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Shang T, Zhang C, Liu D. Drug disposition in cholestasis: An important concern. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1220. [PMID: 38899589 PMCID: PMC11187734 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a chronic liver condition, disrupts bile acid homeostasis and complicates drug disposition, posing significant challenges in medicating cholestatic patients. Drug metabolism enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are pivotal in drug clearance. Research indicates that cholestasis leads to alterations in both hepatic and extrahepatic DMETs, with changes in expression and function documented in rodents and humans. This review synthesizes the modifications in key drug disposition components within cholestasis, focusing on cytochrome P450 (CYP450), drug transporters, and their substrates. Additionally, we briefly discuss certain drugs that have demonstrated efficacy in restoring DMET expression in cholestatic conditions. Ultimately, these insights necessitate a reevaluation of drug selection and dosing guidelines for patients with cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Tang G, Nierath WF, Leitner E, Xie W, Revskij D, Seume N, Zhang X, Ehlers L, Vollmar B, Zechner D. Comparing animal well-being between bile duct ligation models. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303786. [PMID: 38950046 PMCID: PMC11216573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A prevailing animal model currently used to study severe human diseases like obstructive cholestasis, primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, and acute liver injury is the common bile duct ligation (cBDL). Modifications of this model include ligation of the left hepatic bile duct (pBDL) or ligation of the left bile duct with the corresponding left hepatic artery (pBDL+pAL). Both modifications induce cholestasis only in the left liver lobe. After induction of total or partial cholestasis in mice, the well-being of these animals was evaluated by assessing burrowing behavior, body weight, and a distress score. To compare the pathological features of these animal models, plasma levels of liver enzymes, bile acids, bilirubin, and within the liver tissue, necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation, as well as expression of genes involved in the synthesis or transport of bile acids were assessed. The survival rate of the animals and their well-being was comparable between pBDL+pAL and pBDL. However, surgical intervention by pBDL+pAL caused confluent necrosis and collagen depositions at the edge of necrotic tissue, whereas pBDL caused focal necrosis and fibrosis in between portal areas. Interestingly, pBDL animals had a higher survival rate and their well-being was significantly improved compared to cBDL animals. On day 14 after cBDL liver aspartate, as well as alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, bile acids, and bilirubin were significantly elevated, but only glutamate dehydrogenase activity was increased after pBDL. Thus, pBDL may be primarily used to evaluate local features such as inflammation and fibrosis or regulation of genes involved in bile acid synthesis or transport but does not allow to study all systemic features of cholestasis. The pBDL model also has the advantage that fewer mice are needed, because of its high survival rate, and that the well-being of the animals is improved compared to the cBDL animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Tang
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, Fushun Central Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning, China
| | - Wiebke-Felicitas Nierath
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emily Leitner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wentao Xie
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Denis Revskij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nico Seume
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luise Ehlers
- Department of General Surgery, Fushun Central Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning, China
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Yang J, Pontoglio M, Terzi F. Bile Acids and Farnesoid X Receptor in Renal Pathophysiology. Nephron Clin Pract 2024; 148:618-630. [PMID: 38412845 DOI: 10.1159/000538038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids (BAs) act not only as lipids and lipid-soluble vitamin detergents but also function as signaling molecules, participating in diverse physiological processes. The identification of BA receptors in organs beyond the enterohepatic system, such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), has initiated inquiries into their organ-specific functions. Among these organs, the kidney prominently expresses FXR. SUMMARY This review provides a comprehensive overview of various BA species identified in kidneys and delves into the roles of renal apical and basolateral BA transporters. Furthermore, we explore changes in BAs and their potential implications for various renal diseases, particularly chronic kidney disease. Lastly, we center our discussion on FXR, a key BA receptor in the kidney and a potential therapeutic target for renal diseases, providing current insights into the protective mechanisms associated with FXR agonist treatments. KEY MESSAGES Despite the relatively low concentrations of BAs in the kidney, their presence is noteworthy, with rodents and humans exhibiting distinct renal BA compositions. Renal BA transporters efficiently facilitate either reabsorption into systemic circulation or excretion into the urine. However, adaptive changes in BA transporters are evident during cholestasis. Various renal diseases are accompanied by alterations in BA concentrations and FXR expression. Consequently, the activation of FXR in the kidney could be a promising target for mitigating kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiufang Yang
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,
| | - Marco Pontoglio
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Yang T, Li L, Pang J, Heng C, Wei C, Wang X, Xia Z, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Modulating intestinal barrier function by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 specific agonist SEW2871 attenuated ANIT-induced cholestatic hepatitis via the gut-liver axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111150. [PMID: 37924700 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis throughout the enterohepatic circulation system is a guarantee of liver physiological functions. BA circulation disorders is one of the characteristic clinical manifestations of cholestasis, and have a closely relationship with intestinal barrier function, especially ileum. Here, our in vivo and in vitro studies showed that intestinal tight junctions (TJs) were disrupted by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), which also down-regulated the protein expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the top of villus of mice ileum. Activating S1PR1 by specific agonist SEW2871 could improve TJs via inhibiting ERK1/2/LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in the ileum of ANIT-treated mice and ANIT-cultured Caco-2 cells. SEW2871 not only regained ileum TJs by activating S1PR1 in the epithelial cells of ileum mucosa, but also recovered ileum barrier function, which was further verified by the recovered BA homeostasis in mice ileum (content and tissue) by using of high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the improved intestinal injury and inflammation further strengthened that SEW2871 modulated intestinal barrier function in ANIT-treated mice. Finally, our data revealed that along with the down-regulated levels of serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), SEW2871 improved liver function and relieved hepatitis via blocking TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in ANIT-treated mice. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that activating intestinal S1PR1 by SEW2871 could modulate intestinal barrier function, leading to the improvement of cholestatic hepatitis in ANIT-treated mice via the "gut-liver" axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiale Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Cai Heng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziyin Xia
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zhou S, You H, Qiu S, Yu D, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. A new perspective on NAFLD: Focusing on the crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113577. [PMID: 35988420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily caused by abnormal lipid metabolism and the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. NAFLD is also associated with hepatic steatosis and nutritional and energy imbalances and is a chronic liver disease associated with a number of factors. Nuclear receptors play a key role in balancing energy and nutrient metabolism, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulate lipid metabolism genes, controlling hepatocyte lipid utilization and regulating bile acid (BA) synthesis and transport. They play an important role in lipid metabolism and BA homeostasis. At present, PPARα and FXR are the most promising targets for the treatment of NAFLD among nuclear receptors. This review focuses on the crosstalk mechanisms and transcriptional regulation of PPARα and FXR in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and summarizes PPARα and FXR drugs in clinical trials, laying a theoretical foundation for the targeted treatment of NAFLD and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimin You
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Slc25a39 and Slc25a40 Expression in Mice with Bile Duct Ligation or Lipopolysaccharide Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158573. [PMID: 35955707 PMCID: PMC9369313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC25A39/40, involved in mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) import from the cytoplasm, is essential for protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We examined the effects of cholestasis, through bile duct ligation (BDL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mice, on Slc25a39/40 expression. Additionally, we used human clear cell renal carcinoma (KMRC-1) cells to elucidate the mechanism of regulation of SLC25A39/40 expression in the kidneys after LPS treatment. BDL resulted in a decrease in Slc25a39 mRNA in the liver and a decrease in Slc25a39/40 mRNA and protein in the kidneys. Consequently, there was a significant decrease in mGSH levels in the kidneys of BDL mice compared with those in sham mice. LPS treatment resulted in increased Slc25a40 expression in the kidneys. In KMRC-1 cells, the combination treatment of LPS-RS or FPS-ZM1 with LPS suppressed the LPS-induced increase in SLC25A40, suggesting that SLC25A40 expression could be regulated by the signaling pathway via toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products, respectively. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of mGSH in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the changes in Slc25a39/40 expression in mice with cholestasis-associated renal injury and LPS-induced inflammation.
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Giroux P, Kyle PB, Tan C, Edwards JD, Nowicki MJ, Liu H. Evaluating the regulation of transporter proteins and P-glycoprotein in rats with cholestasis and its implication for digoxin clearance. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:73-84. [PMID: 35720166 PMCID: PMC9157686 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac and hepatic functionality are intertwined in a multifaceted relationship. Pathologic processes involving one may affect the other through a variety of mechanisms, including hemodynamic and membrane transport effects.
AIM To better understand the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis on regulations of membrane transporters involving digoxin and its implication for digoxin clearance.
METHODS Twelve adult rats were included in this study; baseline hepatic and renal laboratory values and digoxin pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were established before evenly dividing them into two groups to undergo bile duct ligation (BDL) or a sham procedure. After 7 d repeat digoxin PK studies were completed and tissue samples were taken to determine the expressions of cell membrane transport proteins by quantitative western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using SigmaStat 3.5. Means between pre-surgery and post-surgery in the same experimental group were compared by paired t-test, while independent t-test was employed to compare the means between sham and BDL groups.
RESULTS Digoxin clearance was decreased and liver function, but not renal function, was impaired in BDL rats. BDL resulted in significant up-regulation of multidrug resistance 1 expression in the liver and kidney and its down-regulation in the small intestine. Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP)1A4 was up-regulated in the liver but down-regulated in intestine after BDL. OATP4C1 expression was markedly increased in the kidney following BDL.
CONCLUSION The results suggest that cell membrane transporters of digoxin are regulated during extrahepatic cholestasis. These regulations are favorable for increasing digoxin excretion in the kidney and decreasing its absorption from the intestine to compensate for reduced digoxin clearance due to cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Giroux
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Patrick B Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, United States
| | - Joseph D Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Michael J Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Hua Liu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
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TAN D, CUI J, QIN L, CHEN L, WANG Y, ZHANG Q, HE Y. The role of OATP1A1 in cholestasis and drug-induced toxicity: a systematic review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.70722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinguo CUI
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Lin QIN
- Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Li CHEN
- Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Yuhe WANG
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, China
| | | | - Yuqi HE
- Zunyi Medical University, China
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Zou W, Shi B, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Huang B, Ouyang B, Cai Z, Liu M. Drug Transporters in the Kidney: Perspectives on Species Differences, Disease Status, and Molecular Docking. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746208. [PMID: 34912216 PMCID: PMC8666590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are a pair of important organs that excretes endogenous waste and exogenous biological agents from the body. Numerous transporters are involved in the excretion process. The levels of these transporters could affect the pharmacokinetics of many drugs, such as organic anion drugs, organic cationic drugs, and peptide drugs. Eleven drug transporters in the kidney (OAT1, OAT3, OATP4C1, OCT2, MDR1, BCRP, MATE1, MATE2-K, OAT4, MRP2, and MRP4) have become necessary research items in the development of innovative drugs. However, the levels of these transporters vary between different species, sex-genders, ages, and disease statuses, which may lead to different pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here, we review the differences of the important transports in the mentioned conditions, in order to help clinicians to improve clinical prescriptions for patients. To predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by renal drug transporters, the molecular docking method is used for rapid screening of substrates or inhibitors of the drug transporters. Here, we review a large number of natural products that represent potential substrates and/or inhibitors of transporters by the molecular docking method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Birui Shi
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baolin Huang
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Changsha Research and Development Center on Obstetric and Gynecologic Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Biopharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Gaillard D, Masson D, Garo E, Souidi M, Pais de Barros JP, Schoonjans K, Grober J, Besnard P, Thomas C. Muricholic Acids Promote Resistance to Hypercholesterolemia in Cholesterol-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7163. [PMID: 34281217 PMCID: PMC8269105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Although resistant to hypercholesterolemia, the mouse is a prominent model in cardiovascular research. To assess the contribution of bile acids to this protective phenotype, we explored the impact of a 2-week-long dietary cholesterol overload on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in mice. METHODS Bile acid, oxysterol, and cholesterol metabolism and transport were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, GC-MS/MS, or enzymatic assays in the liver, the gut, the kidney, as well as in the feces, the blood, and the urine. RESULTS Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were unchanged in mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet that contained 100-fold more cholesterol than the standard diet. In the liver, oxysterol-mediated LXR activation stimulated the synthesis of bile acids and in particular increased the levels of hydrophilic muricholic acids, which in turn reduced FXR signaling, as assessed in vivo with Fxr reporter mice. Consequently, biliary and basolateral excretions of bile acids and cholesterol were increased, whereas portal uptake was reduced. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in intestinal and renal bile acid absorption. CONCLUSIONS These coordinated events are mediated by increased muricholic acid levels which inhibit FXR signaling in favor of LXR and SREBP2 signaling to promote efficient fecal and urinary elimination of cholesterol and neo-synthesized bile acids. Therefore, our data suggest that enhancement of the hydrophilic bile acid pool following a cholesterol overload may contribute to the resistance to hypercholesterolemia in mice. This work paves the way for new therapeutic opportunities using hydrophilic bile acid supplementation to mitigate hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and The Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Masson
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital François Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Erwan Garo
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Maamar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France;
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Lipidomic Facility, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Life Science Faculty, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jacques Grober
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Besnard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Physiologie de la Nutrition, AgroSup Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charles Thomas
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
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11
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Torres AM, Dnyanmote AV, Granados JC, Nigam SK. Renal and non-renal response of ABC and SLC transporters in chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:515-542. [PMID: 33749483 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1899159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The solute carrier (SLC) and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamilies play essential roles in the disposition of small molecules (endogenous metabolites, uremic toxins, drugs) in the blood, kidney, liver, intestine, and other organs. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the loss of renal function is associated with altered function of remote organs. As renal function declines, many molecules accumulate in the plasma. Many studies now support the view that ABC and SLC transporters as well as drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in renal and non-renal tissues are directly or indirectly affected by the presence of various types of uremic toxins, including those derived from the gut microbiome; this can lead to aberrant inter-organ communication. AREAS COVERED Here, the expression, localization and/or function of various SLC and ABC transporters as well as DMEs in the kidney and other organs are discussed in the context of CKD and systemic pathophysiology. EXPERT OPINION According to the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory (RSST), a transporter and DME-centric network that optimizes local and systemic metabolism maintains homeostasis in the steady state and resets homeostasis following perturbations due to renal dysfunction. The implications of this view for pharmacotherapy of CKD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Torres
- Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ankur V Dnyanmote
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre - Dalhousie University, 5850 University Ave, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Jeffry C Granados
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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12
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Scialis RJ, Ghanem CI, Manautou JE. The modulation of transcriptional expression and inhibition of multidrug resistance associated protein 4 (MRP4) by analgesics and their primary metabolites. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:34-41. [PMID: 34345835 PMCID: PMC8320619 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a toxic challenge, changes in gene expression can manifest such as induction of metabolizing enzymes as a compensatory detoxification response. We currently report that a single 400 mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) dose to C57BL/6J mice led to an increase in multidrug resistance-associated (Mrp) 4 (Abcc4) mRNA 12 h after administration. Alanine aminotransferase, as a marker of liver injury, was also elevated indicating hepatotoxicity had occurred. Therefore, induction of Mrp4 mRNA was likely attributable to APAP-induced liver injury. Mrp4 has been shown to be upregulated during oxidative stress, and it is well-established that APAP overdose causes oxidative stress due to depletion of glutathione. Given the importance of Mrp4 upregulation as an adaptive response during cholestatic and oxidative liver injury, we next investigated the extent by which human MRP4 can be inhibited by the analgesics, APAP, diclofenac (DCF), and their metabolites. Using an in vitro assay with inside out human MRP4 vesicles, we determined that APAP-cysteine inhibited MRP4-mediated transport of leukotriene C4 with an apparent IC50 of 125 μM. APAP-glutathione also attenuated MRP4 activity though it achieved only 28% inhibition at 300 μM. Diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG) inhibited MRP4 transport by 34% at 300 μM. The MRP4 in vitro inhibition occurs at APAP-cysteine and DCF-AG concentrations seen in vivo after toxic doses of APAP or DCF in mice, hence the findings are important given the role that Mrp4 serves as a compensatory response during oxidative stress following toxic challenge. Following 400 mg/kg APAP in mice, mean ALT 12 hours post-dose was 1,140 U/L A statistically significant increase in Mrp4 mRNA was observed 12 hours post-dose APAP-CYS inhibited human MRP4 transport of LTC4 with an IC50 = 125 μM (Ki = 122 μM) APAP-GSH decreased MRP4 transport by 29% inhibition at 300 μM APAP, APAP-GLU, APAP-NAC, and APAP-SUL did not exhibit significant MRP4 inhibition
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- APAP, acetaminophen
- APAP-CYS, acetaminophen cysteine
- APAP-GLU, acetaminophen glucuronide
- APAP-NAC, acetaminophen N-acetylcysteine
- APAP-SUL, acetaminophen sulfate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Acetaminophen
- DCF, diclofenac
- DCF-AG, diclofenac acyl glucuronide
- Diclofenac
- Fmo, flavin containing monooxygenase
- IS, internal standard
- Inhibition
- LTC4, leukotriene C4
- MRP, multidrug resistance-associated protein
- MRP4
- Metabolite
- OH-DCF, 4′-hydroxy diclofenac
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José E. Manautou
- Corresponding author at: University of Connecticut, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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13
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High-performance hepatobiliary dysprosium contrast agent for ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Inflammation: Cause or consequence of chronic cholestatic liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111133. [PMID: 31972189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a result of obstruction of the biliary tracts. It is a common cause of liver pathology after exposure to toxic xenobiotics and during numerous other liver diseases. Accumulation of bile acids in the liver is thought to be a major driver of liver injury during cholestasis and can lead to eventual liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. As such, current therapy in the field of chronic liver diseases with prominent cholestasis relies heavily on increasing choleresis to limit accumulation of bile acids. Many of these same diseases also present with autoimmunity before the onset of cholestasis though, indicating the inflammation may be an initiating component of the pathology. Moreover, cytotoxic inflammatory mediators accumulate during cholestasis and can propagate liver injury. Anti-inflammatory biologics and small molecules have largely failed clinical trials in these diseases though and as such, targeting inflammation as a means to address cholestatic liver injury remains debatable. The purpose of this review is to understand the different roles that inflammation can play during cholestatic liver injury and attempt to define how new therapeutic targets that limit or control inflammation may be beneficial for patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease.
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15
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Abstract
Cholestasis results in blockage of bile flow whether the point of obstruction occurs extrahepatically or intrahepatically. Bile acids are a primary constituent of bile, and thus one of the primary outcomes is acute retention of bile acids in hepatocytes. Bile acids are normally secreted into the biliary tracts and then released into the small bowel before recirculating back to the liver. Retention of bile acids has long been hypothesized to be a primary cause of the associated liver injury that occurs during acute or chronic cholestasis. Despite this, a surge of papers in the last decade have reported a primary role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of cholestatic liver injury. Furthermore, it has increasingly been recognized that both the constituency of individual bile acids that make up the greater pool, as well as their conjugation status, is intimately involved in their toxicity, and this varies between species. Finally, the role of bile acids in drug-induced cholestatic liver injury remains an area of increasing interest. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate current proposed mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury, with a focus on the evolving role of bile acids in cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- †Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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16
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Bile Duct Obstruction Leads to Increased Intestinal Expression of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein With Reduced Gastrointestinal Absorption of Imatinib. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3130-3137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Stoeber R. Highlight report: Imaging of bile ducts and the bile canalicular network. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:477-478. [PMID: 31423126 PMCID: PMC6694703 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stoeber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
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18
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Influence of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins on the Excretion of the ABCC1 Imaging Probe 6-Bromo-7-[ 11C]Methylpurine in Mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:306-316. [PMID: 29942989 PMCID: PMC6449286 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) mediate the hepatobiliary and renal excretion of many drugs and drug conjugates. The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine is rapidly converted in tissues by glutathione-S-transferases into its glutathione conjugate, and has been used to measure the activity of Abcc1 in the brain and the lungs of mice. Aim of this work was to investigate if the activity of MRPs in excretory organs can be measured with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine. Procedures We performed PET scans with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine in groups of wild-type, Abcc4(−/−) and Abcc1(−/−) mice, with and without pre-treatment with the prototypical MRP inhibitor MK571. Results 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine-derived radioactivity predominantly underwent renal excretion. In blood, MK571 treatment led to a significant increase in the AUC and a decrease in the elimination rate constant of radioactivity (kelimination,blood). In the kidneys, there were significant decreases in the rate constant for radioactivity uptake from the blood (kuptake,kidney), kelimination,kidney, and the rate constant for tubular secretion of radioactivity (kurine). Experiments in Abcc4(−/−) mice indicated that Abcc4 contributed to renal excretion of 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine-derived radioactivity. Conclusions Our data suggest that 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine may be useful to assess the activity of MRPs in the kidneys as well as in other organs (brain, lungs), although further work is needed to identify the MRP subtypes involved in the disposition of 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine-derived radioactivity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11307-018-1230-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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19
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Ghanem CI, Manautou JE. Modulation of Hepatic MRP3/ABCC3 by Xenobiotics and Pathophysiological Conditions: Role in Drug Pharmacokinetics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1185-1223. [PMID: 29473496 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180221142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetics and disposition of pharmaceuticals, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds. Among them, the family of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters is the most important due to its role in the transport of endo- and xenobiotics. The ABCC sub-family is the largest one, consisting of 13 members that include the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7); the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) and the multidrug resistanceassociated proteins (MRPs). The MRP-related proteins can collectively confer resistance to natural, synthetic drugs and their conjugated metabolites, including platinum-containing compounds, folate anti-metabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, among others. MRPs can be also catalogued into "long" (MRP1/ABCC1, -2/C2, -3/C3, -6/C6, and -7/C10) and "short" (MRP4/C4, -5/C5, -8/C11, -9/C12, and -10/C13) categories. While MRP2/ABCC2 is expressed in the canalicular pole of hepatocytes, all others are located in the basolateral membrane. In this review, we summarize information from studies examining the changes in expression and regulation of the basolateral hepatic transporter MPR3/ABCC3 by xenobiotics and during various pathophysiological conditions. We also focus, primarily, on the consequences of such changes in the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and/or toxicity of different drugs of clinical use transported by MRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Ghanem
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. CONICET. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Catedra de Fisiopatologia. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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20
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Miszczuk GS, Banales JM, Zucchetti AE, Pisani GB, Boaglio AC, Saez E, Medina JF, Roma MG, Crocenzi FA. Adaptive downregulation of Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity in rat hepatocytes under experimental obstructive cholestasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212215. [PMID: 30789925 PMCID: PMC6383990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In obstructive cholestasis, there is an integral adaptive response aimed to diminish the bile flow and minimize the injury of bile ducts caused by increased intraluminal pressure and harmful levels of bile salts and bilirrubin. Canalicular bicarbonate secretion, driven by the anion exchanger 2 (AE2), is an influential determinant of the canalicular bile salt-independent bile flow. In this work, we ascertained whether AE2 expression and/or activity is reduced in hepatocytes from rats with common bile duct ligation (BDL), as part of the adaptive response to cholestasis. After 4 days of BDL, we found that neither AE2 mRNA expression (measured by quantitative real-time PCR) nor total levels of AE2 protein (assessed by western blot) were modified in freshly isolated hepatocytes. However, BDL led to a decrease in the expression of AE2 protein in plasma membrane fraction as compared with SHAM control. Additionally, AE2 activity (JOH-, mmol/L/min), measured in primary cultured hepatocytes from BDL and SHAM rats, was decreased in the BDL group versus the control group (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 3.1 ± 0.2, p<0.005). cAMP-stimulated AE2 activity, however, was not different between SHAM and BDL groups (3.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.5 ± 0.3), suggesting that cAMP stimulated insertion into the canalicular membrane of AE2-containing intracellular vesicles, that had remained abnormally internalized after BDL. In conclusion, our results point to the existence of a novel adaptive mechanism in cholestasis aimed to reduce biliary pressure, in which AE2 internalization in hepatocytes might result in decreased canalicular HCO3- output and decreased bile flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel S. Miszczuk
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Andrés E. Zucchetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gerardo B. Pisani
- Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea C. Boaglio
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena Saez
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcelo G. Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando A. Crocenzi
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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Robin MJD, Appelman MD, Vos HR, van Es RM, Paton JC, Paton AW, Burgering B, Fickert P, Heijmans J, van de Graaf SFJ. Calnexin Depletion by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress During Cholestasis Inhibits the Na +-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1550-1566. [PMID: 30556041 PMCID: PMC6287483 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis‐induced accumulation of bile acids in the liver leads to farnesoid X receptor (FXR)‐mediated transcriptional down‐regulation of the bile acid importer Na+‐taurocholate cotransporting protein (NTCP) and to induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, whether ER stress affects bile acid uptake is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ER stress on the regulation and function of the bile acid transporter NTCP. ER stress was induced using thapsigargin or subtilase cytotoxin in human osteosarcoma (U2OS) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells stably expressing NTCP. Cellular bile acid uptake was determined using radiolabeled taurocholate (TCA). NTCP plasma membrane expression was determined by cell surface biotinylation. Mice received a single injection of thapsigargin, and effects of ER stress on NTCP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blot analysis. Effects of cholestasis on NTCP and ER stress were assessed in response to 3, 5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1, 4‐dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding or bile duct ligation in FXR–/– mice after 7 or 3 days, respectively. Novel NTCP‐interacting proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS), interaction verified, and assessed by co‐immunoprecipitation and TCA uptake for functional relevance in relation to ER stress. ER stress induction strongly reduced NTCP protein expression, plasma membrane abundance, and NTCP‐mediated bile acid uptake. This was not controlled by FXR or through a single unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway but mainly depended on the interaction of NTCP with calnexin, an ER chaperone. In mice, expression of both NTCP and calnexin was reduced by thapsigargin or cholestasis‐induced ER stress. Calnexin down‐regulation in vitro recapitulated the effect of ER stress on NTCP. Conclusion: ER stress‐induced down‐regulation of calnexin provides an additional mechanism to dampen NTCP‐mediated bile acid uptake and protect hepatocytes against bile acid overload during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J D Robin
- Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Monique D Appelman
- Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R Vos
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Robert M van Es
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Boudewijn Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Section University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Amsterdam the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Amsterdam the Netherlands
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22
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Slijepcevic D, Roscam Abbing RL, Fuchs CD, Haazen LC, Beuers U, Trauner M, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Na + -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide inhibition has hepatoprotective effects in cholestasis in mice. Hepatology 2018; 68:1057-1069. [PMID: 29572910 PMCID: PMC6175374 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of bile salts (BSs) during cholestasis leads to hepatic and biliary injury, driving inflammatory and fibrotic processes. The Na+ -Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is the major hepatic uptake transporter of BSs, and can be specifically inhibited by myrcludex B. We hypothesized that inhibition of NTCP dampens cholestatic liver injury. Acute cholestasis was induced in mice by a 3.5-diethoxycarbonyl-1.4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet or by bile duct ligation (BDL). Chronic cholestasis was investigated in Atp8b1-G308V and Abcb4/Mdr2 deficient mice. Mice were injected daily with myrcludex B or vehicle. Myrcludex B reduced plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in DDC-fed, Atp8b1-G308V and BDL mice by 39%, 27% and 48% respectively. Expression of genes involved in fibrosis, proliferation and inflammation was reduced by myrcludex B treatment in DDC-fed and Atp8b1-G308V mice. NTCP-inhibition increased plasma BS levels from 604±277 to 1746±719 μm in DDC-fed mice, 432±280 to 762±288 μm in Atp8b1-G308V mice and from 522±130 to 3625±378 μm in BDL mice. NTCP-inhibition strongly aggravated weight loss in BDL mice, but not in other cholestatic models studied. NTCP-inhibition reduced biliary BS output in DDC-fed and Atp8b1-G308V mice by ∼50% while phospholipid (PL) output was maintained, resulting in a higher PL/BS ratio. Conversely, liver injury in Abcb4 deficient mice, lacking biliary phospholipid output, was aggravated after myrcludex B treatment. Conclusion: NTCP-inhibition by myrcludex B has hepatoprotective effects, by reducing BS load in hepatocytes and increasing the biliary PL/BS ratio. High micromolar plasma BS levels after NTCP-inhibition were well tolerated. NTCP-inhibition may be beneficial in selected forms of cholestasis. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Reinout L.P. Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Claudia D. Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lizette C.M. Haazen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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23
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Zhu L, Wang L, Cao F, Liu P, Bao H, Yan Y, Dong X, Wang D, Wang Z, Gong P. Modulation of transport and metabolism of bile acids and bilirubin by chlorogenic acid against hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in bile duct ligation rats: involvement of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FXR and PGC-1α. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2018; 25:195-205. [PMID: 29360226 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116011 China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116011 China
| | - Haidong Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Yumei Yan
- Department of Ultrasound; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116011 China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116011 China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116011 China
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Sasaki K, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Hirano S, Kadowaki F, Watanabe M, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A Subfamily 8 Is a Sinusoidal Efflux Transporter for Cholesterol and Taurocholate in Mouse and Human Liver. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:343-355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Sasaki
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fumito Kadowaki
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport
and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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25
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Slijepcevic D, Roscam Abbing RL, Katafuchi T, Blank A, Donkers JM, van Hoppe S, de Waart DR, Tolenaars D, van der Meer JH, Wildenberg M, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP, Schinkel AH, van de Graaf SF. Hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids is mediated by both sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and organic anion transporting polypeptides and modulated by intestinal sensing of plasma bile acid levels in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:1631-1643. [PMID: 28498614 PMCID: PMC5698707 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Na+ -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/SLC10A1) is believed to be pivotal for hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids. However, plasma bile acid levels are normal in a subset of NTCP knockout mice and in mice treated with myrcludex B, a specific NTCP inhibitor. Here, we elucidated which transport proteins mediate the hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids and demonstrated intestinal sensing of elevated bile acid levels in plasma in mice. Mice or healthy volunteers were treated with myrcludex B. Hepatic bile acid uptake kinetics were determined in wild-type (WT), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) knockout mice (lacking Slco1a/1b isoforms), and human OATP1B1-transgenic mice. Effects of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) on hepatic transporter mRNA levels were assessed in rat hepatoma cells and in mice by peptide injection or adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression. NTCP inhibition using myrcludex B had only moderate effects on bile acid kinetics in WT mice, but completely inhibited active transport of conjugated bile acid species in OATP knockout mice. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase Cyp7a1 expression was strongly down-regulated upon prolonged inhibition of hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids. Fgf15 (mouse counterpart of FGF19) expression was induced in hypercholanemic OATP and NTCP knockout mice, as well as in myrcludex B-treated cholestatic mice, whereas plasma FGF19 was not induced in humans treated with myrcludex B. Fgf15/FGF19 expression was induced in polarized human enterocyte-models and mouse organoids by basolateral incubation with a high concentration (1 mM) of conjugated bile acids. CONCLUSION NTCP and OATPs contribute to hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids in mice, whereas the predominant uptake in humans is NTCP mediated. Enterocytes sense highly elevated levels of (conjugated) bile acids in the systemic circulation to induce FGF15/19, which modulates hepatic bile acid synthesis and uptake. (Hepatology 2017;66:1631-1643).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Heidelberg Partner SiteHeidelbergGermany
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie van Hoppe
- Division of Molecular Oncologythe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk. R. de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Tolenaars
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Manon Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Oncologythe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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26
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Miura T, Tachikawa M, Ohtsuka H, Fukase K, Nakayama S, Sakata N, Motoi F, Naitoh T, Katayose Y, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Unno M. Application of Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics to Profile Protein Expression Changes of Hepatic Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes During Cholic Acid-Promoted Liver Regeneration. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2499-2508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Roda A, Aldini R, Camborata C, Spinozzi S, Franco P, Cont M, D'Errico A, Vasuri F, Degiovanni A, Maroni L, Adorini L. Metabolic Profile of Obeticholic Acid and Endogenous Bile Acids in Rats with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:292-301. [PMID: 28411380 PMCID: PMC5504479 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a semisynthetic bile acid (BA) analog and potent farnesoid X receptor agonist approved to treat cholestasis. We evaluated the biodistribution and metabolism of OCA administered to carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic rats. This was to ascertain if plasma and hepatic concentrations of OCA are potentially more harmful than those of endogenous BAs. After administration of OCA (30 mg/kg), we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure OCA, its metabolites, and BAs at different timepoints in various organs and fluids. Plasma and hepatic concentrations of OCA and BAs were higher in cirrhotic rats than in controls. OCA and endogenous BAs had similar metabolic pathways in cirrhotic rats, although OCA hepatic and intestinal clearance were lower than in controls. BAs' qualitative and quantitative compositions were not modified by a single administration of OCA. In all the matrices studied, OCA concentrations were significantly lower than those of endogenous BAs, potentially much more cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roda
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Aldini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Camborata
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Spinozzi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Franco
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Cont
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Errico
- Department of Specialistic Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum -University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Vasuri
- Department of Specialistic Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum -University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Degiovanni
- Department of Specialistic Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum -University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Maroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Hanley J, Dhar DK, Mazzacuva F, Fiadeiro R, Burden JJ, Lyne AM, Smith H, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Banushi B, Virasami A, Mills K, Lemaigre FP, Knisely AS, Howe S, Sebire N, Waddington SN, Paulusma CC, Clayton P, Gissen P. Vps33b is crucial for structural and functional hepatocyte polarity. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1001-1011. [PMID: 28082148 PMCID: PMC5387182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the normal liver, hepatocytes form a uniquely polarised cell layer that enables movement of solutes from sinusoidal blood to canalicular bile. Whilst several cholestatic liver diseases with defects of hepatocyte polarity have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well defined. One example is arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome, which in most patients is caused by VPS33B mutations. VPS33B is a protein involved in membrane trafficking that interacts with RAB11A at recycling endosomes. To understand the pathways that regulate hepatocyte polarity better, we investigated VPS33B deficiency using a novel mouse model with a liver-specific Vps33b deletion. METHODS To assess functional polarity, plasma and bile samples were collected from Vps33b liver knockout (Vps33bfl/fl-AlfpCre) and control (Vps33bfl/fl) mice; bile components or injected substrates were quantitated by mass spectrometry or fluorometry. For structural analysis, livers underwent light and transmission electron microscopy. Apical membrane and tight junction protein localisation was assessed by immunostaining. Adeno-associated virus vectors were used for in vivo gene rescue experiments. RESULTS Like patients, Vps33bfl/fl-AlfpCre mice showed mislocalisation of ATP-binding cassette proteins that are specifically trafficked to the apical membrane via Rab11a-positive recycling endosomes. This was associated with retention of bile components in blood. Loss of functional tight junction integrity and depletion of apical microvilli were seen in knockout animals. Gene transfer partially rescued these defects. CONCLUSIONS Vps33b has a key role in establishing structural and functional aspects of hepatocyte polarity and may be a target for gene replacement therapy. LAY SUMMARY Hepatocytes are liver cells with tops and bottoms; that is, they are polarised. At their bottoms they absorb substances from blood. They then, at their tops, secrete these substances and their metabolites into bile. When polarity is lost, this directional flow of substances from blood to bile is disrupted and liver disease follows. In this study, using a new mouse model with a liver-specific mutation of Vps33b, the mouse version of a gene that is mutated in most patients with arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, we investigated how the Vps33b gene product contributes to establishing hepatocyte polarity. We identified in these mice abnormalities similar to those in children with ARC syndrome. Gene transfer could partly reverse the mouse abnormalities. Our work contributes to the understanding of VPS33B disease and hepatocyte polarity in general, and may point towards gene transfer mediated treatment of ARC liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hanley
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- Organ Transplantation Centre and Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rebeca Fiadeiro
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Lyne
- UCL Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Holly Smith
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Blerida Banushi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - A S Knisely
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Steven Howe
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- Histopathology Department, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6AU, UK; Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Clayton
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Inherited Metabolic Disease Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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29
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Prediction of hepatotoxicity for drugs using human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:51-64. [PMID: 28382404 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is a main reason for withdrawals of new drugs in late clinical phases and post-launch of the drugs. Thus, hepatotoxicity screening of drug candidates in pre-clinical stage is important for reducing drug attrition rates during the clinical development process. Here, we show commercially available hepatocytes that could be used for early toxicity evaluation of drug candidates. From our hepatic differentiation technology, we obtained highly pure (≥98%) hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) having mature phenotypes and similar gene expression profiles with those of primary human tissues. Furthermore, we optimized 96-well culture condition of hESC-derived hepatocytes suitable for toxicity tests in vitro. To this end, we demonstrated the efficacy of our optimized hepatocyte model for predicting hepatotoxicity against the Chinese herbal medicines and showed that toxicity patterns from our hepatocyte model was similar to those of human primary cultured hepatocytes. We conclude that toxicity test using our hepatocyte model could be a good alternative cell source for pre-clinical study to predict potential hepatotoxicity in drug discovery industries.
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30
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Jansen PLM, Ghallab A, Vartak N, Reif R, Schaap FG, Hampe J, Hengstler JG. The ascending pathophysiology of cholestatic liver disease. Hepatology 2017; 65:722-738. [PMID: 27981592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we develop the argument that cholestatic liver diseases, particularly primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), evolve over time with anatomically an ascending course of the disease process. The first and early lesions are in "downstream" bile ducts. This eventually leads to cholestasis, and this causes bile salt (BS)-mediated toxic injury of the "upstream" liver parenchyma. BS are toxic in high concentration. These concentrations are present in the canalicular network, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Leakage of bile from this network and ducts could be an important driver of toxicity. The liver has a great capacity to adapt to cholestasis, and this may contribute to a variable symptom-poor interval that is often observed. Current trials with drugs that target BS toxicity are effective in only about 50%-60% of primary biliary cholangitis patients, with no effective therapy in PSC. This motivated us to develop and propose a new view on the pathophysiology of primary biliary cholangitis and PSC in the hope that these new drugs can be used more effectively. These views may lead to better stratification of these diseases and to recommendations on a more "tailored" use of the new therapeutic agents that are currently tested in clinical trials. Apical sodium-dependent BS transporter inhibitors that reduce intestinal BS absorption lower the BS load and are best used in cholestatic patients. The effectiveness of BS synthesis-suppressing drugs, such as farnesoid X receptor agonists, is greatest when optimal adaptation is not yet established. By the time cytochrome P450 7A1 expression is reduced these drugs may be less effective. Anti-inflammatory agents are probably most effective in early disease, while drugs that antagonize BS toxicity, such as ursodeoxycholic acid and nor-ursodeoxycholic acid, may be effective at all disease stages. Endoscopic stenting in PSC should be reserved for situations of intercurrent cholestasis and cholangitis, not for cholestasis in end-stage disease. These are arguments to consider a step-wise pathophysiology for these diseases, with therapy adjusted to disease stage. An obstacle in such an approach is that disease stage-defining biomarkers are still lacking. This review is meant to serve as a call to prioritize the development of biomarkers that help to obtain a better stratification of these diseases. (Hepatology 2017;65:722-738).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Raymond Reif
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Research Network of Liver Systems Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Wu T, Zhang Q, Li J, Chen H, Wu J, Song H. Up-regulation of BSEP and MRP2 by Calculus Bovis administration in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis: Involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:22-32. [PMID: 27237619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Calculus Bovis, also known as Niuhuang, is a rare traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in China for 2000 years in pharmacology for sedation, anti-spasm, relieving fever, diminishing inflammation and recovering gallbladder functions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the choleretic potential and molecular responses in rats to Calculus Bovis (CB) administration after 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE)-induced cholestasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS CB (50 and 100mg/kg per day) was intragastrically (i. g.) given to experimental rats for five consecutive days in coadministration with EE (5mg/kg daily for five days, s.c.). The levels of serum biomarkers were determined biochemically. The histopathology of the liver tissue was evaluated. Expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) were studied by western blot and immunohistochemical assay. The expression of Akt and phospho-Akt (pAkt) were also measured by western blot. RESULTS In response to EE, CB treatment significantly prevented an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total bilirubin (TBIL). CB treatment also repaired tissue lesions caused by EE. Western blots showed that EE significantly decreased the protein expression of BSEP and MRP2. EE also dramatically increased levels of pAkt and decreased levels of Akt. Compared to the EE group, CB treatment increased levels of hepatic BSEP and MRP2 while pAkt levels decreased and Akt levels increased. Immunohistochemistry also indicated that EE decreased the expression of BSEP and MRP2. LY294002 is a selective PI3K inhibitor and showed similar beneficial effects as CB. Decreased expression of BSEP and MRP2 caused by EE were also prevented by LY294002 treatment. CONCLUSION Calculus Bovis administration can alleviate liver injury and up-regulate the expression of BSEP and MRP2 in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis by a mechanism that may involve inhibiting the activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qianrui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuha 430022, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Hospital of Huangshi City, Huangshi 435005, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Medicine, City College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430083, China
| | - Hongping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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32
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Dioscin protects against ANIT–induced cholestasis via regulating Oatps, Mrp2 and Bsep expression in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Bright AS, Herrera-Garcia G, Moscovitz JE, You D, Guo GL, Aleksunes LM. Regulation of Drug Disposition Gene Expression in Pregnant Mice with Car Receptor Activation. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2016; 3. [PMID: 27818994 DOI: 10.11131/2016/101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half of pregnant women use prescription medications in order to maintain both maternal and fetal health. The constitutive androstane receptor (Car) critically affects the disposition of chemicals by regulating the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters. However, the effects of Car activation on chemical disposition during pregnancy are unclear. This study aims to determine the degree to which pregnancy alters the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in response to the pharmacological activation of Car. To test this, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were administered IP doses of vehicle, or a potent Car agonist, TCPOBOP, on gestation days 14, 15 and 16. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of Car target genes (phase I, II and transporters) were quantified on gestation day 17. Pregnancy-related changes, such as induction of Cyp2b10, Ugt1a1 and Sult1a1 and repression of Ugt1a6, Gsta1, Gsta2 and Mrp6, were observed. Interestingly, the induction of Cyp2b10, Gsta1, Gsta2 and Mrp2-4 mRNAs by TCPOBOP was attenuated in maternal livers suggesting that Car activation is impeded by the biochemical and/or physiological changes that occur during gestation. Taken together, these findings suggest that pregnancy and pharmacological activation of Car can differentially regulate the expression of drug metabolism and transport genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Bright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Guadalupe Herrera-Garcia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jamie E Moscovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dahea You
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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34
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Chen H, Huang X, Min J, Li W, Zhang R, Zhao W, Liu C, Yi L, Mi S, Wang N, Wang Q, Zhu C. Geniposidic acid protected against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and acute intrahepatic cholestasis, due to Fxr-mediated regulation of Bsep and Mrp2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:197-207. [PMID: 26723467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposidic acid (GPA) is the main constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), which has long been used to treat inflammation, jaundice and hepatic disorders. The cholagogic effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) and GPA have been widely reported, but the underlying occurrence mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This investigation was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotection effect and potential mechanisms of GPA derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) on fighting against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) caused liver injury with acute intrahepatic cholestasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intragastrically (i.g.) administered with the GPA (100, 50 and 25mg/kg B.W. every 24h) for seven consecutive days, and then they were treated with ANIT (i.g. 65mg/kg once in the 5th day) which induced liver injury with acute intrahepatic cholestasis. Serum and bile biochemical analysis, bile flow rate and liver histopathology were measured to evaluate the protective effect of GPA fight against ANIT treatment. The protein and mRNA expression levels of farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), bile-salt export pump (Bsep), multidrug resistance associated protein2 (Mrp2), were evaluated to study the effect of liver protection about GPA against ANIT induced hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Some abnormalities were observed on ANIT treated rats including weight loss, reduced food intake and hair turned yellow. Obtained results demonstrated that at dose 100 and 50mg/kg B.W. (P<0.01) and 25mg/kg B.W. (P<0.05) of GPA pretreated dramatically prevented ANIT induced decreased in bile flow rate. Compared with ANIT treated group, the results of bile biochemical parameters about total bile acid (TBA) was increased by GPA at groups with any dose (P<0.01), glutathione (GSH) was increased significantly at high dose (P<0.01) and medium dose (P<0.05), total bilirubin (TB) was increased at high and medium dose (P<0.05), direct bilirubin (DB) was only increased at high dose (P<0.01). Serum levels of glutamic-Oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), TB, DB and TBA in comparison with ANIT treated group (P<0.01) were reduced by GPA (between 100 and 50mg/kg B.W.) pretreatment. Histopathology of the liver tissue showed that pathological damages and hepatic portal area filled with bile were relieved after GPA pretreatment compared with ANIT treated group. The protein and mRNA expression of Fxr, Bsep and Mrp2 were decreased in ANIT treated group. On the contrary, the protein and mRNA of Fxr, Bsep and Mrp2 were up regulated significantly pretreatment by GPA at dose of high and medium groups. On protein level of Bsep and Mrp2 the result shown no statistical difference in GPA (25mg/kg B.W.), but it was not same shown in mRNA level. CONCLUSION The results of this investigation have demonstrated that the GPA exerts a dose dependent hepatoprotection effect on ANIT induced liver damage with acute intrahepatic cholestasis in rats, which may due to Fxr mediated regulation of bile transporters like Bsep and Mrp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaotao Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jianbin Min
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Lang Yi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Suiqing Mi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ningsheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Therapeutic targets for cholestatic liver injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:463-75. [PMID: 26479335 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholestasis is a reduction in bile flow that occurs during numerous pathologies. Blockage of the biliary tracts results in hepatic accumulation of bile acids or their conjugate bile salts. The molecular mechanisms behind liver injury associated with cholestasis are extensively studied, but not well understood. Multiple models of obstructive cholestasis result in a significant inflammatory infiltrate at the sites of necrosis that characterize the injury. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on direct bile acid toxicity during cholestasis, bile acid signaling processes and on the development and continuation of inflammation during cholestasis, with a focus on novel proposed molecular mediators of neutrophil recruitment. While significant progress has been made on these molecular mechanisms, a continued focus on how cholestasis and the innate immune system interact is necessary to discover targetable therapeutics that might protect the liver while leaving global immunity intact. EXPERT OPINION While bile acid toxicity likely occurs in humans and other mammals when toxic bile acids accumulate, persistent inflammation is likely responsible for continued liver injury during obstructive cholestasis. Targeting molecular mediators of inflammation may help prevent liver injury during acute cholestasis both in murine models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- a Department of Pharmacology , Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City , KS , 66160 USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- a Department of Pharmacology , Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City , KS , 66160 USA
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Xu Q, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Sun H, Peng J, Sun P, Huo X, Liu K. Decreased liver distribution of entecavir is related to down-regulation of Oat2/Oct1 and up-regulation of Mrp1/2/3/5 in rat liver fibrosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 71:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Song P, Rockwell CE, Cui JY, Klaassen CD. Individual bile acids have differential effects on bile acid signaling in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:57-64. [PMID: 25582706 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are known to regulate BA synthesis and transport by the farnesoid X receptor in the liver (FXR-SHP) and intestine (FXR-Fgf15). However, the relative importance of individual BAs in regulating these processes is not known. Therefore, mice were fed various doses of five individual BAs, including cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxoycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in their diets at various concentrations for one week to increase the concentration of one BA in the enterohepatic circulation. The mRNA of BA synthesis and transporting genes in liver and ileum were quantified. In the liver, the mRNA of SHP, which is the prototypical target gene of FXR, increased in mice fed all concentrations of BAs. In the ileum, the mRNA of the intestinal FXR target gene Fgf15 was increased at lower doses and to a higher extent by CA and DCA than by CDCA and LCA. Cyp7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme in BA synthesis, was decreased more by CA and DCA than CDCA and LCA. Cyp8b1, the enzyme that 12-hydroxylates BAs and is thus responsible for the synthesis of CA, was decreased much more by CA and DCA than CDCA and LCA. Surprisingly, neither a decrease in the conjugated BA uptake transporter (Ntcp) nor increase in BA efflux transporter (Bsep) was observed by FXR activation, but an increase in the cholesterol efflux transporter (Abcg5/Abcg8) was observed with FXR activation. Thus in conclusion, CA and DCA are more potent FXR activators than CDCA and LCA when fed to mice, and thus they are more effective in decreasing the expression of the rate limiting gene in BA synthesis Cyp7a1 and the 12-hydroxylation of BAs Cyp8b1, and are also more effective in increasing the expression of Abcg5/Abcg8, which is responsible for biliary cholesterol excretion. However, feeding BAs do not alter the mRNA or protein levels of Ntcp or Bsep, suggesting that the uptake or efflux of BAs is not regulated by FXR at physiological and pharmacological concentrations of BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Canet MJ, Hardwick RN, Lake AD, Dzierlenga AL, Clarke JD, Goedken MJ, Cherrington NJ. Renal xenobiotic transporter expression is altered in multiple experimental models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:266-72. [PMID: 25488932 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common chronic liver disease, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Previous investigations demonstrated alterations in the expression and activity of hepatic drug transporters in NASH. Moreover, studies using rodent models of cholestasis suggest that compensatory changes in kidney transporter expression occur to facilitate renal excretion during states of hepatic stress; however, little information is currently known regarding extrahepatic regulation of drug transporters in NASH. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the possibility of renal drug transporter regulation in NASH across multiple experimental rodent models. Both rat and mouse NASH models were used in this investigation and include: the methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, atherogenic diet, fa/fa rat, ob/ob and db/db mice. Histologic and pathologic evaluations confirmed that the MCD and atherogenic rats as well as the ob/ob and db/db mice all developed NASH. In contrast, the fa/fa rats did not develop NASH but did develop extensive renal injury compared with the other models. Renal mRNA and protein analyses of xenobiotic transporters suggest that compensatory changes occur in NASH to favor increased xenobiotic secretion. Specifically, both apical efflux and basolateral uptake transporters are induced, whereas apical uptake transporter expression is repressed. These results suggest that NASH may alter the expression and potentially function of renal drug transporters, thereby impacting drug elimination mechanisms in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Canet
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Rhiannon N Hardwick
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - April D Lake
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Anika L Dzierlenga
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - John D Clarke
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Goedken
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona (M.J.C., R.N.H., A.D.L., A.L.D., J.D.C., N.J.C.); and Rutgers University, Office of Translational Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
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Wang T, Zhou ZX, Sun LX, Li X, Xu ZM, Chen M, Zhao GL, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Resveratrol effectively attenuates α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury through choleretic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1527-36. [PMID: 25418378 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM α-Naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a well-characterized cholestatic agent for rats. The aim of this study was to examine whether resveratrol could attenuate ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury in rats. METHODS SD rats were treated with resveratrol (15 or 30 mg/kg, ip) or a positive control drug ursodeoxycholic acid (100 mg/kg, po) for 5 consecutive days followed by a single dose of ANIT (60 mg/kg, po). Bile flow, and serum biochemical markers and bile constituents were measured 48 h after ANIT administration. Hepatic levels of oxidative repair enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and MnSOD), myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α, IL-6 and ATP content, as well as the expression of liver transporter genes and proteins were assayed. RESULTS ANIT exposure resulted in serious cholestasis and liver injury, as shown by marked neutrophil infiltration in liver, dramatically increased serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TBA, TBIL, IBIL and DBIL, and significantly decreased bile excretion and biliary output of GSH and HCO3(-). ANIT significantly increased TNF-α and IL-6 release and myeloperoxidase activity, decreased mitochondrial biogenesis in liver, but had little effect on hepatic oxidative repair enzymes and ATP content. Furthermore, ANIT significantly decreased the expression of Mrp2, FXR and Cyp7a1, markedly increased Mrp3 expression in liver. Pretreatment with resveratrol attenuated ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury, and other pathological changes. Pretreatment with ursodeoxycholic acid was less effective. CONCLUSION Resveratrol effectively attenuates ANIT-induced acute cholestasis and liver injury in rats, possibly through suppression of neutrophil infiltration, as well as upregulation of expression of hepatic transporters and enzymes, thus decreasing accumulation of bile acids.
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Liu J, Lu H, Lu YF, Lei X, Cui JY, Ellis E, Strom SC, Klaassen CD. Potency of individual bile acids to regulate bile acid synthesis and transport genes in primary human hepatocyte cultures. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:538-46. [PMID: 25055961 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are known to regulate their own homeostasis, but the potency of individual bile acids is not known. This study examined the effects of cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on expression of BA synthesis and transport genes in human primary hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes were treated with the individual BAs at 10, 30, and 100μM for 48 h, and RNA was extracted for real-time PCR analysis. For the classic pathway of BA synthesis, BAs except for UDCA markedly suppressed CYP7A1 (70-95%), the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, but only moderately (35%) down-regulated CYP8B1 at a high concentration of 100μM. BAs had minimal effects on mRNA of two enzymes of the alternative pathway of BA synthesis, namely CYP27A1 and CYP7B1. BAs increased the two major target genes of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), namely the small heterodimer partner (SHP) by fourfold, and markedly induced fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) over 100-fold. The BA uptake transporter Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide was unaffected, whereas the efflux transporter bile salt export pump was increased 15-fold and OSTα/β were increased 10-100-fold by BAs. The expression of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3; sixfold), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G5 (ABCG5; sixfold), multidrug associated protein-2 (MRP2; twofold), and MRP3 (threefold) were also increased, albeit to lesser degrees. In general, CDCA was the most potent and effective BA in regulating these genes important for BA homeostasis, whereas DCA and CA were intermediate, LCA the least, and UDCA ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Lu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | | | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Canet MJ, Cherrington NJ. Drug disposition alterations in liver disease: extrahepatic effects in cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1209-19. [PMID: 24989624 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.936378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs and xenobiotics, namely pharmaceuticals, is influenced by a host of factors that include genetics, physiological factors and environmental stressors. The importance of disease on the disposition of xenobiotics has been increasingly recognized among medical professionals for alterations in key enzymes and membrane transporters that influence drug disposition and contribute to the development of adverse drug reactions. AREAS COVERED This review will survey pertinent literature of how liver disease alters the PKs of drugs and other xenobiotics. The focus will be on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as well as cholestatic liver diseases. A review of basic pharmacokinetic principles, with a special emphasis on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters, will be provided. Specifically, examples of how genetic alterations affect metabolism and excretion, respectively, will be highlighted. Lastly, the idea of 'extrahepatic' regulation will be explored, citing examples of how disease manifestation in the liver may affect drug disposition in distal sites, such as the kidney. EXPERT OPINION An expert opinion will be provided highlighting the definite need for data in understanding extrahepatic regulation of membrane transporters in the presence of liver disease and its potential to dramatically alter the PK and toxicokinetic profile of numerous drugs and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Canet
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 1703 E. Mabel St. Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
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Klein DM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Xenobiotic transporter expression along the male genital tract. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:1-8. [PMID: 24814985 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The male genital tract plays an important role in protecting sperm by forming a distinct compartment separate from the body which limits exposure to potentially toxic substrates. Transporters along this tract can influence the distribution of xenobiotics into the male genital tract through efflux back into the blood or facilitating the accumulation of toxicants. The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine the constitutive mRNA expression of 30 xenobiotic transporters in caput and cauda regions of the epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The epididymis was found to express at least moderate levels of 18 transporters, vas deferens 15, seminal vesicles 23, and prostate 18. Constitutive expression of these xenobiotic transporters in the male genital tract may provide insight into the xenobiotics that can potentially be transported into these tissues and may provide the molecular mechanism for site specific toxicity of select agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klein
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Stephen H Wright
- University of Arizona, Department of Physiology, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Cressman AM, Petrovic V, Piquette-Miller M. Inflammation-mediated changes in drug transporter expression/activity: implications for therapeutic drug response. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:69-89. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Selwyn FP, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Klaassen CD. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) is important for secondary bile acid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:437-45. [PMID: 23747753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (human: OATPs; rodent: Oatps) were thought to have important functions in bile acid (BA) transport. Oatp1a1, 1a4, and 1b2 are the three major Oatp1 family members in rodent liver. Our previous studies have characterized the BA homeostasis in Oatp1a1-null and Oatp1b2-null mice. The present study investigated the physiological role of Oatp1a4 in BA homeostasis by using Oatp1a4-null mice. Oatp1a4 expression is female-predominant in livers of mice, and thereby it was expected that female Oatp1a4-null mice will have more prominent changes than males. Interestingly, the present study demonstrated that female Oatp1a4-null mice had no significant alterations in BA concentrations in serum or liver, though they had increased mRNA of hepatic BA efflux transporters (Mrp4 and Ostα/β) and ileal BA transporters (Asbt and Ostα/β). In contrast, male Oatp1a4-null mice showed significantly altered BA homeostasis, including increased concentrations of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in serum, liver and intestinal contents. After feeding a DCA-supplemented diet, male but not female Oatp1a4-null mice had higher concentrations of DCA in serum and livers than their WT controls. This suggested that Oatp1a4 is important for intestinal absorption of secondary BAs in male mice. Furthermore, loss of Oatp1a4 function did not decrease BA accumulation in serum or livers of bile-duct-ligated mice, suggesting that Oatp1a4 is not likely a BA uptake transporter. In summary, the present study for the first time demonstrates that Oatp1a4 does not appear to mediate the hepatic uptake of BAs, but plays an important male-predominant role in secondary BA metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Manifestation of multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3) in liver and kidney cells in cholestasis: effects of hyperprolactinemia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:508-11. [PMID: 23486593 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-1989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry with semiquantitative image analysis showed that cholestasis induced an increase in the manifestation of mrp3 in cholangiocytes of female rats, but did not affect this parameter in the studied structures of kidney. Under conditions of normal liver function, mrp3 expression in cholangiocytes was also elevated during hyperprolactinemia. Expression of mrp3 in cholangiocytes directly correlated with prolactin receptor expression. In cholestasis, prolactin increased mrp3 manifestation of only in the distal renal tubules. Thus, mrp3 manifestation increases in liver cells, but remains unchanged in kidney cells. The hyperprolactinemia-induced changes in the mrp3 levels and their correlations with prolactin receptor expression were shown to differ in the kidney and liver cells. It was hypothesized that prolactin produced a direct effect on mrp3 expression in cholangiocytes.
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Yacovino LL, Aleksunes LM. Endocrine and metabolic regulation of renal drug transporters. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:407-21. [PMID: 22933250 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal xenobiotic transporters are important determinants of urinary secretion and reabsorption of chemicals. In addition to glomerular filtration, these processes are key to the overall renal clearance of a diverse array of drugs and toxins. Alterations in kidney transporter levels and function can influence the efficacy and toxicity of chemicals. Studies in experimental animals have revealed distinct patterns of renal transporter expression in response to sex hormones, pregnancy, and growth hormone. Likewise, a number of disease states including diabetes, obesity, and cholestasis alter the expression of kidney transporters. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the major xenobiotic transporters expressed in the kidneys and an understanding of metabolic conditions and hormonal factors that regulate their expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Yacovino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Cui JY, Aleksunes LM, Tanaka Y, Fu ZD, Guo Y, Guo GL, Lu H, Zhong XB, Klaassen CD. Bile acids via FXR initiate the expression of major transporters involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in newborn mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G979-96. [PMID: 22268101 PMCID: PMC3362079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00370.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BAs) plays a pivotal role in facilitating lipid absorption. Therefore, initiation of the EHC in newborns is of crucial importance for lipid absorption from milk. The purpose of this study was to determine at what age BA transporters in liver are expressed, and the mechanism for their initiation. Serum and liver samples were collected from C57BL/6 mice at 2 days before birth and various postnatal ages. Messenger RNA assays revealed a dramatic increase at birth in the expression of the BA transporters (Ntcp, Bsep, Mrp4, Ostβ), as well as the phospholipid floppase Mdr2 in mouse liver, with the highest expression at 1 day of age. The mRNA expression of the ileal BA transporters (Ostα and Ostβ) also markedly increased at birth. Meanwhile, taurine-conjugated cholic acid markedly increased in both serum and liver of newborns, correlated with upregulation of the classic pathway of BA biosynthesis in newborn liver. The mRNA levels of the major BA sensors, FXR and PXR, were increased at 1 day of age, and their prototypical target genes were upregulated in liver. The mRNA expression of transporters involved in the EHC of BAs was similar in wild-type and PXR-null mice. In contrast, in FXR-null mice, the "day 1 surge" pattern of Ntcp, Bsep, Ostβ, and Mdr2 was blocked in newborn mouse liver, and the induction of Ostα and Ostβ was also abolished in ileums of FXR-null mice. In conclusion, at birth, BAs from the classic pathway of synthesis trigger the induction of transporters involved in EHC of BAs in mice, through activation of the nuclear receptor FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zidong Donna Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Grace Liejun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiao-bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Curtis D. Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Zhang Y, Csanaky IL, Cheng X, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Klaassen CD. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 null mice are sensitive to cholestatic liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:451-62. [PMID: 22461449 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1) is predominantly expressed in livers of mice and is thought to transport bile acids (BAs) from blood into liver. Because Oatp1a1 expression is markedly decreased in mice after bile duct ligation (BDL). We hypothesized that Oatp1a1-null mice would be protected against liver injury during BDL-induced cholestasis due largely to reduced hepatic uptake of BAs. To evaluate this hypothesis, BDL surgeries were performed in both male wild-type (WT) and Oatp1a1-null mice. At 24 h after BDL, Oatp1a1-null mice showed higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels and more severe liver injury than WT mice, and all Oatp1a1-null mice died within 4 days after BDL, whereas all WT mice survived. At 24 h after BDL, surprisingly Oatp1a1-null mice had higher total BA concentrations in livers than WT mice, suggesting that loss of Oatp1a1 did not prevent BA accumulation in the liver. In addition, secondary BAs dramatically increased in serum of Oatp1a1-null BDL mice but not in WT BDL mice. Oatp1a1-null BDL mice had similar basolateral BA uptake (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and Oatp1b2) and BA-efflux (multidrug resistance-associated protein [Mrp]-3, Mrp4, and organic solute transporter α/β) transporters, as well as BA-synthetic enzyme (Cyp7a1) in livers as WT BDL mice. Hepatic expression of small heterodimer partner Cyp3a11, Cyp4a14, and Nqo1, which are target genes of farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and NF-E2-related factor 2, respectively, were increased in WT BDL mice but not in Oatp1a1-null BDL mice. These results demonstrate that loss of Oatp1a1 function exacerbates cholestatic liver injury in mice and suggest that Oatp1a1 plays a unique role in liver adaptive responses to obstructive cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Role of nuclear receptors for bile acid metabolism, bile secretion, cholestasis, and gallstone disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:867-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stieger B. The role of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in physiology and pathophysiology of bile formation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:205-59. [PMID: 21103971 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is an important function of the liver. Bile salts are a major constituent of bile and are secreted by hepatocytes into bile and delivered into the small intestine, where they assist in fat digestion. In the small intestine, bile salts are almost quantitatively reclaimed and transported back via the portal circulation to the liver. In the liver, hepatocytes take up bile salts and secrete them again into bile for ongoing enterohepatic circulation. Uptake of bile salts into hepatocytes occurs largely in a sodium-dependent manner by the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide NTCP. The transport properties of NTCP have been extensively characterized. It is an electrogenic member of the solute carrier family of transporters (SLC10A1) and transports predominantly bile salts and sulfated compounds, but is also able to mediate transport of additional substrates, such as thyroid hormones, drugs and toxins. It is highly regulated under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Regulation of NTCP copes with changes of bile salt load to hepatocytes and prevents entry of cytotoxic bile salts during liver disease. Canalicular export of bile salts is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter bile salt export pump BSEP (ABCB11). BSEP constitutes the rate limiting step of hepatocellular bile salt transport and drives enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. It is extensively regulated to keep intracellular bile salt levels low under normal and pathophysiologic situations. Mutations in the BSEP gene lead to severe progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. The substrates of BSEP are practically restricted to bile salts and their metabolites. It is, however, subject to inhibition by endogenous metabolites or by drugs. A sustained inhibition will lead to acquired cholestasis, which can end in liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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