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Bhattad S, Ramakrishna SH, Kumar R, Choi JM, Markle JG. Immune dysregulation due to bi-allelic mutation of the actin remodeling protein DIAPH1. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406781. [PMID: 39076976 PMCID: PMC11284534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with severe inflammatory diseases are challenging to diagnose and treat, and the etiology of disease often remains unexplained. Here we present DIAPH1 deficiency as an unexpected genetic finding in a child with fatal inflammatory bowel disease who also displayed complex neurological and developmental phenotypes. Bi-allelic mutations of DIAPH1 were first described in patients with a severe neurological phenotype including microcephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and blindness. Recent findings have expanded the clinical phenotype of DIAPH1 deficiency to include severe susceptibility to infections, placing this monogenic disease amongst the etiologies of inborn errors of immunity. Immune phenotypes in DIAPH1 deficiency are largely driven aberrant lymphocyte activation, particularly the failure to form an effective immune synapse in T cells. We present the case of a child with a novel homozygous deletion in DIAPH1, leading to a premature truncation in the Lasso domain of the protein. Unlike other cases of DIAPH1 deficiency, this patient did not have seizures or lung infections. Her major immune-related clinical symptoms were inflammation and enteropathy, diarrhea and failure to thrive. This patient did not show T or B cell lymphopenia but did have dramatically reduced naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, expanded CD4-CD8- T cells, and elevated IgE. Similar to other cases of DIAPH1 deficiency, this patient had non-hematological phenotypes including microcephaly, developmental delay, and impaired vision. This patient's symptSoms of immune dysregulation were not successfully controlled and were ultimately fatal. This case expands the clinical spectrum of DIAPH1 deficiency and reveals that autoimmune or inflammatory enteropathy may be the most prominent immunological manifestation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bhattad
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Ratan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Joseph M. Choi
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Janet G. Markle
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Peippo M, Gardberg M, Kronqvist P, Carpén O, Heuser VD. Characterization of Expression and Function of the Formins FHOD1, INF2, and DAAM1 in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2023; 26:525-543. [PMID: 37985384 PMCID: PMC10761758 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab, benefit patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer; however, owing to traditional pathway activation or alternative signaling, resistance persists. Given the crucial role of the formin family in shaping the actin cytoskeleton during cancer progression, these proteins may function downstream of the HER2 signaling pathway. Our aim was to uncover the potential correlations between formins and HER2 expression using a combination of public databases, immunohistochemistry, and functional in vitro assays. METHODS Using online databases, we identified a negative prognostic correlation between specific formins mRNA expression in HER2-positive cancers. To validate these findings at the protein level, immunohistochemistry was performed on HER2 subtype breast cancer tumors to establish the links between staining patterns and clinical characteristics. We then knocked down individual or combined formins in MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3 cells and investigated their effects on wound healing, transwell migration, and proliferation. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2)/HER2 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown on the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1 pathways as well as on selected formins. RESULTS Our results revealed that correlations between INF2, FHOD1, and DAAM1 mRNA expression and ERBB2 in HER2-subtype breast cancer were associated with worse outcomes. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that high FHOD1 protein expression was linked to higher histological grades and was negatively correlated with estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity. Upon formins knockdown, we observed effects on wound healing and transwell migration, with a minimal impact on proliferation, which was evident through single and combined knockdowns in both cell lines. Notably, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HER2 affected FHOD1 and INF2 expression, along with the phosphorylated Akt/MAPK states. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the roles of FHOD1 and INF2 as downstream effectors of the HER2/Akt and HER2/MAPK pathways, suggesting that they are potential therapeutic targets in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Peippo
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Gardberg
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanina D Heuser
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Greene D, Pirri D, Frudd K, Sackey E, Al-Owain M, Giese APJ, Ramzan K, Riaz S, Yamanaka I, Boeckx N, Thys C, Gelb BD, Brennan P, Hartill V, Harvengt J, Kosho T, Mansour S, Masuno M, Ohata T, Stewart H, Taibah K, Turner CLS, Imtiaz F, Riazuddin S, Morisaki T, Ostergaard P, Loeys BL, Morisaki H, Ahmed ZM, Birdsey GM, Freson K, Mumford A, Turro E. Genetic association analysis of 77,539 genomes reveals rare disease etiologies. Nat Med 2023; 29:679-688. [PMID: 36928819 PMCID: PMC10033407 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The genetic etiologies of more than half of rare diseases remain unknown. Standardized genome sequencing and phenotyping of large patient cohorts provide an opportunity for discovering the unknown etiologies, but this depends on efficient and powerful analytical methods. We built a compact database, the 'Rareservoir', containing the rare variant genotypes and phenotypes of 77,539 participants sequenced by the 100,000 Genomes Project. We then used the Bayesian genetic association method BeviMed to infer associations between genes and each of 269 rare disease classes assigned by clinicians to the participants. We identified 241 known and 19 previously unidentified associations. We validated associations with ERG, PMEPA1 and GPR156 by searching for pedigrees in other cohorts and using bioinformatic and experimental approaches. We provide evidence that (1) loss-of-function variants in the Erythroblast Transformation Specific (ETS)-family transcription factor encoding gene ERG lead to primary lymphoedema, (2) truncating variants in the last exon of transforming growth factor-β regulator PMEPA1 result in Loeys-Dietz syndrome and (3) loss-of-function variants in GPR156 give rise to recessive congenital hearing impairment. The Rareservoir provides a lightweight, flexible and portable system for synthesizing the genetic and phenotypic data required to study rare disease cohorts with tens of thousands of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Greene
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Pirri
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karen Frudd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ege Sackey
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sehar Riaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Itaru Yamanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nele Boeckx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital/University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chantal Thys
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Trust International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Verity Hartill
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julie Harvengt
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mitsuo Masuno
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Helen Stewart
- Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Khalid Taibah
- Ear Nose and Throat Medical Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claire L S Turner
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital/University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Graeme M Birdsey
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- South West National Health Service Genomic Medicine Service Alliance, Bristol, UK
| | - Ernest Turro
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Deletion of the Notch ligand Jagged1 during cochlear maturation leads to inner hair cell defects and hearing loss. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:971. [PMID: 36400760 PMCID: PMC9674855 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea is an exceptionally well-organized epithelium composed of hair cells, supporting cells, and innervating neurons. Loss or defects in any of these cell types, particularly the specialized sensory hair cells, leads to deafness. The Notch pathway is known to play a critical role in the decision to become either a hair cell or a supporting cell during embryogenesis; however, little is known about how Notch functions later during cochlear maturation. Uniquely amongst Notch ligands, Jagged1 (JAG1) is localized to supporting cells during cell fate acquisition and continues to be expressed into adulthood. Here, we demonstrate that JAG1 in maturing cochlear supporting cells is essential for normal cochlear function. Specifically, we show that deletion of JAG1 during cochlear maturation disrupts the inner hair cell pathway and leads to a type of deafness clinically similar to auditory neuropathy. Common pathologies associated with disruptions in inner hair cell function, including loss of hair cells, synapses, or auditory neurons, were not observed in JAG1 mutant cochleae. Instead, RNA-seq analysis of JAG1-deficient cochleae identified dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway, known to be involved in stereocilia development and maintenance. Interestingly, the overexpression of one of the altered genes, Diaph3, is responsible for autosomal dominant auditory neuropathy-1 (AUNA1) in humans and mice, and is associated with defects in the inner hair cell stereocilia. Strikingly, ultrastructural analyses of JAG1-deleted cochleae revealed stereocilia defects in inner hair cells, including fused and elongated bundles, that were similar to those stereocilia defects reported in AUNA1 mice. Taken together, these data indicate a novel role for Notch signaling in normal hearing development through maintaining stereocilia integrity of the inner hair cells during cochlear maturation.
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Ahangar P, Cowin AJ. Reforming the Barrier: The Role of Formins in Wound Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182779. [PMID: 36139355 PMCID: PMC9496773 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of an intact epidermal barrier after wound injury is the culmination of a highly complex and exquisitely regulated physiological process involving multiple cells and tissues, overlapping dynamic events and protein synthesis and regulation. Central to this process is the cytoskeleton, a system of intracellular proteins that are instrumental in regulating important processes involved in wound repair including chemotaxis, cytokinesis, proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. One highly conserved family of cytoskeletal proteins that are emerging as major regulators of actin and microtubule nucleation, polymerization, and stabilization are the formins. The formin family includes 15 different proteins categorized into seven subfamilies based on three formin homology domains (FH1, FH2, and FH3). The formins themselves are regulated in different ways including autoinhibition, activation, and localization by a range of proteins, including Rho GTPases. Herein, we describe the roles and effects of the formin family of cytoskeletal proteins on the fundamental process of wound healing and highlight recent advances relating to their important functions, mechanisms, and regulation at the molecular and cellular levels.
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6
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Orman M, Landis M, Oza A, Nambiar D, Gjeci J, Song K, Huang V, Klestzick A, Hachicho C, Liu SQ, Kamm JM, Bartolini F, Vadakkan JJ, Rojas CM, Vizcarra CL. Alterations to the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 modulate potency but not specificity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13520. [PMID: 35941181 PMCID: PMC9360399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SMIFH2 is a small molecule inhibitor of the formin family of cytoskeletal regulators that was originally identified in a screen for suppression of actin polymerization induced by the mouse formin Diaphanous 1 (mDia1). Despite widespread use of this compound, it is unknown whether SMIFH2 inhibits all human formins. Additionally, the nature of protein/inhibitor interactions remains elusive. We assayed SMIFH2 against human formins representing six of the seven mammalian classes and found inhibitory activity against all formins tested. We synthesized a panel of SMIFH2 derivatives and found that, while many alterations disrupt SMIFH2 activity, substitution of an electron-donating methoxy group in place of the bromine along with halogenation of the furan ring increases potency by approximately five-fold. Similar to SMIFH2, the active derivatives are also pan-inhibitors for the formins tested. This result suggests that while potency can be improved, the goal of distinguishing between highly conserved FH2 domains may not be achievable using the SMIFH2 scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Orman
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Landis
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aisha Oza
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joana Gjeci
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Song
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Carla Hachicho
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Su Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith M Kamm
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Zhao Y, Li J, Chen J, Ye M, Jin X. Functional roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in prostate cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1125-1144. [PMID: 35816219 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant epithelial tumor of the prostate gland with a high male cancer incidence. Numerous studies indicate that abnormal function of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is associated with the progression and metastasis of PCa. E3 ubiquitin ligases, key components of UPS, determine the specificity of substrates, and substantial advances of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been reached recently. Herein, we introduce the structures and functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases and summarize the mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligases-related PCa signaling pathways. In addition, some progresses in the development of inhibitors targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since a mutation of a formin gene, DIAPH1, was identified as being responsible for a human inherited disorder: a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Since then, our knowledge of the links between formins and disease has deepened considerably. Mutations of DIAPH1 and six other formin genes (DAAM2, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, FMN2, INF2 and FHOD3) have been identified as the genetic cause of a variety of inherited human disorders, including intellectual disability, renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, primary ovarian insufficiency, hearing loss and cardiomyopathy. In addition, alterations in formin genes have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including developmental defects affecting the heart, nervous system and kidney, aging-related diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries about the involvement of formin alterations in monogenic disorders and other human pathological conditions, especially cancer, with which they have been associated. In vitro results and experiments in modified animal models are discussed. Finally, we outline the directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Formin-like protein 2 promotes cell proliferation by a p27-related mechanism in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:760. [PMID: 34193109 PMCID: PMC8247103 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females worldwide. Formin-like protein 2 (FMNL2) is a member of formin family that governs cytokinesis, cell polarity, morphogenesis and cell division. To our knowledge, the function of FMNL2 in breast cancer proliferation still remains uncovered. Methods Tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) analysis was used to detect the correlation between FMNL2 and Ki67 in breast cancer tissues. Quantitative real-time transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to analyze the expression in human breast cancer cells. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) and plasmids were performed to silence and overexpress FMNL2 and p27. The CCK8, MTT, cell counting, colony formation, and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays were used to detect cell proliferation, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect cell cycle distribution. Further, the distribution of p27 was examined using immunofluorescence. Results We found that FMNL2 expression was positively associated with Ki67 among collected breast cancer tissues and in TCGA database. Compared to lower proliferative cells MCF7 and T47D, FMNL2 was overexpressed in highly proliferative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, BT549 and SUM159, accompanied by reduced levels of p27 and p21, and elevated CyclinD1 and Ki67 expression. FMNL2 silencing significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells. Meanwhile, FMNL2 overexpression distinctly promoted the cell proliferation of MCF7 cells. Furthermore, FMNL2 suppressed the nuclear levels of p27 and promoted p27 proteasomal degradation in human breast cancer cells. The ubiquitination of p27 was inhibited by FMNL2 silencing in BT549 cells. Besides, p27 silencing markedly elevated Ki67 expression and cell viability, which could be blocked by additionally FMNL2 silencing in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of p27WT significantly reversed the increased levels of FMNL2 and Ki67, cell viability and cell cycle progression induced by FMNL2 overexpression in MCF7 cells. More importantly, compared to p27WT group, those effects could be significantly reversed by p27△NLS overexpression. Conclusions These results demonstrated that FMNL2 promoted cell proliferation partially by reducing p27 nuclear localization and p27 protein stability in human breast cancer cells, suggesting the pivotal role of FMNL2 in breast cancer progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08533-w.
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Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: From structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:131-196. [PMID: 33066873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a central factor contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating the involvement of actin regulatory proteins in malignancy, and their dysregulation was shown to predict poor clinical prognosis. Although enhanced cytoskeletal activity is often associated with cancer progression, the expression of several inducers of actin polymerization is remarkably reduced in certain malignancies, and it is not completely clear how these changes promote tumorigenesis and metastases. The complexities involved in cytoskeletal induction of cancer progression therefore pose considerable difficulties for therapeutic intervention; it is not always clear which cytoskeletal regulator should be targeted in order to impede cancer progression, and whether this targeting may inadvertently enhance alternative invasive pathways which can aggravate tumor growth. The entire constellation of cytoskeletal machineries in eukaryotic cells are numerous and complex; the system is comprised of and regulated by hundreds of proteins, which could not be covered in a single review. Therefore, we will focus here on the actin cytoskeleton, which encompasses the biological machinery behind most of the key cellular functions altered in cancer, with specific emphasis on actin nucleating factors and nucleation-promoting factors. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies for cancer which aim to target the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - B Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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11
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Nie H, Mei J, Zhang Q, An F, Zhan Q. Systematic Characterization of the Expression and Prognostic Values of Formin-Like Gene Family in Gastric Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1664-1677. [PMID: 32551946 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formin-like genes (FMNLs) are members of formins family and have been implicated to the development and progression of multiple cancers. This research aims to analyze the expression profiles, prognostic values, and immune infiltrating associations of FMNLs in gastric cancer (GC) using multiple online bioinformatics website, including Oncomine, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, TIMER, GeneMANIA, DAVID, and LinkedOmics databases. The mRNA levels of FMNL1/2/3 were higher in GC tissues than normal. Meanwhile, FMNLs expressions tend to be upregulated in advanced and poorly differentiated GC. Prognostic value analysis suggested that high transcription levels of FMNL1/3 were associated with poor overall survival in GC patients. Correlation analysis between FMNLs expressions and immune infiltrating GC revealed that the expressions of FMNLs were significantly associated with immune infiltrating. Protein-protein interaction network and enrichment analysis of FMNLs in GC showed that FMNLs coexpressed genes mainly participated in organizing actin cytoskeleton through affecting small G proteins activity. Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis uncovered FMNLs and their coexpressed genes was tightly associated with immune-related cellular functions. These findings demonstrate that FMNLs might play significant immunomodulatory roles in tumor immunity and could be novel therapeutic targets and potential prognostic biomarkers in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fangmei An
- Department of Gastroenterology and Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Green HLH, Zuidscherwoude M, Alenazy F, Smith CW, Bender M, Thomas SG. SMIFH2 inhibition of platelets demonstrates a critical role for formin proteins in platelet cytoskeletal dynamics. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:955-967. [PMID: 31930764 PMCID: PMC7186844 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is required for proper functioning of platelets following activation in response to vascular damage. Formins are a family of proteins that regulate actin polymerization and cytoskeletal organization via a number of domains including the FH2 domain. However, the role of formins in platelet spreading has not been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES Several formin proteins are expressed in platelets so we used an inhibitor of FH2 domains (SMIFH2) to uncover the role of these proteins in platelet spreading and in maintenance of resting platelet shape. METHODS Washed human and mouse platelets were treated with various concentrations of SMIFH2 and the effects on platelet spreading, platelet size, platelet cytoskeletal dynamics, and organization were analyzed using fluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS Pretreatment with SMIFH2 completely blocks platelet spreading in both mouse and human platelets through effects on the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules. However, platelet aggregation and secretion are unaffected. SMIFH2 also caused a decrease in resting platelet size and disrupted the balance of tubulin post-translational modification. CONCLUSIONS These data therefore demonstrated an important role for formin-mediated actin polymerization in platelet spreading and highlighted the importance of formins in cross-talk between the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. H. Green
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Present address:
School of Cardiovascular Medicine & SciencesBHF Centre of Research ExcellenceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Fawaz Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine – Chair IUniversity Hospital and Rudolf Virchow CenterWürzburgGermany
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
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13
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Mechanics of actin filaments in cancer onset and progress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:205-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Liu J, Chen S, Chen Y, Geng N, Feng C. High expression of FMNL3 associates with cancer cell migration, invasion, and unfavorable prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:459-467. [PMID: 30955218 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chongjin Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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15
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Sherer LA, Zweifel ME, Courtemanche N. Dissection of two parallel pathways for formin-mediated actin filament elongation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17917-17928. [PMID: 30266808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins direct the elongation of unbranched actin filaments that are incorporated into a diverse set of cytoskeletal structures. Elongation of formin-bound filaments occurs along two parallel pathways. The formin homology 2 (FH2) pathway allows actin monomers to bind directly to barbed ends bound by dimeric FH2 domains. The formin homology 1 (FH1) pathway involves transfer of profilin-bound actin to the barbed end from polyproline tracts located in the disordered FH1 domains. Here, we used a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based fluorescence approach to determine the fraction of actin subunits incorporated via the FH1 and FH2 pathways during filament elongation mediated by two formins. We found that the fraction of filament elongation that occurs via each pathway directly depends on the efficiency of the other pathway, indicating that these two pathways compete with each other for subunit addition by formins. We conclude that this competition allows formins to compensate for changes in the efficiency of one pathway by adjusting the frequency of subunit addition via the other, thus increasing the overall robustness of formin-mediated actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sherer
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Mark E Zweifel
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Naomi Courtemanche
- From the Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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16
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Zhong B, Wang K, Xu H, Kong F. Silencing Formin-like 2 inhibits growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through suppressing internalization of integrins. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:79. [PMID: 29881327 PMCID: PMC5984784 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is a member of Formin family which governs cytokinesis, cellular polarity and morphogenesis. Dysregulation of FMNL2 has been discovered in cancers and is closely related to cancers. However, the role of FMNL2 in gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of FMNL2 in gastric cancer cells. Methods A FMNL2-specific shRNA was employed to decrease the endogenous expression of FMNL2. Then the degree of proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. The expression and distribution of FMNL2 and protein kinase C (PKC) α was detected by immunofluorescence. The internalization of integrins was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Our results showed that silencing FMNL2 suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. The integrin internalization induced by PKC was declined by FMNL2 silencing. Conclusions Our study reveals that silencing FMNL2 suppresses growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Modulation on integrin internalization may be implicated in the role of FMNL2 in growth and migration of gastric cancer cells. Our study indicates that FMNL2 may become a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghua Zhong
- Department of Gastric, Intestine and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Department of Gastric, Intestine and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Gastric, Intestine and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Fanmin Kong
- Department of Gastric, Intestine and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
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17
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Muñoz-Soriano V, Domingo-Muelas A, Li T, Gamero E, Bizy A, Fariñas I, Alepuz P, Paricio N. Evolutionary conserved role of eukaryotic translation factor eIF5A in the regulation of actin-nucleating formins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9580. [PMID: 28852021 PMCID: PMC5575014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor eIF5A is required for the translation of consecutive prolines, and was shown in yeast to translate polyproline-containing Bni1, an actin-nucleating formin required for polarized growth during mating. Here we show that Drosophila eIF5A can functionally replace yeast eIF5A and is required for actin-rich cable assembly during embryonic dorsal closure (DC). Furthermore, Diaphanous, the formin involved in actin dynamics during DC, is regulated by and mediates eIF5A effects. Finally, eIF5A controls cell migration and regulates Diaphanous levels also in mammalian cells. Our results uncover an evolutionary conserved role of eIF5A regulating cytoskeleton-dependent processes through translation of formins in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ana Domingo-Muelas
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Tianlu Li
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Esther Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alexandra Bizy
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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18
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New nuclear and perinuclear functions of formins. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1701-1708. [PMID: 27913680 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formin family proteins (formins) represent an evolutionary conserved protein family encoded in the genome of a wide range of eukaryotes. Formins are hallmarked by a formin homology 1 (FH1) domain juxtaposed to an FH2 domain whereby they control actin and microtubule dynamics. Not surprisingly, formins are best known as key regulators of the cytoskeleton in a variety of morphogenetic processes. However, mounting evidence implicates several formins in the assembly and organization of actin within and around the nucleus. In addition, actin-independent roles for formins have recently been discovered. In this mini-review, we summarize these findings and highlight the novel nuclear and perinulcear functions of formins. In light of the emerging new biology of formins, we also discuss the fundamental principles governing the versatile activity and multimodal regulation of these proteins.
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19
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Udenwobele DI, Su RC, Good SV, Ball TB, Varma Shrivastav S, Shrivastav A. Myristoylation: An Important Protein Modification in the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:751. [PMID: 28713376 PMCID: PMC5492501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation is a cotranslational lipidic modification specific to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue of many eukaryotic and viral proteins. The ubiquitous eukaryotic enzyme, N-myristoyltransferase, catalyzes the myristoylation process. Precisely, attachment of a myristoyl group increases specific protein–protein interactions leading to subcellular localization of myristoylated proteins with its signaling partners. The birth of the field of myristoylation, a little over three decades ago, has led to the understanding of the significance of protein myristoylation in regulating cellular signaling pathways in several biological processes especially in carcinogenesis and more recently immune function. This review discusses myristoylation as a prerequisite step in initiating many immune cell signaling cascades. In particular, we discuss the hitherto unappreciated implication of myristoylation during myelopoiesis, innate immune response, lymphopoiesis for T cells, and the formation of the immunological synapse. Furthermore, we discuss the role of myristoylation in inducing the virological synapse during human immunodeficiency virus infection as well as its clinical implication. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge in the field and to highlight gaps in our understanding of the role of myristoylation in immune function so as to further investigate into the dynamics of myristoylation-dependent immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ikenna Udenwobele
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Institute, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Terry Blake Ball
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Institute, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shailly Varma Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,VastCon Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anuraag Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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20
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Kim D, Jung J, You E, Ko P, Oh S, Rhee S. mDia1 regulates breast cancer invasion by controlling membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase localization. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17829-43. [PMID: 26893363 PMCID: PMC4951253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1) expression has been linked with progression of malignant cancers in various tissues. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying mDia1-mediated invasion in cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that mDia1 is upregulated in invasive breast cancer cells. Knockdown of mDia1 in invasive breast cancer profoundly reduced invasive activity by controlling cellular localization of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) through interaction with microtubule tracks. Gene silencing and ectopic expression of the active form of mDia1 showed that mDia1 plays a key role in the intracellular trafficking of MT1-MMP to the plasma membrane through microtubules. We also demonstrated that highly invasive breast cancer cells possessed invasive activity in a 3D culture system, which was significantly reduced upon silencing mDia1 or MT1-MMP. Furthermore, mDia1-deficient cells cultured in 3D matrix showed impaired expression of the cancer stem cell marker genes, CD44 and CD133. Collectively, our findings suggest that regulation of cellular trafficking and microtubule-mediated localization of MT1-MMP by mDia1 is likely important in breast cancer invasion through the expression of cancer stem cell genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Eunae You
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Panseon Ko
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Somi Oh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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21
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Shekhtman A, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Glycation & the RAGE axis: targeting signal transduction through DIAPH1. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 14:147-156. [PMID: 27967251 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1271719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consequences of chronic disease are vast and unremitting; hence, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms mediating such disorders holds promise to identify therapeutics and diminish the consequences. The ligands of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) accumulate in chronic diseases, particularly those characterized by inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Although first discovered and reported as a receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the expansion of the repertoire of RAGE ligands implicates the receptor in diverse milieus, such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Areas covered: This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the ligand families of RAGE and data from human subjects and animal models on the role of the RAGE axis in chronic diseases. The recent discovery that the cytoplasmic domain of RAGE binds to the formin homology 1 (FH1) domain, DIAPH1, and that this interaction is essential for RAGE ligand-stimulated signal transduction, is discussed. Finally, we review therapeutic opportunities targeting the RAGE axis as a means to mitigate chronic diseases. Expert commentary: With the aging of the population and the epidemic of cardiometabolic disease, therapeutic strategies to target molecular pathways that contribute to the sequelae of these chronic diseases are urgently needed. In this review, we propose that the ligand/RAGE axis and its signaling nexus is a key factor in the pathogenesis of chronic disease and that therapeutic interruption of this pathway may improve quality and duration of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shekhtman
- a Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany , NY , 12222 , USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- b Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , NYU Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , 10016 , USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- b Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , NYU Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , 10016 , USA
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22
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Arden JD, Lavik KI, Rubinic KA, Chiaia N, Khuder SA, Howard MJ, Nestor-Kalinoski AL, Alberts AS, Eisenmann KM. Small-molecule agonists of mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins reveal an effective glioblastoma anti-invasion strategy. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3704-18. [PMID: 26354425 PMCID: PMC4626057 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Formin agonists impede the most dangerous aspect of glioblastoma—tumor spread into surrounding healthy tissue. Formin activation impairs a novel aspect of the transformed cell and informs the development of antitumor strategies for a cancer needing a more effective therapy. The extensive invasive capacity of glioblastoma (GBM) makes it resistant to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and thus makes it lethal. In vivo, GBM invasion is mediated by Rho GTPases through unidentified downstream effectors. Mammalian Diaphanous (mDia) family formins are Rho-directed effectors that regulate the F-actin cytoskeleton to support tumor cell motility. Historically, anti-invasion strategies focused upon mDia inhibition, whereas activation remained unexplored. The recent development of small molecules directly inhibiting or activating mDia-driven F-actin assembly that supports motility allows for exploration of their role in GBM. We used the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 and mDia agonists IMM-01/-02 and mDia2-DAD peptides, which disrupt autoinhibition, to examine the roles of mDia inactivation versus activation in GBM cell migration and invasion in vitro and in an ex vivo brain slice invasion model. Inhibiting mDia suppressed directional migration and spheroid invasion while preserving intrinsic random migration. mDia agonism abrogated both random intrinsic and directional migration and halted U87 spheroid invasion in ex vivo brain slices. Thus mDia agonism is a superior GBM anti-invasion strategy. We conclude that formin agonism impedes the most dangerous GBM component—tumor spread into surrounding healthy tissue. Formin activation impairs novel aspects of transformed cells and informs the development of anti-GBM invasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Arden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Kari I Lavik
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Kaitlin A Rubinic
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Nicolas Chiaia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health and Homeland Security, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614
| | | | - Arthur S Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Kathryn M Eisenmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 )
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23
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Distinct impact of targeted actin cytoskeleton reorganization on mechanical properties of normal and malignant cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3117-25. [PMID: 25970206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is substantially modified in cancer cells because of changes in actin-binding protein abundance and functional activity. As a consequence, cancer cells have distinctive motility and mechanical properties, which are important for many processes, including invasion and metastasis. Here, we studied the effects of actin cytoskeleton alterations induced by specific nucleation inhibitors (SMIFH2, CK-666), cytochalasin D, Y-27632 and detachment from the surface by trypsinization on the mechanical properties of normal Vero and prostate cancer cell line DU145. The Young's modulus of Vero cells was 1300±900 Pa, while the prostate cancer cell line DU145 exhibited significantly lower Young's moduli (600±400 Pa). The Young's moduli exhibited a log-normal distribution for both cell lines. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells demonstrated diverse viscoelastic behavior and different responses to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. They were more resistant to specific formin-dependent nucleation inhibition, and reinforced their cortical actin after detachment from the substrate. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Maciejak A, Kiliszek M, Michalak M, Tulacz D, Opolski G, Matlak K, Dobrzycki S, Segiet A, Gora M, Burzynska B. Gene expression profiling reveals potential prognostic biomarkers associated with the progression of heart failure. Genome Med 2015; 7:26. [PMID: 25984239 PMCID: PMC4432772 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Here, we identify biologically relevant transcripts that are significantly altered in the early phase of myocardial infarction and are associated with the development of post-myocardial infarction HF. Methods We collected peripheral blood samples from patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): n = 111 and n = 41 patients from the study and validation groups, respectively. Control groups comprised patients with a stable coronary artery disease and without a history of myocardial infarction. Based on plasma NT-proBNP level and left ventricular ejection fraction parameters the STEMI patients were divided into HF and non-HF groups. Microarrays were used to analyze mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the study group at four time points and control group. Microarray results were validated by RT-qPCR using whole blood RNA from the validation group. Results Samples from the first three time points (admission, discharge, and 1 month after AMI) were compared with the samples from the same patients collected 6 months after AMI (stable phase) and with the control group. The greatest differences in transcriptional profiles were observed on admission and they gradually stabilized during the follow-up. We have also identified a set of genes the expression of which on the first day of STEMI differed significantly between patients who developed HF after 6 months of observation and those who did not. RNASE1, FMN1, and JDP2 were selected for further analysis and their early up-regulation was confirmed in HF patients from both the study and validation groups. Significant correlations were found between expression levels of these biomarkers and clinical parameters. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated a good prognostic value of the genes chosen. Conclusions This study demonstrates an altered gene expression profile in PBMCs during acute myocardial infarction and through the follow-up. The identified gene expression changes at the early phase of STEMI that differentiated the patients who developed HF from those who did not could serve as a convenient tool contributing to the prognosis of heart failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0149-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Maciejak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kiliszek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Michalak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Tulacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matlak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Segiet
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ; 1st Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Gora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Burzynska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Phng LK, Gebala V, Bentley K, Philippides A, Wacker A, Mathivet T, Sauteur L, Stanchi F, Belting HG, Affolter M, Gerhardt H. Formin-mediated actin polymerization at endothelial junctions is required for vessel lumen formation and stabilization. Dev Cell 2015; 32:123-32. [PMID: 25584798 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During blood vessel formation, endothelial cells (ECs) establish cell-cell junctions and rearrange to form multicellular tubes. Here, we show that during lumen formation, the actin nucleator and elongation factor, formin-like 3 (fmnl3), localizes to EC junctions, where filamentous actin (F-actin) cables assemble. Fluorescent actin reporters and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments in zebrafish embryos identified a pool of dynamic F-actin with high turnover at EC junctions in vessels. Knockdown of fmnl3 expression, chemical inhibition of formin function, and expression of dominant-negative fmnl3 revealed that formin activity maintains a stable F-actin content at EC junctions by continual polymerization of F-actin cables. Reduced actin polymerization leads to destabilized endothelial junctions and consequently to failure in blood vessel lumenization and lumen instability. Our findings highlight the importance of formin activity in blood vessel morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Phng
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Véronique Gebala
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Katie Bentley
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Andrin Wacker
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loïc Sauteur
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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26
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Das A, Bhattacharya S, Bagchi A, Dasgupta R. In-silico characterization of Formin Binding Protein 4 Family of proteins. Interdiscip Sci 2014; 7:43-64. [PMID: 25183348 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Formin Binding Protein 4 Family or the FNBP4 were indirectly reported to be associated with many of the biological processes. These proteins possess two WW domains. So far there are practically no reports regarding the characterization and classification of the protein by any means. Keeping in mind the importance of the proteins from this FNBP4 family, we have tried an in silico approach to come up with a comprehensive analysis of the proteins. We have analyzed the proteins by considering their sequence conservation, their phylogenetic distributions among the different organisms. We have also investigated the functional properties of the WW domains in the proteins. Finally, we have made an attempt to elucidate the structural details of the domains and predicted the possible modes of their interactions. Our findings show that FNBP4 is eukaryotic in its distribution and follows a trend of evolution where animal and plant homologues have evolved in an independent manner. While the WW domain is the only common motif present across the FNBP4 family of proteins, there are different classes (mainly two) of WW domains that are found among different FNBP4 proteins. Structure function predictions indicate a possible role of FNBP4 in either protein stabilization control or transcript processing. Our study on FNBP4 may therefore open up new avenues to generate new interest in this highly important but largely unexplored class of proteins. Future studies with proteins from this family may answer many important questions of protein-protein interactions in different biologically important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
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27
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Li T, Belda-Palazón B, Ferrando A, Alepuz P. Fertility and polarized cell growth depends on eIF5A for translation of polyproline-rich formins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2014; 197:1191-200. [PMID: 24923804 PMCID: PMC4125393 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.166926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eIF5A is an essential and evolutionary conserved translation elongation factor, which has recently been proposed to be required for the translation of proteins with consecutive prolines. The binding of eIF5A to ribosomes occurs upon its activation by hypusination, a modification that requires spermidine, an essential factor for mammalian fertility that also promotes yeast mating. We show that in response to pheromone, hypusinated eIF5A is required for shmoo formation, localization of polarisome components, induction of cell fusion proteins, and actin assembly in yeast. We also show that eIF5A is required for the translation of Bni1, a proline-rich formin involved in polarized growth during shmoo formation. Our data indicate that translation of the polyproline motifs in Bni1 is eIF5A dependent and this translation dependency is lost upon deletion of the polyprolines. Moreover, an exogenous increase in Bni1 protein levels partially restores the defect in shmoo formation seen in eIF5A mutants. Overall, our results identify eIF5A as a novel and essential regulator of yeast mating through formin translation. Since eIF5A and polyproline formins are conserved across species, our results also suggest that eIF5A-dependent translation of formins could regulate polarized growth in such processes as fertility and cancer in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Li
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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28
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Sharma S, Grintsevich E, Woo J, Gurel PS, Higgs HN, Reisler E, Gimzewski JK. Nanostructured self-assembly of inverted formin 2 (INF2) and F-actin-INF2 complexes revealed by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7533-7539. [PMID: 24915113 PMCID: PMC4082382 DOI: 10.1021/la501748x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization of cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and tubulin into filaments and microtubules is frequently assisted by the proteins binding to them. Formins are regulatory proteins that nucleate the formation of new filaments and are essential for a wide range of cellular functions. The vertebrate inverted formin 2 (INF2) has both actin filament nucleating and severing/depolymerizing activities connected to its ability to encircle actin filaments. Using atomic force microscopy, we report that a formin homology 2 (FH2) domain-containing construct of INF2 (INF2-FH1-FH2-C or INF2-FFC) self-assembles into nanoscale ringlike oligomeric structures in the absence of actin filaments, demonstrating an inherent ability to reorganize from a dimeric to an oligomeric state. A construct lacking the C-terminal region (INF2-FH1-FH2 or INF2-FF) also oligomerizes, confirming the dominant role of FH2-mediated interactions. Moreover, INF2-FFC domains were observed to organize into ringlike structures around single actin filaments. This is the first demonstration that formin FH2 domains can self-assemble into oligomers in the absence of filaments and has important implications for observing unaveraged decoration and/or remodeling of filaments by actin binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elena
E. Grintsevich
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - JungReem Woo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pinar S. Gurel
- Department
of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine
at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Henry N. Higgs
- Department
of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine
at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular
Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Centre for
Nanoscience and Quantum Information, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K.
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29
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Abstract
Formin proteins were recognized as effectors of Rho GTPases some 15 years ago. They contribute to different cellular actin cytoskeleton structures by their ability to polymerize straight actin filaments at the barbed end. While not all formins necessarily interact with Rho GTPases, a subgroup of mammalian formins, termed Diaphanous-related formins or DRFs, were shown to be activated by small GTPases of the Rho superfamily. DRFs are autoinhibited in the resting state by an N- to C-terminal interaction that renders the central actin polymerization domain inactive. Upon the interaction with a GTP-bound Rho, Rac, or Cdc42 GTPase, the C-terminal autoregulation domain is displaced from its N-terminal recognition site and the formin becomes active to polymerize actin filaments. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on the structure, activation, and function of formin-GTPase interactions for the mammalian formin families Dia, Daam, FMNL, and FHOD. We describe both direct and indirect interactions of formins with GTPases, which lead to formin activation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. The multifaceted function of formins as effector proteins of Rho GTPases thus reflects the diversity of the actin cytoskeleton in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar); Group Physical Biochemistry; Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar); Group Physical Biochemistry; Bonn, Germany
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30
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Randall TS, Ehler E. A formin-g role during development and disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:205-11. [PMID: 24342720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different protein families were shown to be involved in the regulation of actin filament formation and have been studied extensively in processes such as cell migration. Among them are members of the formin family, which tend to promote the formation of linear actin filaments. Studies in recent years, often using loss of function animal models, have indicated that formin family members play roles beyond cell motility in vitro and are involved in processes ranging from tissue morphogenesis and cell differentiation to diseases such as cancer and cardiomyopathy. Therefore the aim of this review is to discuss these findings and to start putting them into a subcellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Randall
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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31
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Bilancia CG, Winkelman JD, Tsygankov D, Nowotarski SH, Sees JA, Comber K, Evans I, Lakhani V, Wood W, Elston TC, Kovar DR, Peifer M. Enabled negatively regulates diaphanous-driven actin dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Dev Cell 2014; 28:394-408. [PMID: 24576424 PMCID: PMC3992947 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Actin regulators facilitate cell migration by controlling cell protrusion architecture and dynamics. As the behavior of individual actin regulators becomes clear, we must address why cells require multiple regulators with similar functions and how they cooperate to create diverse protrusions. We characterized Diaphanous (Dia) and Enabled (Ena) as a model, using complementary approaches: cell culture, biophysical analysis, and Drosophila morphogenesis. We found that Dia and Ena have distinct biochemical properties that contribute to the different protrusion morphologies each induces. Dia is a more processive, faster elongator, paralleling the long, stable filopodia it induces in vivo, while Ena promotes filopodia with more dynamic changes in number, length, and lifetime. Acting together, Ena and Dia induce protrusions distinct from those induced by either alone, with Ena reducing Dia-driven protrusion length and number. Consistent with this, EnaEVH1 binds Dia directly and inhibits DiaFH1FH2-mediated nucleation in vitro. Finally, Ena rescues hemocyte migration defects caused by activated Dia. Dia and Ena differ biochemically, promoting distinct filopodia dynamics Dia and Ena colocalization negatively regulates filopodia Ena’s EVH1 binds Dia’s FH1 and reduces Dia-driven filopodia and actin nucleation Ena rescues DiaΔDAD inhibition of hemocyte migration speed to wounds in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G Bilancia
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan D Winkelman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie H Nowotarski
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sees
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kate Comber
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Iwan Evans
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Vinal Lakhani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Will Wood
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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32
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Lash LL, Wallar BJ, Turner JD, Vroegop SM, Kilkuskie RE, Kitchen-Goosen SM, Xu HE, Alberts AS. Small-molecule intramimics of formin autoinhibition: a new strategy to target the cytoskeletal remodeling machinery in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 73:6793-803. [PMID: 24242070 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the cancer cell cytoskeleton is a clinically validated target, few new strategies have emerged for selectively targeting cell division by modulating the cytoskeletal structure, particularly ways that could avoid the cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects of current agents such as taxanes. We address this gap by describing a novel class of small-molecule agonists of the mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)-related formins, which act downstream of Rho GTPases to assemble actin filaments, and their organization with microfilaments to establish and maintain cell polarity during migration and asymmetric division. GTP-bound Rho activates mDia family members by disrupting the interaction between the DID and DAD autoregulatory domains, which releases the FH2 domain to modulate actin and microtubule dynamics. In screening for DID-DAD disruptors that activate mDia, we identified two molecules called intramimics (IMM-01 and -02) that were sufficient to trigger actin assembly and microtubule stabilization, serum response factor-mediated gene expression, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In vivo analysis of IMM-01 and -02 established their ability to slow tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer. Taken together, our work establishes the use of intramimics and mDia-related formins as a new general strategy for therapeutic targeting of the cytoskeletal remodeling machinery of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leanne Lash
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratories of Cell Structure and Signal Integration and Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids; and Michigan High Throughput Screening Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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33
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LI ZHE, XU YAMING, ZHANG CAN, LIU XIN, JIANG LI, CHEN FUXUE. Mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 is required for motility and invadopodia formation in human U87 glioblastoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:383-91. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Akagi K, Li J, Broutian TR, Padilla-Nash H, Xiao W, Jiang B, Rocco JW, Teknos TN, Kumar B, Wangsa D, He D, Ried T, Symer DE, Gillison ML. Genome-wide analysis of HPV integration in human cancers reveals recurrent, focal genomic instability. Genome Res 2013; 24:185-99. [PMID: 24201445 PMCID: PMC3912410 DOI: 10.1101/gr.164806.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of human cancers, including the 5% caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Here we report a striking association between HPV integration and adjacent host genomic structural variation in human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Whole-genome sequencing revealed HPV integrants flanking and bridging extensive host genomic amplifications and rearrangements, including deletions, inversions, and chromosomal translocations. We present a model of “looping” by which HPV integrant-mediated DNA replication and recombination may result in viral–host DNA concatemers, frequently disrupting genes involved in oncogenesis and amplifying HPV oncogenes E6 and E7. Our high-resolution results shed new light on a catastrophic process, distinct from chromothripsis and other mutational processes, by which HPV directly promotes genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Akagi
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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35
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Thumkeo D, Watanabe S, Narumiya S. Physiological roles of Rho and Rho effectors in mammals. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:303-15. [PMID: 24183240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPase is a master regulator controlling cytoskeleton in multiple contexts such as cell migration, adhesion and cytokinesis. Of several Rho GTPases in mammals, the best characterized is the Rho subfamily including ubiquitously expressed RhoA and its homologs RhoB and RhoC. Upon binding GTP, Rho exerts its functions through downstream Rho effectors, such as ROCK, mDia, Citron, PKN, Rhophilin and Rhotekin. Until recently, our knowledge about functions of Rho and Rho effectors came mostly from in vitro studies utilizing cultured cells, and their physiological roles in vivo were largely unknown. However, gene-targeting studies of Rho and its effectors have now unraveled their tissue- and cell-specific roles and provide deeper insight into the physiological function of Rho signaling in vivo. In this article, we briefly describe previous studies of the function of Rho and its effectors in vitro and then review and discuss recent studies on knockout mice of Rho and its effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Thumkeo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Innovation Center for Immunoregulation, Technologies and Drugs (AK Project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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36
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Favaro P, Traina F, Machado-Neto JA, Lazarini M, Lopes MR, Pereira JKN, Costa FF, Infante E, Ridley AJ, Saad STO. FMNL1 promotes proliferation and migration of leukemia cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:503-12. [PMID: 23801653 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human FMNL1 is expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells and has been described previously as overexpressed in hematopoietic malignancies. However, it is not known whether FMNL1 contributes to leukemogenesis. Here, we investigate the FMNL1 function using two different human leukemia models: Namalwa and K562 cell lines. FMNL1 depletion reduced cell proliferation and colony formation in both leukemic cell types, as well as a decrease in the tumor growth of FMNL1-depleted Namalwa cell xenografts. In addition, there was a decrease in migration and in TEM in FMNL1-depleted Namalwa cells. FMNL1 endogenously associates with Rac1, and FMNL1 silencing resulted in an increased Rac1 activity. The reduced migration observed in FMNL1-depleted cells was restored by inhibiting Rac activity. Our results indicate that FMNL1 stimulates leukemia cell proliferation as well as migration. This suggests that FMNL1 contributes to leukemogenesis and could act in part through Rac1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Favaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
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37
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Novel small-molecule compounds that affect cellular morphogenesis in yeast and mammalian cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1669-76. [PMID: 23924729 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drugs affecting cellular morphological changes leading to tumor cell migration and invasion are desirable for cancer therapy. In the present study, we screened for small-molecule compounds that affect the cellular morphology of both unicellular yeast and mammalian HEK293 cells to identify drug candidates. The yeast formin protein Bni1 and Src homology 3 (SH3)-pleckstrin homology (PH) domain protein Boi1, which are required for proper morphogenesis, cause growth defects when overexpressed in yeast. Using this system, we screened a chemical library consisting of ~8000 compounds to identify drug candidates that suppress these growth defects. None of the screened compounds induced morphological changes in vegetatively growing yeast cells, but several compounds had inhibitory effects on pheromone-induced projection formation and actin localization, suggesting that these compounds affected a specific stage of morphogenesis. Five of the compounds also induced morphological changes in mammalian HEK293 cells. Among the identified compounds, BTB03156, 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene, and BTB02467, 1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, although they have similar structures, displayed differing effects on the yeast growth defects caused by latrunculin A, an actin polymerization inhibitor. The chemical library compounds identified using this in vivo screening approach are simple, cell-permeable molecules, and therefore may be useful in the development of therapeutic drugs for cancer metastasis and other actin-related diseases.
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Toyota K, Ogino D, Hayashi M, Taki M, Saito K, Abe A, Hashimoto T, Umetsu K, Tsukaguchi H, Hayasaka K. INF2 mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease complicated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:97-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schoen CJ, Burmeister M, Lesperance MM. Diaphanous homolog 3 (Diap3) overexpression causes progressive hearing loss and inner hair cell defects in a transgenic mouse model of human deafness. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56520. [PMID: 23441200 PMCID: PMC3575478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a mutation in the 5′ untranslated region of Diaphanous homolog 3 (DIAPH3) results in 2 to 3-fold overexpression of the gene, leading to a form of delayed onset, progressive human deafness known as AUNA1 (auditory neuropathy, nonsyndromic, autosomal dominant, 1). To investigate the mechanism of deafness, we generated two lines of transgenic mice overexpressing Diap3, the murine ortholog of DIAPH3, on an FVB/NJ background. Line 771 exhibits a relatively mild 20 dB hearing loss at 12 kHz at 4 and 8 weeks of age, progressing to 40 dB and 60 dB losses at 16 and 24 weeks, respectively, at 12 and 24 kHz. Line 924 shows no hearing loss at 4 or 8 weeks, but manifests 35 and 50 dB threshold shifts at 16 and 24 weeks, respectively, at both 12 and 24 kHz. Notably, mice from the two transgenic lines retain distortion product otoacoustic emissions, indicative of normal cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) function despite elevation of auditory thresholds. Scanning electron microscopy of the organ of Corti demonstrates striking anomalies of the inner hair cell (IHC) stereocilia, while OHCs are essentially intact. Over time, IHCs of both lines develop elongated stereocilia that appear fused with neighboring stereocilia, in parallel to the time course of hearing loss in each line. Furthermore, we observe significant reduction in the number of IHC ribbon synapses over 24 weeks in both lines, although this reduction does not correlate temporally with onset and progression of hearing loss or stereociliary anomalies. In summary, overexpression of wild-type Diap3 in two lines of transgenic mice results in hearing loss that recapitulates human AUNA1 deafness. These findings suggest an essential role of Diap3 in regulating assembly and/or maintenance of actin filaments in IHC stereocilia, as well as a potential role at the IHC ribbon synapse.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold
- Deafness/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/pathology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/ultrastructure
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Stereocilia/pathology
- Stereocilia/ultrastructure
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Schoen
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marci M. Lesperance
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li D, Dammer EB, Lucki NC, Sewer MB. cAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of diaphanous 1 regulates protein stability and interaction with binding partners in adrenocortical cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:848-57. [PMID: 23325789 PMCID: PMC3596254 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DIAPH1, the RhoA effector protein, forms a complex in adrenocortical cells and is phosphorylated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Phosphorylation differentially modulates protein–protein interactions, regulates the stability of the protein, and facilitates sumoylation. Diaphanous homologue 1 (DIAPH1) is a Rho effector protein that coordinates cellular dynamics by regulating microfilament and microtubule function. We previously showed that DIAPH1 plays an integral role in regulating the production of cortisol by controlling the rate of mitochondrial movement, by which activation of the adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)/cAMP signaling pathway stimulates mitochondrial trafficking and promotes the interaction between RhoA and DIAPH1. In the present study we use mass spectrometry to identify DIAPH1 binding partners and find that DIAPH1 interacts with several proteins, including RhoA, dynamin-1, kinesin, β-tubulin, β-actin, oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)–related protein 2 (ORP2), and ORP10. Moreover, DIAPH1 is phosphorylated in response to dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) at Thr-759 via a pathway that requires extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Alanine substitution of Thr-759 renders DIAPH1 more stable and attenuates the interaction between DIAPH1 and kinesin, ORP2, and actin but has no effect on the ability of the protein to interact with RhoA or β-tubulin. Finally, overexpression of a DIAPH1 T759A mutant significantly decreases the rate of Bt2cAMP-stimulated mitochondrial movement. Taken together, our findings establish a key role for phosphorylation in regulating the stability and function of DIAPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704, USA
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Tartakoff AM, Aylyarov I, Jaiswal P. Septin-containing barriers control the differential inheritance of cytoplasmic elements. Cell Rep 2012; 3:223-36. [PMID: 23273916 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion of haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae generates zygotes. We observe that the zygote midzone includes a septin annulus and differentially affects redistribution of supramolecular complexes and organelles. Redistribution across the midzone of supramolecular complexes (polysomes and Sup35p-GFP [PSI+]) is unexpectedly delayed relative to soluble proteins; however, in [psi-] × [PSI+] crosses, all buds eventually receive Sup35p-GFP [PSI+]. Encounter between parental mitochondria is further delayed until septins relocate to the bud site, where they are required for repolarization of the actin cytoskeleton. This delay allows rationalization of the longstanding observation that terminal zygotic buds preferentially inherit a single mitochondrial genotype. The rate of redistribution of complexes and organelles determines whether their inheritance will be uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Michael Tartakoff
- Pathology Department and Cell Biology Program, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Wyse MM, Lei J, Nestor-Kalinoski AL, Eisenmann KM. Dia-interacting protein (DIP) imposes migratory plasticity in mDia2-dependent tumor cells in three-dimensional matrices. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45085. [PMID: 23024796 PMCID: PMC3443221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells rely upon membrane pliancy to escape primary lesions and invade secondary metastatic sites. This process relies upon localized assembly and disassembly cycles of F-actin that support and underlie the plasma membrane. Dynamic actin generates both spear-like and bleb structures respectively characterizing mesenchymal and amoeboid motility programs utilized by metastatic cells in three-dimensional matrices. The molecular mechanism and physiological trigger(s) driving membrane plasticity are poorly understood. mDia formins are F-actin assembly factors directing membrane pliancy in motile cells. mDia2 is functionally coupled with its binding partner DIP, regulating cortical actin and inducing membrane blebbing in amoeboid cells. Here we show that mDia2 and DIP co-tether to nascent blebs and this linkage is required for bleb formation. DIP controls mesenchymal/amoeboid cell interconvertability, while CXCL12 induces assembly of mDia2:DIP complexes to bleb cortices in 3D matrices. These results demonstrate how DIP-directed mDia2-dependent F-actin dynamics regulate morphological plasticity in motile cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M. Wyse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jun Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
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Shibue T, Brooks MW, Inan MF, Reinhardt F, Weinberg RA. The outgrowth of micrometastases is enabled by the formation of filopodium-like protrusions. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:706-21. [PMID: 22609699 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Disseminated cancer cells that have extravasated into the tissue parenchyma must interact productively with its extracellular matrix components to survive, proliferate, and form macroscopic metastases. The biochemical and cell biologic mechanisms enabling this interaction remain poorly understood. We find that the formation of elongated integrin β(1)-containing adhesion plaques by cancer cells that have extravasated into the lung parenchyma enables the proliferation of these cells via activation of focal adhesion kinase. These plaques originate in and appear only after the formation of filopodium-like protrusions (FLP) that harbor integrin β(1) along their shafts. The cytoskeleton-regulating proteins Rif and mDia2 contribute critically to the formation of these protrusions and thereby enable the proliferation of extravasated cancer cells. Hence, the formation of FLPs represents a critical rate-limiting step for the subsequent development of macroscopic metastases. SIGNIFICANCE Although the mechanisms of metastatic dissemination have begun to be uncovered, those involved in the establishment of extravasated cancer cells in foreign tissue microenvironments remained largely obscure. We have studied the behavior of recently extravasated cancer cells in the lungs and identified a series of cell biologic processes involving the formation of filopodium-like protrusions and the subsequent development of elongated, mature adhesion plaques, which contribute critically to the rapid proliferation of the micrometastatic cells and thus are prerequisites to the eventual lung colonization by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Shibue
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Touré F, Fritz G, Li Q, Rai V, Daffu G, Zou YS, Rosario R, Ramasamy R, Alberts AS, Yan SF, Schmidt AM. Formin mDia1 mediates vascular remodeling via integration of oxidative and signal transduction pathways. Circ Res 2012; 110:1279-93. [PMID: 22511750 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.262519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mammalian diaphanous-related formin (mDia1), governs microtubule and microfilament dynamics while functioning as an effector for Rho small GTP-binding proteins during key cellular processes such as adhesion, cytokinesis, cell polarity, and morphogenesis. The cytoplasmic domain of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts binds to the formin homology 1 domain of mDia1; mDia1 is required for receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligand-induced cellular migration in transformed cells. OBJECTIVE Because a key mechanism in vascular remodeling is the induction of smooth muscle cell migration, we tested the role of mDia1 in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that endothelial denudation injury to the murine femoral artery significantly upregulates mDia1 mRNA transcripts and protein in the injured vessel, particularly in vascular smooth muscle cells within the expanding neointima. Loss of mDia1 expression significantly reduces pathological neointimal expansion consequent to injury. In primary murine aortic smooth muscle cells, mDia1 is required for receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligand-induced membrane translocation of c-Src, which leads to Rac1 activation, redox phosphorylation of AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and consequent smooth muscle cell migration. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mDia1 integrates oxidative and signal transduction pathways triggered, at least in part, by receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligands, thereby regulating pathological neointimal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatouma Touré
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Anderson KR, Singer RA, Balderes DA, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Johnson CW, Artinger KB, Sussel L. The L6 domain tetraspanin Tm4sf4 regulates endocrine pancreas differentiation and directed cell migration. Development 2011; 138:3213-24. [PMID: 21750032 DOI: 10.1242/dev.058693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 is essential for pancreatic development and islet cell type differentiation. We have identified Tm4sf4, an L6 domain tetraspanin family member, as a transcriptional target of Nkx2.2 that is greatly upregulated during pancreas development in Nkx2.2(-/-) mice. Tetraspanins and L6 domain proteins recruit other membrane receptors to form active signaling centers that coordinate processes such as cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. In this study, we determined that Tm4sf4 is localized to the ductal epithelial compartment and is prominent in the Ngn3(+) islet progenitor cells. We also established that pancreatic tm4sf4 expression and regulation by Nkx2.2 is conserved during zebrafish development. Loss-of-function studies in zebrafish revealed that tm4sf4 inhibits α and β cell specification, but is necessary for ε cell fates. Thus, Tm4sf4 functional output opposes that of Nkx2.2. Further investigation of how Tm4sf4 functions at the cellular level in vitro showed that Tm4sf4 inhibits Rho-activated cell migration and actin organization in a ROCK-independent fashion. We propose that the primary role of Nkx2.2 is to inhibit Tm4sf4 in endocrine progenitor cells, allowing for delamination, migration and/or appropriate cell fate decisions. Identification of a role for Tm4sf4 during endocrine differentiation provides insight into islet progenitor cell behaviors and potential targetable regenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Anderson
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract
A new biochemical analysis has revealed that the Rickettsia bacterial protein Sca2--recently shown to be essential for virulence and actin-dependent motility--assembles actin filaments using a mechanism that functionally resembles the processive elongation tactics used by formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Art Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure & Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Zhu XL, Zeng YF, Guan J, Li YF, Deng YJ, Bian XW, Ding YQ, Liang L. FMNL2 is a positive regulator of cell motility and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 2011; 224:377-88. [PMID: 21506128 DOI: 10.1002/path.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FMNL2 is a member of diaphanous-related formins which act as effectors of Rho family GTPases and control the actin-dependent processes such as cell motility or invasion. We previously found that FMNL2 overexpression in metastatic cell lines and tissues of colorectal carcinoma is associated with more aggressive tumour behaviour. Here we used gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches to investigate the effects of FMNL2 on colorectal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Forced expression of FMNL2 caused a significant increase in tumour cell proliferation, motility, invasion in vitro, and metastasis in vivo, whereas FMNL2 depletion showed opposite effects. We examined gene expression profiles following knockdown of FMNL2 in SW480/M5 cells. Expression of 323 genes was up-regulated by more than two-fold, whereas 222 genes were down-regulated by more than two-fold in FMNL2-depleting SW480/M5 cells. Gene ontology analysis showed that most of genes belong to functional categories such as cell cycle, cytoskeleton, transcription factor, and G-protein modulator. Pathway analysis revealed that cytoskeletal regulation by the Rho GTPase pathway, the Wnt pathway, the G-protein pathway, and the P53 pathway were affected by FMNL2. Many of these genes are in functional networks associated with cell proliferation, metastasis, Wnt or the Rho signalling pathway involved in the regulation of FMNL2. The expression of five differentially expressed genes including CXXC4, CD200, VAV1, CSF1, and EPHA2 was validated by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Thus, FMNL2 is a positive regulator of cell motility, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The invasion of cancer cells into the surrounding tissue is a prerequisite and initial step in metastasis, which is the leading cause of death from cancer. Invasive cell migration requires the formation of various structures, such as invadopodia and pseudopodia, which require actin assembly that is regulated by specialized actin nucleation factors. There is a large variety of different actin nucleators in human cells, such as formins, spire and Arp2/3-regulating proteins, and the list is likely to grow. Studies of the mechanisms of various actin nucleation factors that are involved in cancer cell function may ultimately provide new treatments for invasive and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nürnberg
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Increased activity of Diaphanous homolog 3 (DIAPH3)/diaphanous causes hearing defects in humans with auditory neuropathy and in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13396-401. [PMID: 20624953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003027107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory neuropathy is a rare form of deafness characterized by an absent or abnormal auditory brainstem response with preservation of outer hair cell function. We have identified Diaphanous homolog 3 (DIAPH3) as the gene responsible for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic auditory neuropathy (AUNA1), which we previously mapped to chromosome 13q21-q24. Genotyping of additional family members narrowed the interval to an 11-Mb, 3.28-cM gene-poor region containing only four genes, including DIAPH3. DNA sequencing of DIAPH3 revealed a c.-172G>A, g. 48G>A mutation in a highly conserved region of the 5' UTR. The c.-172G>A mutation occurs within a GC box sequence element and was not found in 379 controls. Using genome-wide expression arrays and quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrate a 2- to 3-fold overexpression of DIAPH3 mRNA in lymphoblastoid cell lines from affected individuals. Likewise, a significant increase (approximately 1.5-fold) in DIAPH3 protein was found by quantitative immunoblotting of lysates from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from affected individuals in comparison with controls. In addition, the c.-172G>A mutation is sufficient to drive overexpression of a luciferase reporter. Finally, the expression of a constitutively active form of diaphanous protein in the auditory organ of Drosophila melanogaster recapitulates the phenotype of impaired response to sound. To date, only two genes, the otoferlin gene OTOF and the pejvakin gene PJVK, are known to underlie nonsyndromic auditory neuropathy. Genetic testing for DIAPH3 may be useful for individuals with recessive as well as dominant inheritance of nonsyndromic auditory neuropathy.
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