependent increase in CHOP and apoptosis-related protein expression (p<0.01) and a progressive decrease in Nrf2/ARE gene expression (p<0.01). In PBMCs of CAD patients there is an activation of the UPR and ER-initiated apoptotic signaling, possibly related to an abnormal concentration of oxPAPC in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mozzini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Fratta Pasini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ulisse Garbin
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Stranieri
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Vallerio
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luciano Cominacini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Khandelia H, Loubet B, Olzyńska A, Jurkiewicz P, Hof M. Pairing of cholesterol with oxidized phospholipid species in lipid bilayers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:639-647. [PMID: 24795978 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We claim that (1) cholesterol protects bilayers from disruption caused by lipid oxidation by sequestering conical shaped oxidized lipid species such as 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PZPC) away from phospholipid, because cholesterol and the oxidized lipid have complementary shapes and (2) mixtures of cholesterol and oxidized lipids can self-assemble into bilayers much like lysolipid–cholesterol mixtures. The evidence for bilayer protection comes from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Unimodal size distributions of extruded vesicles (LUVETs) made up of a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and PZPC containing high amounts of PZPC are only obtained when cholesterol is present in high concentrations. In simulations, bilayers containing high amounts of PZPC become porous, unless cholesterol is also present. The protective effect of cholesterol on oxidized lipids has been observed previously using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron microscopy imaging of vesicles. The evidence for the pairing of cholesterol and PZPC comes mainly from correlated 2-D density and thickness plots from simulations, which show that these two molecules co-localize in bilayers. Further evidence that the two molecules can cohabitate comes from self-assembly simulations, where we show that cholesterol-oxidized lipid mixtures can form lamellar phases at specific concentrations, reminiscent of lysolipid–cholesterol mixtures. The additivity of the packing parameters of cholesterol and PZPC explains their cohabitation in a planar bilayer. Oxidized lipids are ubiquitously present in significant amounts in high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) particles, diseased tissues, and in model phospholipid mixtures containing polyunsaturated lipids. Therefore, our hypothesis has important consequences for cellular cholesterol trafficking; diseases related to oxidized lipids, and to biophysical studies of phase behaviour of cholesterol-containing phospholipid mixtures.
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Abstract
Chemical atherogenesis is an emerging field that describes how environmental pollutants and endogenous toxins perturb critical pathways that regulate lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus injuring cells found within the vessel wall. Despite growing awareness of the role of environmental pollutants in the development of cardiovascular disease, the field of chemical atherogenesis can broadly include both exogenous and endogenous poisons and the study of molecular, biochemical, and cellular pathways that become dysregulated during atherosclerosis. This integrated approach is logical because exogenous and endogenous toxins often share the same mechanism of toxicity. Chemical atherogenesis is a truly integrative discipline because it incorporates concepts from several different fields, including biochemistry, chemical biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. This review will provide an overview of this emerging research area, focusing on cellular and animal models of disease.
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Halasiddappa LM, Koefeler H, Futerman AH, Hermetter A. Oxidized phospholipids induce ceramide accumulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of ceramide synthases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70002. [PMID: 23936132 PMCID: PMC3729465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), including 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) are among several biologically active derivatives that are generated during oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These OxPLs are factors contributing to pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized LDLs (OxLDLs), including inflammation, proliferation and death of vascular cells. OxLDL also elicits formation of the lipid messenger ceramide (Cer) which plays a pivotal role in apoptotic signaling pathways. Here we report that both PGPC and POVPC are cytotoxic to cultured macrophages and induce apoptosis in these cells which is associated with increased cellular ceramide levels after several hours. In addition, exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to POVPC and PGPC under the same conditions resulted in a significant increase in ceramide synthase activity, whereas, acid or neutral sphingomyelinase activities were not affected. PGPC is not only more toxic than POVPC, but also a more potent inducer of ceramide formation by activating a limited subset of CerS isoforms. The stimulated CerS activities are in line with the C16-, C22-, and C24:0-Cer species that are generated under the influence of the OxPL. Fumonisin B1, a specific inhibitor of CerS, suppressed OxPL-induced ceramide generation, demonstrating that OxPL-induced CerS activity in macrophages is responsible for the accumulation of ceramide. OxLDL elicits the same cellular ceramide and CerS effects. Thus, it is concluded that PGPC and POVPC are active components that contribute to the capacity of this lipoprotein to elevate ceramide levels in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingaraju M. Halasiddappa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harald Koefeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Hermetter A, Kopec W, Khandelia H. Conformations of double-headed, triple-tailed phospholipid oxidation lipid products in model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1700-6. [PMID: 23567918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Products of phospholipid oxidation can produce lipids with a carbonyl moiety at the end of a shortened lipid acyl tail, such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC). The carbonyl tail of POVPC can covalently bond to the free tertiary amine of a phosphatidylethanolamine lipid in a Schiff base reaction to form a conjugate lipid (SCH) with two head groups, and three acyl tails. We investigate the conformations and properties of this unique class of adduct lipids using molecular dynamics simulations, and show that their insertion into lipid bilayers of POPC increases the average cross-sectional area per lipid and decreases bilayer thickness. Significant increase in acyl tail fluidity is only observed at 25% SCH concentration. The SCH occupies a larger area per lipid than expected for a lipid with three acyl tails, owing to the interfacial location of the long spacer between the two head groups of the SCH. Schiff base formation of lipids can alter the concentration, homeostasis and localizations of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanol lipids in membranes, and can therefore influence several membrane-associated processes including fusion and budding. The current work provides the first detailed structural model of this unique new class of lipids that may have important roles to play in modulating membrane properties and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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21
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Stemmer U, Dunai ZA, Koller D, Pürstinger G, Zenzmaier E, Deigner HP, Aflaki E, Kratky D, Hermetter A. Toxicity of oxidized phospholipids in cultured macrophages. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:110. [PMID: 22958747 PMCID: PMC3533736 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interactions of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and macrophages are hallmarks in the development of atherosclerosis. The biological activities of the modified particle in these cells are due to the content of lipid oxidation products and apolipoprotein modification by oxidized phospholipids. Results It was the aim of this study to determine the role of short-chain oxidized phospholipids as components of modified LDL in cultured macrophages. For this purpose we investigated the effects of the following oxidized phospholipids on cell viability and apoptosis: 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) and oxidized alkylacyl phospholipids including 1-O-hexadecyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (E-PGPC) and 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (E-POVPC). We found that these compounds induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages. The sn-2 carboxyacyl lipid PGPC was more toxic than POVPC which carries a reactive aldehyde function in position sn-2 of glycerol. The alkylacyl phospholipids (E-PGPC and E-POVPC) and the respective diacyl analogs show similar activities. Apoptosis induced by POVPC and its alkylether derivative could be causally linked to the fast activation of an acid sphingomyelinase, generating the apoptotic second messenger ceramide. In contrast, PGPC and its ether analog only negligibly affected this enzyme pointing to an entirely different mechanism of lipid toxicity. The higher toxicity of PGPC is underscored by more efficient membrane blebbing from apoptotic cells. In addition, the protein pattern of PGPC-induced microparticles is different from the vesicles generated by POPVC. Conclusions In summary, our data reveal that oxidized phospholipids induce apoptosis in cultured macrophages. The mechanism of lipid toxicity, however, largely depends on the structural features of the oxidized sn-2 chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Stemmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Thimmulappa RK, Gang X, Kim JH, Sussan TE, Witztum JL, Biswal S. Oxidized phospholipids impair pulmonary antibacterial defenses: evidence in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:253-9. [PMID: 22935414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with COPD are associated with poor pulmonary anti-bacterial innate defenses, which increase the risk for frequent acute exacerbations caused by bacterial infection. Despite elevated numbers of phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), airways of patients with COPD show stable bacterial colonization. A defect in the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages (AMs) is one of the primary reasons for failure to clear the invading bacteria in airways of smokers and COPD patients and also in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Oxidative stress, as a result of CS exposure is implicated; however, the factors or mediators that inhibit phagocytic activity of AMs in lungs of smokers remain unclear. In the current study, we provide evidence that accumulation of oxidized phospholipids (Ox-PLs) mediate inhibition of phagocytic function of AMs in CS-exposed mice. Mice exposed to 6months of CS showed impaired bacterial phagocytosis and clearance by AMs and elevated levels of Ox-PLs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), compared to mice exposed to room air. Intratracheal instillation of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OX-PAPC) inhibited phagocytic activity of AMs and impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance in mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that exposure of J774 macrophages to OX-PAPC inhibited bacterial phagocytosis and clearance. However, pre-treatment of OX-PAPC with the monoclonal antibody EO6, which specifically binds to oxidized phospholipid but not native phospholipid, abolished OX-PAPC induced inhibition of bacterial phagocytosis and clearance. Incubation of BALF retrieved from CS-exposed mice impaired bacterial phagocytosis by J774 macrophages, which was abolished by pre-treatment of BALF with the EO6 antibody. In conclusion, our study shows that Ox-PLs generated following chronic CS exposure could play a crucial role in inhibiting phagocytic function of AMs and thus impair pulmonary anti-bacterial innate defenses in CS-exposed mice. Therapeutic approaches that augment pulmonary antioxidant defenses could be beneficial in reducing oxidative stress-driven impairment of phagocytosis by AMs in smokers and COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Thimmulappa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Stemmer U, Hermetter A. Protein modification by aldehydophospholipids and its functional consequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2436-45. [PMID: 22450235 PMCID: PMC3790970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid aldehydes represent a particular subclass of lipid oxidation products. They are chemically reactive and can form Schiff bases with proteins and aminophospholipids. As chemically bound molecular entities they modulate the functional properties of biomolecules in solution and the surface of supramolecular systems including plasma lipoproteins and cell membranes. The lipid-protein and lipid-lipid conjugates may be considered the active primary platforms that are responsible for the biological effects of aldehydophospholipids, e.g. receptor binding, cell signaling, and recognition by the immune system. Despite the fact that aldehydophospholipids are covalently associated, they are subject to exchange between nucleophiles since their imine conjugates are not stable. As a consequence, aldehydophospholipids exist in a dynamic equilibrium between different "states" depending on the lipid and protein environment. Aldehydophospholipids may also contribute to the systemic administration and activity of oxidized phospholipids by inducing release of microparticles by cells. These effects are lipid-specific. Future studies should help clarify the mechanisms and consequences of these membrane-associated effects of "phospholipid stress". This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids-their properties and interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Stemmer
- Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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