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Singh P, Pahari P, Mukherjee S, Karmakar S, Hoffmann M, Mandal T, Das DK. SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide trans interaction with phosphatidylserine lipid triggers membrane fusion for viral entry. mBio 2024; 15:e0107724. [PMID: 39115315 PMCID: PMC11389415 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01077-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike is the fusion machine for host cell entry. Still, the mechanism by which spike protein interacts with the target lipid membrane to facilitate membrane fusion during entry is not fully understood. Here, using steady-state membrane fusion and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging of spike trimers on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion, we directly show that spike protein interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS) lipid in the target membrane for mediating fusion. We observed that the fusion peptide of the spike S2 domain interacts with the PS lipid of the target membrane. Low pH and Ca2+ trigger the spike conformational change and bring fusion peptide in close proximity to the PS lipid of the membrane. The binding of the spike with PS lipid of its viral membrane (cis interaction) impedes the fusion activation. PS on the target membrane promotes spike binding via trans interaction, prevents the cis interaction, and accelerates fusion. Sequestering or absence of PS lipid abrogates the spike-mediated fusion process and restricts SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. We found that PS-dependent interaction for fusion is conserved across all the SARS-CoV-2 spike variants of concern (D614G, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron). Our study suggests that PS lipid is indispensable for SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated virus and target membrane fusion for entry, and restricting PS interaction with spike inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated entry. Therefore, PS is an important cofactor and acts as a molecular beacon in the target membrane for SARS-CoV-2 entry. IMPORTANCE The role of lipids in the host cell target membrane for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry is not clear. We do not know whether SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has any specificity in terms of lipid for membrane fusion reaction. Here, using in vitro reconstitution of membrane fusion assay and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging of SARS-CoV-2 spike trimers on the surface of the virion, we have demonstrated that phosphatidylserine (PS) lipid plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated membrane fusion reaction for entry. Membrane-externalized PS lipid strongly promotes spike-mediated membrane fusion and COVID-19 infection. Blocking externalized PS lipid with PS-binding protein or in the absence of PS, SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated fusion is strongly inhibited. Therefore, PS is an important target for restricting viral entry and intervening spike, and PS interaction presents new targets for COVID-19 interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspangana Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Purba Pahari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srija Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharmistha Karmakar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Taraknath Mandal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dibyendu Kumar Das
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Membrane curvature and PS localize coagulation proteins to filopodia and retraction fibers of endothelial cells. Blood Adv 2022; 7:60-72. [PMID: 35849711 PMCID: PMC9827038 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior reports indicate that the convex membrane curvature of phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing vesicles enhances formation of binding sites for factor Va and lactadherin. Yet, the relationship of convex curvature to localization of these proteins on cells remains unknown. We developed a membrane topology model, using phospholipid bilayers supported by nano-etched silica substrates, to further explore the relationship between curvature and localization of coagulation proteins. Ridge convexity corresponded to maximal curvature of physiologic membranes (radii of 10 or 30 nm) and the troughs had a variable concave curvature. The benchmark PS probe lactadherin exhibited strong differential binding to the ridges, on membranes with 4% to 15% PS. Factor Va, with a PS-binding motif homologous to lactadherin, also bound selectively to the ridges. Bound factor Va supported coincident binding of factor Xa, localizing prothrombinase complexes to the ridges. Endothelial cells responded to prothrombotic stressors and stimuli (staurosporine, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF- α]) by retracting cell margins and forming filaments and filopodia. These had a high positive curvature similar to supported membrane ridges and selectively bound lactadherin. Likewise, the retraction filaments and filopodia bound factor Va and supported assembly of prothrombinase, whereas the cell body did not. The perfusion of plasma over TNF-α-stimulated endothelia in culture dishes and engineered 3-dimensional microvessels led to fibrin deposition at cell margins, inhibited by lactadherin, without clotting of bulk plasma. Our results indicate that stressed or stimulated endothelial cells support prothrombinase activity localized to convex topological features at cell margins. These findings may relate to perivascular fibrin deposition in sepsis and inflammation.
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3
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Botha J, Handberg A, Simonsen JB. Lipid-based strategies used to identify extracellular vesicles in flow cytometry can be confounded by lipoproteins: Evaluations of annexin V, lactadherin, and detergent lysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12200. [PMID: 35362259 PMCID: PMC8971177 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a popular method used in characterisation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Circulating EVs are often identified by FCM by exploiting the lipid nature of EVs by staining with Annexin V (Anx5) or lactadherin against the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and evaluating the specificity of the labels by detergent lysis of EVs. Here, we investigate whether PS labelling and detergent lysis approaches are confounded by lipoproteins, another family of lipid-based nanoparticles found in blood, in both frozen and fresh blood plasma. We demonstrated that Anx5 and lactadherin in addition to EVs stained ApoB-containing lipoproteins, identified by the use of fluorophore-labelled polyclonal ApoB-antibody, and that Anx5 had a significantly larger tendency for labelling lipoprotein-bound PS than lactadherin. Furthermore, detergent lysis resulted in a decrease in both EV and lipoprotein events and especially lipoproteins positive for either Anx5 or lactadherin. Taken together, our findings pose concerns to the use of lipid-based strategies in identifying EVs by FCM and support the use of transmembrane proteins such as tetraspannins to distinguish EVs from lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Botha
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryAalborg University Hospital, North Denmark RegionAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryAalborg University Hospital, North Denmark RegionAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Jens B. Simonsen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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4
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Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Are the functions of milk exosomes restricted to their protein cargoes? Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112540. [PMID: 34922109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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A novel mechanism of thrombocytopenia by PS exposure through TMEM16F in sphingomyelin synthase 1 deficiency. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4265-4277. [PMID: 34478523 PMCID: PMC8945624 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane SM reduction by SMS1deficiency enhances PS exposure and thrombocytopenia. Depression of membrane SM potentiates Ca2+ influx and PS externalization through TMEM16F.
Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) contributes to the generation of membrane sphingomyelin (SM) and affects SM-mediated physiological functions. Here, we describe the hematologic phenotypes, such as reduced circulating platelets and dysfunctional hemostasis, in SMS1-deficient (SMS1-KO) mice. SMS1-KO mice display pathologic manifestations related to idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), including relatively high amounts of peripheral blood reticulated platelets, enhanced megakaryopoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen, and splenomegaly. Deficiency of SMS1, but not SMS2, prevented SM production and enhanced phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization on the plasma membranes of platelets and megakaryocytes. Consequently, SMS1-KO platelets were excessively cleared by macrophages in the spleen. Multimer formation in the plasma membrane of TMEM16F, a known calcium (Ca2+)-activated nonselective ion channel and Ca2+-dependent PS scramblase, was enhanced; the result was PS externalization to outer leaflets through increased Ca2+ influx in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts established from SMS1-KO mice (SMS1-KO tMEFs), as seen with SMS1-KO platelets. Thus, SMS1 deficiency changed the TMEM16F distribution on the membrane microdomain, regulating Ca2+ influx-dependent PS exposure. SMS1-KO tMEFs in which TMEM16F was knocked out by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system lacked both the Ca2+ influx and excess PS exposure seen in SMS1-KO tMEFs. Therefore, SM depletion on platelet membrane microdomains due to SMS1 deficiency enhanced PS externalization via a Ca2+ influx through TMEM16F activation, leading to elevated platelet clearance and causing hemostasis dysfunction through thrombocytopenia. Our current findings show that the SM-rich microdomain generated by SMS1 is a potent regulator of thrombocytopenia through TMEM16F, suggesting that its dysfunction may be a novel additional mechanism of ITP.
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Kamińska A, Marzec ME, Stępień EŁ. Design and Optimization of a Biosensor Surface Functionalization to Effectively Capture Urinary Extracellular Vesicles. Molecules 2021; 26:4764. [PMID: 34443351 PMCID: PMC8399133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For this study, we tested and optimized silicon surface functionalization procedures for capturing urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). The influence of the silane type (APTES or GOPS) and protein concentration on the efficiency of uEVs binding was investigated. Human lactadherin protein (LACT) was used to capture uEVs. We applied surface characterization techniques, including ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to observe changes in the biosensor surface after each functionalization step. uEVs were purified by a low-vacuum filtration method and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. The physical parameters of uEVs after the isolation procedure, such as morphology and size distribution, were determined using transmission electron microscopy and tunable resistive pulse sensing methods. We observed a gradual growth of the molecular layer after subsequent stages of modification of the silicon surface. The ToF-SIMS results showed no changes in the mean intensities for the characteristic peaks of amino acids and lipids in positive and negative polarization, in terms of the surface-modifying silane (APTES or GOPS) used. The most optimal concentration of LACT for the tested system was 25 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena E. Marzec
- Department of Medical Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (E.Ł.S.)
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7
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Aberrant environment and PS-binding to calnuc C-terminal tail drives exosomal packaging and its metastatic ability. Biochem J 2021; 478:2265-2283. [PMID: 34047336 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic features of cancer cells are aberrant (acidic) intracellular pH and elevated levels of phosphatidylserine. The primary focus of cancer research is concentrated on the discovery of biomarkers directed towards early diagnosis and therapy. It has been observed that azoxymethane-treated mice demonstrate an increased expression of calnuc (a multi-domain, Ca2+- and DNA-binding protein) in their colon, suggesting it to be a good biomarker of carcinogenesis. We show that culture supernatants from tumor cells have significantly higher amounts of secreted calnuc compared to non-tumor cells, selectively packaged into exosomes. Exosomal calnuc is causal for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and atypical migration in non-tumor cells, which are key events in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In vitro studies reveal a significant affinity for calnuc towards phosphatidylserine, specifically to its C-terminal region, leading to the formation of 'molten globule' conformation. Similar structural changes are observed at acidic pH (pH 4), which demonstrates the role of the acidic microenvironment in causing the molten globule conformation and membrane interaction. On a precise note, we propose that the molten globule structure of calnuc caused by aberrant conditions in cancer cells to be the causative mechanism underlying its exosome-mediated secretion, thereby driving metastasis.
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8
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Georgescu A, Simionescu M. Extracellular Vesicles: Versatile Nanomediators, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Atherosclerosis and COVID-19-Related Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5967. [PMID: 34073119 PMCID: PMC8198837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells convey information among one another. One instrument employed to transmit data and constituents to specific (target) cells is extracellular vesicles (EVs). They originate from a variety of cells (endothelial, immune cells, platelets, mesenchymal stromal cells, etc.), and consequently, their surface characteristics and cargo vary according to the paternal cell. The cargo could be DNA, mRNA, microRNA, receptors, metabolites, cytoplasmic proteins, or pathological molecules, as a function of which EVs exert different effects upon endocytosis in recipient cells. Recently, EVs have become important participants in a variety of pathologies, including atherogenesis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated thrombosis. Herein, we summarize recent advances and some of our own results on the role of EVs in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and discuss their potential to function as signaling mediators, biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Since COVID-19 patients have a high rate of thrombotic events, a special section of the review is dedicated to the mechanism of thrombosis and the possible therapeutic potential of EVs in COVID-19-related thrombosis. Yet, EV mechanisms and their role in the transfer of information between cells in normal and pathological conditions remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania;
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9
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Song DH, Garcia G, Situ K, Chua BA, Hong MLO, Do EA, Ramirez CM, Harui A, Arumugaswami V, Morizono K. Development of a blocker of the universal phosphatidylserine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-dependent viral entry pathways. Virology 2021; 560:17-33. [PMID: 34020328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Envelope phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtr) have been shown to mediate binding of enveloped viruses. However, commonly used PtdSer binding molecules such as Annexin V cannot block PtdSer-mediated viral infection. Lack of reagents that can conceal envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr and subsequently inhibit infection hinders elucidation of the roles of the envelope phospholipids in viral infection. Here, we developed sTIM1dMLDR801, a reagent capable of blocking PtdSer- and PtdEtr-dependent infection of enveloped viruses. Using sTIM1dMLDR801, we found that envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr can support ZIKV infection of not only human but also mosquito cells. In a mouse model for ZIKV infection, sTIM1dMLDR801 reduced ZIKV load in serum and the spleen, indicating envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr support in viral infection in vivo. sTIM1dMLDR801 will enable elucidation of the roles of envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr in infection of various virus species, thereby facilitating identification of their receptors and transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hoon Song
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kathy Situ
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madeline Lauren O Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elyza A Do
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christina M Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Airi Harui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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10
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Botha J, Pugsley HR, Handberg A. Conventional, High-Resolution and Imaging Flow Cytometry: Benchmarking Performance in Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020124. [PMID: 33513846 PMCID: PMC7911094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry remains a commonly used methodology due to its ability to characterise multiple parameters on single particles in a high-throughput manner. In order to address limitations with lacking sensitivity of conventional flow cytometry to characterise extracellular vesicles (EVs), novel, highly sensitive platforms, such as high-resolution and imaging flow cytometers, have been developed. We provided comparative benchmarks of a conventional FACS Aria III, a high-resolution Apogee A60 Micro-PLUS and the ImageStream X Mk II imaging flow cytometry platform. Nanospheres were used to systematically characterise the abilities of each platform to detect and quantify populations with different sizes, refractive indices and fluorescence properties, and the repeatability in concentration determinations was reported for each population. We evaluated the ability of the three platforms to detect different EV phenotypes in blood plasma and the intra-day, inter-day and global variabilities in determining EV concentrations. By applying this or similar methodology to characterise methods, researchers would be able to make informed decisions on choice of platforms and thereby be able to match suitable flow cytometry platforms with projects based on the needs of each individual project. This would greatly contribute to improving the robustness and reproducibility of EV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Botha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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Srinivasan S, Zoni V, Vanni S. Estimating the accuracy of the MARTINI model towards the investigation of peripheral protein–membrane interactions. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:131-148. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the ability of the MARTINI CG force field, specifically the 3 open-beta version, to reproduce known experimental observations regarding the membrane binding behavior of 12 peripheral membrane proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Zoni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Kamińska A, Gajos K, Woźnicka O, Dłubacz A, Marzec ME, Budkowski A, Stępień EŁ. Using a lactadherin-immobilized silicon surface for capturing and monitoring plasma microvesicles as a foundation for diagnostic device development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8093-8106. [PMID: 32959112 PMCID: PMC7584542 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are found in several types of body fluids and are promising disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to develop a novel biofunctionalized surface for binding plasma microvesicles (PMVs) based on a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) approach. A new lactadherin (LACT)-functionalized surface was prepared and examined for monitoring PMVs. Moreover, two different strategies of LACT immobilization on a silicon surface were applied to compare different LACT orientations. A higher PMV to LACT binding efficiency was observed for LACT bonded to an αvβ3 integrin-functionalized surface compared with that for LACT directly bonded to a glutaraldehyde-modified surface. Effective binding of PMVs and its components for both LACT immobilization strategies was confirmed using spectral ellipsometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry methods. The proposed PMV capturing system can be used as a foundation to design novel point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices to detect and characterize PMVs in clinical samples. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kamińska
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gajos
- Department of Molecular and Interfacial Biophysics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dłubacz
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian Univeristy, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena E Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Department of Molecular and Interfacial Biophysics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Ł Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Kranich J, Chlis NK, Rausch L, Latha A, Schifferer M, Kurz T, Foltyn-Arfa Kia A, Simons M, Theis FJ, Brocker T. In vivo identification of apoptotic and extracellular vesicle-bound live cells using image-based deep learning. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1792683. [PMID: 32944180 PMCID: PMC7480589 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1792683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo detection of dead cells remains a major challenge due to technical hurdles. Here, we present a novel method, where injection of fluorescent milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) in vivo combined with imaging flow cytometry and deep learning allows the identification of dead cells based on their surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and other image parameters. A convolutional autoencoder (CAE) was trained on defined pictures and successfully used to identify apoptotic cells in vivo. However, unexpectedly, these analyses also revealed that the great majority of PS+ cells were not apoptotic, but rather live cells associated with PS+ extracellular vesicles (EVs). During acute viral infection apoptotic cells increased slightly, while up to 30% of lymphocytes were decorated with PS+ EVs of antigen-presenting cell (APC) exosomal origin. The combination of recombinant fluorescent MFG-E8 and the CAE-method will greatly facilitate analyses of cell death and EVs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kranich
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos-Kosmas Chlis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rausch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashretha Latha
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman Kurz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
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14
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Bleibaum F, Sommer A, Veit M, Rabe B, Andrä J, Kunzelmann K, Nehls C, Correa W, Gutsmann T, Grötzinger J, Bhakdi S, Reiss K. ADAM10 sheddase activation is controlled by cell membrane asymmetry. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:979-993. [PMID: 30753537 PMCID: PMC6927242 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the disintegrin-metalloproteinase ADAM10 may contribute to the development of diseases including tumorigenesis and Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms underlying ADAM10 sheddase activation are incompletely understood. Here, we show that transient exposure of the negatively charged phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is necessarily required. The soluble PS headgroup was found to act as competitive inhibitor of substrate cleavage. Overexpression of the Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase Anoctamin-6 (ANO6) led to increased PS externalization and substrate release. Transfection with a constitutively active form of ANO6 resulted in maximum sheddase activity in the absence of any stimulus. Calcium-dependent ADAM10 activation could not be induced in lymphocytes of patients with Scott syndrome harbouring a missense mutation in ANO6. A putative PS-binding motif was identified in the conserved stalk region. Replacement of this motif resulted in strong reduction of sheddase activity. In conjunction with the recently described 3D structure of the ADAM10 extracellular domain, a model is advanced to explain how surface-exposed PS triggers ADAM10 sheddase function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anselm Sommer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Veit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Andrä
- Hamburg University of Applied Science, Ulmenliet 20, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Nehls
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, Borstel, Germany
| | - Wilmar Correa
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, Borstel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sucharit Bhakdi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Specific and Non-Invasive Fluorescent Labelling of Extracellular Vesicles for Evaluation of Intracellular Processing by Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070211. [PMID: 32674302 PMCID: PMC7400383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk has gained interest due to their capacity to modulate the infant’s intestinal and immune system. Studies suggest that milk EVs are enriched in immune-modulating proteins and miRNA, highlighting their possible health benefits to infants. To assess uptake of milk EVs by intestinal epithelial cells, a method was developed using labelling of isolated EVs with fluorophore-conjugated lactadherin. Lactadherin is a generic and validated EV marker, which enables an effective labelling of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposing EVs. Labelled EVs could effectively be used to describe a dose- and time-dependent uptake into the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy was employed to show that EVs colocalize with endosomal markers and lysosomes, indicating that EVs are taken up via general endocytotic mechanisms. Collectively, a method to specifically label isolated EVs is presented and employed to study the uptake of milk EVs by intestinal epithelial cells.
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16
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Kang JH, Ko HM, Han GD, Lee SY, Moon JS, Kim MS, Koh JT, Kim SH. Dual role of phosphatidylserine and its receptors in osteoclastogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32612123 PMCID: PMC7330034 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusion and apoptosis share a breakdown of the membrane phospholipids asymmetry, modes of which are largely unknown in osteoclastogenesis. Here, we investigated the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) and its receptors, and their biological functions in osteoclastogenesis. Strong immunoreactivities in vivo for the PS receptors TIM4, BAI1, and STAB2 were observed in the TRAP-positive multinucleated cells in the alveolar bone that was being remodeled around the developing dental follicles in rats. These receptors were significantly upregulated during M-CSF/RANKL-induced in vitro osteoclastogenesis using mouse bone marrow-derived cells. PS externalization in preosteoclasts was increased by the M-CSF/RANKL treatment. Multinucleation of preosteoclasts was markedly inhibited by antibodies against PS and its receptors. Among the investigated lipid transporter proteins, floppases (Abcb4, Abcc5, and Abcg1) were upregulated, whereas flippases (Atp11c and Atp8a1) downregulated during osteoclastogenesis. Preosteoclast fusion was markedly blocked by the ATPase inhibitor Na3VO4 and siRNAs against Abcc5 and Abcg1, revealing the importance of these lipid transporters in PS externalization. Further, the levels of Cd47 and Cd31, don't-eat-me signal inducers, were increased or sustained in the early phase of osteoclastogenesis, whereas those of AnnexinI and Mfg-e8, eat-me signals inducers, were increased in the late apoptotic phase. In addition, Z-VAD-FMK, a pan caspase inhibitor, had no effect on preosteoclast fusion in the early phase of osteoclastogenesis, whereas Abs against PS, TIM4, and BAI1 decreased osteoclast apoptosis during the late phase. These results suggest that PS externalization is essential for the whole process of osteoclastogenesis and share PS receptors and transporters in the early stage fusion and late stage apoptosis. Therefore, modulation of PS and its receptors could be a useful strategy to develop anti-bone resorptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hae Kang
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Ko
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Geum-Dong Han
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Su-Young Lee
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Moon
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea.
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17
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Jia W, Burns JM, Villantay B, Tang JC, Vankayala R, Lertsakdadet B, Choi B, Nelson JS, Anvari B. Intravital Vascular Phototheranostics and Real-Time Circulation Dynamics of Micro- and Nanosized Erythrocyte-Derived Carriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:275-287. [PMID: 31820920 PMCID: PMC7028219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte-based carriers can serve as theranostic platforms for delivery of imaging and therapeutic payloads. Engineering these carriers at micro- or nanoscales makes them potentially useful for broad clinical applications ranging from vascular diseases to tumor theranostics. Longevity of these carriers in circulation is important in delivering a sufficient amount of their payloads to the target. We have investigated the circulation dynamics of micro (∼4.95 μm diameter) and nano (∼91 nm diameter) erythrocyte-derived carriers in real time using near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and evaluated the effectiveness of such carrier systems in mediating photothermolysis of cutaneous vasculature in mice. Fluorescence emission half-lives of micro- and nanosized carriers in response to a single intravenous injection were ∼49 and ∼15 min, respectively. A single injection of microsized carriers resulted in a 3-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio that remained nearly persistent over 1 h of imaging time. Our results also suggest that a second injection of the carriers 7 days later can induce a transient inflammatory response, as manifested by the apparent leakage of the carriers into the perivascular tissue. The administration of the carriers into the mice vasculature reduced the threshold laser fluence to induce photothermolysis of blood vessels from >65 to 20 J/cm2. We discuss the importance of membrane physicochemical and mechanical characteristics in engineering erythrocyte-derived carriers and considerations for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617
| | - Joshua M. Burns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Betty Villantay
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617
| | - Jack C. Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | | | - Ben Lertsakdadet
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
- Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - J. Stuart Nelson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521
- Corresponding Author
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18
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Zhang YF, Shi JB, Li C. Small extracellular vesicle loading systems in cancer therapy: Current status and the way forward. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:1122-1136. [PMID: 31699595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is a conventional and important strategy for inhibition of cancer progression, but it is usually accompanied by various adverse effects. Targeting drug delivery systems, effective tools to avoid the adverse effects of chemotherapy, have been intensively studied and developed. Recently, the emerging application of exosomes and exosome-mimics (small extracellular vesicles [sEVs]) in targeted drug delivery and therapeutics has been widely appreciated. The sEVs-based delivery system comprises three basic components: vesicles, cargoes and surface decorations. In this article, we review the current status, existing challenges and future directions in this field from the following aspects: selection and production of vesicles; cargoes and methods to load them into vesicles; modifications to the surfaces of vesicles; as well as ways to prolong the half-life of sEVs in the circulation. Existing and emerging data indicate that sEVs are promising nanocarriers for clinical use, but additional efforts are needed to translate research findings into therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jin-Bo Shi
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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19
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Stapane L, Le Roy N, Hincke MT, Gautron J. The glycoproteins EDIL3 and MFGE8 regulate vesicle-mediated eggshell calcification in a new model for avian biomineralization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14526-14545. [PMID: 31358619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian eggshell is a critical physical barrier, which permits extra-uterine development of the embryo. Its formation involves the fastest known biomineralization process in vertebrates. The eggshell consists of proteins and proteoglycans that interact with the mineral phase to impart its specific microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and discoidin-like domains 3 (EDIL3) and milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFGE8), two glycoproteins that are consistently detected in eggshell proteomes. We verified their common evolutionary history and identified the timing of the duplication event giving rise to these two distinct proteins. Edil3/mfge8 chromosomal locations revealed a nested syntenous relationship with other genes (hapln1/hapln3 and vcan/acan) that are also involved in vertebrate calcification. EDIL3 and MFGE8 proteins possess EGF-like and coagulation factor 5/8 (F5/8C) domains, and their 3D structures predicted that they bind calcium and extracellular vesicles. In chicken, we confirmed the presence of EDIL3 and MFGE8 proteins in eggshell, uterine fluid, and uterus. We observed that only edil3 is overexpressed in tissues in which eggshell mineralization takes place and that this overexpression occurs only at the onset of shell calcification. We therefore propose a model in which EDIL3 and, to a lesser extent, MFGE8 proteins guide vesicles containing amorphous calcium carbonate to the mineralization site. This model was supported by the observation that extracellular vesicles accumulate in uterine fluid during eggshell calcification and that they contain high levels of calcium, carbon, and oxygen that correspond to calcium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joël Gautron
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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20
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Jaiswal R, Sedger LM. Intercellular Vesicular Transfer by Exosomes, Microparticles and Oncosomes - Implications for Cancer Biology and Treatments. Front Oncol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 30895170 PMCID: PMC6414436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a normal feature of most physiological interactions between cells in healthy organisms. While cells communicate directly through intimate physiology contact, other mechanisms of communication exist, such as through the influence of soluble mediators such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. There is, however, yet another mechanism of intercellular communication that permits the exchange of information between cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are microscopic (50 nm−10 μM) phospholipid bilayer enclosed entities produced by virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs are abundant in the intracellular space and are present at a cells' normal microenvironment. Irrespective of the EV “donor” cell type, or the mechanism of EV biogenesis and production, or the size and EV composition, cancer cells have the potential to utilize EVs in a manner that enhances their survival. For example, cancer cell EV overproduction confers benefits to tumor growth, and tumor metastasis, compared with neighboring healthy cells. Herein, we summarize the current status of knowledge on different populations of EVs. We review the situations that regulate EV release, and the factors that instruct differential packaging or sorting of EV content. We then highlight the functions of cancer-cell derived EVs as they impact on cancer outcomes, promoting tumor progression, metastases, and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the creation of a pre-metastatic niche. The review finishes by focusing on the beneficial (and challenging) features of tumor-derived EVs that can be adapted and utilized for cancer treatments, including those already being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jaiswal
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Sedger
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Matsumura S, Minamisawa T, Suga K, Kishita H, Akagi T, Ichiki T, Ichikawa Y, Shiba K. Subtypes of tumour cell-derived small extracellular vesicles having differently externalized phosphatidylserine. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1579541. [PMID: 30834072 PMCID: PMC6394288 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1579541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) has skewed distributions in the plasma membrane and is preferentially located in the inner leaflet of normal cells. Tumour cells, however, expose PS at the outer leaflet of cell surfaces, thereby potentially modulating the bio-signalling of cells. Interestingly, exosomes - or, more properly, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) - which are secreted from tumour cells, are enriched with externalized PS, have been proposed as being involved in the progression of cancers, and could be used as a marker for tumour diagnostics. However, the sEV fractions prepared from various methods are composed of different subtypes of vesicles, and knowledge about the subtypes enriched with exposed PS is still limited. Here, we differentiated sEVs from cancer cell lines by density gradient centrifugation and characterized the separated fractions by using gold-labelling of PS in atomic force microscopy, thrombin generation assay, size and zeta potential measurements, and western blot analysis. These analyses revealed a previously unreported PS+-enriched sEV subtype, which is characterized by a lower density than that of canonical exosomes (1.06 g/ml vs. 1.08 g/ml), larger size (122 nm vs. 105 nm), more negative zeta potential (-28 mV vs. -21 mV), and lower abundance of canonical exosomal markers. The identification of the PS-exposed subtype of sEVs will provide deeper insight into the role of EVs in tumour biology and enhance the development of EV-based tumour diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsumura
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Minamisawa
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Suga
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kishita
- Department of Material Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Akagi
- Department of Material Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Material Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Sharma B, Kanwar SS. Phosphatidylserine: A cancer cell targeting biomarker. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Longatti A, Schindler C, Collinson A, Jenkinson L, Matthews C, Fitzpatrick L, Blundy M, Minter R, Vaughan T, Shaw M, Tigue N. High affinity single-chain variable fragments are specific and versatile targeting motifs for extracellular vesicles. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14230-14244. [PMID: 30010165 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03970d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate cell-to-cell communication by transferring biological cargo, such as DNA, RNA and proteins. Through genetic engineering of exosome-producing cells or manipulation of purified exosomes, it is possible to load exosomes with therapeutic molecules and target them to specific cells via the display of targeting moieties on their surface. This provides an opportunity to exploit a naturally-occurring biological process for therapeutic purposes. In this study, we explored the potential of single chain variable fragments (scFv) as targeting domains to achieve delivery of exosomes to cells expressing a cognate antigen. We generated exosomes targeting the Her2 receptor and, by varying the affinity of the scFvs and the Her2 expression level on recipient cells, we determined that both a high-affinity anti-Her2-scFv (KD≤ 1 nM) and cells expressing a high level (≥106 copies per cell) of Her2 were optimally required to enable selective uptake. We also demonstrate that targeting exosomes to cells via a specific cell surface receptor can alter their intracellular trafficking route, providing opportunities to influence the efficiency of delivery and fate of intracellular cargo. These experiments provide solid data to support the wider application of exosomes displaying antibody fragments as vehicles for the targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Longatti
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Christina Schindler
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Andie Collinson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Carl Matthews
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Laura Fitzpatrick
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Margaret Blundy
- Core Tissue Culture, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ralph Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Tristan Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Michael Shaw
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK and Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Natalie Tigue
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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24
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Stępień EŁ, Durak-Kozica M, Kamińska A, Targosz-Korecka M, Libera M, Tylko G, Opalińska A, Kapusta M, Solnica B, Georgescu A, Costa MC, Czyżewska-Buczyńska A, Witkiewicz W, Małecki MT, Enguita FJ. Circulating ectosomes: Determination of angiogenic microRNAs in type 2 diabetes. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3874-3890. [PMID: 30083267 PMCID: PMC6071541 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectosomes (Ects) are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles formed by the process of plasma membrane shedding. In the present study, we profiled ectosome-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and analyzed their pro- and anti-angiogenic potential. Methods: We used different approaches for detecting and enumerating Ects, including atomic force microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Furthermore, we used bioinformatics tools to analyze functional data obtained from specific miRNA enrichment signatures during angiogenesis and vasculature development. Results: Levels of miR-193b-3p, miR-199a-3p, miR-20a-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR-374a-5p, miR-409-3p, and miR-95-3p were significantly different between Ects obtained from patients with T2DM and those obtained from healthy controls. Conclusion: Our results showed differences in the abundance of pro- and anti-angiogenic miRNAs in Ects of patients with T2DM, and are suggestive of mechanisms underlying the development of vascular complications due to impaired angiogenesis in such patients.
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25
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O'Donnell VB, Rossjohn J, Wakelam MJ. Phospholipid signaling in innate immune cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2670-2679. [PMID: 29683435 DOI: 10.1172/jci97944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids comprise a large body of lipids that define cells and organelles by forming membrane structures. Importantly, their complex metabolism represents a highly controlled cellular signaling network that is essential for mounting an effective innate immune response. Phospholipids in innate cells are subject to dynamic regulation by enzymes, whose activities are highly responsive to activation status. Along with their metabolic products, they regulate multiple aspects of innate immune cell biology, including shape change, aggregation, blood clotting, and degranulation. Phospholipid hydrolysis provides substrates for cell-cell communication, enables regulation of hemostasis, immunity, thrombosis, and vascular inflammation, and is centrally important in cardiovascular disease and associated comorbidities. Phospholipids themselves are also recognized by innate-like T cells, which are considered essential for recognition of infection or cancer, as well as self-antigens. This Review describes the major phospholipid metabolic pathways present in innate immune cells and summarizes the formation and metabolism of phospholipids as well as their emerging roles in cell biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, and.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Mørk M, Nielsen MH, Bæk R, Jørgensen MM, Pedersen S, Kristensen SR. Postprandial Increase in Blood Plasma Levels of Tissue Factor-Bearing (and Other) Microvesicles Measured by Flow Cytometry: Fact or Artifact? TH OPEN 2018; 2:e147-e157. [PMID: 31249938 PMCID: PMC6524869 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)–bearing microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes may play a role in hemostasis and thrombosis. MVs may be quantified by flow cytometry (FC)–based detection of phosphatidylserine (PS)-positive submicron particles carrying specific antigens, although interference from lipoproteins complicates this approach. In this study, we evaluated the effect of food intake on blood levels of TF-bearing particles measured by FC and small extracellular vesicles (EVs) measured by a protein microarray–based test termed EV Array. Platelet-free plasma (PFP) was obtained from 20 healthy persons in the fasting state and 75 minutes after consumption of a meal. Postprandial changes in the concentration of PS-positive particles, including subgroups binding labeled antibodies against TF, CD41, CD146, and CD62E, respectively (FC), small EVs (EV Array), and TF antigen and procoagulant phospholipids (PPLs) were measured. Furthermore, we tested the effect on FC results of in vitro addition of lipoproteins to fasting PFP. We found significantly increased plasma concentrations of PS-positive particles and all examined subgroups postprandially, while no changes in small EVs, PPL, or TF antigen levels were found. Levels of all types of particles measured by FC were also elevated by lipoprotein spiking. In conclusion, meal consumption as well as in vitro addition of lipoproteins to fasting plasma induces increased levels of PS-positive particles as measured by FC, including TF-positive subtypes and subtypes exposing other antigens. While the observed postprandial increase may to some extent reflect elevated MV levels, our results indicate a substantial interference from lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Mørk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Aalborg AF Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten H Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Bæk
- EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene M Jørgensen
- EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren R Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Aalborg AF Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,EVsearch.dk, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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27
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Wang JH, Forterre AV, Zhao J, Frimannsson DO, Delcayre A, Antes TJ, Efron B, Jeffrey SS, Pegram MD, Matin AC. Anti-HER2 scFv-Directed Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated mRNA-Based Gene Delivery Inhibits Growth of HER2-Positive Human Breast Tumor Xenografts by Prodrug Activation. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1133-1142. [PMID: 29483213 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with specific targeting of the prodrug/enzyme regimen, CNOB/HChrR6, to treat a serious disease, namely HER2+ human breast cancer with minimal off-target toxicity. HChrR6 is an improved bacterial enzyme that converts CNOB into the cytotoxic drug MCHB. Extracellular vesicles (EV) were used for mRNA-based HchrR6 gene delivery: EVs may cause minimal immune rejection, and mRNA may be superior to DNA for gene delivery. To confine HChrR6 generation and CNOB activation to the cancer, the EVHB chimeric protein was constructed. It contains high-affinity anti-HER2 scFv antibody (ML39) and is capable of latching on to EV surface. Cells transfected with EVHB-encoding plasmid generated EVs displaying this protein ("directed EVs"). Transfection of a separate batch of cells with the new plasmid, XPort/HChrR6, generated EVs containing HChrR6 mRNA; incubation with pure EVHB enabled these to target the HER2 receptor, generating "EXO-DEPT" EVs. EXO-DEPT treatment specifically enabled HER2-overexpressing BT474 cells to convert CNOB into MCHB in actinomycin D-independent manner, showing successful and specific delivery of HChrR6 mRNA. EXO-DEPTs-but not undirected EVs-plus CNOB caused near-complete growth arrest of orthotopic BT474 xenografts in vivo, demonstrating for the first time EV-mediated delivery of functional exogenous mRNA to tumors. EXO-DEPTs may be generated from patients' own dendritic cells to evade immune rejection, and without plasmids and their potentially harmful genetic material, raising the prospect of clinical use of this regimen. This approach can be used to treat any disease overexpressing a specific marker. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1133-42. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alexis V Forterre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jinjing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel O Frimannsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Bradley Efron
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mark D Pegram
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - A C Matin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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28
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Kooijmans SAA, Gitz-Francois JJJM, Schiffelers RM, Vader P. Recombinant phosphatidylserine-binding nanobodies for targeting of extracellular vesicles to tumor cells: a plug-and-play approach. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2413-2426. [PMID: 29334397 PMCID: PMC5795695 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as candidate drug delivery systems due to their ability to functionally transfer biological cargo between cells. However, manipulation of targeting properties of EVs through engineering of the producer cells can be challenging and time-consuming. As a novel approach to confer tumor targeting properties to isolated EVs, we generated recombinant fusion proteins of nanobodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fused to phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding domains of lactadherin (C1C2). C1C2-nanobody fusion proteins were expressed in HEK293 cells and isolated from culture medium with near-complete purity as determined by SDS-PAGE. Fusion proteins specifically bound PS and showed no affinity for other common EV membrane lipids. Furthermore, C1C2 fused to anti-EGFR nanobodies (EGa1-C1C2) bound EGFR with high affinity and competed with binding of its natural ligand EGF, as opposed to C1C2 fused to non-targeting control nanobodies (R2-C1C2). Both proteins readily self-associated onto membranes of EVs derived from erythrocytes and Neuro2A cells without affecting EV size and integrity. EV-bound R2-C1C2 did not influence EV-cell interactions, whereas EV-bound EGa1-C1C2 dose-dependently enhanced specific binding and uptake of EVs by EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. In conclusion, we developed a novel strategy to efficiently and universally confer tumor targeting properties to PS-exposing EVs after their isolation, without affecting EV characteristics, circumventing the need to modify EV-secreting cells. This strategy may also be employed to decorate EVs with other moieties, including imaging probes or therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A. A. Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Jerney J. J. M. Gitz-Francois
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
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29
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Verma SK, Leikina E, Melikov K, Gebert C, Kram V, Young MF, Uygur B, Chernomordik LV. Cell-surface phosphatidylserine regulates osteoclast precursor fusion. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:254-270. [PMID: 29101233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-resorbing multinucleated osteoclasts that play a central role in the maintenance and repair of our bones are formed from bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells by a complex differentiation process that culminates in fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors. In this study, we uncoupled the cell fusion step from both pre-fusion stages of osteoclastogenic differentiation and the post-fusion expansion of the nascent fusion connections. We accumulated ready-to-fuse cells in the presence of the fusion inhibitor lysophosphatidylcholine and then removed the inhibitor to study synchronized cell fusion. We found that osteoclast fusion required the dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP)-dependent non-apoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusion-committed cells. Fusion also depended on extracellular annexins, phosphatidylserine-binding proteins, which, along with annexin-binding protein S100A4, regulated fusogenic activity of syncytin 1. Thus, in contrast to fusion processes mediated by a single protein, such as epithelial cell fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans, the cell fusion step in osteoclastogenesis is controlled by phosphatidylserine-regulated activity of several proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Verma
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Evgenia Leikina
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Claudia Gebert
- Genomic Imprinting, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Vardit Kram
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marian F Young
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Berna Uygur
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Sections on Membrane Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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30
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Nyegaard S, Andreasen T, Rasmussen JT. Lactadherin orthologs inhibit migration of human, porcine and murine intestinal epithelial cells. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:934-942. [PMID: 28748083 PMCID: PMC5520951 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactadherin was originally described due to its appearance in milk, but is abundantly expressed especially by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. The proteins has been shown to have a multitude of bioactive effects, including inhibition of inflammatory phospholipases, induction of effero‐ and phagocytosis, prevent rotavirus induced gastroenteritis, and modulate intestinal homeostasis by regulating epithelial cell migration. The level of expression seems to be important in a row of serious pathologies linked to the intestinal epithelial barrier function, vascular‐ and autoimmune disease. This study examines the ability of lactadherin to modulate migration of intestinal epithelium. A cell exclusion assay is used to quantify the ability of human, bovine and murine lactadherin orthologs to affect migration of primary small intestine epithelium cells. Previous reports show that recombinant murine lactadherin stimulate rat small intestine cell migration. The present study could not confirm this. Conversely, 10 μg/ml lactadherin inhibits migration. Therefore, as lactadherins enteroprotective properties is well established using in vivo models we conclude that the protective effects are linked to lactadherins ability operate as an opsonin, or other modulating effects, and not a direct lactadherin‐cell induction of migration. Thus, the molecular mechanism behind the enteroprotective role of lactadherin remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nyegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Aarhus Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Trine Andreasen
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Aarhus Aarhus C Denmark
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31
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Zaitseva E, Zaitsev E, Melikov K, Arakelyan A, Marin M, Villasmil R, Margolis LB, Melikyan GB, Chernomordik LV. Fusion Stage of HIV-1 Entry Depends on Virus-Induced Cell Surface Exposure of Phosphatidylserine. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:99-110.e7. [PMID: 28704658 PMCID: PMC5558241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry into host cells starts with interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) and cellular CD4 receptors and coreceptors. Previous work has suggested that efficient HIV entry also depends on intracellular signaling, but this remains controversial. Here we report that formation of the pre-fusion Env-CD4-coreceptor complexes triggers non-apoptotic cell surface exposure of the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS). HIV-1-induced PS redistribution depends on Ca2+ signaling triggered by Env-coreceptor interactions and involves the lipid scramblase TMEM16F. Externalized PS strongly promotes Env-mediated membrane fusion and HIV-1 infection. Blocking externalized PS or suppressing TMEM16F inhibited Env-mediated fusion. Exogenously added PS promoted fusion, with fusion dependence on PS being especially strong for cells with low surface density of coreceptors. These findings suggest that cell-surface PS acts as an important cofactor that promotes the fusogenic restructuring of pre-fusion complexes and likely focuses the infection on cells conducive to PS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zaitseva
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene Zaitsev
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leonid B Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Ma R, Xie R, Yu C, Si Y, Wu X, Zhao L, Yao Z, Fang S, Chen H, Novakovic V, Gao C, Kou J, Bi Y, Thatte HS, Yu B, Yang S, Zhou J, Shi J. Phosphatidylserine-mediated platelet clearance by endothelium decreases platelet aggregates and procoagulant activity in sepsis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4978. [PMID: 28694452 PMCID: PMC5504060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that eliminate activated platelets in inflammation-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in micro-capillary circulation are poorly understood. This study explored an alternate pathway for platelet disposal mediated by endothelial cells (ECs) through phosphatidylserine (PS) and examined the effect of platelet clearance on procoagulant activity (PCA) in sepsis. Platelets in septic patients demonstrated increased levels of surface activation markers and apoptotic vesicle formation, and also formed aggregates with leukocytes. Activated platelets adhered were and ultimately digested by ECs in vivo and in vitro. Blocking PS on platelets or αvβ3 integrin on ECs attenuated platelet clearance resulting in increased platelet count in a mouse model of sepsis. Furthermore, platelet removal by ECs resulted in a corresponding decrease in platelet-leukocyte complex formation and markedly reduced generation of factor Xa and thrombin on platelets. Pretreatment with lactadherin significantly increased phagocytosis of platelets by approximately 2-fold, diminished PCA by 70%, prolonged coagulation time, and attenuated fibrin formation by 50%. Our results suggest that PS-mediated clearance of activated platelets by the endothelium results in an anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effect that contribute to maintaining platelet homeostasis during acute inflammation. These results suggest a new therapeutic target for impeding the development of DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishuang Ma
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Medicine of the Third Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Si
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhipeng Yao
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Chen
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie Novakovic
- Departments of Research VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chunyan Gao
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Kou
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yayan Bi
- Departments of Cardiology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hemant S Thatte
- Departments of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shufen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology of the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Departments of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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33
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Trautz B, Wiedemann H, Lüchtenborg C, Pierini V, Kranich J, Glass B, Kräusslich HG, Brocker T, Pizzato M, Ruggieri A, Brügger B, Fackler OT. The host-cell restriction factor SERINC5 restricts HIV-1 infectivity without altering the lipid composition and organization of viral particles. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13702-13713. [PMID: 28659343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-cell restriction factor SERINC5 potently suppresses the infectivity of HIV, type 1 (HIV-1) particles, and is counteracted by the viral pathogenesis factor Nef. However, the molecular mechanism by which SERINC5 restricts HIV-1 particle infectivity is still unclear. Because SERINC proteins have been suggested to facilitate the incorporation of serine during the biosynthesis of membrane lipids and because lipid composition of HIV particles is a major determinant of the infectious potential of the particles, we tested whether SERINC5-mediated restriction of HIV particle infectivity involves alterations of membrane lipid composition. We produced and purified HIV-1 particles from SERINC5293T cells with very low endogenous SERINC5 levels under conditions in which ectopically expressed SERINC5 restricts HIV-1 infectivity and is antagonized by Nef and analyzed both virions and producer cells with quantitative lipid MS. SERINC5 restriction and Nef antagonism were not associated with significant alterations in steady-state lipid composition of producer cells and HIV particles. Sphingosine metabolism kinetics were also unaltered by SERINC5 expression. Moreover, the levels of phosphatidylserine on the surface of HIV-1 particles, which may trigger uptake into non-productive internalization pathways in target cells, did not change upon expression of SERINC5 or Nef. Finally, saturating the phosphatidylserine-binding sites on HIV target cells did not affect SERINC5 restriction or Nef antagonism. These results demonstrate that the restriction of HIV-1 particle infectivity by SERINC5 does not depend on alterations in lipid composition and organization of HIV-1 particles and suggest that channeling serine into lipid biosynthesis may not be a cardinal cellular function of SERINC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Trautz
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, and
| | - Hannah Wiedemann
- the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, INF 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Virginia Pierini
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, and
| | - Jan Kranich
- the Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Groβhardener Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bärbel Glass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- the Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Groβhardener Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- the University of Trento, Centre for Integrative Biology, 38122 Trento, Italy, and
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, INF 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, and
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34
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Surman M, Stępień E, Hoja-Łukowicz D, Przybyło M. Deciphering the role of ectosomes in cancer development and progression: focus on the proteome. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:273-289. [PMID: 28317069 PMCID: PMC5442264 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ectosomes are small heterogeneous membrane vesicles generated by budding from the plasma membrane in a variety of cell types and, more frequently, in tumor cells. They are shed into the extracellular space and are proposed as a novel form of intracellular communication in which information is transmitted from the originating cell to recipient cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. This review focuses on a single population of extracellular vesicles-ectosomes. We summarize recent studies of tumor-derived ectosomes which examine their biogenesis and protein cargo, and their influence on different aspects of cancer progression. We discuss possible clinical implications involving ectosomes as potential biomarkers, diagnostic tools and treatment targets in oncology. The unique composition of the molecules (cargo) that ectosomes carry, and their functional role, depends largely on the state of their originating cell. Through horizontal transfer of a variety of biologically active molecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) between donor and recipient cells, tumor-derived ectosomes may play functional roles in oncogenic transformation, tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis promotion, escape from immune surveillance, and drug resistance, thereby facilitating disease progression. The presence of tumor-derived ectosomes in body fluids such as the blood and urine of cancer patients makes them potentially useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Tumor-derived ectosomes also offer possible targets for multiple therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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35
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Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Cao A. Protein expression profiling in haemocytes and plasma of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to infection with Perkinsus olseni. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1369-1385. [PMID: 27233620 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein expression profiling in clam haemocytes and plasma in response to Perkinsus olseni was addressed. Adult Manila clams from a P. olseni-free bed were experimentally challenged with parasite zoospores to analyse immune response. In another experiment, the effects of longer term infection were assessed in adult clams collected from a P. olseni-affected bed, by comparing moderate to very heavily infected clams with non-infected ones. Haemocyte and plasma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis; spot patterns were qualitatively compared between treatments within each experiment and the spots indicating differential protein expression associated with P. olseni challenge or with field infection were processed for protein identification. Fifteen clam proteins (four in haemocytes and eleven in plasma) of which expression was markedly affected by P. olseni were identified. Some of the identified proteins have a well-known role in clam immune response against the parasite, such as lysozyme and lectins. Rho GTPase-activating protein 6 could be a marker of resistance against P. olseni, which should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - A Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - A Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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Bresan S, Sznajder A, Hauf W, Forchhammer K, Pfeiffer D, Jendrossek D. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Granules Have no Phospholipids. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26612. [PMID: 27222167 PMCID: PMC4879537 DOI: 10.1038/srep26612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules, also designated as carbonosomes, are supra-molecular complexes in prokaryotes consisting of a PHB polymer core and a surface layer of structural and functional proteins. The presence of suspected phospholipids in the surface layer is based on in vitro data of isolated PHB granules and is often shown in cartoons of the PHB granule structure in reviews on PHB metabolism. However, the in vivo presence of a phospholipid layer has never been demonstrated. We addressed this topic by the expression of fusion proteins of DsRed2EC and other fluorescent proteins with the phospholipid-binding domain (LactC2) of lactadherin in three model organisms. The fusion proteins specifically localized at the cell membrane of Ralstonia eutropha but did not co-localize with PHB granules. The same result was obtained for Pseudomonas putida, a species that accumulates another type of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granules related to PHB. Notably, DsRed2EC-LactC2 expressed in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense was detected at the position of membrane-enclosed magnetosome chains and at the cytoplasmic membrane but not at PHB granules. In conclusion, the carbonosomes of representatives of α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria have no phospholipids in vivo and we postulate that the PHB/PHA granule surface layers in natural producers generally are free of phospholipids and consist of proteins only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Sznajder
- Institute of Microbiology, University Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waldemar Hauf
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany
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Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Halabian R, Amin M, Imani Fooladi AA. Texosome-based drug delivery system for cancer therapy: from past to present. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:150-62. [PMID: 26487960 PMCID: PMC4607826 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising worldwide cancer incidence and resistance to current anti-cancer drugs necessitate the need for new pharmaceutical compounds and drug delivery system. Malfunction of the immune system, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, causes tumor growth and enhances tumor progression. Thus, cancer immunotherapy can be an appropriate approach to provoke the systemic immune system to combat tumor expansion. Texosomes, which are endogenous nanovesicles released by all tumor cells, contribute to cell-cell communication and modify the phenotypic features of recipient cells due to the texosomes' ability to transport biological components. For this reason, texosome-based delivery system can be a valuable strategy for therapeutic purposes. To improve the pharmaceutical behavior of this system and to facilitate its use in medical applications, biotechnology approaches and mimetic techniques have been utilized. In this review, we present the development history of texosome-based delivery systems and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- 1 Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran ; 2 Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653861, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- 1 Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran ; 2 Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653861, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- 1 Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran ; 2 Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653861, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- 1 Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran ; 2 Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653861, Iran
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Zheng X, Bi C, Li Z, Podariu M, Hage DS. Analytical methods for kinetic studies of biological interactions: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:163-80. [PMID: 25700721 PMCID: PMC4516701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rates at which biological interactions occur can provide important information concerning the mechanism and behavior of these processes in living systems. This review discusses several analytical methods that can be used to examine the kinetics of biological interactions. These techniques include common or traditional methods such as stopped-flow analysis and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, as well as alternative methods based on affinity chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The general principles and theory behind these approaches are examined, and it is shown how each technique can be utilized to provide information on the kinetics of biological interactions. Examples of applications are also given for each method. In addition, a discussion is provided on the relative advantages or potential limitations of each technique regarding its use in kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Maria Podariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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Efficient entry of cell-penetrating peptide nona-arginine into adherent cells involves a transient increase in intracellular calcium. Biochem J 2015; 471:221-30. [PMID: 26272944 PMCID: PMC4613506 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which drug-delivery vehicles based on cationic peptides cross cell membranes remain unknown. We report that an increase in intracellular calcium triggered by temperature drop or high peptide concentrations transiently permeabilizes the plasma membrane for nona-arginine (R9) and delivers it to the cytosol. Understanding the mechanism of entry of cationic peptides such as nona-arginine (R9) into cells remains an important challenge to their use as efficient drug-delivery vehicles. At nanomolar to low micromolar R9 concentrations and at physiological temperature, peptide entry involves endocytosis. In contrast, at a concentration ≥10 μM, R9 induces a very effective non-endocytic entry pathway specific for cationic peptides. We found that a similar entry pathway is induced at 1–2 μM concentrations of R9 if peptide application is accompanied by a rapid temperature drop to 15°C. Both at physiological and at sub-physiological temperatures, this entry mechanism was inhibited by depletion of the intracellular ATP pool. Intriguingly, we found that R9 at 10–20 μM and 37°C induces repetitive spikes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This Ca2+ signalling correlated with the efficiency of the peptide entry. Pre-loading cells with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) inhibited both Ca2+ spikes and peptide entry, suggesting that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ precedes and is required for peptide entry. One of the hallmarks of Ca2+ signalling is a transient cell-surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), a lipid normally residing only in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Blocking the accessible PS with the PS-binding domain of lactadherin strongly inhibited non-endocytic R9 entry, suggesting the importance of PS externalization in this process. To conclude, we uncovered a novel mechanistic link between calcium signalling and entry of cationic peptides. This finding will enhance our understanding of the properties of plasma membrane and guide development of future drug-delivery vehicles.
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Hill EH, Zhang Y, Evans DG, Whitten DG. Enzyme-specific sensors via aggregation of charged p-phenylene ethynylenes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5550-5560. [PMID: 25697234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and biological sensors are sought for their ability to detect enzymes as biomarkers for symptoms of various disorders, or the presence of chemical pollutants or poisons. p-Phenylene ethynylene oligomers with pendant charged groups have been recently shown to have ideal photophysical properties for sensing. In this study, one anionic and one cationic oligomer are combined with substrates that are susceptible to enzymatic degradation by phospholipases or acetylcholinesterases. The photophysical properties of the J-aggregated oligomers with the substrate are ideal for sensing, with fluorescence quantum yields of the sensors enhanced between 30 and 66 times compared to the oligomers without substrate. The phospholipase sensor was used to monitor the activity of phospholipase A1 and A2 and obtain kinetic information, though phospholipase C did not degrade the sensor. The acetylcholinesterase sensor was used to monitor enzyme activity and was also used to detect the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by three different inhibitors. Phospholipase A2 is a biomarker for heart and circulatory disease, and acetylcholinesterase is a biomarker for Alzheimer's, and indicative of exposure to certain pesticides and nerve agents. This work shows that phenylene ethynylene oligomers can be tailored to enzyme-specific sensors by careful selection of substrates that induce formation of a molecular aggregate, and that the sensing of enzymes can be extended to enzyme kinetics and detection of inhibition. Furthermore, the aggregates were studied through all-atom molecular dynamics, providing a molecular-level view of the formation of the molecular aggregates and their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Hill
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡The Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Program and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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Identification and quantification of aminophospholipid molecular species on the surface of apoptotic and activated cells. Nat Protoc 2013; 9:51-63. [PMID: 24336470 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol measures externalization of aminophospholipids (APLs) to the outside of the plasma membrane using mass spectrometry (MS). APL externalization occurs in numerous events, and it is relevant for transplant medicine, immunity and cancer. In this protocol, externalized APLs are chemically modified by using a cell-impermeable reagent (sulfo-NHS-biotin), and then they are isolated via a liquid:liquid extraction and quantified by reverse-phase liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) against in-house-generated standards. This protocol describes a complementary method to existing assays that are not quantitative (e.g., annexin V flow cytometry), and it is applicable to the study of membrane reorganization in all cell types during apoptosis (e.g., during development, cancer, psychiatric disorders and other conditions, aging, vesiculation and cell division). The protocol takes ∼2-4 d, including the generation of standards.
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Nyegaard S, Novakovic VA, Rasmussen JT, Gilbert GE. Lactadherin inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 activity on pre-apoptotic leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77143. [PMID: 24194865 PMCID: PMC3806724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a critical component of insect and snake venoms and is secreted by mammalian leukocytes during inflammation. Elevated secretory PLA2 concentrations are associated with autoimmune diseases and septic shock. Many sPLA2’s do not bind to plasma membranes of quiescent cells but bind and digest phospholipids on the membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells. The capacity of these phospholipases to digest membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells correlates to the exposure of phosphatidylserine. In the present study, the ability of the phosphatidyl-L-serine-binding protein, lactadherin to inhibit phospholipase enzyme activity has been assessed. Inhibition of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on phospholipid vesicles exceeded 90%, whereas inhibition of Naja mossambica sPLA2 plateaued at 50–60%. Lactadherin inhibited 45% of activity of Naja mossambica sPLA2 and >70% of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on the membranes of human NB4 leukemia cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187. The data indicate that lactadherin may decrease inflammation by inhibiting sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nyegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan T. Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary E. Gilbert
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Characterization of platelet aminophospholipid externalization reveals fatty acids as molecular determinants that regulate coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5875-80. [PMID: 23530199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222419110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminophospholipid (APL) trafficking across the plasma membrane is a key event in cell activation, apoptosis, and aging and is required for clearance of dying cells and coagulation. Currently the phospholipid molecular species externalized are unknown. Using a lipidomic method, we show that thrombin, collagen, or ionophore-activated human platelets externalize two phosphatidylserines (PSs) and five phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). Four percent of the total cellular PE/PS pool (∼300 ng/2 × 10(8) cells, thrombin), is externalized via calcium mobilization and protease-activated receptors-1 and -4, and 48% is contained in microparticles. Apoptosis and energy depletion (aging) externalized the same APLs in a calcium-dependent manner, and all stimuli externalized oxidized phospholipids, termed hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-PEs. Transmembrane protein-16F (TMEM-16F), the protein mutated in Scott syndrome, was required for PE/PS externalization during thrombin activation and energy depletion, but not apoptosis. Platelet-specific APLs optimally supported tissue factor-dependent coagulation in human plasma, vs. APL with longer or shorter fatty acyl chains. This finding demonstrates fatty acids as molecular determinants of APL that regulate hemostasis. Thus, the molecular species of externalized APL during platelet activation, apoptosis, and energy depletion were characterized, and their ability to support coagulation revealed. The findings have therapeutic implications for bleeding disorders and transfusion therapy. The assay could be applied to other cell events characterized by APL externalization, including cell division and vesiculation.
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Dual functions of the C5a receptor as a connector for the K562 erythroblast-like cell-THP-1 macrophage-like cell island and as a sensor for the differentiation of the K562 erythroblast-like cell during haemin-induced erythropoiesis. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:187080. [PMID: 23346183 PMCID: PMC3546471 DOI: 10.1155/2012/187080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional nuclear factor binding to the Y box of human leukocyte antigen genes (NF-Y) for the C5a receptor (C5aR) gene is active in erythroblasts. However, the roles of the C5aR in erythropoiesis are unclear. We have previously demonstrated that apoptotic cell-derived ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) oligomers exhibit extraribosomal functions in promoting monocyte chemotaxis and proapoptosis via the C5aR without receptor internalisation. In contrast to the extraribosomal functions of the RP S19, a proapoptotic signal in pro-EBs, which is caused by mutations in the RP S19 gene, is associated with the inherited erythroblastopenia, Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. In this study, we detected C5aR expression and RP S19 oligomer generation in human erythroleukemia K562 cells during haemin-induced erythropoiesis. Under monocell culture conditions, the differentiation into K562 erythrocyte-like cells was enhanced following the overexpression of Wild-type RP S19. Conversely, the differentiation was repressed following the overexpression of mutant RP S19. An RP S19 oligomer inhibitor and a C5aR inhibitor blocked the association of the K562 basophilic EB-like cells and the THP-1 macrophage-like cells under coculture conditions. When bound to RP S19 oligomers, the C5aR may exhibit dual functions as a connector for the EB-macrophage island and as a sensor for EB differentiation in the bone marrow.
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Kooijmans SAA, Vader P, van Dommelen SM, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM. Exosome mimetics: a novel class of drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1525-41. [PMID: 22619510 PMCID: PMC3356169 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of extracellular phospholipid vesicles as conveyors of cellular information has created excitement in the field of drug delivery. Biological therapeutics, including short interfering RNA and recombinant proteins, are prone to degradation, have limited ability to cross biological membranes, and may elicit immune responses. Therefore, delivery systems for such drugs are under intensive investigation. Exploiting extracellular vesicles as carriers for biological therapeutics is a promising strategy to overcome these issues and to achieve efficient delivery to the cytosol of target cells. Exosomes are a well studied class of extracellular vesicles known to carry proteins and nucleic acids, making them especially suitable for such strategies. However, the considerable complexity and the related high chance of off-target effects of these carriers are major barriers for translation to the clinic. Given that it is well possible that not all components of exosomes are required for their proper functioning, an alternative strategy would be to mimic these vesicles synthetically. By assembly of liposomes harboring only crucial components of natural exosomes, functional exosome mimetics may be created. The low complexity and use of well characterized components strongly increase the pharmaceutical acceptability of such systems. However, exosomal components that would be required for the assembly of functional exosome mimetics remain to be identified. This review provides insights into the composition and functional properties of exosomes, and focuses on components which could be used to enhance the drug delivery properties of exosome mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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