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Sen MG, Sanislav O, Fisher PR, Annesley SJ. The Multifaceted Interactions of Dictyostelium Atg1 with Mitochondrial Function, Endocytosis, Growth, and Development. Cells 2024; 13:1191. [PMID: 39056773 PMCID: PMC11274416 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative recycling process central to the maintenance of homeostasis in all eukaryotes. By ensuring the degradation of damaged mitochondria, it plays a key role in maintaining mitochondrial health and function. Of the highly conserved autophagy proteins, autophagy-related protein 1 (Atg1) is essential to the process. The involvement of these proteins in intracellular signalling pathways, including those involving mitochondrial function, are still being elucidated. Here the role of Atg1 was investigated in the simple model organism Dictyostelium discoideum using an atg1 null mutant and mutants overexpressing or antisense-inhibiting atg1. When evaluated against the well-characterised outcomes of mitochondrial dysfunction in this model, altered atg1 expression resulted in an unconventional set of phenotypic outcomes in growth, endocytosis, multicellular development, and mitochondrial homeostasis. The findings here show that Atg1 is involved in a tightly regulated signal transduction pathway coordinating energy-consuming processes such as cell growth and multicellular development, along with nutrient status and energy production. Furthermore, Atg1's effects on energy homeostasis indicate a peripheral ancillary role in the mitochondrial signalling network, with effects on energy balance rather than direct effects on electron transport chain function. Further research is required to tease out these complex networks. Nevertheless, this study adds further evidence to the theory that autophagy and mitochondrial signalling are not opposing but rather linked, yet strictly controlled, homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Jane Annesley
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia; (M.G.S.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
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Bi K, Wang W, Tang D, Shi Z, Tian S, Huang L, Lian J, Xu Z. Engineering sub-organelles of a diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enhance the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Metab Eng 2024; 84:169-179. [PMID: 38936763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is widely present in various organisms and is an important precursor of vitamin D3. Despite significant improvements in the biosynthesis of 7-DHC, it remains insufficient to meet the industrial demands. In this study, we reported high-level production of 7-DHC in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae leveraging subcellular organelles. Initially, the copy numbers of DHCR24 were increased in combination with sterol transcriptional factor engineering and rebalanced the redox power of the strain. Subsequently, the effects of compartmentalizing the post-squalene pathway in peroxisomes were validated by assembling various pathway modules in this organelle. Furthermore, several peroxisomes engineering was conducted to enhance the production of 7-DHC. Utilizing the peroxisome as a vessel for partial post-squalene pathways, the potential of yeast for 7-dehydrocholesterol production was demonstrated by achieving a 26-fold increase over the initial production level. 7-DHC titer reached 640.77 mg/L in shake flasks and 4.28 g/L in a 10 L bench-top fermentor, the highest titer ever reported. The present work lays solid foundation for large-scale and cost-effective production of 7-DHC for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhuwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Wang J, Zou J, Shi Y, Zeng N, Guo D, Wang H, Zhao C, Luan F, Zhang X, Sun J. Traditional Chinese medicine and mitophagy: A novel approach for cardiovascular disease management. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155472. [PMID: 38461630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing an enormous economic burden on individuals and human society. Laboratory studies have identified several drugs that target mitophagy for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Only a few of these drugs have been successful in clinical trials, and most studies have been limited to animal and cellular models. Furthermore, conventional drugs used to treat CVD, such as antiplatelet agents, statins, and diuretics, often result in adverse effects on patients' cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory systems. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained significant attention for its unique theoretical basis and clinical efficacy in treating CVD. PURPOSE This paper systematically summarizes all the herbal compounds, extracts, and active monomers used to target mitophagy for the treatment of CVD in the last five years. It provides valuable information for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, pharmacologists, and clinicians developing herbal medicines with fewer side effects, as well as a useful reference for future mitophagy research. METHODS The search terms "cardiovascular disease," "mitophagy," "herbal preparations," "active monomers," and "cardiac disease pathogenesis" in combination with "natural products" and "diseases" were used to search for studies published in the past five years until January 2024. RESULTS Studies have shown that mitophagy plays a significant role in the progression and development of CVD, such as atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia. Herbal compound preparations, crude extracts, and active monomers have shown potential as effective treatments for these conditions. These substances protect cardiomyocytes by inducing mitophagy, scavenging damaged mitochondria, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. They display notable efficacy in combating CVD. CONCLUSION TCM (including herbal compound preparations, extracts, and active monomers) can treat CVD through various pharmacological mechanisms and signaling pathways by inducing mitophagy. They represent a hotspot for future cardiovascular basic research and a promising candidate for the development of future cardiovascular drugs with fewer side effects and better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Gross AS, Ghillebert R, Schuetter M, Reinartz E, Rowland A, Bishop BC, Stumpe M, Dengjel J, Graef M. A metabolite sensor subunit of the Atg1/ULK complex regulates selective autophagy. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:366-377. [PMID: 38316984 PMCID: PMC10940145 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cells convert complex metabolic information into stress-adapted autophagy responses. Canonically, multilayered protein kinase networks converge on the conserved Atg1/ULK kinase complex (AKC) to induce non-selective and selective forms of autophagy in response to metabolic changes. Here we show that, upon phosphate starvation, the metabolite sensor Pho81 interacts with the adaptor subunit Atg11 at the AKC via an Atg11/FIP200 interaction motif to modulate pexophagy by virtue of its conserved phospho-metabolite sensing SPX domain. Notably, core AKC components Atg13 and Atg17 are dispensable for phosphate starvation-induced autophagy revealing significant compositional and functional plasticity of the AKC. Our data indicate that, instead of functioning as a selective autophagy receptor, Pho81 compensates for partially inactive Atg13 by promoting Atg11 phosphorylation by Atg1 critical for pexophagy during phosphate starvation. Our work shows Atg11/FIP200 adaptor subunits bind not only selective autophagy receptors but also modulator subunits that convey metabolic information directly to the AKC for autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gross
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Ghillebert
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Schuetter
- Max Planck Research Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Reinartz
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Rowland
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - B C Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Graef
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Mota MN, Matos M, Bahri N, Sá-Correia I. Shared and more specific genetic determinants and pathways underlying yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:71. [PMID: 38419072 PMCID: PMC10903034 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement of yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids is an important step for the implementation of economically and technologically sustainable bioprocesses for the bioconversion of renewable biomass resources and wastes. To guide genome engineering of promising yeast cell factories toward highly robust superior strains, it is instrumental to identify molecular targets and understand the mechanisms underlying tolerance to those monocarboxylic fatty acids. A chemogenomic analysis was performed, complemented with physiological studies, to unveil genetic tolerance determinants in the model yeast and cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to equivalent moderate inhibitory concentrations of acetic, butyric, or octanoic acids. RESULTS Results indicate the existence of multiple shared genetic determinants and pathways underlying tolerance to these short- and medium-chain fatty acids, such as vacuolar acidification, intracellular trafficking, autophagy, and protein synthesis. The number of tolerance genes identified increased with the linear chain length and the datasets for butyric and octanoic acids include the highest number of genes in common suggesting the existence of more similar toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. Results of this analysis, at the systems level, point to a more marked deleterious effect of an equivalent inhibitory concentration of the more lipophilic octanoic acid, followed by butyric acid, on the cell envelope and on cellular membranes function and lipid remodeling. The importance of mitochondrial genome maintenance and functional mitochondria to obtain ATP for energy-dependent detoxification processes also emerged from this chemogenomic analysis, especially for octanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new biological knowledge of interest to gain further mechanistic insights into toxicity and tolerance to linear-chain monocarboxylic acids of increasing liposolubility and reports the first lists of tolerance genes, at the genome scale, for butyric and octanoic acids. These genes and biological functions are potential targets for synthetic biology approaches applied to promising yeast cell factories, toward more robust superior strains, a highly desirable phenotype to increase the economic viability of bioprocesses based on mixtures of volatiles/medium-chain fatty acids derived from low-cost biodegradable substrates or lignocellulose hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Mota
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Matos
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nada Bahri
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Sun F, Sutovsky P, Patterson AL, Balboula AZ. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Response in Mammalian Oocytes. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2024; 238:47-68. [PMID: 39030354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55163-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage poses a significant challenge to all eukaryotic cells, leading to mutagenesis, genome instability and senescence. In somatic cells, the failure to repair damaged DNA can lead to cancer development, whereas, in oocytes, it can lead to ovarian dysfunction and infertility. The response of the cell to DNA damage entails a series of sequential and orchestrated events including sensing the DNA damage, activating DNA damage checkpoint, chromatin-related conformational changes, activating the DNA damage repair machinery and/or initiating the apoptotic cascade. This chapter focuses on how somatic cells and mammalian oocytes respond to DNA damage. Specifically, we will discuss how and why fully grown mammalian oocytes differ drastically from somatic cells and growing oocytes in their response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Amanda L Patterson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Balboula
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Kohler V, Andréasson C. Reversible protein assemblies in the proteostasis network in health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1155521. [PMID: 37021114 PMCID: PMC10067754 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1155521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While proteins populating their native conformations constitute the functional entities of cells, protein aggregates are traditionally associated with cellular dysfunction, stress and disease. During recent years, it has become clear that large aggregate-like protein condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation age into more solid aggregate-like particles that harbor misfolded proteins and are decorated by protein quality control factors. The constituent proteins of the condensates/aggregates are disentangled by protein disaggregation systems mainly based on Hsp70 and AAA ATPase Hsp100 chaperones prior to their handover to refolding and degradation systems. Here, we discuss the functional roles that condensate formation/aggregation and disaggregation play in protein quality control to maintain proteostasis and why it matters for understanding health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ning B, Liu Y, Huang T, Wei Y. Autophagy and its role in osteosarcoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5676-5687. [PMID: 36789748 PMCID: PMC10028045 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy and preferably occurs in children and adolescents. Despite significant advances in surgery and chemotherapy for OS over the past few years, overall survival rates of OS have reached a bottleneck. Thus, extensive researches aimed at developing new therapeutic targets for OS are urgently needed. Autophagy, a conserved process which allows cells to recycle altered or unused organelles and cellular components, has been proven to play a critical role in multiple biological processes in OS. In this article, we summarized the association between autophagy and proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy of OS, revealing that autophagy-related genes and pathways could serve as potential targets for OS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Ning
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianhe Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Li X, Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang L, Yang J. Aoatg11 and Aoatg33 are indispensable for mitophagy, and contribute to conidiation, the stress response, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Wu P, Choo CYL, Lu H, Wei X, Chen Y, Yago JI, Chung K. Pexophagy is critical for fungal development, stress response, and virulence in Alternaria alternata. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1538-1554. [PMID: 35810316 PMCID: PMC9452759 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata can resist high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The protective roles of autophagy or autophagy-mediated degradation of peroxisomes (termed pexophagy) against oxidative stress remain unclear. The present study, using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy coupled with a GFP-AaAtg8 proteolysis assay and an mCherry tagging assay with peroxisomal targeting tripeptides, demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and nitrogen depletion induced autophagy and pexophagy. Experimental evidence showed that H2 O2 triggered autophagy and the translocation of peroxisomes into the vacuoles. Mutational inactivation of the AaAtg8 gene in A. alternata led to autophagy impairment, resulting in the accumulation of peroxisomes, increased ROS sensitivity, and decreased virulence. Compared to the wild type, ΔAaAtg8 failed to detoxify ROS effectively, leading to ROS accumulation. Deleting AaAtg8 down-regulated the expression of genes encoding an NADPH oxidase and a Yap1 transcription factor, both involved in ROS resistance. Deleting AaAtg8 affected the development of conidia and appressorium-like structures. Deleting AaAtg8 also compromised the integrity of the cell wall. Reintroduction of a functional copy of AaAtg8 in the mutant completely restored all defective phenotypes. Although ΔAaAtg8 produced wild-type toxin levels in axenic culture, the mutant induced a lower level of H2 O2 and smaller necrotic lesions on citrus leaves. In addition to H2 O2 , nitrogen starvation triggered peroxisome turnover. We concluded that ΔAaAtg8 failed to degrade peroxisomes effectively, leading to the accumulation of peroxisomes and the reduction of the stress response. Autophagy-mediated peroxisome turnover could increase cell adaptability and survival under oxidative stress and starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Ching Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Celine Yen Ling Choo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hsin‐Yu Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Xian‐Yong Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Jonar I. Yago
- Plant Science Department, College of AgricultureNueva Vizcaya State UniversityBayombongPhilippines
| | - Kuang‐Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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MacKnight NJ, Dimos BA, Beavers KM, Muller EM, Brandt ME, Mydlarz LD. Disease resistance in coral is mediated by distinct adaptive and plastic gene expression profiles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6153. [PMID: 36179017 PMCID: PMC9524840 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an increasing threat to coral reefs, resulting in altered community structure and hindering the functional contributions of disease-susceptible species. We exposed seven reef-building coral species from the Caribbean to white plague disease and determined processes involved in (i) lesion progression, (ii) within-species gene expression plasticity, and (iii) expression-level adaptation among species that lead to differences in disease risk. Gene expression networks enriched in immune genes and cytoskeletal arrangement processes were correlated to lesion progression rates. Whether or not a coral developed a lesion was mediated by plasticity in genes involved in extracellular matrix maintenance, autophagy, and apoptosis, while resistant coral species had constitutively higher expression of intracellular protein trafficking. This study offers insight into the process involved in lesion progression and within- and between-species dynamics that lead to differences in disease risk that is evident on current Caribbean reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. MacKnight
- University of Texas at Arlington, 337 Life Science Building, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Bradford A. Dimos
- University of Texas at Arlington, 337 Life Science Building, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Beavers
- University of Texas at Arlington, 337 Life Science Building, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Erinn M. Muller
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Marilyn E. Brandt
- University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, VI 00802, USA
| | - Laura D. Mydlarz
- University of Texas at Arlington, 337 Life Science Building, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Khan F, Khan H, Khan A, Yamasaki M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Al-Harrasi A, Rahman SM. Autophagy in adipogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and regulation by bioactive compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113715. [PMID: 36152415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue expands rapidly due to increased adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), which results in obesity. Adipogenesis is a process of the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. Additionally, obesity-related metabolic complications, such as fatty liver and insulin resistance, are linked to adipogenesis. On the contrary, autophagy is a catabolic process; essential to maintain cellular homeostasis via the degradation or recycling of unnecessary or damaged components. Importantly, autophagy dictates obesity and adipogenesis. Hence, a clear understanding of how autophagy regulates adipogenesis is crucial for drug development and the prevention and treatment of obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the crosstalk between adipogenesis and autophagy, as well as the molecules involved. Furthermore, the review discussed how bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis by manipulating autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on in vitro and animal studies, we summarized the effects of bioactive compounds on adipogenesis and autophagy. Hence, human studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizullah Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman; Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Texas Tech University, Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman.
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13
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Waite KA, Roelofs J. Proteasome granule formation is regulated through mitochondrial respiration and kinase signaling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259778. [PMID: 35975718 PMCID: PMC9482347 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteasomes are enriched in cell nuclei, in which they execute important cellular functions. Nutrient stress can change this localization, indicating that proteasomes respond to the metabolic state of the cell. However, the signals that connect these processes remain poorly understood. Carbon starvation triggers a reversible translocation of proteasomes to cytosolic condensates known as proteasome storage granules. Surprisingly, we observed strongly reduced levels of proteasome granules when cells had active cellular respiration prior to starvation. This suggests that the mitochondrial activity of cells is a determining factor in the response of proteasomes to carbon starvation. Consistent with this, upon inhibition of mitochondrial function, we observed that proteasomes relocalize to granules. These links between proteasomes and metabolism involve specific signaling pathways, as we identified a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that is critical to the formation of proteasome granules after respiratory growth but not following glycolytic growth. Furthermore, the yeast homolog of AMP kinase, Snf1, is important for proteasome granule formation induced by mitochondrial inhibitors, but it is dispensable for granule formation following carbon starvation. We propose a model in which mitochondrial activity promotes nuclear localization of the proteasome. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen Roelofs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., HLSIC 1077, Kansas City, KS 66160-7421, USA
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14
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Gillson J, Abd El-Aziz YS, Leck LYW, Jansson PJ, Pavlakis N, Samra JS, Mittal A, Sahni S. Autophagy: A Key Player in Pancreatic Cancer Progression and a Potential Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3528. [PMID: 35884592 PMCID: PMC9315706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is known to have the lowest survival outcomes among all major cancers, and unfortunately, this has only been marginally improved over last four decades. The innate characteristics of pancreatic cancer include an aggressive and fast-growing nature from powerful driver mutations, a highly defensive tumor microenvironment and the upregulation of advantageous survival pathways such as autophagy. Autophagy involves targeted degradation of proteins and organelles to provide a secondary source of cellular supplies to maintain cell growth. Elevated autophagic activity in pancreatic cancer is recognized as a major survival pathway as it provides a plethora of support for tumors by supplying vital resources, maintaining tumour survival under the stressful microenvironment and promoting other pathways involved in tumour progression and metastasis. The combination of these features is unique to pancreatic cancer and present significant resistance to chemotherapeutic strategies, thus, indicating a need for further investigation into therapies targeting this crucial pathway. This review will outline the autophagy pathway and its regulation, in addition to the genetic landscape and tumor microenvironment that contribute to pancreatic cancer severity. Moreover, this review will also discuss the mechanisms of novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit autophagy and how they could be used to suppress tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Gillson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Yomna S. Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Lionel Y. W. Leck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S. Samra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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15
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Fan H, He Y, Xiang J, Zhou J, Wan X, You J, Du K, Li Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Bu Y, Lei Y. ROS generation attenuates the anti-cancer effect of CPX on cervical cancer cells by inducing autophagy and inhibiting glycophagy. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102339. [PMID: 35636017 PMCID: PMC9144037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies with poor prognosis due to constant chemoresistance and repeated relapse. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a synthetic antifungal agent, has recently been identified to be a promising anti-cancer candidate. However, the detailed mechanisms related to its anti-cancer effects remain unclear and need to be further elucidated. In this study, we found that CPX could induce proliferation inhibition in cervical cancer cells by targeting PARK7. Further results demonstrated that CPX could induce cytoprotective autophagy by downregulating the expression of PARK7 to activate PRKAA1 or by PARK7-independent accumulation of ROS to inhibit mTOR signaling. Meanwhile, CPX treatment increased the glycogen clustering and glycophagy in cervical cancer cells. The presence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, led to further clustering of glycogen in cells by reducing autophagy and enhancing glycophagy, which promoted CPX-induced inhibition of cervical cancer cell proliferation. Together, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of CPX in the anti-cancer therapy and opens new avenues for the glycophagy in cancer therapeutics. CPX induces cytoprotective autophagy and inhibits proliferation of cervical cancer cells by targeting PARK7. ROS generation attenuates the anticancer effect of CPX by inducing cytoprotective autophagy and inhibiting glycophagy. ROS-triggered glycogen clustering and inactivation of YAP1 are involved in the anti-cancer effects of CPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Junqi Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinyan Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiawei You
- Department of Basic Medicine, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Kailong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Youquan Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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16
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Rahman MA, Rahman MDH, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Hwang H, Chung S, Kim B, Rhim H. Autophagy Modulation in Aggresome Formation: Emerging Implications and Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1027. [PMID: 35625764 PMCID: PMC9138936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevailing neurodegenerative diseases in the world, which is characterized by memory dysfunction and the formation of tau and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates in multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus and cortex. The formation of senile plaques involving tau hyperphosphorylation, fibrillar Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is used as a pathological marker of AD and eventually produces aggregation or misfolded protein. Importantly, it has been found that the failure to degrade these aggregate-prone proteins leads to pathological consequences, such as synaptic impairment, cytotoxicity, neuronal atrophy, and memory deficits associated with AD. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that the autophagy pathway plays a role as a central cellular protection system to prevent the toxicity induced by aggregation or misfolded proteins. Moreover, it has also been revealed that AD-related protein aggresomes could be selectively degraded by autophagosome and lysosomal fusion through the autophagy pathway, which is known as aggrephagy. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy serve as a useful approach to modulate the formation of aggresomes associated with AD. This review focuses on the recent improvements in the application of natural compounds and small molecules as a potential therapeutic approach for AD prevention and treatment via aggrephagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M D Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - A N M Mamun-Or-Rashid
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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17
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Ozgen S, Krigman J, Zhang R, Sun N. Significance of mitochondrial activity in neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:741-747. [PMID: 34472459 PMCID: PMC8530128 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a multidimensional role in the function and the vitality of the neurological system. From the generation of neural stem cells to the maintenance of neurons and their ultimate demise, mitochondria play a critical role in regulating our neural pathways' homeostasis, a task that is critical to our cognitive health and neurological well-being. Mitochondria provide energy via oxidative phosphorylation for the neurotransmission and generation of an action potential along the neuron's axon. This paper will first review and examine the molecular subtleties of the mitochondria's role in neurogenesis and neuron vitality, as well as outlining the impact of defective mitochondria in neural aging. The authors will then summarize neurodegenerative diseases related to either neurogenesis or homeostatic dysfunction. Because of the significant detriment neurodegenerative diseases have on the quality of life, it is essential to understand their etiology and ongoing molecular mechanics. The mitochondrial role in neurogenesis and neuron vitality is essential. Dissecting and understanding this organelle's role in the genesis and homeostasis of neurons should assist in finding pharmaceutical targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Ozgen
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Medicine, Graduate Research in the Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Judith Krigman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Graduate Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nuo Sun
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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18
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Guan X, Iyaswamy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Su C, Zhu Z, Liu J, Kan Y, Cheung KH, Lu J, Tan J, Li M. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073609. [PMID: 35408965 PMCID: PMC8998506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells possess a plethora of regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper biochemical functionality. Autophagy, a central, conserved self-consuming process of the cell, ensures the timely degradation of damaged cellular components. Several studies have demonstrated the important roles of autophagy activation in mitigating neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, surprisingly, activation of macroautophagy has not shown clinical efficacy. Hence, alternative strategies are urgently needed for AD therapy. In recent years, selective autophagy has been reported to be involved in AD pathology, and different subtypes have been identified, such as aggrephagy, mitophagy, reticulophagy, lipophagy, pexophagy, nucleophagy, lysophagy and ribophagy. By clarifying the underlying mechanisms governing these various subtypes, we may come to understand how to control autophagy to treat AD. In this review, we summarize the latest findings concerning the role of selective autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD. The evidence overwhelmingly suggests that selective autophagy is an active mechanism in AD pathology, and that regulating selective autophagy would be an effective strategy for controlling this pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China;
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
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19
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Waite KA, Burris A, Vontz G, Lang A, Roelofs J. Proteaphagy is specifically regulated and requires factors dispensable for general autophagy. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101494. [PMID: 34919962 PMCID: PMC8732087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing physiological conditions can increase the need for protein degradative capacity in eukaryotic cells. Both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy contribute to protein degradation. However, these processes can be differently regulated depending on the physiological conditions. Strikingly, proteasomes themselves can be a substrate for autophagy. The signals and molecular mechanisms that govern proteasome autophagy (proteaphagy) are only partly understood. Here, we used immunoblots, native gel analyses, and fluorescent microscopy to understand the regulation of proteaphagy in response to genetic and small molecule-induced perturbations. Our data indicate that chemical inhibition of the master nutrient sensor TORC1 (inhibition of which induces general autophagy) with rapamycin induces a bi-phasic response where proteasome levels are upregulated after an autophagy-dependent reduction. Surprisingly, several conditions that result in inhibited TORC1, such as caffeinine treatment or nitrogen starvation, only induced proteaphagy (i.e., without any proteasome upregulation), suggesting a convergence of signals upstream of proteaphagy under different physiological conditions. Indeed, we found that several conditions that activated general autophagy did not induce proteaphagy, further distinguishing proteaphagy from general autophagy. Consistent with this, we show that Atg11, a selective autophagy receptor, as well as the MAP kinases Mpk1, Mkk1, and Mkk2 all play a role in autophagy of proteasomes, although they are dispensable for general autophagy. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the molecular regulation of proteaphagy by demonstrating that degradation of proteasome complexes is specifically regulated under different autophagy-inducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick A Waite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Alicia Burris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA; Biology & Environmental Health, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabrielle Vontz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Angelica Lang
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeroen Roelofs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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20
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Deng Z, Dong Y, Zhou X, Lu JH, Yue Z. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for Alzheimer’s disease therapy: Opportunities and obstacles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1688-1706. [PMID: 35847516 PMCID: PMC9279633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an irreversible and progressive impairment of cognitive abilities as well as the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. By far, the precise mechanisms of AD are not fully understood and no interventions are available to effectively slow down progression of the disease. Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged organelles, pathogens, and disease-prone protein aggregates to lysosome for degradation. Emerging evidence suggests dysfunctional autophagy clearance pathway as a potential cellular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD in affected neurons. Here we summarize the current evidence for autophagy dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD and discuss the role of autophagy in the regulation of AD-related protein degradation and neuroinflammation in neurons and glial cells. Finally, we review the autophagy modulators reported in the treatment of AD models and discuss the obstacles and opportunities for potential clinical application of the novel autophagy activators for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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21
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Ramachandran P, J BJ, Maupin-Furlow JA, Uthandi S. Bacterial effectors mimicking ubiquitin-proteasome pathway tweak plant immunity. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126810. [PMID: 34246833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are secreted into the plant cells to establish pathogenicity by affecting the vital plant process viz. metabolic pathways, signal transduction and hormonal regulation. Ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS) exists as one of the important pathways in plants to control plant immunity and various cellular processes by employing several enzymes and enzyme components. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria are found to secrete effectors into plants with structural and/or functional similarity to UPS pathway components like ubiquitin E3 ligases, F-box domains, cysteine proteases, inhibitor of host UPS or its components, etc. The bacterial effectors mimic UPS components and target plant resistance proteins for degradation by proteasomes, thereby taking control over the host cellular activities as a strategy to exert virulence. Thus, the bacterial effectors circumvent plant cellular pathways leading to infection and disease development. This review highlights known bacterial T3E and T4E proteins that function and interfere with the ubiquitination pathway to regulate the immune system of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Ramachandran
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beslin Joshi J
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Directorate of Natural Resource Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Xia Q, Huang X, Huang J, Zheng Y, March ME, Li J, Wei Y. The Role of Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638983. [PMID: 33841177 PMCID: PMC8027491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of tissue in human body, being involved in diverse activities and maintaining a finely tuned metabolic balance. Autophagy, characterized by the autophagosome–lysosome system with the involvement of evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related genes, is an important catabolic process and plays an essential role in energy generation and consumption, as well as substance turnover processes in skeletal muscles. Autophagy in skeletal muscles is finely tuned under the tight regulation of diverse signaling pathways, and the autophagy pathway has cross-talk with other pathways to form feedback loops under physiological conditions and metabolic stress. Altered autophagy activity characterized by either increased formation of autophagosomes or inhibition of lysosome-autophagosome fusion can lead to pathological cascades, and mutations in autophagy genes and deregulation of autophagy pathways have been identified as one of the major causes for a variety of skeleton muscle disorders. The advancement of multi-omics techniques enables further understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in skeletal muscle disorders, which may yield novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Xia
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Sun B, Zhai S, Zhang L, Sun G. The role of extracellular vesicles in podocyte autophagy in kidney disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:299-316. [PMID: 33619681 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are the key cells involved in protein filtration in the glomerulus. Once proteins appear in the urine when podocytes fail, patients will end with renal failure due to the progression of glomerular damage if no proper treatment is applied. The injury and loss of podocytes can be attributed to diverse factors, such as genetic, immunologic, toxic, or metabolic disorders. Recently, autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism to eliminate the unwanted cytoplasmic materials and to prolong the lifespan of podocytes by alleviating cell damage and stress. Typically, the fundamental function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is to mediate the intercellular communication. Recent studies have suggested that, EVs, especially exosomes, play a certain role in information transfer by communicating proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs with recipient cells. Under physiological and pathological conditions, EVs assist in the bioinformation interchange between kidneys and other organs. It is suggested that EVs are related to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, including glomerular disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal fibrosis and end-stage renal disease. However, the role of EVs in podocyte autophagy remains unclear so far. Here, this study integrated the existing information about the relevancy, diagnostic value and therapeutic potential of EVs in a variety of podocytes-related diseases. The accumulating evidence highlighted that autophagy played a critical role in the homeostasis of podocytes in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichao Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 ZiQiang Street, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubo Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangdong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 ZiQiang Street, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Barz S, Kriegenburg F, Henning A, Bhattacharya A, Mancilla H, Sánchez-Martín P, Kraft C. Atg1 kinase regulates autophagosome-vacuole fusion by controlling SNARE bundling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51869. [PMID: 33274589 PMCID: PMC7726815 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic material. Upon autophagy induction, autophagosomes form a sealed membrane around the cargo and fuse with the lytic compartment to release the cargo for degradation. In order to avoid premature fusion of immature autophagosomal membranes with the lytic compartment, this process needs to be tightly regulated. Several factors mediating autophagosome–vacuole fusion have recently been identified. In budding yeast, autophagosome–vacuole fusion requires the R‐SNARE Ykt6 on the autophagosome, together with the three Q‐SNAREs Vam3, Vam7, and Vti1 on the vacuole. However, how these SNAREs are regulated during the fusion process is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the regulation of Ykt6. We found that Ykt6 is directly phosphorylated by Atg1 kinase, which keeps this SNARE in an inactive state. Ykt6 phosphorylation prevents SNARE bundling by disrupting its interaction with the vacuolar SNAREs Vam3 and Vti1, thereby preventing premature autophagosome–vacuole fusion. These findings shed new light on the regulation of autophagosome–vacuole fusion and reveal a further step in autophagy controlled by the Atg1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Barz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Henning
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anuradha Bhattacharya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hector Mancilla
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kainz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioHealth Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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26
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Kim JK, Silwal P, Jo EK. Host-Pathogen Dialogues in Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Necrosis during Mycobacterial Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e37. [PMID: 33163245 PMCID: PMC7609165 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an etiologic pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the threat of drug resistance in anti-TB therapy is of global concern. Despite this, it remains urgent to research for understanding the molecular nature of dynamic interactions between host and pathogens during TB infection. While Mtb evasion from phagolysosomal acidification is a well-known virulence mechanism, the molecular events to promote intracellular parasitism remains elusive. To combat intracellular Mtb infection, several defensive processes, including autophagy and apoptosis, are activated. In addition, Mtb-ingested phagocytes trigger inflammation, and undergo necrotic cell death, potentially harmful responses in case of uncontrolled pathological condition. In this review, we focus on Mtb evasion from phagosomal acidification, and Mtb interaction with host autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Elucidation of the molecular dialogue will shed light on Mtb pathogenesis, host defense, and development of new paradigms of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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27
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Liu J, Guo ZN, Yan XL, Huang S, Ren JX, Luo Y, Yang Y. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Ferroptosis and Its Putative Role in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577403. [PMID: 33132849 PMCID: PMC7566169 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process to maintains homeostasis via the degradation of toxic cell contents, which can either promote cell survival or accelerate cellular demise. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway associated with the accumulation of lethal reactive lipid species. In the past few years, an increasing number of studies have suggested the crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis. Ischemic stroke is a complex brain disease regulated by several cell death pathways, including autophagy and ferroptosis. However, the potential links between autophagy and ferroptosis in ischemic stroke have not yet been explored. In this review, we briefly overview the mechanisms of ferroptosis and autophagy, as well as their possible connections in ischemic stroke. The elucidation of crosstalk between different cell death pathways may provide insight into new future ischemic stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Xin Ren
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
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28
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Roberto TN, Lima RF, Pascon RC, Idnurm A, Vallim MA. Biological functions of the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230981. [PMID: 32251488 PMCID: PMC7135279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism responsible for intracellular degradation and recycling of macromolecules and organelles, essential for cell survival in adverse conditions. More than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been identified and characterized in fungi, among them ATG4 and ATG8. ATG4 encodes a cysteine protease (Atg4) that plays an important role in autophagy by initially processing Atg8 at its C-terminus region. Atg8 is a ubiquitin-like protein essential for the synthesis of the double-layer membrane that constitutes the autophagosome vesicle, responsible for delivering the cargo from the cytoplasm to the vacuole lumen. The contributions of Atg-related proteins in the pathogenic yeast in the genus Cryptococcus remain to be explored, to elucidate the molecular basis of the autophagy pathway. In this context, we aimed to investigate the role of autophagy-related proteins 4 and 8 (Atg4 and Atg8) during autophagy induction and their contribution with non-autophagic events in C. neoformans. We found that Atg4 and Atg8 are conserved proteins and that they interact physically with each other. ATG gene deletions resulted in cells sensitive to nitrogen starvation. ATG4 gene disruption affects Atg8 degradation and its translocation to the vacuole lumen, after autophagy induction. Both atg4 and atg8 mutants are more resistant to oxidative stress, have an impaired growth in the presence of the cell wall-perturbing agent Congo Red, and are sensitive to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ). By that, we conclude that in C. neoformans the autophagy-related proteins Atg4 and Atg8 play an important role in the autophagy pathway; which are required for autophagy regulation, maintenance of amino acid levels and cell adaptation to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Nunes Roberto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcelo Afonso Vallim
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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29
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Eickhorst C, Licheva M, Kraft C. Scaffold proteins in bulk and selective autophagy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:15-35. [PMID: 32620241 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial cellular degradation and recycling pathway. During autophagy double-membrane vesicles, called autophagosomes, encapsulate cellular components and deliver their cargo to the lytic compartment for degradation. Formation of autophagosomes is regulated by the Atg1 kinase complex in yeast and the homologous ULK1 kinase complex in mammals. While research on Atg1 and ULK1 has advanced our understanding of how these protein kinases function in autophagy, the other Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex members have received much less attention. Here, we focus on the functions of the Atg1 kinase complex members Atg11 and Atg17 as well as the ULK1 kinase complex member FIP200 in autophagy. These three proteins act as scaffolds in their respective complexes. Recent studies have made it evident that they have similar but also distinct functions. In this article, we review our current understanding of how these scaffold proteins function from autophagosome formation to fusion and also discuss their possible roles in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Eickhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariya Licheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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30
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Yao RQ, Ren C, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Organelle-specific autophagy in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target underlying the quality control of multiple organelles. Autophagy 2020; 17:385-401. [PMID: 32048886 PMCID: PMC8007140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity and functional stability of organelles are prerequisites for the viability and responsiveness of cells. Dysfunction of multiple organelles is critically involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, those organelles synchronously present with evident structural derangement and aberrant function under exposure to different stimuli, which might accelerate the corruption of cells. Therefore, the quality control of multiple organelles is of great importance in maintaining the survival and function of cells and could be a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Organelle-specific autophagy is one of the major subtypes of autophagy, selectively targeting different organelles for quality control. This type of autophagy includes mitophagy, pexophagy, reticulophagy (endoplasmic reticulum), ribophagy, lysophagy, and nucleophagy. These kinds of organelle-specific autophagy are reported to be beneficial for inflammatory disorders by eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the recent findings and mechanisms covering different kinds of organelle-specific autophagy, as well as their involvement in various diseases, aiming to arouse concern about the significance of the quality control of multiple organelles in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Abbreviations: ABCD3: ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3; AD: Alzheimer disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARIH1: ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy related; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BCL2L11/BIM: BCL2 like 11; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX: calnexin; CAT: catalase; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CHDH: choline dehydrogenase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSE: cigarette smoke exposure; CTSD: cathepsin D; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DISC1: DISC1 scaffold protein; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1 like; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMD: emerin; EPAS1/HIF-2α: endothelial PAS domain protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBXO27: F-box protein 27; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; G3BP1: G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1; GBA: glucocerebrosidase beta; HIF1A/HIF1: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LCLAT1/ALCAT1: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1; LGALS3/Gal3: galectin 3; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LMNA: lamin A/C; LMNB1: lamin B1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAMs: mitochondria-associated membranes; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MOD: multiple organelles dysfunction; MTPAP: mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NUFIP1: nuclear FMR1 interacting protein 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PEX3: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RHOT1/MIRO1: ras homolog family member T1; RIPK3/RIP3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTN3: reticulon 3; SEC62: SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor; SESN2: sestrin2; SIAH1: siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SNCA: synuclein alpha; SNCAIP: synuclein alpha interacting protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TICAM1/TRIF: toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TNKS: tankyrase; TOMM: translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane; TRIM: tripartite motif containing; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; USP10: ubiquitin specific peptidase 10; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channels; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; ZNHIT3: zinc finger HIT-type containing 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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32
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Gonzalez CD, Resnik R, Vaccaro MI. Secretory Autophagy and Its Relevance in Metabolic and Degenerative Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32477265 PMCID: PMC7232537 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins to be secreted through so-called "conventional mechanisms" are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal peptide that is a leader or signal peptide, needed for access to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus for further secretion. However, some relevant cytosolic proteins lack of this signal peptides and should be secreted by different unconventional or "non-canonical" processes. One form of this unconventional secretion was named secretory autophagy (SA) because it is specifically associated with the autophagy pathway. It is defined by ATG proteins that regulate the biogenesis of the autophagosome, its representative organelle. The canonical macroautophagy involves the fusion of the autophagosomes with lysosomes for content degradation, whereas the SA pathway bypasses this degradative process to allow the secretion. ATG5, as well as other factors involved in autophagy such as BCN1, are also activated as part of the secretory pathway. SA has been recognized as a new mechanism that is becoming of increasing relevance to explain the unconventional secretion of a series of cytosolic proteins that have critical biological importance. Also, SA may play a role in the release of aggregation-prone protein since it has been related to the autophagosome biogenesis machinery. SA requires the autophagic pathway and both, secretory autophagy and canonical degradative autophagy are at the same time, integrated and highly regulated processes that interact in ultimate cross-talking molecular mechanisms. The potential implications of alterations in SA, its cargos, pathways, and regulation in human diseases such as metabolic/aging pathological processes are predictable. Further research of SA as potential target of therapeutic intervention is deserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Daniel Gonzalez
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Resnik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Ines Vaccaro
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria Ines Vaccaro ;
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Zhang L, Wen Z, Han L, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Fang X, Zhao L, Tong X. Research Progress on the Pathological Mechanisms of Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7504798. [PMID: 32695831 PMCID: PMC7368941 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is not only an important microvascular complication of diabetes but also the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Studies have shown that the occurrence and development of DN are closely related to morphological and functional changes in podocytes. A series of morphological changes after podocyte injury in DN mainly include podocyte hypertrophy, podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation, podocyte detachment, and podocyte apoptosis; functional changes mainly involve podocyte autophagy. More and more studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways play important roles in the progression of podocyte injury in DN. Here, we review research progress on the pathological mechanism of morphological and functional changes in podocytes associated with DN, to provide a new target for delaying the occurrence and development of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhige Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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TIPRL potentiates survival of lung cancer by inducing autophagy through the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:959. [PMID: 31862913 PMCID: PMC6925247 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular system of degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, is essential for cancer cell survival. Despite the progress made towards understanding the mechanism, identification of novel autophagy regulators presents a major obstacle in developing anticancer therapies. Here, we examine the association between the TOR signaling pathway regulator-like (TIPRL) protein and autophagy in malignant transformation of tumors. We show that TIPRL upregulation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) potentiated autophagy activity and enabled autophagic clearance of metabolic and cellular stress, conferring a survival advantage to cancer cells. Importantly, the interaction of TIPRL with eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) led to eIF2α phosphorylation and activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, thereby inducing autophagy. Conversely, TIPRL depletion increased apoptosis by reducing autophagic clearance, which was markedly enhanced in TIPRL-depleted A549 xenografts treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Overall, the study indicated that TIPRL is a potential regulator of autophagy and an important drug target for lung cancer therapy.
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35
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Hollenstein DM, Gómez-Sánchez R, Ciftci A, Kriegenburg F, Mari M, Torggler R, Licheva M, Reggiori F, Kraft C. Vac8 spatially confines autophagosome formation at the vacuole in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.235002. [PMID: 31649143 PMCID: PMC6899017 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is initiated by the formation of a phagophore assembly site (PAS), the precursor of autophagosomes. In mammals, autophagosome formation sites form throughout the cytosol in specialized subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In yeast, the PAS is also generated close to the ER, but always in the vicinity of the vacuole. How the PAS is anchored to the vacuole and the functional significance of this localization are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the PAS–vacuole connection for bulk autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that Vac8 constitutes a vacuolar tether that stably anchors the PAS to the vacuole throughout autophagosome biogenesis via the PAS component Atg13. S. cerevisiae lacking Vac8 show inefficient autophagosome–vacuole fusion, and form fewer and smaller autophagosomes that often localize away from the vacuole. Thus, the stable PAS–vacuole connection established by Vac8 creates a confined space for autophagosome biogenesis between the ER and the vacuole, and allows spatial coordination of autophagosome formation and autophagosome–vacuole fusion. These findings reveal that the spatial regulation of autophagosome formation at the vacuole is required for efficient bulk autophagy. Highlighted Article: Vac8 tethers the phagophore assembly site to the vacuole, which creates a confined space for autophagosome biogenesis and coordinates autophagosome formation with vacuolar fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hollenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubén Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Akif Ciftci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaela Torggler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariya Licheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany .,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
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36
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Screening the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nonessential Gene Deletion Library Reveals Diverse Mechanisms of Action for Antifungal Plant Defensins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01097-19. [PMID: 31451498 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01097-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensins are a large family of proteins, most of which have antifungal activity against a broad spectrum of fungi. However, little is known about how they exert their activity. The mechanisms of action of only a few members of the family have been investigated and, in most cases, there are still a number of unknowns. To gain a better understanding of the antifungal mechanisms of a set of four defensins, NaD1, DmAMP1, NbD6, and SBI6, we screened a pooled collection of the nonessential gene deletion set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains with increased or decreased ability to survive defensin treatment were identified based on the relative abundance of the strain-specific barcode as determined by MiSeq next-generation sequencing. Analysis of the functions of genes that are deleted in strains with differential growth in the presence of defensin provides insight into the mechanism of action. The screen identified a novel role for the vacuole in the mechanisms of action for defensins NbD6 and SBI6. The effect of these defensins on vacuoles was further confirmed by using confocal microscopy in both S. cerevisiae and the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum These results demonstrate the utility of this screening method to identify novel mechanisms of action for plant defensins.
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Giampieri F, Afrin S, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Gasparrini M, Cianciosi D, Reboredo-Rodriguez P, Varela-Lopez A, Quiles JL, Battino M. Autophagy in Human Health and Disease: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:577-634. [PMID: 29943652 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In eukaryotes, autophagy represents a highly evolutionary conserved process, through which macromolecules and cytoplasmic material are degraded into lysosomes and recycled for biosynthetic or energetic purposes. Dysfunction of the autophagic process has been associated with the onset and development of many human chronic pathologies, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Recent Advances: Currently, comprehensive research is being carried out to discover new therapeutic agents that are able to modulate the autophagic process in vivo. Recent evidence has shown that a large number of natural bioactive compounds are involved in the regulation of autophagy by modulating several transcriptional factors and signaling pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES Critical issues that deserve particular attention are the inadequate understanding of the complex role of autophagy in disease pathogenesis, the limited availability of therapeutic drugs, and the lack of clinical trials. In this context, the effects that natural bioactive compounds exert on autophagic modulation should be clearly highlighted, since they depend on the type and stage of the pathological conditions of diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Research efforts should now focus on understanding the survival-supporting and death-promoting roles of autophagy, how natural compounds interact exactly with the autophagic targets so as to induce or inhibit autophagy and on the evaluation of their pharmacological effects in a more in-depth and mechanistic way. In addition, clinical studies on autophagy-inducing natural products are strongly encouraged, also to highlight some fundamental aspects, such as the dose, the duration, and the possible synergistic action of these compounds with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giampieri
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Sadia Afrin
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernandez
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .,2 Area de Nutricion y Salud, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana , Campeche, Mexico
| | - Massimiliano Gasparrini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodriguez
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .,3 Departamento de Quimica Analıtica y Alimentaria, Grupo de Nutricion y Bromatologıa, Universidade Vigo , Ourense, Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela-Lopez
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Jose L Quiles
- 4 Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica , Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .,5 Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (UEA) , Santander, Spain
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38
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Ying SH, Feng MG. Insight into vital role of autophagy in sustaining biological control potential of fungal pathogens against pest insects and nematodes. Virulence 2018; 10:429-437. [PMID: 30257619 PMCID: PMC6550541 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1518089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved self-degradation mechanism that governs a large array of cellular processes in filamentous fungi. Filamentous insect and nematode mycopthogens function in the natural control of host populations and have been widely applied for biological control of insect and nematode pests. Entomopathogenic and nematophagous fungi have conserved “core” autophagy machineries that are analogous to those found in yeast but also feature several proteins involved in specific aspects of the autophagic pathways. Here, we review the functions of autophagy in protecting fungal cells from starvation and stress cues and sustaining cell differentiation, asexual development and virulence. An emphasis is placed upon the regulatory mechanisms involved in autophagic and non-autophagic roles of some autophagy-related genes. Methods used for monitoring conserved or specific autophagic events in fungal pathogens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Ying
- a Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- a Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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39
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Kolla L, Heo DS, Rosenberg DP, Barlow SA, Maximova AA, Cassio EE, Buchser WJ. High content screen for identifying small-molecule LC3B-localization modulators in a renal cancer cell line. Sci Data 2018; 5:180116. [PMID: 29944143 PMCID: PMC6018519 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forms of selective autophagy have now been recognized to regulate flux in many intracellular processes. Specific pathways and functions have been identified for mitophagy, ERphagy, and other selective autophagies; yet there is no consensus in whether and how autophagy regulates protein maintenance in and around the nucleus. Such processes are of interest for potential degradation of DNA and nuclear envelope proteins in various disease states. The mechanistic details of such nucleus-related autophagic processes remain elusive due to the lack of chemical or genetic regulators to manipulate and follow the process in vitro. Here, we describe a high content screen from which we identified small chemical compounds that can modulate the localization of the autophagy marker MAP1LC3B (LC3) in renal carcinoma cells. We also describe a pipeline designed for the execution and analysis of high content screens. The chemical tools discerned from this screen will allow for the deeper exploration of the mechanism, regulation, and molecular targets of nuclear-localized LC3 in perturbed cellular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likhitha Kolla
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - David S Heo
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Daniel P Rosenberg
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Sara A Barlow
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Anna A Maximova
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - Emily E Cassio
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | - William J Buchser
- College of William & Mary, Department of Biology, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA.,Washington University in St Louis, Department of Genetics, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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40
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Autophagy Is a Promoter for Aerobic Exercise Performance during High Altitude Training. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3617508. [PMID: 29849885 PMCID: PMC5907404 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3617508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High altitude training is one of the effective strategies for improving aerobic exercise performance at sea level via altitude acclimatization, thereby improving oxygen transport and/or utilization. But its underlying molecular mechanisms on physiological functions and exercise performance of athletes are still vague. More recent evidence suggests that the recycling of cellular components by autophagy is an important process of the body involved in the adaptive responses to exercise. Whether high altitude training can activate autophagy or whether high altitude training can improve exercise performance through exercise-induced autophagy is still unclear. In this narrative review article, we will summarize current research advances in the improvement of exercise performance through high altitude training and its reasonable molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy, which will provide a new field to explore the molecular mechanisms of adaptive response to high altitude training.
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41
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Wang P, Shao BZ, Deng Z, Chen S, Yue Z, Miao CY. Autophagy in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:98-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Couso I, Pérez-Pérez ME, Martínez-Force E, Kim HS, He Y, Umen JG, Crespo JL. Autophagic flux is required for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and ribosomal protein turnover in Chlamydomonas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1355-1367. [PMID: 29053817 PMCID: PMC6018900 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that allows cells to recycle unneeded or damaged material to maintain cellular homeostasis. This highly dynamic process is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which engulf and deliver the cargo to the vacuole. Flow of material through the autophagy pathway and its degradation in the vacuole is known as autophagic flux, and reflects the autophagic degradation activity. A number of assays have been developed to determine autophagic flux in yeasts, mammals, and plants, but it has not been examined yet in algae. Here we analyzed autophagic flux in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. By monitoring specific autophagy markers such as ATG8 lipidation and using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy techniques, we show that concanamycin A, a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor, blocks autophagic flux in Chlamydomonas. Our results revealed that vacuolar lytic function is needed for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and the formation of lipid bodies in nitrogen- or phosphate-starved cells. Moreover, we found that concanamycin A treatment prevented the degradation of ribosomal proteins RPS6 and RPL37 under nitrogen or phosphate deprivation. These results indicate that autophagy might play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the recycling of ribosomal proteins under nutrient limitation in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Couso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yonghua He
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Correspondence:
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43
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Yang JL, Mukda S, Chen SD. Diverse roles of mitochondria in ischemic stroke. Redox Biol 2018; 16:263-275. [PMID: 29549824 PMCID: PMC5854930 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and mortality in most developing and developed countries. The current best practices for patients with acute ischemic stroke include intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy for large-vessel occlusion to improve clinical outcomes. However, only a limited portion of patients receive thrombolytic therapy or endovascular treatment because the therapeutic time window after ischemic stroke is narrow. To address the current shortage of stroke management approaches, it is critical to identify new potential therapeutic targets. The mitochondrion is an often overlooked target for the clinical treatment of stroke. Early studies of mitochondria focused on their bioenergetic role; however, these organelles are now known to be important in a wide range of cellular functions and signaling events. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemia and involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, electron transport chain dysfunction, apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, and inflammation. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in ischemia-related neuronal death and protection may provide a rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic regimens for ischemic stroke and other stroke syndromes. Review of current treatment of ischemic stroke indicates deficiency in the contemporary methods. Discuss the mitochondrial ROS-related signaling that affect neuronal fate after ischemic stroke. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy could be pivotal for ischemic stroke. Inhibiting mitochondrion-induced inflammatory response is a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
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Bucci MD, Weisenhorn E, Haws S, Yao Z, Zimmerman G, Gannon M, Taggart J, Lee T, Klionsky DJ, Russell J, Coon J, Eide DJ. An Autophagy-Independent Role for ATG41 in Sulfur Metabolism During Zinc Deficiency. Genetics 2018; 208:1115-1130. [PMID: 29321173 PMCID: PMC5844326 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zap1 transcription factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key regulator in the genomic responses to zinc deficiency. Among the genes regulated by Zap1 during zinc deficiency is the autophagy-related gene ATG41 Here, we report that Atg41 is required for growth in zinc-deficient conditions, but not when zinc is abundant or when other metals are limiting. Consistent with a role for Atg41 in macroautophagy, we show that nutritional zinc deficiency induces autophagy and that mutation of ATG41 diminishes that response. Several experiments indicated that the importance of ATG41 function to growth during zinc deficiency is not because of its role in macroautophagy, but rather is due to one or more autophagy-independent functions. For example, rapamycin treatment fully induced autophagy in zinc-deficient atg41Δ mutants but failed to improve growth. In addition, atg41Δ mutants showed a far more severe growth defect than any of several other autophagy mutants tested, and atg41Δ mutants showed increased Heat Shock Factor 1 activity, an indicator of protein homeostasis stress, while other autophagy mutants did not. An autophagy-independent function for ATG41 in sulfur metabolism during zinc deficiency was suggested by analyzing the transcriptome of atg41Δ mutants during the transition from zinc-replete to -deficient conditions. Analysis of sulfur metabolites confirmed that Atg41 is needed for the normal accumulation of methionine, homocysteine, and cysteine in zinc-deficient cells. Therefore, we conclude that Atg41 plays roles in both macroautophagy and sulfur metabolism during zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bucci
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Erin Weisenhorn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Spencer Haws
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ginelle Zimmerman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Molly Gannon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Janet Taggart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Traci Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53144
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jason Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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45
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Fan T, Chen L, Huang Z, Mao Z, Wang W, Zhang B, Xu Y, Pan S, Hu H, Geng Q. Autophagy decreases alveolar macrophage apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. Oncotarget 2018; 7:87206-87218. [PMID: 27888631 PMCID: PMC5349982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the impact of autophagy on alveolar macrophage apoptosis and its mechanism in the early stages of hypoxia, we established a cell hypoxia-reoxygenation model and orthotopic left lung ischemia-reperfusion model. Rat alveolar macrophages stably expressing RFP-LC3 were treated with autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) or autophagy promoter (rapamycin), followed by hypoxia-reoxygenation treatment 2 h, 4 h or 6 h later. Twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four different groups: no blocking of left lung hilum (model group), left lung hilum blocked for 1h with DMSO lavage (control group), left lung hilum blocked for 1 h with 100 ml/kg 3-MA (5 μmol/L) lavage (3-MA group), and left lung hilum blocked for 1 h with 100 ml/kg rapamycin (250 nmol/L) lavage (rapamycin group). Rapamycin decreased the unfolded protein response, which reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in the presence of oxygen deficiency. Rapamycin increased superoxide dismutase activities and decreased malondialdehyde levels, whereas 3-MA decreased superoxide dismutase activities and increased malondialdehyde levels. Thus, autophagy decreases alveolar macrophage apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in the early stage of hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. This could represent a new approach to protecting against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangfan Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shize Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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46
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Zientara-Rytter K, Ozeki K, Nazarko TY, Subramani S. Pex3 and Atg37 compete to regulate the interaction between the pexophagy receptor, Atg30, and the Hrr25 kinase. Autophagy 2018; 14:368-384. [PMID: 29260977 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1413521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved process in which subcellular components destined for degradation are sequestered within autophagosomes. The selectivity of autophagy is determined by autophagy receptors, such as Pichia pastoris Atg30 (autophagy-related 30), which controls the selective degradation of peroxisomes (pexophagy) through the assembly of a receptor-protein complex (RPC). Previously, we proved that the peroxisomal acyl-CoA-binding protein, Atg37, and the highly conserved peroxin, Pex3, are required for RPC formation and efficient pexophagy. Here, we describe how Atg37 and Pex3 regulate the assembly and activation of the pexophagic RPC. We demonstrate that Atg30 requires both Atg37 and Pex3 to recruit Atg8 and Atg11 to the pexophagic RPC, because Atg37 depends on Pex3 for its localization at the peroxisomal membrane. We establish that due to close proximity of Atg37- and Pex3-binding sites in the middle domain of Atg30, the binding of these proteins to Atg30 is mutually exclusive within this region. We also show that direct binding of Pex3 and Atg37 to Atg30 regulates its phosphorylation by the Hrr25 kinase, negatively and positively, respectively. Based on these results we present a model that clarifies the assembly and activation of the pexophagic RPC through the phosphoregulation of Atg30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zientara-Rytter
- a Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences , University California , San Diego , CA 92093-0322 , USA
| | - Katharine Ozeki
- a Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences , University California , San Diego , CA 92093-0322 , USA
| | - Taras Y Nazarko
- a Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences , University California , San Diego , CA 92093-0322 , USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- a Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences , University California , San Diego , CA 92093-0322 , USA
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47
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Deng Z, Sheehan P, Chen S, Yue Z. Is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia an autophagy disease? Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:90. [PMID: 29282133 PMCID: PMC5746010 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders that share genetic risk factors and pathological hallmarks. Intriguingly, these shared factors result in a high rate of comorbidity of these diseases in patients. Intracellular protein aggregates are a common pathological hallmark of both diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that impaired RNA processing and disrupted protein homeostasis are two major pathogenic pathways for these diseases. Indeed, recent evidence from genetic and cellular studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of ALS-FTD has suggested that defects in autophagy may underlie various aspects of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the link between genetic mutations, autophagy dysfunction, and the pathogenesis of ALS-FTD. Although dysfunction in a variety of cellular pathways can lead to these diseases, we provide evidence that ALS-FTD is, in many cases, an autophagy disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- Brain center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.,Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Brain center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. .,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA.
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48
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Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Joshi V, Mishra R, Jana NR, Mishra A. Progressing neurobiological strategies against proteostasis failure: Challenges in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Torggler R, Papinski D, Brach T, Bas L, Schuschnig M, Pfaffenwimmer T, Rohringer S, Matzhold T, Schweida D, Brezovich A, Kraft C. Two Independent Pathways within Selective Autophagy Converge to Activate Atg1 Kinase at the Vacuole. Mol Cell 2017; 64:221-235. [PMID: 27768871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a potent cellular degradation pathway, and its activation needs to be tightly controlled. Cargo receptors mediate selectivity during autophagy by bringing cargo to the scaffold protein Atg11 and, in turn, to the autophagic machinery, including the central autophagy kinase Atg1. Here we show how selective autophagy is tightly regulated in space and time to prevent aberrant Atg1 kinase activation and autophagy induction. We established an induced bypass approach (iPass) that combines genetic deletion with chemically induced dimerization to evaluate the roles of Atg13 and cargo receptors in Atg1 kinase activation and selective autophagy progression. We show that Atg1 activation does not require cargo receptors, cargo-bound Atg11, or Atg13 per se. Rather, these proteins function in two independent pathways that converge to activate Atg1 at the vacuole. This pathway architecture underlies the spatiotemporal control of Atg1 kinase activity, thereby preventing inappropriate autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Torggler
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Papinski
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Brach
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Levent Bas
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schuschnig
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thaddäus Pfaffenwimmer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Rohringer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Matzhold
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Schweida
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Brezovich
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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50
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Torggler R, Papinski D, Kraft C. Assays to Monitor Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030023. [PMID: 28703742 PMCID: PMC5617969 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process responsible for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components. It selectively removes harmful cellular material and enables the cell to survive starvation by mobilizing nutrients via the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components. While research over the last decades has led to the discovery of the key factors involved in autophagy, the pathway is not yet completely understood. The first studies of autophagy on a molecular level were conducted in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Building up on these studies, many homologs have been found in higher eukaryotes. Yeast remains a highly relevant model organism for studying autophagy, with a wide range of established methods to elucidate the molecular details of the autophagy pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of methods to study both selective and bulk autophagy, including intermediate steps in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We compare different assays, discuss their advantages and limitations and list potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Torggler
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Papinski
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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