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de Sousa JC, Santos SACS, Kurtenbach E. Multiple approaches for the evaluation of connexin-43 expression and function in macrophages. J Immunol Methods 2024; 533:113741. [PMID: 39111361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Connexins are essential gap junction proteins that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication in various organs of mammals. Connexin-43 (Cx43) is expressed in various components of the immune system, and there is extensive evidence of its participation in inflammation responses. The involvement of Cx43 in macrophage functionality involves the purinergic signaling pathway. Macrophages contribute to defenses against inflammatory reactions such as bacterial sepsis and peritonitis. Several assays can identify the presence and activity of Cx43 in macrophages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can measure the relative mRNA expression of Cx43, whereas western blotting can detect protein expression levels. Using immunofluorescence assays, it is possible to analyze the expression and observe the localization of Cx43 in cells or tissues. Moreover, connexin-mediated gap junction intercellular communication can be evaluated using functional assays such as microinjection of fluorescent dyes or scrape loading-dye transfer. The use of selective inhibitors contributes to this understanding and reinforces the role of connexins in various processes. Here, we discuss these methods to evaluate Cx43 and macrophage gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Costa de Sousa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | | | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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2
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Kim S, Kubelka NK, LaPorte HM, Krishnamoorthy VR, Singh M. Estradiol and 3β-diol protect female cortical astrocytes by regulating connexin 43 Gap Junctions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112045. [PMID: 37595662 PMCID: PMC10592012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
While estrogens have been described to protect or preserve neuronal function in the face of insults such as oxidative stress, the prevailing mechanistic model would suggest that these steroids exert direct effects on the neurons. However, there is growing evidence that glial cells, such as astrocytes, are key cellular mediators of protection. Noting that connexin 43 (Cx43), a protein highly expressed in astrocytes, plays a key role in mediating inter-cellular communication, we hypothesized that Cx43 is a target of estradiol (E2), and the estrogenic metabolite of DHT, 3β-diol. Additionally, we sought to determine if either or both of these hormones attenuate oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity by eliciting a reduction in Cx43 expression or inhibition of Cx43 channel permeability. Using primary cortical astrocytes, we found that E2 and 3β-diol were each protective against the mixed metabolic/oxidative insult, iodoacetic acid (IAA). Moreover, these effects were blocked by estrogen receptor antagonists. However, E2 and 3β-diol did not alter Cx43 mRNA levels in astrocytes but did inhibit IAA-induced Cx43 gap junction opening/permeability. Taken together, these data implicate astrocyte Cx43 gap junction as an understudied mediator of the cytoprotective effects of estrogens in the brain. Given the wide breadth of disease states associated with Cx43 function/dysfunction, further understanding the relationship between gonadal steroids and Cx43 channels may contribute to a better understanding of the biological basis for sex differences in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongcheol Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Nicholas Knesek Kubelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, United States
| | - Heather M LaPorte
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Vignesh R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States.
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Roe JM, Seely K, Bussard CJ, Eischen Martin E, Mouw EG, Bayles KW, Hollingsworth MA, Brooks AE, Dailey KM. Hacking the Immune Response to Solid Tumors: Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Capacities of Oncolytic Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37514190 PMCID: PMC10384176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic bacteria are a classification of bacteria with a natural ability to specifically target solid tumors and, in the process, stimulate a potent immune response. Currently, these include species of Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus/Serratia (Coley's Toxin), Proteus, Salmonella, and Clostridium. Advancements in techniques and methodology, including genetic engineering, create opportunities to "hijack" typical host-pathogen interactions and subsequently harness oncolytic capacities. Engineering, sometimes termed "domestication", of oncolytic bacterial species is especially beneficial when solid tumors are inaccessible or metastasize early in development. This review examines reported oncolytic bacteria-host immune interactions and details the known mechanisms of these interactions to the protein level. A synopsis of the presented membrane surface molecules that elicit particularly promising oncolytic capacities is paired with the stimulated localized and systemic immunogenic effects. In addition, oncolytic bacterial progression toward clinical translation through engineering efforts are discussed, with thorough attention given to strains that have accomplished Phase III clinical trial initiation. In addition to therapeutic mitigation after the tumor has formed, some bacterial species, referred to as "prophylactic", may even be able to prevent or "derail" tumor formation through anti-inflammatory capabilities. These promising species and their particularly favorable characteristics are summarized as well. A complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction will likely be necessary to assess anti-cancer capacities and unlock the full cancer therapeutic potential of oncolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Roe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kevin Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Caleb J Bussard
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth G Mouw
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
- Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Dailey
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Kiełbowski K, Bakinowska E, Pawlik A. The Potential Role of Connexins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032600. [PMID: 36768920 PMCID: PMC9916887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) are members of a protein family which enable extracellular and intercellular communication through hemichannels and gap junctions (GJ), respectively. Cx take part in transporting important cell-cell messengers such as 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), among others. Therefore, they play a significant role in regulating cell homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in Cx distribution, degradation, and post-translational modifications have been correlated with cancers, as well as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Depending on the isoform, Cx have been shown either to promote or suppress the development of atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Cx might contribute to the progression of the disease by enhancing endothelial dysfunction, monocyte recruitment, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, or by inhibiting VSMC autophagy. Inhibition or modulation of the expression of specific isoforms could suppress atherosclerotic plaque formation and diminish pro-inflammatory conditions. A better understanding of the complexity of atherosclerosis pathophysiology linked with Cx could result in developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to present the role of Cx in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discusses whether they can become novel therapeutic targets.
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Estrogen Protects against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Th17/Treg Cell Immune Balance. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7812099. [PMID: 36246554 PMCID: PMC9560860 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7812099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical mediator of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI), and T lymphocytes exert a key role in the renal IRI-induced inflammation. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is related to the maintenance of T lymphocyte homeostasis. Various preclinical researches have reported that estrogen is a renoprotective agent based on its anti-inflammatory potential. The present research is aimed at studying the role of T lymphocytes activated by Cx43 in 17β-estradiol-mediated protection against renal IRI. Female rats were classified into six groups: control rats, I/R rats, ovariectomized rats, ovariectomized I/R rats, and ovariectomized rats treated with 17β-estradiol or gap27. Levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Paller scoring were dramatically increased in I/R rats, especially in ovariectomized rats. By contrast, these indicators were markedly decreased by administering estradiol or gap27. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that CD4+ T cells infiltrated kidney tissues in the early stage of IRI. In both peripheral blood and renal tissue, the proportion of CD3+CD4+ T cells and ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ were high in I/R rats, especially in ovariectomized rats. The proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells was low in peripheral blood but high in renal tissues. Administration of estrogen or Gap27 reversed these effects. IL-17 levels in both serum and tissue homogenate were significantly increased in ovariectomized rats subjected to I/R but significantly decreased in estrogen or gap 27 treated rats. The opposite trend was observed for IL-10 levels. Correlation analysis demonstrated that IL-17 was correlated positively with BUN, Scr, and Paller scores, while IL-10 was negatively correlated with these indicators. Western blot showed that Cx43 expression was markedly increased in the peripheral blood T lymphocytes of I/R rats, especially ovariectomized rats. After intervention with estrogen and gap27, Cx43 expression was significantly downregulated. These findings indicate that Cx43 may participate in the regulation of Th17/Treg balance by estrogen against renal IRI.
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Becerra-Báez EI, Meza-Toledo SE, Muñoz-López P, Flores-Martínez LF, Fraga-Pérez K, Magaño-Bocanegra KJ, Juárez-Hernández U, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella enterica as a Delivery System of Heterologous Molecules in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174224. [PMID: 36077761 PMCID: PMC9454573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is among the main causes of death of millions of individuals worldwide. Although survival has improved with conventional treatments, the appearance of resistant cancer cells leads to patient relapses. It is, therefore, necessary to find new antitumor therapies that can completely eradicate transformed cells. Bacteria-based tumor therapy represents a promising alternative treatment, particularly the use of live-attenuated Salmonella enterica, with its potential use as a delivery system of antitumor heterologous molecules such as tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer. Abstract Over a century ago, bacterial extracts were found to be useful in cancer therapy, but this treatment modality was obviated for decades. Currently, in spite of the development and advances in chemotherapies and radiotherapy, failure of these conventional treatments still represents a major issue in the complete eradication of tumor cells and has led to renewed approaches with bacteria-based tumor therapy as an alternative treatment. In this context, live-attenuated bacteria, particularly Salmonella enterica, have demonstrated tumor selectivity, intrinsic oncolytic activity, and the ability to induce innate or specific antitumor immune responses. Moreover, Salmonella enterica also has strong potential as a delivery system of tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, and nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, in a process known as bactofection and antitumor nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enrique Meza-Toledo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Kevin Jorge Magaño-Bocanegra
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Uriel Juárez-Hernández
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-52289917 (ext. 4401)
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Shi Y, Lu Y, You J. Antigen transfer and its effect on vaccine-induced immune amplification and tolerance. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5888-5913. [PMID: 35966588 PMCID: PMC9373810 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen transfer refers to the process of intercellular information exchange, where antigenic components including nucleic acids, antigen proteins/peptides and peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (p-MHCs) are transmitted from donor cells to recipient cells at the thymus, secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), intestine, allergic sites, allografts, pathological lesions and vaccine injection sites via trogocytosis, gap junctions, tunnel nanotubes (TNTs), or extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the context of vaccine inoculation, antigen transfer is manipulated by the vaccine type and administration route, which consequently influences, even alters the immunological outcome, i.e., immune amplification and tolerance. Mainly focused on dendritic cells (DCs)-based antigen receptors, this review systematically introduces the biological process, molecular basis and clinical manifestation of antigen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Meng JH, Chen CX, Ahmadian MR, Zan H, Luo KJ, Jiang JX. Cross-Activation of Hemichannels/Gap Junctions and Immunoglobulin-Like Domains in Innate–Adaptive Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882706. [PMID: 35911693 PMCID: PMC9334851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemichannels (HCs)/gap junctions (GJs) and immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain-containing proteins (IGLDCPs) are involved in the innate–adaptive immune response independently. Despite of available evidence demonstrating the importance of HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs in initiating, implementing, and terminating the entire immune response, our understanding of their mutual interactions in immunological function remains rudimentary. IGLDCPs include immune checkpoint molecules of the immunoglobulin family expressed in T and B lymphocytes, most of which are cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. They also constitute the principal components of the immunological synapse (IS), which is formed on the cell surface, including the phagocytic synapse, T cell synapse, B cell synapse, and astrocytes–neuronal synapse. During the three stages of the immune response, namely innate immunity, innate–adaptive immunity, and adaptive immunity, HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs are cross-activated during the entire process. The present review summarizes the current understanding of HC-released immune signaling factors that influence IGLDCPs in regulating innate–adaptive immunity. ATP-induced “eat me” signals released by HCs, as well as CD31, CD47, and CD46 “don’t eat me” signaling molecules, trigger initiation of innate immunity, which serves to regulate phagocytosis. Additionally, HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification. Importantly, HC-mediated CD4+ T lymphocyte activation is critical in the transition of the innate immune response to adaptive immunity. HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes, for instance, IgA transcytosis in ovarian cancer cells, which triggers innate immunity. Further understanding of the interplay between HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs would aid in identifying therapeutic targets that regulate the HC–Ig-like domain immune response, thereby providing a viable treatment strategy for immunological diseases. The present review delineates the clinical immunology-related applications of HC–Ig-like domain cross-activation, which would greatly benefit medical professionals and immunological researchers alike. HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs mediate phagocytosis via ATP; “eat me and don’t eat me” signals trigger innate immunity; HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification in innate–adaptive immunity; HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chang-Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
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Cai X, Gao C, Cao M, Su B, Liu X, Wang B, Li C. Genome-wide characterization of gap junction (connexins and pannexins) genes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.): evolution and immune response following Vibrio anguillarum infection. Gene 2022; 809:146032. [PMID: 34673208 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gap junction (GJ), a special intercellular junction between different cell types, directly connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to pass through the intercellular regulatory gate, and plays vital roles in response to bacterial infection. Up to date, the information about the GJ in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is still limited. In current study, 43 gap junction genes were identified in turbot, phylogeny analysis suggested that gap junctions from turbot and other species were clustered into six groups, GJA, GJB, GJC, GJD, GJE and PANX, and turbot GJs together with respective GJs from Japanese flounder, half-smooth tongue sole and large yellow croaker, sharing same ancestors. In addition, these 43 GJ genes distributed in different chromosomes unevenly. According to gene structure and domain analysis, these genes (in GJA-GJE group) were highly conserved in that most of them contain the transmembrane area, connexin domain (CNX) and cysteine-rich domain (connexin CCC), while PANXs contain Pfam Innexin. Although only one tandem duplication was identified in turbot gap junction gene, 235 pairs of segmental duplications were identified in the turbot genome. To further investigate their evolutionary relationships, Ka/Ks was calculated, and results showed that most ratios were lower than 1, indicating they had undergone negative selection. Finally, expression analysis showed that gap junction genes were widely distributed in turbot tissues and significantly regulated after Vibrio anguillarum infection. Taken together, our research could provide valuable information for further exploration of the function of gap junction genes in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Second Messenger 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP):Synthesis, transmission, and degradation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114934. [PMID: 35104477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses foreign DNA to produce 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP). 2'3'-cGAMP is a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING, which triggers the innate immune response. As a STING agonist, the small molecule 2'3'-cGAMP plays pivotal roles in antiviral defense and has adjuvant applications, and anti-tumor effects. 2'3'-cGAMP and its analogs are thus putative targets for immunotherapy and are currently being testedin clinical trials to treat solid tumors. However, several barriers to further development have emerged from these studies, such as evidence of immune and inflammatory side-effects, poor pharmacokinetics, and undesirable biodistribution. Here, we review the status of 2'3'-cGAMP research and outline the role of 2'3'-cGAMP in immune signaling, adjuvant applications, and cancer immunotherapy, as well as various 2'3'-cGAMP detection methods.
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11
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Muñoz MF, Griffith TN, Contreras JE. Mechanisms of ATP release in pain: role of pannexin and connexin channels. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:549-561. [PMID: 34792743 PMCID: PMC8677853 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a physiological response to bodily damage and serves as a warning of potential threat. Pain can also transform from an acute response to noxious stimuli to a chronic condition with notable emotional and psychological components that requires treatment. Indeed, the management of chronic pain is currently an important unmet societal need. Several reports have implicated the release of the neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors in distinct pain etiologies. Purinergic receptors are broadly expressed in peripheral neurons and the spinal cord; thus, purinergic signaling in sensory neurons or in spinal circuits may be critical for pain processing. Nevertheless, an outstanding question remains: what are the mechanisms of ATP release that initiate nociceptive signaling? Connexin and pannexin channels are established conduits of ATP release and have been suggested to play important roles in a variety of pathologies, including several models of pain. As such, these large-pore channels represent a new and exciting putative pharmacological target for pain treatment. Herein, we will review the current evidence for a role of connexin and pannexin channels in ATP release during nociceptive signaling, such as neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Collectively, these studies provide compelling evidence for an important role of connexins and pannexins in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F. Muñoz
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Theanne N. Griffith
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jorge E. Contreras
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Güiza J, Arriagada J, Rodríguez L, Gutiérrez C, Duarte Y, Sáez JC, Vega JL. Anti-parasitic drugs modulate the non-selective channels formed by connexins or pannexins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166188. [PMID: 34102257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The proteins connexins, innexins, and pannexins are the subunits of non-selective channels present in the cell membrane in vertebrates (connexins and pannexins) and invertebrates (innexins). These channels allow the transfer of ions and molecules across the cell membrane or, and in many cases, between the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. These channels participate in various physiological processes, particularly under pathophysiological conditions, such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Interestingly, some anti-parasitic drugs also block connexin- or pannexin-formed channels. Their effects on host channels permeable to molecules that favor parasitic infection can further explain the anti-parasitic effects of some of these compounds. In this review, the effects of drugs with known anti-parasitic activity that modulate non-selective channels formed by connexins or pannexins are discussed. Previous studies that have reported the presence of these proteins in worms, ectoparasites, and protozoa that cause parasitic infections have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Güiza
- Laboratory of Gap Junction and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Javiera Arriagada
- Laboratory of Gap Junction and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Luis Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Gap Junction and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Gap Junction and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José L Vega
- Laboratory of Gap Junction and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
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Zheng XS, Zheng H, Xu D, Liu PP, Li B, Cao ZM, Liu Y, Liu Y. Effect of zymosan on the expression and function of the gap-junction protein connexin 43 in human corneal fibroblasts. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:341-348. [PMID: 33747807 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of zymosan, a ligand found on the surface of fungi, on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in cultured human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). METHODS Zymosan was added to the medium of cultured HCFs with or without the administration of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors or the inhibitor kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2) inhibitor IV. The protein and mRNA levels of connexin 43 (Cx43) in HCFs were measured by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. The GJIC activity was tested using a dye-coupling assay. RESULTS The reduction of Cx43 protein and mRNA levels as well as a significant decrease in GJIC activity were observed in cultured HCFs when zymosan was added into the culture medium. Compared with controls (no zymosan), the protein level of Cx43 was reduced by 45% and 54% in the presence of zymosan at 200 and 600 µg/mL, respectively (P<0.05); and it was reduced by 45%, 48%, and 75% in the presence of zymosan (600 µg/mL) for 24, 36, and 48h, respectively (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of Cx43 was reduced by 98% in the presence of zymosan (P<0.05). The effects of zymosan on Cx43 expression and GJIC activity were attenuated by the administration of PD98059 [an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling inhibitor] (P<0.05), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor II (P<0.05), and IKK2 inhibitor IV (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Zymosan inhibits the activity of GJIC in cultured HCFs. This effect is likely regulated via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), MAPK/ERK, and JNK signaling pathways. The inhibitory effects of zymosan on Cx43 expression and GJIC activity in HCFs may induce damage of corneal stroma during corneal fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuo Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Environmental Science and Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Zi-Mu Cao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Environmental Science and Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangzhou Province, China
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14
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Kameritsch P, Pogoda K. The Role of Connexin 43 and Pannexin 1 During Acute Inflammation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:594097. [PMID: 33192611 PMCID: PMC7658380 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.594097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute inflammation, the recruitment of leukocytes from the blood stream into the inflamed tissue is a well-described mechanism encompassing the interaction of endothelial cells with leukocytes allowing leukocytes to reach the site of tissue injury or infection where they can fulfill their function such as phagocytosis. This process requires a fine-tuned regulation of a plethora of signaling cascades, which are still incompletely understood. Here, connexin 43 (Cx43) and pannexin 1 (Panx1) are known to be pivotal for the correct communication of endothelial cells with leukocytes. Pharmacological as well as genetic approaches provide evidence that endothelial Cx43-hemichannels and Panx1-channels release signaling molecules including ATP and thereby regulate vessel function and permeability as well as the recruitment of leukocytes during acute inflammation. Furthermore, Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1-channels in leukocytes release signaling molecules and can mediate the activation and function of leukocytes in an autocrine manner. The focus of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the role of Cx43 and Panx1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes in the vasculature during acute inflammation and to discuss relevant molecular mechanisms regulating Cx43 and Panx1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kameritsch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristin Pogoda
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
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15
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Huang MN, Nicholson LT, Batich KA, Swartz AM, Kopin D, Wellford S, Prabhakar VK, Woroniecka K, Nair SK, Fecci PE, Sampson JH, Gunn MD. Antigen-loaded monocyte administration induces potent therapeutic antitumor T cell responses. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:774-788. [PMID: 31661470 DOI: 10.1172/jci128267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines is classically thought to depend on their antigen-presenting cell (APC) activity. Studies show, however, that DC vaccine priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) requires the activity of endogenous DCs, suggesting that exogenous DCs stimulate antitumor immunity by transferring antigens (Ags) to endogenous DCs. Such Ag transfer functions are most commonly ascribed to monocytes, implying that undifferentiated monocytes would function equally well as a vaccine modality and need not be differentiated to DCs to be effective. Here, we used several murine cancer models to test the antitumor efficacy of undifferentiated monocytes loaded with protein or peptide Ag. Intravenously injected monocytes displayed antitumor activity superior to DC vaccines in several cancer models, including aggressive intracranial glioblastoma. Ag-loaded monocytes induced robust CTL responses via Ag transfer to splenic CD8+ DCs in a manner independent of monocyte APC activity. Ag transfer required cell-cell contact and the formation of connexin 43-containing gap junctions between monocytes and DCs. These findings demonstrate the existence of an efficient gap junction-mediated Ag transfer pathway between monocytes and CD8+ DCs and suggest that administration of tumor Ag-loaded undifferentiated monocytes may serve as a simple and efficacious immunotherapy for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Nung Huang
- Department of Immunology.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Kristen A Batich
- School of Medicine.,Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center
| | - Adam M Swartz
- Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center
| | | | | | | | - Karolina Woroniecka
- School of Medicine.,Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center.,Department of Neurosurgery, and.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center.,Department of Neurosurgery, and
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Pathology.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center.,Department of Neurosurgery, and
| | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Immunology.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
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16
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Xu D, Liu P, Yang X, Li B, Cao Z, Liu Y, Zheng X. Inhibition of Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication by Poly(I:C) in Cultured Human Corneal Fibroblasts. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1043-1050. [PMID: 32078434 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1716986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Corneal stromal fibroblasts are connected to each other via gap junctions, which contribute to maintenance of corneal homeostasis. Viral infection of the corneal stroma can result in inflammation and scarring. The effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], an analog of viral double-stranded RNA, on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in cultured human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured HCFs were exposed to poly(I:C) in the absence or presence of inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling or the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) was examined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. The level of Cx43 mRNA or microRNA-21 or -130a was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. GJIC was measured with a dye coupling assay. The amount of malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured with assay kits. RESULTS Exposure of HCFs to poly(I:C) resulted in down-regulation of Cx43 expression and GJIC activity as well as in up-regulation of microRNA-21 expression. Poly(I:C) increased the amount of malondialdehyde and reduced the activity of SOD in the cells, and these effects were prevented by NAC. The inhibitory effects of poly(I:C) on both Cx43 expression and GJIC activity were attenuated by NAC and by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor II. CONCLUSIONS Poly(I:C) inhibited Cx43 expression and GJIC in cultured HCFs, possibly as a result of the associated up-regulation of microRNA-21. Poly(I:C) also increased oxidative stress in these cells, and such stress together with signaling by the MAPK JNK was implicated in the effects of poly(I:C) on Cx43 expression and GJIC activity. Down-regulation of GJIC activity among corneal fibroblasts by double-stranded RNA may thus contribute to the disruption of stromal homeostasis during viral infection of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Environmental Science and Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian, PR China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Xiuxia Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Zimu Cao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Environmental Science and Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Xiaoshuo Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai, PR China
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17
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Singh AK, Cancelas JA. Gap Junctions in the Bone Marrow Lympho-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche, Leukemia Progression, and Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E796. [PMID: 31991829 PMCID: PMC7038046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: The crosstalk between hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is critical for homeostasis and hematopoietic regeneration in response to blood formation emergencies after injury, and has been associated with leukemia transformation and progression. Intercellular signals by the BM stromal cells in the form of cell-bound or secreted factors, or by physical interaction, regulate HSC localization, maintenance, and differentiation within increasingly defined BM HSC niches. Gap junctions (GJ) are comprised of arrays of membrane embedded channels formed by connexin proteins, and control crucial signaling functions, including the transfer of ions, small metabolites, and organelles to adjacent cells which affect intracellular mechanisms of signaling and autophagy. This review will discuss the role of GJ in both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis, and highlight some of the most novel approaches that may improve the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs. Connexin GJ channels exert both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic effects on HSC and BM stromal cells, involved in regenerative hematopoiesis after myelosuppression, and represent an alternative system of cell communication through a combination of electrical and metabolic coupling as well as organelle transfer in the HSC niche. GJ intercellular communication (GJIC) in the HSC niche improves cellular bioenergetics, and rejuvenates damaged recipient cells. Unfortunately, they can also support leukemia proliferation and survival by creating leukemic niches that provide GJIC dependent energy sources and facilitate chemoresistance and relapse. The emergence of new strategies to disrupt self-reinforcing malignant niches and intercellular organelle exchange in leukemic niches, while at the same time conserving normal hematopoietic GJIC function, could synergize the effect of chemotherapy drugs in eradicating minimal residual disease. An improved understanding of the molecular basis of connexin regulation in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis is warranted for the re-establishment of normal hematopoiesis after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K. Singh
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jose A. Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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18
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Hofmann F, Navarrete M, Álvarez J, Guerrero I, Gleisner MA, Tittarelli A, Salazar-Onfray F. Cx43-Gap Junctions Accumulate at the Cytotoxic Immunological Synapse Enabling Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Melanoma Cell Killing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184509. [PMID: 31547237 PMCID: PMC6769613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tumor antigen recognition, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and target cells form specialized supramolecular structures, called cytotoxic immunological synapses, which are required for polarized delivery of cytotoxic granules. In previous reports, we described the accumulation of connexin 43 (Cx43)-formed gap junctions (GJs) at natural killer (NK) cell–tumor cell cytotoxic immunological synapse. In this report, we demonstrate the functional role of Cx43-GJs at the cytotoxic immunological synapse established between CTLs and melanoma cells during cytotoxicity. Using confocal microscopy, we evaluated Cx43 polarization to the contact site between CTLs isolated from pMEL-1 mice and B16F10 melanoma cells. We knocked down Cx43 expression in B16F10 cells and evaluated its role in the formation of functional GJs and the cytotoxic activity of CTLs, by calcein transfer and granzyme B activity assays, respectively. We found that Cx43 localizes at CTL/B16F10 intercellular contact sites via an antigen-dependent process. We also found that pMEL-1 CTLs but not wild-type naïve CD8+ T cells established functional GJs with B16F10 cells. Interestingly, we observed that Cx43-GJs were required for an efficient granzyme B activity in target B16F10 cells. Using an HLA-A2-restricted/MART-1-specific CD8+ T-cell clone, we confirmed these observations in human cells. Our results suggest that Cx43-channels are relevant components of cytotoxic immunological synapses and potentiate CTL-mediated tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Hofmann
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Álvarez
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Israel Guerrero
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
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Cancer Immunotherapy: Priming the Host Immune Response with Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2984247. [PMID: 30302344 PMCID: PMC6158935 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2984247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has undergone great advances because of our understanding of the immune response and the mechanisms through which tumor cells evade it. A century after the first immunotherapy attempt based on bacterial products described by William Coley, the use of live attenuated bacterial vectors has become a promising alternative in the fight against cancer. This review describes the role of live attenuated Salmonella enterica as an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agent, due to its high affinity for tumor tissue and its ability to activate innate and adaptive antitumor immune response. Furthermore, its potential use as delivery system of tumor antigens and immunomodulatory molecules that induce tumor regression is also reviewed.
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20
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Lu Y, Wang XM, Yang P, Han L, Wang YZ, Zheng ZH, Wu F, Zhang WJ, Zhang L. Effect of gap junctions on RAW264.7 macrophages infected with H37Rv. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12125. [PMID: 30170447 PMCID: PMC6392813 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis and inflammation have been shown to play an important role in the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. When macrophages undergo apoptosis and polarization, gap junctions (GJs) may be needed to provide conditions for their functions. Connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 37 (Cx37) are the main connexins in macrophages that participate in the formation of GJ channels. METHODS An H37Rv infection RAW264.7 macrophage model was established to investigate the associate between connexins and host macrophage immune defense response after MTB infection. First, Real-time Polymerase Chian Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of Cx43 and Cx37. Cx43 protein expression and location was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Confocal microscope was used to assay the gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Then, electron microscope used to observe the morphology of macrophages. Finally, RAW264.7 macrophage apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of inflammation factors such as CD86, CD206, and IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β were detected by Real-time PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). RESULTS H37Rv infection significantly promoted host macrophage Cx43 mRNA and protein expression (increased 1.6-fold and 0.3-fold respectively), and enhanced host macrophage GJIC. When host macrophage cell-to-cell communication induced by H37Rv infection, the apoptosis rate and inflammatory factors expression also increased. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm that H37Rv infection can obviously induce host macrophage Cx43 expression and enhance GJIC, which may implicated in host macrophage inflammatory reaction, to regulate the release of inflammatory factors and/or initiate apoptosis to activate host immune defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Xin-min Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Ying-zi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Zhi-hong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Wan-jiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
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21
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Manera M, Sayyaf Dezfuli B, DePasquale JA, Giari L. Pigmented macrophages and related aggregates in the spleen of european sea bass dosed with heavy metals: Ultrastructure and explorative morphometric analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:351-364. [PMID: 29318746 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure and morphometrics of pigmented macrophages (PMs) were assessed in the spleen of European sea bass experimentally dosed with Cd and Hg. PMs occurred either as solitary cells or as variably structured aggregations, defined as macrophage aggregates (MAs). Light microscopy revealed a high degree of morphological heterogeneity amongst MAs of all experimental groups. At the ultrastructural level, MAs showed a heterogeneous pigment content that was not influenced by the treatment. Cytoplasm rarefaction/vacuolation and euchromatic nuclei, were observed in PMs of dosed fish. Undosed and Cd-dosed samples differ significantly with regard to the following morphometric features: the Minor axis of the best fitting ellipse, Aspect Ratio, and Roundness. In Cd-dosed fish, MAs showed reduced size and complexity. Lacunarity showed significant differences between undosed and both Cd and Hg-dosed samples. These results suggest that heavy metals, and especially Cd, may influence the dynamics of PM aggregation/disaggregation. Variability in splenic MAs was observed both by light and electron microscopy. However, only the morphometric techniques adequately and objectively described the phenomenon, allowing a quantitative/statistical comparison of morphology among experimental groups. These morphometric analyses could be usefully applied in toxicological and ecotoxicological, as well as morpho-functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, I-64100, Italy
| | - Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
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22
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Maura G, Agnati LF. New dimensions of connectomics and network plasticity in the central nervous system. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:113-132. [PMID: 28030363 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular network architecture plays a crucial role as the structural substrate for the brain functions. Therefore, it represents the main rationale for the emerging field of connectomics, defined as the comprehensive study of all aspects of central nervous system connectivity. Accordingly, in the present paper the main emphasis will be on the communication processes in the brain, namely wiring transmission (WT), i.e. the mapping of the communication channels made by cell components such as axons and synapses, and volume transmission (VT), i.e. the chemical signal diffusion along the interstitial brain fluid pathways. Considering both processes can further expand the connectomics concept, since both WT-connectomics and VT-connectomics contribute to the structure of the brain connectome. A consensus exists that such a structure follows a hierarchical or nested architecture, and macro-, meso- and microscales have been defined. In this respect, however, several lines of evidence indicate that a nanoscale (nano-connectomics) should also be considered to capture direct protein-protein allosteric interactions such as those occurring, for example, in receptor-receptor interactions at the plasma membrane level. In addition, emerging evidence points to novel mechanisms likely playing a significant role in the modulation of intercellular connectivity, increasing the plasticity of the system and adding complexity to its structure. In particular, the roamer type of VT (i.e. the intercellular transfer of RNA, proteins and receptors by extracellular vesicles) will be discussed since it allowed us to introduce a new concept of 'transient changes of cell phenotype', that is the transient acquisition of new signal release capabilities and/or new recognition/decoding apparatuses.
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Mast Cells Interact with Endothelial Cells to Accelerate In Vitro Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122674. [PMID: 29236033 PMCID: PMC5751276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex process that involves interactions between endothelial cells and various other cell types as well as the tissue microenvironment. Several previous studies have demonstrated that mast cells accumulate at angiogenic sites. In spite of the evidence suggesting a relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis, the association of mast cells and endothelial cells remains poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between mast cells and endothelial cells during in vitro angiogenesis. When endothelial cells were co-cultured with mast cells, angiogenesis was stimulated. Furthermore, there was direct intercellular communication via gap junctions between the two cell types. In addition, the presence of mast cells stimulated endothelial cells to release angiogenic factors. Moreover, conditioned medium from the co-cultures also stimulated in vitro angiogenesis. The results from this investigation demonstrate that mast cells have both direct and indirect proangiogenic effects and provide new insights into the role of mast cells in angiogenesis.
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Zhang HC, Zhang ZS, Zhang L, Wang A, Zhu H, Li L, Si JQ, Li XZ, Ma KT. Connexin 43 in splenic lymphocytes is involved in the regulation of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in hypertensive inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:13-24. [PMID: 29115377 PMCID: PMC5746298 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes the development of hypertension and is associated with increased T cell infiltration and cytokine production in impaired organs. Gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), is ubiquitously expressed in immune cells and plays an important role in T cell proliferation and activation, and cytokine production. However, the correlation between Cx43 in T cells and the hypertensive inflammatory response remains unknown. Thus, in this study, we wished to examine this correlation. First, our results revealed that hypertension caused significant thickening of the vascular wall, inflammatory cell infiltration into part of the renal interstitium and glomerular atrophy, and it increased the tubular damage scores in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Moreover, the SHRs exhibited stenosis in the central artery wall of the spleen with increased serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The spleens of the SHRs exhibited a significantly decreased percentage of CD4+CD25+ (Treg) T cells. However, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and the levels of CD4+Cx43 and CD8+Cx43 did not differ significantly between the SHRs and WKY rats. In cultured lymphocytes from the SHRs and WKY rats, low percentages of Treg cells and reduced cytokine (IL-2 and IL-6) mRNA expression levels were observed in the lymphocytes obtained from the SHRs and WKY rats treated with the connexin blocker, Gap27, or concanavalin A (ConA) plus Gap27. The effects of ConA and Gap27 differed between the SHRs and WKY rats. On the whole, our findings demonstrate that the splenic Treg cell-mediated suppression in SHRs may be involved in hypertensive inflammatory responses. Cx43 in the gap junctional channel may regulate lymphocyte activation and inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Ai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
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25
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Nielsen BS, Alstrom JS, Nicholson BJ, Nielsen MS, MacAulay N. Permeant-specific gating of connexin 30 hemichannels. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19999-20009. [PMID: 28982982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions confer interconnectivity of the cytoplasm in neighboring cells via docking of two connexons expressed in each of the adjacent membranes. Undocked connexons, referred to as hemichannels, may open and connect the cytoplasm with the extracellular fluid. The hemichannel configuration of connexins (Cxs) displays isoform-specific permeability profiles that are not directly determined by the size and charge of the permeant. To further explore Ca2+-mediated gating and permeability features of connexin hemichannels, we heterologously expressed Cx30 hemichannels in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The sensitivity toward divalent cation-mediated gating differed between small atomic ions (current) and fluorescent dye permeants, indicating that these permeants are distinctly gated. Three aspartate residues in Cx30 (Asp-50, Asp-172, and Asp-179) have been implicated previously in the Ca2+ sensitivity of other hemichannel isoforms. Although the aspartate at position Asp-50 was indispensable for divalent cation-dependent gating of Cx30 hemichannels, substitutions of the two other residues had no significant effect on gating, illustrating differences in the gating mechanisms between connexin isoforms. Using the substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM), we evaluated the role of possible pore-lining residues in the permeation of ions and ethidium through Cx30 hemichannels. Of the cysteine-substituted residues, interaction of a proposed pore-lining cysteine at position 37 with the positively charged compound [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl] methane thiosulfonate bromide (MTS-ET) increased Cx30-mediated currents with unperturbed ethidium permeability. In summary, our results demonstrate that the permeability of hemichannels is regulated in a permeant-specific manner and underscores that hemichannels are selective rather than non-discriminating and freely diffusable pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce J Nicholson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Morten Schak Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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26
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Leybaert L, Lampe PD, Dhein S, Kwak BR, Ferdinandy P, Beyer EC, Laird DW, Naus CC, Green CR, Schulz R. Connexins in Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Health and Disease: Pharmacological Implications. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:396-478. [PMID: 28931622 PMCID: PMC5612248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the heart, gap junction channels electrically connect myocytes and specialized conductive tissues to coordinate the atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation cycles and pump function. In blood vessels, these channels facilitate long-distance endothelial cell communication, synchronize smooth muscle cell contraction, and support endothelial-smooth muscle cell communication. In the central nervous system they form cellular syncytia and coordinate neural function. Gap junction channels are normally open and hemichannels are normally closed, but pathologic conditions may restrict gap junction communication and promote hemichannel opening, thereby disturbing a delicate cellular communication balance. Until recently, most connexin-targeting agents exhibited little specificity and several off-target effects. Recent work with peptide-based approaches has demonstrated improved specificity and opened avenues for a more rational approach toward independently modulating the function of gap junctions and hemichannels. We here review the role of connexins and their channels in cardiovascular and neurovascular health and disease, focusing on crucial regulatory aspects and identification of potential targets to modify their function. We conclude that peptide-based investigations have raised several new opportunities for interfering with connexins and their channels that may soon allow preservation of gap junction communication, inhibition of hemichannel opening, and mitigation of inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Eric C Beyer
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Dale W Laird
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Christian C Naus
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Colin R Green
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
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27
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Gleisner MA, Navarrete M, Hofmann F, Salazar-Onfray F, Tittarelli A. Mind the Gaps in Tumor Immunity: Impact of Connexin-Mediated Intercellular Connections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1067. [PMID: 28919895 PMCID: PMC5585150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs)-mediated intercellular communications (GJICs) are connexin (Cx)-formed plasma membrane channels that allow for the passage of small molecules between adjacent cells, and are involved in several physiopathological processes, including immune responses against cancer. In general, tumor cells are poorly coupled through GJs, mainly due to low Cx expression or reduced channel activity, suggesting that Cxs may have tumor suppressor roles. However, more recent data indicate that Cxs and/or GJICs may also in some cases promote tumor progression. This dual role of Cx channels in tumor outcome may be due, at least partially, to the fact that GJs not only interconnect cells from the same type, such as cancer cells, but also promote the intercellular communication of tumor cells with different types of cells from their microenvironment, and such diverse intercellular interactions have distinctive impact on tumor development. For example, whereas GJ-mediated interactions among tumor cells and microglia have been implicated in promotion of tumor growth, tumor cells delivery to dendritic cells of antigenic peptides through GJs have been associated with enhanced immune-mediated tumor elimination. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the role of GJICs in tumor immunity, focusing on the pro-tumor and antitumor effect of GJs occurring among tumor and immune cells. Accumulated data suggest that GJICs may act as tumor suppressors or enhancers depending on whether tumor cells interact predominantly with antitumor immune cells or with stromal cells. The complex modulation of immune-tumor cell GJICs should be taken into consideration in order to potentiate current cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Hofmann
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Hulsmans M, Clauss S, Xiao L, Aguirre AD, King KR, Hanley A, Hucker WJ, Wülfers EM, Seemann G, Courties G, Iwamoto Y, Sun Y, Savol AJ, Sager HB, Lavine KJ, Fishbein GA, Capen DE, Da Silva N, Miquerol L, Wakimoto H, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Sadreyev RI, Naxerova K, Mitchell RN, Brown D, Libby P, Weissleder R, Swirski FK, Kohl P, Vinegoni C, Milan DJ, Ellinor PT, Nahrendorf M. Macrophages Facilitate Electrical Conduction in the Heart. Cell 2017; 169:510-522.e20. [PMID: 28431249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific functions of tissue-resident macrophages in the steady-state heart are unknown. Here, we show that cardiac macrophages facilitate electrical conduction through the distal atrioventricular node, where conducting cells densely intersperse with elongated macrophages expressing connexin 43. When coupled to spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes via connexin-43-containing gap junctions, cardiac macrophages have a negative resting membrane potential and depolarize in synchrony with cardiomyocytes. Conversely, macrophages render the resting membrane potential of cardiomyocytes more positive and, according to computational modeling, accelerate their repolarization. Photostimulation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing macrophages improves atrioventricular conduction, whereas conditional deletion of connexin 43 in macrophages and congenital lack of macrophages delay atrioventricular conduction. In the Cd11bDTR mouse, macrophage ablation induces progressive atrioventricular block. These observations implicate macrophages in normal and aberrant cardiac conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hulsmans
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sebastian Clauss
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron D Aguirre
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kevin R King
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alan Hanley
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - William J Hucker
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eike M Wülfers
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuan Sun
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrej J Savol
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hendrik B Sager
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory A Fishbein
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane E Capen
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas Da Silva
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kamila Naxerova
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard N Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis Brown
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Cardiac Biophysics and Systems Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW36NP, UK
| | - Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Population and Medical Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Population and Medical Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Valdebenito S, Barreto A, Eugenin EA. The role of connexin and pannexin containing channels in the innate and acquired immune response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:154-165. [PMID: 28559189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) and pannexin (Panx) containing channels - gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs) - are present in virtually all cells and tissues. Currently, the role of these channels under physiological conditions is well defined. However, their role in the immune response and pathological conditions has only recently been explored. Data from several laboratories demonstrates that infectious agents, including HIV, have evolved to take advantage of GJs and HCs to improve viral/bacterial replication, enhance inflammation, and help spread toxicity into neighboring areas. In the current review, we discuss the role of Cx and Panx containing channels in immune activation and the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Barreto
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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30
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Tsao DD, Wang SG, Lynn BD, Nagy JI. Immunofluorescence reveals unusual patterns of labelling for connexin43 localized to calbindin-D28K-positive interstitial cells in the pineal gland. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1553-1569. [PMID: 28394432 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions between cells in the pineal gland have been described ultrastructurally, but their connexin constituents have not been fully characterized. We used immunofluorescence in combination with markers of pineal cells to document the cellular localization of connexin43 (Cx43). Immunofluorescence labelling of Cx43 with several different antibodies was widely distributed throughout the pineal, whereas another connexin examined, connexin26, was not found in pineal but only in surrounding leptomeninges. Labelling apparently associated with plasma membranes was visualized either as fine Cx43-puncta (1-2 μm) or as unusually large pools of Cx43 ranging up to 4-7 μm in diameter or length. These puncta and pools were highly concentrated in perivascular spaces, where they were associated with numerous cells devoid of labelling for markers of pinealocytes (e.g. tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin), and where they were minimally associated with blood vessels and lacked association with resident macrophages. Astrocytes labelled for glial fibrillary acidic protein were largely restricted to the anterior pole of the pineal gland, where they displayed only fine and sparse Cx43-puncta along their processes. Labelling for Cx43 was localized largely though not exclusively to the somata and long processes of a subpopulation of perivascular interstitial cells that were immunopositive for calbindin-D28K. These cells were often located among dense bundles or termination areas of sympathetic fibres labelled for tyrosine hydroxylase or serotonin. The results indicate that interstitial cells form abundant gap junctions composed of Cx43, and suggest that gap junction-mediated intracellular communication by these cells supports the activities of pinealocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Tsao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - S G Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - B D Lynn
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - J I Nagy
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
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31
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Tang M, Fang J. TNF‑α regulates apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells through gap junctions. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1407-1411. [PMID: 28075455 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are released by immune cells and are able to induce vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to undergo apoptosis, causing atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Changes in the expression levels of connexins (Cxs) have been demonstrated in VSMCs to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic progression. The present study examined the effect of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) on Cx43 expression levels and apoptosis in human VSMCs. Overexpression of Cx43 plasmids notably stimulated VSMC proliferation. TNF‑α directly inhibited Cx43 expression levels in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner in VSMCs, however this was blocked by c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase inhibitor. TNF‑α also increased caspase‑3 activity and apoptosis of VSMCs through the inhibition of Cx43. These data suggested that TNF‑α induced the apoptosis of VMSCs and prompted the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by downregulating Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tang
- Infusion Preparation Center of Pharmacy Department, Xianning Central Hospital & The First Clinical Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital & The First Clinical Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
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32
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Winters AA, Bou-Ghannam S, Thorp H, Hawayek JA, Atkinson DL, Bartlett CE, Silva FJ, Hsu EW, Moreno AP, Grainger DA, Patel AN. Evaluation of Multiple Biological Therapies for Ischemic Cardiac Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1591-1607. [DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Bou-Ghannam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hallie Thorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jose A. Hawayek
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Edward W. Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alonso P. Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Nora Eccles Cardiovascular and Training Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David A. Grainger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amit N. Patel
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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33
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Soon ASC, Chua JW, Becker DL. Connexins in endothelial barrier function - novel therapeutic targets countering vascular hyperpermeability. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:852-867. [PMID: 27488046 DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged vascular hyperpermeability is a common feature of many diseases. Vascular hyperpermeability is typically associated with changes in the expression patterns of adherens and tight junction proteins. Here, we focus on the less-appreciated contribution of gap junction proteins (connexins) to basal vascular permeability and endothelial dysfunction. First, we assess the association of connexins with endothelial barrier integrity by introducing tools used in connexin biology and relating the findings to customary readouts in vascular biology. Second, we explore potential mechanistic ties between connexins and junction regulation. Third, we review the role of connexins in microvascular organisation and development, focusing on interactions of the endothelium with mural cells and tissue-specific perivascular cells. Last, we see how connexins contribute to the interactions between the endothelium and components of the immune system, by using neutrophils as an example. Mounting evidence of crosstalk between connexins and other junction proteins suggests that we rethink the way in which different junction components contribute to endothelial barrier function. Given the multiple points of connexin-mediated communication arising from the endothelium, there is great potential for synergism between connexin-targeted inhibitors and existing immune-targeted therapeutics. As more drugs targeting connexins progress through clinical trials, it is hoped that some might prove effective at countering vascular hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Laurence Becker
- David L. Becker, PhD, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232 Singapore, Tel: +65 6592 3961, Fax: +65 6515 0417, E-mail:
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34
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Li S, Peng W, Chen X, Geng X, Zhan W, Sun J. Expression and role of gap junction protein connexin43 in immune challenge-induced extracellular ATP release in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:348-357. [PMID: 27291350 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) is the best characterized gap junction protein that allows the direct exchange of signaling molecules during cell-to-cell communications. The immunological functions and ATP permeable properties of Cx43 have been insensitively examined in mammals. The similar biological significance of Cx43 in lower vertebrates, however, is not yet understood. In the present study we identified and characterized a Cx43 ortholog (termed PoCx43) from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and investigated its role in immune challenge-induced extracellular ATP release. PoCx43 mRNA transcripts are widely distributed in all tested normal tissues and cells with predominant expression in the brain, and are significantly up-regulated by LPS, poly(I:C) and zymosan challenges and Edwardsiella tarda infections as well, suggesting that PoCx43 expression was modulated by the inflammatory stresses. In addition, cyclic AMP (cAMP), an essential second messenger, also plays an important role in regulating PoCx43 gene expression, by which the PoCx43-mediated gap junctional communication may be regulated. Furthermore, overexpression of PoCx43 in Japanese flounder FG-9307 cells significantly potentiates the LPS- and poly(I:C)-induced extracellular ATP release and this enhanced ATP release was attenuated by pre-incubation with Cx43 inhibitor carbenoxolone. In a complementary experiment, down-regulation of PoCx43 endogenous expression in FG-9307 cells with small interfering RNA also significantly reduced the PAMP-induced extracellular ATP release, suggesting that PoCx43 is an important ATP release conduit under the immune challenge conditions. Finally, we showed that extracellular ATP stimulation led to an increased PoCx43 expression which probably provides a feedback mechanism in regulating PoCx43 expression at the transcriptional level. These findings suggest that PoCx43 is an inducible immune response gene and an important conduit for immune challenge-induced extracellular ATP release in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Weijiao Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, 442 South Jiefang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300221, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
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35
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Willebrords J, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L, Kwak BR, Green CR, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexins and their channels in inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:413-439. [PMID: 27387655 PMCID: PMC5584657 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1204980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may be caused by a variety of factors and is a hallmark of a plethora of acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cell injury trigger, to clear out dead cells from damaged tissue and to initiate tissue regeneration. Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular communication in inflammation, studies on the role of connexin-based channels in this process have only begun to emerge in the last few years. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of the effects of inflammation on connexin signaling is provided. Vice versa, the involvement of connexins and their channels in inflammation will be discussed by relying on studies that use a variety of experimental tools, such as genetically modified animals, small interfering RNA and connexin-based channel blockers. A better understanding of the importance of connexin signaling in inflammation may open up towards clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Division of Cardiology,
University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Brenda R.
Kwak: Tel: +41 22 379 57 37
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre,
University of Auckland, New Zealand; Colin R. Green: Tel: +64 9 923 61 35
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87,
05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Bruno Cogliati: Tel: +55 11 30 91 12 00
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
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36
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Gap junctions and connexin hemichannels in the regulation of haemostasis and thrombosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:489-94. [PMID: 26009196 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are involved in the maintenance of haemostasis but their inappropriate activation leads to thrombosis, a principal trigger for heart attack and ischaemic stroke. Although platelets circulate in isolation, upon activation they accumulate or aggregate together to form a thrombus, where they function in a co-ordinated manner to prevent loss of blood and control wound repair. Previous report (1) indicates that the stability and functions of a thrombus are maintained through sustained, contact-dependent signalling between platelets. Given the role of gap junctions in the co-ordination of tissue responses, it was hypothesized that gap junctions may be present within a thrombus and mediate intercellular communication between platelets. Therefore studies were performed to explore the presence and functions of connexins in platelets. In this brief review, the roles of hemichannels and gap junctions in the control of thrombosis and haemostasis and the future directions for this research will be discussed.
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38
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Becker DL, Phillips AR, Duft BJ, Kim Y, Green CR. Translating connexin biology into therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 50:49-58. [PMID: 26688335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is 45 years since gap junctions were first described. Universities face increasing commercial pressures and declining federal funding, with governments and funding foundations showing greater interest in gaining return on their investments. This review outlines approaches taken to translate gap junction research to clinical application and the challenges faced. The need for commercialisation is discussed and key concepts behind research patenting briefly described. Connexin channel roles in disease and injury are also discussed, as is identification of the connexin hemichannel as a therapeutic target which appears to play a role in both the start and perpetuation of the inflammasome pathway. Furthermore connexin hemichannel opening results in vascular dieback in acute injury and chronic disease. Translation to human indications is illustrated from the perspective of one connexin biotechnology company, CoDa Therapeutics, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Yeri Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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39
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Glass AM, Snyder EG, Taffet SM. Connexins and pannexins in the immune system and lymphatic organs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2899-910. [PMID: 26100515 PMCID: PMC11113820 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Connexin43 and pannexin1 are found in immune cells. While gap junctional communication has been demonstrated between immune cells, hemichannels have been implicated in many cellular functions. Among the functions involved as being connexin dependent and pannexin dependent are cell migration, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, T-cell reactivity and B-cell responses. Surprisingly, many of these connexin-related and pannexin-related functions are not recapitulated in in vivo models. This is leading to a reevaluation of the role of these proteins in immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Glass
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Steven M. Taffet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
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40
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González-Nieto D, Chang KH, Fasciani I, Nayak R, Fernandez-García L, Barrio LC, Cancelas JA. Connexins: Intercellular Signal Transmitters in Lymphohematopoietic Tissues. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 318:27-62. [PMID: 26315883 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Life-long hematopoietic demands are met by a pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with self-renewal and multipotential differentiation ability. Humoral and paracrine signals from the bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic microenvironment control HSC activity. Cell-to-cell communication through connexin (Cx) containing gap junctions (GJs) allows pluricellular coordination and synchronization through transfer of small molecules with messenger activity. Hematopoietic and surrounding nonhematopoietic cells communicate each other through GJs, which regulate fetal and postnatal HSC content and function in hematopoietic tissues. Traffic of HSC between peripheral blood and BM is also dependent on Cx proteins. Cx mutations are associated with human disease and hematopoietic dysfunction and Cx signaling may represent a target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we illustrate and highlight the importance of Cxs in the regulation of hematopoietic homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Nieto
- Unit of Cellular and Animal Models, Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyung-Hee Chang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ilaria Fasciani
- Unit of Experimental Neurology, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramesh Nayak
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura Fernandez-García
- Unit of Cellular and Animal Models, Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis C Barrio
- Unit of Experimental Neurology, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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41
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Chen J, Li L, Li Y, Liang X, Sun Q, Yu H, Zhong J, Ni Y, Chen J, Zhao Z, Gao P, Wang B, Liu D, Zhu Z, Yan Z. Activation of TRPV1 channel by dietary capsaicin improves visceral fat remodeling through connexin43-mediated Ca2+ influx. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:22. [PMID: 25849380 PMCID: PMC4340344 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased worldwide and has attracted rising attention, but the mechanism is still unclear. Previous studies revealed that transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels take part in weight loss by enhancing intracellular Ca2+ levels. However, the potential mechanism of the effect of dietary capsaicin on obesity is not completely understood. Ca2+ transfer induced by connexin43 (Cx43) molecules between coupled cells takes part in adipocyte differentiation. Whether TRPV1-evoked alterations in Cx43-mediated adipocyte-to-adipocyte communication play a role in obesity is unknown. Materials and methods We investigated whether Cx43 participated in TRPV1-mediated adipocyte lipolysis in cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and visceral adipose tissues from humans and wild-type (WT) and TRPV1-deficient (TRPV1-/-) mice. Results TRPV1 and Cx43 co-expressed in mesenteric adipose tissue. TRPV1 activation by capsaicin increased the influx of Ca2+ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and promoted cell lipolysis, as shown by Oil-red O staining. These effects were deficient when capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, and 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA), a gap-junction inhibitor, were administered. Long-term chronic dietary capsaicin reduced the weights of perirenal, mesenteric and testicular adipose tissues in WT mice fed a high-fat diet. Capsaicin increased the expression levels of p-CaM, Cx43, CaMKII, PPARδ and HSL in mesenteric adipose tissues from WT mice fed a high-fat diet, db/db mice, as well as obese humans, but these effects of capsaicin were absent in TRPV1-/- mice. Long-term chronic dietary capsaicin decreased the body weights and serum lipids of WT mice, but not TRPV1-/- mice, fed a high-fat diet. Conclusion This study demonstrated that capsaicin activation of TRPV1-evoked increased Ca2+ influx in Cx43-mediated adipocyte-to-adipocyte communication promotes lipolysis in both vitro and vivo. TRPV1 activation by dietary capsaicin improves visceral fat remodeling through the up-regulation of Cx43.
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Davidson J, Green C, Bennet L, Gunn A. Battle of the hemichannels – Connexins and Pannexins in ischemic brain injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 45:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Davidson
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - C.R. Green
- Department of OphthalmologyThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - L. Bennet
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - A.J. Gunn
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Richter N, Wendt S, Georgieva PB, Hambardzumyan D, Nolte C, Kettenmann H. Glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes display distinct electrophysiological properties and do not communicate via gap junctions. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:130-5. [PMID: 25261595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Both brain-resident microglia and peripheral macrophages/monocytes infiltrate into glioma and promote glioma growth. In the present study we analyzed coupling and membrane currents in glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes and compared this to control and stab wound-associated microglia. Using the Cx3cr1(GFP/wt)Ccr2(RFP/wt) knock-in mouse line, we distinguished membrane currents of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes in acute brain slices prepared 14-16 days after inoculation of GL261 glioma cells. The current profile of microglia showed inward rectifying currents reminiscent of an intermediate activation state when compared to other disease models or cell culture. Macrophages/monocytes showed a higher specific outward conductance and a significantly lower capacitance indicative of a smaller membrane area than microglia. As controls, we also recorded currents from control microglia and stab wound-associated microglia. Since there are reports of microglial coupling in vitro, we injected biocytin into these cells and analyzed for cell coupling after fixing the slices and processed for biocytin labeling with Cy3-conjugated-Streptavidin. Neither control microglia nor glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes nor stab wound-associated microglia showed any sign of coupling. Moreover, performing qRT-PCR revealed that no connexin43 was detectable on isolated and sorted glioma-associated microglia and macrophages/monocytes, indicating that these cells are not part of a coupled network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Richter
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Wendt
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petya B Georgieva
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christiane Nolte
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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O'Carroll SJ, Becker DL, Davidson JO, Gunn AJ, Nicholson LFB, Green CR. The use of connexin-based therapeutic approaches to target inflammatory diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1037:519-46. [PMID: 24029957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in Connexin43 (Cx43) expression levels have been shown to play a role in inflammatory processes including skin wounding and neuroinflammation. Cx43 protein levels increase following a skin wound and can inhibit wound healing. Increased Cx43 has been observed following stroke, epilepsy, ischemia, optic nerve damage, and spinal cord injury with gap junctional communication and hemichannel opening leading to increased secondary damage via the inflammatory response. Connexin43 modulation has been identified as a potential target for protection and repair in neuroinflammation and skin wound repair. This review describes the use of a Cx43 specific antisense oligonucleotide (Cx43 AsODN) and peptide mimetics of the connexin extracellular loop domain to modulate Cx43 expression and/or function in inflammatory disorders of the skin and central nervous system. An overview of the role of connexin43 in inflammatory conditions, how antisense and peptide have allowed us to elucidate the role of Cx43 in these diseases, create models of diseases to test interventions and their potential for use clinically or in current clinical trials is presented. Antisense oligonucleotides are applied topically and have been used to improve wound healing following skin injury. They have also been used to develop ex vivo models of neuroinflammatory diseases that will allow testing of intervention strategies. The connexin mimetic peptides have shown potential in a number of neuroinflammatory disorders in ex vivo models as well as in vivo when delivered directly to the injury site or when delivered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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45
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Zhang J, O'Carroll SJ, Henare K, Ching LM, Ormonde S, Nicholson LFB, Danesh-Meyer HV, Green CR. Connexin hemichannel induced vascular leak suggests a new paradigm for cancer therapy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1365-71. [PMID: 24548560 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is 40 years since cancer growth was correlated with neovascularisation. Anti-angiogenic drugs remain at the forefront of cancer investigations but progress has been disappointing and unexpected toxicities are emerging. Gap junction channels are implicated in lesion spread following injury, with channel blockers shown to improve healing; in particular preventing vascular disruption and/or restoring vascular integrity. Here we briefly review connexin roles in vascular leak and endothelial cell death that occurs following acute wounds and during chronic disease, and how connexin channel regulation has been used to ameliorate vascular disruption. We then review chronic inflammatory disorders and trauma in the eye, concluding that vascular disruption under these conditions mimics that seen in tumours, and can be prevented with connexin hemichannel modulation. We apply this knowledge to tumour vessel biology, proposing that contrary to current opinion, these data suggest a need to protect, maintain and/or restore cancer vasculature. This may lead to reduced tumour hypoxia, promote the survival of normal cells, and enable improved therapeutic delivery or more effective radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kimiora Henare
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Ormonde
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Zhai J, Wang Q, Tao L. Connexin expression patterns in diseased human corneas. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:791-798. [PMID: 24669234 PMCID: PMC3961128 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the feasibility of using antisense connexin (Cx) treatment to promote corneal wound healing, and to investigate the changes of Cx gap junction proteins in terms of mRNA, protein expression and distribution in human corneas that were diseased due to various causes. A total of 13 diseased corneas were studied, which were obtained from five eyes injured by chemical burns, five infected eyes and three eyes with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)-affected corneas. Total RNA was extracted from the corneas and processed by qPCR with isoform primers to detect the expression of eight Cxs. Flow cytometry was adopted to determine the differences in the expression levels of Cx26, Cx31.1 and Cx43. Immunofluorescence was employed to show the localization of the three aforementioned Cxs. The qPCR results indicated that of the eight Cxs, only Cx26, Cx31.1 and Cx43 were upregulated in diseased corneas. Flow cytometry showed that all the diseased corneal tissues, with the exception of the SJS-affected corneas, showed a significantly higher percentage of cells that expressed Cx26 and Cx31.1 compared with the percentage in normal corneas (P<0.05). For Cx43, all three injured corneal groups showed a significantly higher percentage of cells that expressed Cx43 compared with the percentage in normal corneas (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the localization of Cx26, Cx31.1 and Cx43 differed between normal corneas and diseased corneas. This study elucidated the alteration of Cx expression patterns in several corneal diseases. The results indicated that Cx26, Cx31.1 and Cx43 are upregulated in chemically burned and infected corneas at the mRNA and protein levels, whereas only Cx43 is upregulated in SJS-affected corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510040, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510040, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510040, P.R. China
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Moore K, Ghatnekar G, Gourdie RG, Potts JD. Impact of the controlled release of a connexin 43 peptide on corneal wound closure in an STZ model of type I diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86570. [PMID: 24466155 PMCID: PMC3900565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-carboxy terminus 1 (αCT1) peptide is a synthetically produced mimetic modified from the DDLEI C-terminus sequence of connexin 43 (Cx43). Previous research using various wound healing models have found promising therapeutic effects when applying the drug, resulting in increased wound healing rates and reduced scarring. Previous data suggested a rapid metabolism rate in vitro, creating an interest in long term release. Using a streptozotocin (STZ) type I diabetic rat model with a surgically induced corneal injury, we delivered αCT1 both directly, in a pluronic gel solution, and in a sustained system, using polymeric alginate-poly-l-ornithine (A-PLO) microcapsules (MC). Fluorescent staining of wound area over a 5 day period indicated a significant increase in wound closure rates for both αCT1 and αCT1 MC treated groups, withαCT1 MC groups showing the most rapid wound closure overall. Analysis of inflammatory reaction to the treatment groups indicated significantly lower levels of both Interferon Inducible T-Cell Alpha Chemoattractant (ITAC) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) markers using confocal quantification and ELISA assays. Additional analysis examining genes selected from the EMT pathway using RT-PCR and Western blotting suggested αCT1 modification of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFβ2), Keratin 8 (Krt8), Estrogen Receptor 1 (Esr1), and Glucose Transporter 4 (Glut4) over a 14 day period. Combined, this data indicated a possible suppression of the inflammatory response by αCT1, leading to increased wound healing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Moore
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gautam Ghatnekar
- FirstString Research Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States of America
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Virginia Polytechnic and State University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Potts
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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Tittarelli A, Mendoza-Naranjo A, Farías M, Guerrero I, Ihara F, Wennerberg E, Riquelme S, Gleisner A, Kalergis A, Lundqvist A, López MN, Chambers BJ, Salazar-Onfray F. Gap junction intercellular communications regulate NK cell activation and modulate NK cytotoxic capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:1313-9. [PMID: 24376266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) mediate intercellular communication between adjacent cells. Previously, we showed that connexin 43 (Cx43), the main GJ protein in the immune system, mediates Ag transfer between human dendritic cells (DCs) and is recruited to the immunological synapse during T cell priming. This crosstalk contributed to T cell activation, intracellular Ca(2+) responses, and cytokine release. However, the role of GJs in NK cell activation by DCs and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells remains unknown. In this study, we found polarization of Cx43 at the NK/DC and NK/tumor cell-contact sites, accompanied by the formation of functional GJs between NK/DCs and NK/tumor cells, respectively. Cx43-GJ-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) between human NK and DCs was bidirectional. Blockage of Cx43-GJIC inhibited NK cell activation, though it affected neither the phenotype nor the function of DCs. Cx43 knockdown or inhibition using mimetic peptides greatly reduced CD69 and CD25 expression and IFN-γ release by DC-stimulated NK cells. Moreover, blocking Cx43 strongly inhibited the NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis associated with inhibition of granzyme B activity and Ca(2+) influx. Our data identify a novel and active role for Cx43-GJIC in human NK cell activation and antitumor effector functions that may be important for the design of new immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
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Aucher A, Rudnicka D, Davis DM. MicroRNAs transfer from human macrophages to hepato-carcinoma cells and inhibit proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6250-60. [PMID: 24227773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated a new mode of intercellular communication facilitated by the movement of RNA between cells. There is evidence that RNA can transfer between cells in a multitude of ways, including in complex with proteins or lipids or in vesicles, including apoptotic bodies and exosomes. However, there remains little understanding of the function of nucleic acid transfer between human cells. In this article, we report that human macrophages transfer microRNAs (miRNAs) to hepato-carcinoma cells (HCCs) in a manner that required intercellular contact and involved gap junctions. Two specific miRNAs transferred efficiently between these cells--miR-142 and miR-223--and both were endogenously expressed in macrophages and not in HCCs. Transfer of these miRNAs influenced posttranscriptional regulation of proteins in HCCs, including decreased expression of reporter proteins and endogenously expressed stathmin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Importantly, transfer of miRNAs from macrophages functionally inhibited proliferation of these cancerous cells. Thus, these data led us to propose that intercellular transfer of miRNA from immune cells could serve as a new defense against unwanted cell proliferation or tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aucher
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and confers an increased risk for the development of peptic ulceration, noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma. A secreted H. pylori toxin, VacA, can cause multiple alterations in gastric epithelial cells, including cell death. In this study, we sought to identify host cell factors that are required for VacA-induced cell death. To do this, we analyzed gene trap and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) libraries in AZ-521 human gastric epithelial cells and selected for VacA-resistant clones. Among the VacA-resistant clones, we identified multiple gene trap library clones and an shRNA library clone with disrupted expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) (also known as gap junction protein alpha 1 [GJA1]). Further experiments with Cx43-specific shRNAs confirmed that a reduction in Cx43 expression results in resistance to VacA-induced cell death. Immunofluorescence microscopy experiments indicated that VacA did not colocalize with Cx43. We detected production of the Cx43 protein in AZ-521 cells but not in AGS, HeLa, or RK-13 cells, and correspondingly, AZ-521 cells were the most susceptible to VacA-induced cell death. When Cx43 was expressed in HeLa cells, the cells became more susceptible to VacA. These results indicate that Cx43 is a host cell constituent that contributes to VacA-induced cell death and that variation among cell types in susceptibility to VacA-induced cell death is attributable at least in part to cell type-specific differences in Cx43 production.
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