1
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Hausrat TJ, Vogl C, Neef J, Schweizer M, Yee BK, Strenzke N, Kneussel M. Monoallelic loss of the F-actin-binding protein radixin facilitates startle reactivity and pre-pulse inhibition in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:987691. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.987691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing impairment is one of the most common disorders with a global burden and increasing prevalence in an ever-aging population. Previous research has largely focused on peripheral sensory perception, while the brain circuits of auditory processing and integration remain poorly understood. Mutations in the rdx gene, encoding the F-actin binding protein radixin (Rdx), can induce hearing loss in human patients and homozygous depletion of Rdx causes deafness in mice. However, the precise physiological function of Rdx in hearing and auditory information processing is still ill-defined. Here, we investigated consequences of rdx monoallelic loss in the mouse. Unlike the homozygous (−/−) rdx knockout, which is characterized by the degeneration of actin-based stereocilia and subsequent hearing loss, our analysis of heterozygous (+/−) mutants has revealed a different phenotype. Specifically, monoallelic loss of rdx potentiated the startle reflex in response to acoustic stimulation of increasing intensities, suggesting a gain of function relative to wildtype littermates. The monoallelic loss of the rdx gene also facilitated pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex induced by weak auditory pre-pulse stimuli, indicating a modification to the circuit underlying sensorimotor gating of auditory input. However, the auditory brainstem response (ABR)-based hearing thresholds revealed a mild impairment in peripheral sound perception in rdx (+/-) mice, suggesting minor aberration of stereocilia structural integrity. Taken together, our data suggest a critical role of Rdx in the top-down processing and/or integration of auditory signals, and therefore a novel perspective to uncover further Rdx-mediated mechanisms in central auditory information processing.
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2
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Chaudhary PK, Kim S. The GRKs Reactome: Role in Cell Biology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073375. [PMID: 33806057 PMCID: PMC8036551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are protein kinases that function in concert with arrestins in the regulation of a diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling. Although GRKs and arrestins are key participants in the regulation of GPCR cascades, the complex regulatory mechanisms of GRK expression, its alternation, and their function are not thoroughly understood. Several studies together with the work from our lab in recent years have revealed the critical role of these kinases in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular biology, inflammation and immunity, neurodegeneration, thrombosis, and hemostasis. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying functional interactions with multiple receptor proteins and how these interactions take part in the development of various pathobiological processes may give rise to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the current research linking the role of GRKs to various aspects of cell biology, pathology, and therapeutics, with a particular focus on thrombosis and hemostasis.
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3
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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4
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Radixin modulates the function of outer hair cell stereocilia. Commun Biol 2020; 3:792. [PMID: 33361775 PMCID: PMC7758333 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The stereocilia of the inner ear sensory cells contain the actin-binding protein radixin, encoded by RDX. Radixin is important for hearing but remains functionally obscure. To determine how radixin influences hearing sensitivity, we used a custom rapid imaging technique to visualize stereocilia motion while measuring electrical potential amplitudes during acoustic stimulation. Radixin inhibition decreased sound-evoked electrical potentials. Other functional measures, including electrically induced sensory cell motility and sound-evoked stereocilia deflections, showed a minor amplitude increase. These unique functional alterations demonstrate radixin as necessary for conversion of sound into electrical signals at acoustic rates. We identified patients with RDX variants with normal hearing at birth who showed rapidly deteriorating hearing during the first months of life. This may be overlooked by newborn hearing screening and explained by multiple disturbances in postnatal sensory cells. We conclude radixin is necessary for ensuring normal conversion of sound to electrical signals in the inner ear. Sonal Prasad et al. identify several mutations in the radixin (RDX) gene that are associated with early-life hearing loss. Using a guinea pig model, they propose that radixin helps convert sound into electrical signals in the mature inner ear.
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5
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Schoentgen F, Jonic S. PEBP1/RKIP behavior: a mirror of actin-membrane organization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:859-874. [PMID: 31960115 PMCID: PMC11105014 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), a small 21 kDa protein, is implicated in several key processes of the living cell. The deregulation of PEBP1, especially its downregulation, leads to major diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. PEBP1 was found to interact with numerous proteins, especially kinases and GTPases, generally inhibiting their activity. To understand the basic functionality of this amazing small protein, we have considered several known processes that it modulates and we have discussed the role of each molecular target in these processes. Here, we propose that cortical actin organization, associated with membrane changes, is involved in the majority of the processes modulated by PEBP1. Furthermore, based on recent data, we summarize some key PEBP1-interacting proteins, and we report their respective functions and focus on their relationships with actin organization. We suggest that, depending on the cell status and environment, PEBP1 is an organizer of the actin-membrane composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Schoentgen
- UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Slavica Jonic
- UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
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6
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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A high-affinity peptide substrate for G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Amino Acids 2019; 51:973-976. [PMID: 31004228 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a previously identified β-tubulin-derived G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GKR2) peptide (GR-11-1; DEMEFTEAESNMN) and its amino-terminal extension (GR-11-1-N; GEGMDEMEFTEAESNMN) and carboxyl-terminal extension (GR-11-1-C; DEMEFTEAESNMNDLVSEYQ) peptides with the aim of finding a high-affinity peptide substrate for GRK2. GR-11-1-C showed high affinity for GRK2, but very low affinity for GKR5. Its specificity and sensitivity for GKR2 were greater than those of GR-11-1 and GR-11-1-N. These findings should be useful in designing tools for probing GKR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways, as well as GRK2-specific drugs.
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8
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Sun S, Adyshev D, Dudek S, Paul A, McColloch A, Cho M. Cholesterol-dependent Modulation of Stem Cell Biomechanics: Application to Adipogenesis. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2729412. [PMID: 30901381 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell mechanics has been shown to regulate stem cell differentiation. We have previously reported that altered cell stiffness of mesenchymal stem cells can delay or facilitate biochemically directed differentiation. One of the factors that can affect the cell stiffness is cholesterol. However, the effect of cholesterol on differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) remains elusive. In this paper, we demonstrate that cholesterol is involved in the modulation of the cell stiffness and subsequent adipogenic differentiation. Rapid cytoskeletal actin reorganization was evident and correlated with the cell's Young's modulus measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the level of membrane-bound cholesterol was found to increase during adipogenic differentiation and inversely varied with the cell stiffness. Furthermore, cholesterol played a key role in the regulation of the cell morphology and biomechanics, suggesting its crucial involvement in mechanotransduction. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effect of cholesterol on the membrane-cytoskeleton linker proteins (ezrin and moesin). Cholesterol depletion was found to up-regulate the ezrin expression which promoted cell spreading, increased Young's modulus, and hindered adipogenesis. In contrast, cholesterol enrichment increased the moesin expression, decreased Young's modulus, and induced cell rounding and facilitated adipogenesis. Taken together, cholesterol appears to regulate the stem cell mechanics and adipogenesis through the membrane-associated linker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Djanybek Adyshev
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Steve Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Andrew McColloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Michael Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
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9
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Steury MD, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Inflammatory Response and Signaling. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:227-277. [PMID: 28950947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a large and diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through GRK phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment, GPCRs are desensitized and their signal terminated. Recent work on these kinases has expanded their role from canonical GPCR regulation to include noncanonical regulation of non-GPCR and nonreceptor substrates through phosphorylation as well as via scaffolding functions. Owing to these and other regulatory roles, GRKs have been shown to play a critical role in the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including chemotaxis, signaling, migration, inflammatory gene expression, etc. This diverse set of functions for these proteins makes them popular targets for therapeutics. Role for these kinases in inflammation and inflammatory disease is an evolving area of research currently pursued in many laboratories. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on various GRKs pertaining to their role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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10
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Nogués L, Reglero C, Rivas V, Neves M, Penela P, Mayor F. G-Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 as a Potential Modulator of the Hallmarks of Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:220-228. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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11
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Wu KX, Phuektes P, Kumar P, Goh GYL, Moreau D, Chow VTK, Bard F, Chu JJH. Human genome-wide RNAi screen reveals host factors required for enterovirus 71 replication. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13150. [PMID: 27748395 PMCID: PMC5071646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic enterovirus without antivirals or vaccine, and its host-pathogen interactions remain poorly understood. Here we use a human genome-wide RNAi screen to identify 256 host factors involved in EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Enrichment analyses reveal overrepresentation in processes like mitotic cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. We have carried out orthogonal experiments to characterize the roles of selected factors involved in cell cycle regulation and endoplasmatic reticulum-associated degradation. We demonstrate nuclear egress of CDK6 in EV71 infected cells, and identify CDK6 and AURKB as resistance factors. NGLY1, which co-localizes with EV71 replication complexes at the endoplasmatic reticulum, supports EV71 replication. We confirm importance of these factors for EV71 replication in a human neuronal cell line and for coxsackievirus A16 infection. A small molecule inhibitor of NGLY1 reduces EV71 replication. This study provides a comprehensive map of EV71 host factors and reveals potential antiviral targets. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes a spectrum of symptoms including neurological disease. To improve our understanding of EV71-host interactions, Wu et al. here perform a genome-wide RNAi screen, which implicates cell cycle regulation and ER-associated degradation as important factors in EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Yen Lin Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tak Kwong Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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12
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Asai D, Murata M, Toita R, Kawano T, Nakashima H, Kang JH. Role of amino acid residues surrounding the phosphorylation site in peptide substrates of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Amino Acids 2016; 48:2875-2880. [PMID: 27714516 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino acid substitutions was made in a previously identified β-tubulin-derived GRK2 substrate peptide (404DEMEFTEAESNMN416) to examine the role of amino acid residues surrounding the phosphorylation site. Anionic amino acid residues surrounding the phosphorylation site played an important role in the affinity for GRK2. Compared to the original peptide, a modified peptide (Ac-EEMEFSEAEANMN-NH2) exhibited markedly higher affinity for GRK2, but very low affinity for GRK5, suggesting that it can be a sensitive and selective peptide for GRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1 Miyamae, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorioka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1 Miyamae, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
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13
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Guccione M, Ettari R, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Zappalà M, Grasso S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9277-9294. [PMID: 27362616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and regulates various intracellular mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of GRK2 correlates with several pathological disorders. GRK2 plays an important role in the maintenance of heart structure and function; thus, this kinase is involved in many cardiovascular diseases. GRK2 up-regulation can worsen cardiac ischemia; furthermore, increased kinase levels occur during the early stages of heart failure and in hypertensive subjects. GRK2 up-regulation can lead to changes in the insulin signaling cascade, which can translate to insulin resistance. Increased GRK2 levels also correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment that is typically observed in Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the most potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors that have been developed. We focus on their mechanism of action, inhibition profile, and structure-activity relationships to provide insight into the further development of GRK2 inhibitors as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Guccione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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14
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Hou X, Hu H, Lin Y, Qu B, Gao X, Li Q. The effect of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) on lactation and on proliferation of mammary epithelial cells from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5828-5836. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Bhargava M, Viken KJ, Dey S, Steinbach MS, Wu B, Jagtap PD, Higgins L, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Weisdorf DJ, Kumar V, Arora M, Bitterman PB, Ingbar DH, Wendt CH. Proteome Profiling in Lung Injury after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:1383-1390. [PMID: 27155584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary complications due to infection and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), a noninfectious lung injury in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, are frequent causes of transplantation-related mortality and morbidity. Our objective was to characterize the global bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein expression of IPS to identify proteins and pathways that differentiate IPS from infectious lung injury after HSCT. We studied 30 BALF samples from patients who developed lung injury within 180 days of HSCT or cellular therapy transfusion (natural killer cell transfusion). Adult subjects were classified as having IPS or infectious lung injury by the criteria outlined in the 2011 American Thoracic Society statement. BALF was depleted of hemoglobin and 14 high-abundance proteins, treated with trypsin, and labeled with isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) 8-plex reagent for two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography (LC) and data dependent peptide tandem mass spectrometry (MS) on an Orbitrap Velos system in higher-energy collision-induced dissociation activation mode. Protein identification employed a target-decoy strategy using ProteinPilot within Galaxy P. The relative protein abundance was determined with reference to a global internal standard consisting of pooled BALF from patients with respiratory failure and no history of HSCT. A variance weighted t-test controlling for a false discovery rate of ≤5% was used to identify proteins that showed differential expression between IPS and infectious lung injury. The biological relevance of these proteins was determined by using gene ontology enrichment analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We characterized 12 IPS and 18 infectious lung injury BALF samples. In the 5 iTRAQ LC-MS/MS experiments 845, 735, 532, 615, and 594 proteins were identified for a total of 1125 unique proteins and 368 common proteins across all 5 LC-MS/MS experiments. When comparing IPS to infectious lung injury, 96 proteins were differentially expressed. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that these proteins participate in biological processes involved in the development of lung injury after HSCT. These include acute phase response signaling, complement system, coagulation system, liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR), and farsenoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR modulation. We identified 2 canonical pathways modulated by TNF-α, FXR/RXR activation, and IL2 signaling in macrophages. The proteins also mapped to blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and wound healing-processes that participate in organ repair. Cell movement was identified as significantly over-represented by proteins with differential expression between IPS and infection. In conclusion, the BALF protein expression in IPS differed significantly from infectious lung injury in HSCT recipients. These differences provide insights into mechanisms that are activated in lung injury in HSCT recipients and suggest potential therapeutic targets to augment lung repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Bhargava
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Kevin J Viken
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sanjoy Dey
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael S Steinbach
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Baolin Wu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pratik D Jagtap
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mukta Arora
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David H Ingbar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chris H Wendt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Abstract
In all eukaryotes, the plasma membrane is critically important as it maintains the architectural integrity of the cell. Proper anchorage and interaction between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton is critical for normal cellular processes. The ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) proteins are a class of highly homologous proteins involved in linking the plasma membrane to the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This review takes a succinct look at the biology of the ERM proteins including their structure and function. Current reports on their regulation that leads to activation and deactivation was examined before taking a look at the different interacting partners. Finally, emerging roles of each of the ERM family members in cancer was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A Ponuwei
- Cell migration laboratory, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Berkshire, UK. .,Molecular and Cellular Medicine unit, Department of Biomedical sciences, School of Life Sciences, Hopkins Building, Whiteknights Campus, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
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17
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases originally discovered for their role in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) phosphorylation. Recent studies have demonstrated a much broader function for this kinase family including phosphorylation of cytosolic substrates involved in cell signaling pathways stimulated by GPCRs, as well as by non-GPCRs. In addition, GRKs modulate signaling via phosphorylation-independent functions. Because of these various biochemical functions, GRKs have been shown to affect critical physiological and pathophysiological processes, and thus are considered as drug targets in diseases such as heart failure. Role of GRKs in inflammation and inflammatory diseases is an evolving area of research and several studies including work from our lab in the recent years have demonstrated critical role of GRKs in the immune system. In this review, we discuss the classical and the newly emerging functions of GRKs in the immune system and their role in inflammation and disease processes.
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18
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Monitoring of phosphorylated peptides by radioactive assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2377-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Wu CY, Lin MW, Wu DC, Huang YB, Huang HT, Chen CL. The role of phosphoinositide-regulated actin reorganization in chemotaxis and cell migration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5541-54. [PMID: 25420930 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for cell motility and chemotaxis. Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and membrane lipids, especially phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 are involved in the regulation of this reorganization. At least 15 ABPs have been reported to interact with, or regulated by phosphoinositides (PIPs) whose synthesis is regulated by extracellular signals. Recent studies have uncovered several parallel intracellular signalling pathways that crosstalk in chemotaxing cells. Here, we review the roles of ABPs and phosphoinositides in chemotaxis and cell migration. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Wu
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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20
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Peptide substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2129-32. [PMID: 24813628 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) control the signaling and activation of G protein-coupled receptors through phosphorylation. In this study, consensus substrate motifs for GRK2 were identified from the sequences of GRK2 protein substrates, and 17 candidate peptides were synthesized to identify peptide substrates with high affinity for GRK2. GRK2 appears to require an acidic amino acid at the -2, -3, or -4 positions and its consensus phosphorylation site motifs were identified as (D/E)X1-3(S/T), (D/E)X1-3(S/T)(D/E), or (D/E)X0-2(D/E)(S/T). Among the 17 peptide substrates examined, a 13-amino-acid peptide fragment of β-tubulin (DEMEFTEAESNMN) showed the highest affinity for GRK2 (Km, 33.9 μM; Vmax, 0.35 pmol min(-1) mg(-1)), but very low affinity for GRK5. This peptide may be a useful tool for investigating cellular signaling pathways regulated by GRK2.
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21
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Chakraborty PK, Zhang Y, Coomes AS, Kim WJ, Stupay R, Lynch LD, Atkinson T, Kim JI, Nie Z, Daaka Y. G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK5 phosphorylates moesin and regulates metastasis in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3489-500. [PMID: 24755472 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) regulate diverse cellular functions ranging from metabolism to growth and locomotion. Here, we report an important contributory role for GRK5 in human prostate cancer. Inhibition of GRK5 kinase activity attenuated the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and, concordantly, increased cell attachment and focal adhesion formation. Mass spectrometric analysis of the phosphoproteome revealed the cytoskeletal-membrane attachment protein moesin as a putative GRK5 substrate. GRK5 regulated the subcellular distribution of moesin and colocalized with moesin at the cell periphery. We identified amino acid T66 of moesin as a principal GRK5 phosphorylation site and showed that enforcing the expression of a T66-mutated moesin reduced cell spreading. In a xenograft model of human prostate cancer, GRK5 silencing reduced tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Taken together, our results established GRK5 as a key contributor to the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Chakraborty
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandra S Coomes
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wan-Ju Kim
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rachel Stupay
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lauren D Lynch
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tamieka Atkinson
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jae I Kim
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zhongzhen Nie
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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22
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Corbi G, Conti V, Russomanno G, Longobardi G, Furgi G, Filippelli A, Ferrara N. Adrenergic signaling and oxidative stress: a role for sirtuins? Front Physiol 2013. [PMID: 24265619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00324.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenergic system plays a central role in stress signaling and stress is often associated with increased production of ROS. However, ROS overproduction generates oxidative stress, that occurs in response to several stressors. β-adrenergic signaling is markedly attenuated in conditions such as heart failure, with downregulation and desensitization of the receptors and their uncoupling from adenylyl cyclase. Transgenic activation of β2-adrenoceptor leads to elevation of NADPH oxidase activity, with greater ROS production and p38MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase or ROS significantly reduced the p38MAPK signaling cascade. Chronic β2-adrenoceptor activation is associated with greater cardiac dilatation and dysfunction, augmented pro-inflammatory and profibrotic signaling, while antioxidant treatment protected hearts against these abnormalities, indicating ROS production to be central to the detrimental signaling of β2-adrenoceptors. It has been demonstrated that sirtuins are involved in modulating the cellular stress response directly by deacetylation of some factors. Sirt1 increases cellular stress resistance, by an increased insulin sensitivity, a decreased circulating free fatty acids and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), an increased activity of AMPK, increased activity of PGC-1a, and increased mitochondrial number. Sirt1 acts by involving signaling molecules such P-I-3-kinase-Akt, MAPK and p38-MAPK-β. βAR stimulation antagonizes the protective effect of the AKT pathway through inhibiting induction of Hif-1α and Sirt1 genes, key elements in cell survival. More studies are needed to better clarify the involvement of sirtuins in the β-adrenergic response and, overall, to better define the mechanisms by which tools such as exercise training are able to counteract the oxidative stress, by both activation of sirtuins and inhibition of GRK2 in many cardiovascular conditions and can be used to prevent or treat diseases such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
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23
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Penela P, Nogués L, Mayor F. Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 27:10-7. [PMID: 24680425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are emerging as important integrative nodes in cell migration processes. Recent evidence links GRKs (particularly the GRK2 isoform) to the complex modulation of diverse aspects of cell motility. In addition to its well-established role in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis, GRK2 can play an effector role in the organization of actin and microtubule networks and in adhesion dynamics, by means of novel substrates and transient interacting partners, such as the GIT1 scaffold or the cytoplasmic α-tubulin deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). The overall effect of altering GRK levels or activity on chemotaxis would depend on how such different roles are integrated in a given cell type and physiological context, and may have relevant implications in inflammatory diseases or cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nogués
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Corbi G, Conti V, Russomanno G, Longobardi G, Furgi G, Filippelli A, Ferrara N. Adrenergic signaling and oxidative stress: a role for sirtuins? Front Physiol 2013; 4:324. [PMID: 24265619 PMCID: PMC3820966 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenergic system plays a central role in stress signaling and stress is often associated with increased production of ROS. However, ROS overproduction generates oxidative stress, that occurs in response to several stressors. β-adrenergic signaling is markedly attenuated in conditions such as heart failure, with downregulation and desensitization of the receptors and their uncoupling from adenylyl cyclase. Transgenic activation of β2-adrenoceptor leads to elevation of NADPH oxidase activity, with greater ROS production and p38MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase or ROS significantly reduced the p38MAPK signaling cascade. Chronic β2-adrenoceptor activation is associated with greater cardiac dilatation and dysfunction, augmented pro-inflammatory and profibrotic signaling, while antioxidant treatment protected hearts against these abnormalities, indicating ROS production to be central to the detrimental signaling of β2-adrenoceptors. It has been demonstrated that sirtuins are involved in modulating the cellular stress response directly by deacetylation of some factors. Sirt1 increases cellular stress resistance, by an increased insulin sensitivity, a decreased circulating free fatty acids and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), an increased activity of AMPK, increased activity of PGC-1a, and increased mitochondrial number. Sirt1 acts by involving signaling molecules such P-I-3-kinase-Akt, MAPK and p38-MAPK-β. βAR stimulation antagonizes the protective effect of the AKT pathway through inhibiting induction of Hif-1α and Sirt1 genes, key elements in cell survival. More studies are needed to better clarify the involvement of sirtuins in the β-adrenergic response and, overall, to better define the mechanisms by which tools such as exercise training are able to counteract the oxidative stress, by both activation of sirtuins and inhibition of GRK2 in many cardiovascular conditions and can be used to prevent or treat diseases such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
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25
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Adada M, Canals D, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Sphingolipid regulation of ezrin, radixin, and moesin proteins family: implications for cell dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:727-37. [PMID: 23850862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key but poorly studied domain of sphingolipid functions encompasses endocytosis, exocytosis, cellular trafficking, and cell movement. Recently, the ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) family of proteins emerged as novel potent targets regulated by sphingolipids. ERMs are structural proteins linking the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, also forming a scaffold for signaling pathways that are used for cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and cell division. Opposing functions of the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), contribute to ERM regulation. S1P robustly activates whereas ceramide potently deactivates ERM via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, respectively. This recent dimension of cytoskeletal regulation by sphingolipids opens up new avenues to target cell dynamics, and provides further understanding of some of the unexplained biological effects mediated by sphingolipids. In addition, these studies are providing novel inroads into defining basic mechanisms of regulation and action of bioactive sphingolipids. This review describes the current understanding of sphingolipid regulation of the cytoskeleton, it also describes the biologies in which ERM proteins have been involved, and finally how these two large fields have started to converge. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Adada
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel Canals
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA.
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26
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Orr Gandy KA, Adada M, Canals D, Carroll B, Roddy P, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Epidermal growth factor-induced cellular invasion requires sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine-1-phosphate 2 receptor-mediated ezrin activation. FASEB J 2013; 27:3155-66. [PMID: 23629860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins link cortical actin to the plasma membrane and coordinate cellular events that require cytoskeletal rearrangement, including cell division, migration, and invasion. While ERM proteins are involved in many important cellular events, the mechanisms regulating their function are not completely understood. Our laboratory previously identified reciprocal roles for the sphingolipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in the regulation of ERM proteins. We recently showed that ceramide-induced activation of PP1α leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of ERM proteins, while S1P results in phosphorylation and activation of ERM proteins. Following these findings, we aimed to examine known inducers of the SK/S1P pathway and evaluate their ability to regulate ERM proteins. We examined EGF, a known inducer of the SK/S1P pathway, for its ability to regulate the ERM family of proteins. We found that EGF induces ERM c-terminal threonine phosphorylation via activation of the SK/S1P pathway, as this was prevented by siRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of SK. Using pharmacological, as well as genetic, knockdown approaches, we determined that EGF induces ERM phosphorylation via activation of S1PR2. In addition, EGF led to cell polarization in the form of lamellipodia, and this occurred through a mechanism involving S1PR2-mediated phosphorylation of ezrin T567. EGF-induced cellular invasion was also found to be dependent on S1PR2-induced T567 ezrin phosphorylation, such that S1PR2 antagonist, JTE-013, and expression of a dominant-negative ezrin mutant prevented cellular invasion toward EGF. In this work, a novel mechanism of EGF-stimulated invasion is unveiled, whereby S1P-mediated activation of S1PR2 and phosphorylation of ezrin T567 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexa Orr Gandy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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27
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Santulli G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and hypertension: molecular insights and pathophysiological mechanisms. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2013; 20:5-12. [PMID: 23532739 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-013-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors partake in the fine-tuning of arterial blood pressure. The heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest classes of cell-surface receptors. Further, ligands directed at GPCRs account for nearly 30 % of current clinical pharmaceutical agents available. Given the wide variety of GPCRs involved in blood pressure control, it is reasonable to speculate for a potential role of established intermediaries involved in the GPCR desensitization process, like the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in the regulation of vascular tone. Of the seven mammalian GRKs, GRK2 seems to be the most relevant isoform at the cardiovascular level. This review attempts to assemble the currently available information concerning GRK2 and hypertension, opening new potential fields of translational investigation to treat this vexing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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28
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces filopodia formation through S1PR2 activation of ERM proteins. Biochem J 2013; 449:661-72. [PMID: 23106337 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that the sphingolipids ceramide and S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) regulate phosphorylation of the ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family of cytoskeletal proteins [Canals, Jenkins, Roddy, Hernande-Corbacho, Obeid and Hannun (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 32476-3285]. In the present article, we show that exogenously applied or endogenously generated S1P (in a sphingosine kinase-dependent manner) results in significant increases in phosphorylation of ERM proteins as well as filopodia formation. Using phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable ezrin mutants, we show that the S1P-induced cytoskeletal protrusions are dependent on ERM phosphorylation. Employing various pharmacological S1PR (S1P receptor) agonists and antagonists, along with siRNA (small interfering RNA) techniques and genetic knockout approaches, we identify the S1PR2 as the specific and necessary receptor to induce phosphorylation of ERM proteins and subsequent filopodia formation. Taken together, the results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which S1P regulates cellular architecture that requires S1PR2 and subsequent phosphorylation of ERM proteins.
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29
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Astrocyte GRK2 as a novel regulator of glutamate transport and brain damage. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:206-15. [PMID: 23313319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates cellular signaling via desensitization of GPCRs and by direct interaction with intracellular signaling molecules. We recently described that ischemic brain injury decreases cerebral GRK2 levels. Here we studied the effect of astrocyte GRK2-deficiency on neonatal brain damage in vivo. As astrocytes protect neurons by taking up glutamate via plasma-membrane transporters, we also studied the effect of GRK2 on the localization of the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter (GLAST). Brain damage induced by hypoxia-ischemia was significantly reduced in GFAP-GRK2(+/-) mice, which have a 60% reduction in astrocyte GRK2 compared to GFAP-WT littermates. In addition, GRK2-deficient astrocytes have higher plasma-membrane levels of GLAST and an increased capacity to take up glutamate in vitro. In search for the mechanism by which GRK2 regulates GLAST expression, we observed increased GFAP levels in GRK2-deficient astrocytes. GFAP and the cytoskeletal protein ezrin are known regulators of GLAST localization. In line with this evidence, GRK2-deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the GRK2 substrate ezrin and enforced plasma-membrane GLAST association after stimulation with the group I mGluR-agonist DHPG. When ezrin was silenced, the enhanced plasma-membrane GLAST association in DHPG-exposed GRK2-deficient astrocytes was prevented. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of astrocyte GRK2 in regulating plasma-membrane GLAST localization via an ezrin-dependent route. We demonstrate that the 60% reduction in astrocyte GRK2 protein level that is observed in GFAP-GRK2(+/-) mice is sufficient to significantly reduce neonatal ischemic brain damage. These findings underline the critical role of GRK2 regulation in astrocytes for dampening the extent of brain damage after ischemia.
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30
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LaGier AJ, Manzo ND, Dye JA. Diesel exhaust particles induce aberrant alveolar epithelial directed cell movement by disruption of polarity mechanisms. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:71-85. [PMID: 23294296 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.738169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the respiratory epithelium contributes to the progression of a variety of respiratory diseases that are aggravated by exposure to air pollutants, specifically traffic-based pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Recognizing that lung repair following injury requires efficient and directed alveolar epithelial cell migration, this study's goal was to understand the mechanisms underlying alveolar epithelial cells response to DEP, particularly when exposure is accompanied with comorbid lung injury. Separate mechanistic steps of directed migration were investigated in confluent murine LA-4 cells exposed to noncytotoxic concentrations (0-100 μg/cm(2)) of either automobile-emitted diesel exhaust particles (DEP(A)) or carbon black (CB) particles. A scratch wound model ascertained how DEP(A) exposure affected directional cell migration and BCECF ratio fluorimetry-monitored intracellular pH (pHi). Cells were immunostained with giantin to assess cell polarity, and with paxillin to assess focal cell adhesions. Cells were immunoblotted for ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) to assess cytoskeletal anchoring. Data demonstrate herein that exposure of LA-4 cells to DEP(A) (but not CB) resulted in delayed directional cell migration, impaired de-adhesion of the trailing edge cell processes, disrupted regulation of pHi, and altered Golgi polarity of leading edge cells, along with modified focal adhesions and reduced ERM levels, indicative of decreased cytoskeletal anchoring. The ability of DEP(A) to disrupt directed cell migration at multiple levels suggests that signaling pathways such as ERM/Rho are critical for transduction of ion transport signals into cytoskeletal arrangement responses. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which chronic exposure to traffic-based emissions may result in decrements in lung capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana J LaGier
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, USA.
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31
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Zhu X, Morales FC, Agarwal NK, Dogruluk T, Gagea M, Georgescu MM. Moesin is a glioma progression marker that induces proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation via interaction with CD44. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1142-55. [PMID: 23221384 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moesin is an ERM family protein that connects the actin cytoskeleton to transmembrane receptors. With the identification of the ERM family protein NF2 as a tumor suppressor in glioblastoma, we investigated roles for other ERM proteins in this malignancy. Here, we report that overexpression of moesin occurs generally in high-grade glioblastoma in a pattern correlated with the stem cell marker CD44. Unlike NF2, moesin acts as an oncogene by increasing cell proliferation and stem cell neurosphere formation, with its ectopic overexpression sufficient to shorten survival in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma. Moesin was the major ERM member activated by phosphorylation in glioblastoma cells, where it interacted and colocalized with CD44 in membrane protrusions. Increasing the levels of moesin competitively displaced NF2 from CD44, increasing CD44 expression in a positive feedback loop driven by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therapeutic targeting of the moesin-CD44 interaction with the small-molecule inhibitor 7-cyanoquinocarcinol (DX-52-1) or with a CD44-mimetic peptide specifically reduced the proliferation of glioblastoma cells overexpressing moesin, where the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated. Our findings establish moesin and CD44 as progression markers and drugable targets in glioblastoma, relating their oncogenic effects to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA
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32
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Lafarga V, Mayor F, Penela P. The interplay between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) at the crossroads of epithelial cell motility. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:495-501. [PMID: 23076141 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is emerging as a key integrative node in cell migration control. In addition to its canonical role in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis, novel recently identified GRK2 substrates and interacting partners appear to mediate the GRK2-dependent modulation of diverse molecular processes involved in motility, such as gradient sensing, cell polarity or cytoskeletal reorganization. We have recently identified an interaction between GRK2 and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a major cytoplasmic α-tubulin deacetylase involved in cell motility and adhesion. GRK2 dynamically associates with and phosphorylates HDAC6 to stimulate its α-tubulin deacetylase activity at specific cellular localizations such as the leading edge of migrating cells, thus promoting local tubulin deacetylation and enhanced motility. This GRK2-HDAC6 functional interaction may have important implications in pathological contexts related to aberrant epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Lafarga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Wei Z, Hurtt R, Ciccarelli M, Koch WJ, Doria C. Growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by overexpression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2371-7. [PMID: 21826651 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest forms of human liver cancer and does not respond well to conventional therapies. Novel effective treatments are urgently in need. G-protein-coupled kinase 2 (GRK2) is unique serine/threonine kinase that involves in many signaling pathways and regulates various essential cellular processes. Altered levels of GRK2 have been linked with several human diseases including cancer. In this study, we investigated a novel approach for HCC treatment by inducing overexpression of GRK2 in human HCC cells. We found that overexpression of GRK2 through recombinant adenovirus transduction inhibits the growth of human HCC cells. BrdU incorporation assay showed that the growth inhibition caused by elevated GRK2 level was due to reduced cell proliferation but not apoptosis. To examine the anti-proliferative function of increased GRK2 level, we performed cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide staining. We found that the proliferation suppression was associated with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by the wild-type GRK2 but not its kinase-dead K220R mutant. Furthermore, increased levels of wild-type GRK2 induced upregulation of phosphor-Ser(15) p53 and cyclin B1 in a dose-dependent manner. Our data indicate that the anti-proliferative function of elevated GRK2 is associated with delayed cell cycle progression and is GRK2 kinase activity-dependent. Enforced expression of GRK2 in human HCC by molecular delivery may offer a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Wei
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Evron T, Daigle TL, Caron MG. GRK2: multiple roles beyond G protein-coupled receptor desensitization. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:154-64. [PMID: 22277298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by phosphorylating the intracellular domain of the active receptor, resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. GRKs also regulate GPCR trafficking in a phosphorylation-independent manner via direct protein-protein interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that GRK2, the most widely studied member of this family of kinases, modulates multiple cellular responses in various physiological contexts by either phosphorylating non-receptor substrates or interacting directly with signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss traditional and newly discovered roles of GRK2 in receptor internalization and signaling as well as its impact on non-receptor substrates. We also discuss novel exciting roles of GRK2 in the regulation of dopamine receptor signaling and in the activation and trafficking of the atypical GPCR, Smoothened (Smo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Evron
- Department of Cell Biology, Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Gurevich EV, Tesmer JJG, Mushegian A, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases: more than just kinases and not only for GPCRs. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:40-69. [PMID: 21903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are best known for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. GRKs phosphorylate activated receptors and promote high affinity binding of arrestins, which precludes G protein coupling. GRKs have a multidomain structure, with the kinase domain inserted into a loop of a regulator of G protein signaling homology domain. Unlike many other kinases, GRKs do not need to be phosphorylated in their activation loop to achieve an activated state. Instead, they are directly activated by docking with active GPCRs. In this manner they are able to selectively phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues on only the activated form of the receptor, unlike related kinases such as protein kinase A. GRKs also phosphorylate a variety of non-GPCR substrates and regulate several signaling pathways via direct interactions with other proteins in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Multiple GRK subtypes are present in virtually every animal cell, with the highest expression levels found in neurons, with their extensive and complex signal regulation. Insufficient or excessive GRK activity was implicated in a variety of human disorders, ranging from heart failure to depression to Parkinson's disease. As key regulators of GPCR-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, GRKs are emerging drug targets and promising molecular tools for therapy. Targeted modulation of expression and/or of activity of several GRK isoforms for therapeutic purposes was recently validated in cardiac disorders and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Preston Research Building, Rm. 454, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Arpin M, Chirivino D, Naba A, Zwaenepoel I. Emerging role for ERM proteins in cell adhesion and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:199-206. [PMID: 21343695 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.2.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly related ERM (Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin) proteins provide a regulated linkage between the membrane and the underlying actin cytoskeleton. They also provide a platform for the transmission of signals in responses to extracellular cues. Studies in different model organisms and in cultured cells have highlighted the importance of ERM proteins in the generation and maintenance of specific domains of the plasma membrane. A central question is how do ERM proteins coordinate actin filament organization and membrane protein transport/stability with signal transduction pathways to build up complex structures? Through their interaction with numerous partners including membrane proteins, actin cytoskeleton and signaling molecules, ERM proteins have the ability to organize multiprotein complexes in specific cellular compartments. Likewise, ERM proteins participate in diverse functions including cell morphogenesis, endocytosis/exocytosis, adhesion and migration. This review focuses on aspects still poorly understood related to the function of ERM proteins in epithelial cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Arpin
- UMR 144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Morphogenèse et Signalisation Cellulaires, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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