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de Candia P, Procaccini C, Russo C, Lepore MT, Matarese G. Regulatory T cells as metabolic sensors. Immunity 2022; 55:1981-1992. [PMID: 36351373 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compelling experimental evidence links immunity and metabolism. In this perspective, we propose forkhead-box-P3 (FoxP3)+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as key metabolic sensors controlling the immunological state in response to their intrinsic capacity to perceive nutritional changes. Treg cell high anabolic state in vivo, residency in metabolically crucial districts, and recirculation between lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites enable them to recognize the metabolic cues and adapt their intracellular metabolism and anti-inflammatory function at the paracrine and systemic levels. As privileged regulators at the interface between neuroendocrine and immune systems, the role of Treg cells in maintaining metabolic homeostasis makes these cells promising targets of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring organismal homeostasis not only in autoimmune but also metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Candia
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Russo
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Khairnar RC, Parihar N, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Emerging targets signaling for inflammation in Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2143-2161. [PMID: 35536461 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients not only show motor features such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity but also non-motor features such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, memory loss, attention deficits, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal issues, and pain. Many pharmacological treatments are available for PD patients; however, these treatments are partially or transiently effective since they only decrease the symptoms. As these therapies are unable to restore dopaminergic neurons and stop the development of Parkinson's disease, therefore, the need for an effective therapeutic approach is required. The current review summarizes novel targets for PD, that can be utilized to identify disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhema Chandan Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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3
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Jeong H, Chong HJ, So J, Jo Y, Yune TY, Ju BG. Ghrelin Represses Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Gene Expression through Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Protein Kinase C Delta in Inflamed Skin Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073977. [PMID: 35409338 PMCID: PMC8999772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, has anti-inflammatory activity in skin diseases, including dermatitis and psoriasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of ghrelin on skin inflammation is not clear. In this study, we found that ghrelin alleviates atopic dermatitis (AD)-phenotypes through suppression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) gene activation. Knockdown or antagonist treatment of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), the receptor for ghrelin, suppressed ghrelin-induced alleviation of AD-like phenotypes and suppression of TSLP gene activation. We further found that ghrelin induces activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), leading to the binding of GR with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) NCoR corepressor to negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) on the TSLP gene promoter. In addition, ghrelin-induced protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)-mediated phosphorylation of p300 at serine 89 (S89), which decreased the acetylation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) p65 to the TSLP gene promoter. Knockdown of PKCδ abolished ghrelin-induced suppression of TSLP gene activation. Our study suggests that ghrelin may help to reduce skin inflammation through GR and PKCδ-p300-NF-κB-mediated suppression of TSLP gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayan Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hyo-Jin Chong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jangho So
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yejin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tae-Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-705-8455
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Cantoni C, Dorsett Y, Fontana L, Zhou Y, Piccio L. Effects of dietary restriction on gut microbiota and CNS autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108575. [PMID: 32822833 PMCID: PMC7889763 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease. It is due to the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Current opinion is that diet could play a pathogenic role in disease onset and development. Dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition markedly improves health and increases lifespan in multiple model organisms. DR regimens that utilize continuous or intermittent food restriction can induce anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory and neuroendocrine adaptations promoting health. These adaptations exert neuroprotective effects in the main MS animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This review summarizes the current knowledge on DR-induced changes in gut microbial composition and metabolite production and its impact on underlying functional mechanisms. Studies demonstrating the protective effects of DR regimens on EAE and people with MS are also presented. This is a rapidly developing research field with important clinical implications for personalized dietary interventions in MS prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yair Dorsett
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,Corresponding author: Laura Piccio, MD PhD, 1) Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia, , 2) Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Campus Box 8111; 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; USA, Phone: (314) 747-4591; Fax: (314) 747-1345;
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5
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Asakly S, Magen-Rimon R, Ighbariya A, Marjih-Shallufi M, Ben-Porat T, Ravid S, Eran A, Gepstein V, Hanna S, Weiss R. Bariatric Surgery-Associated Myelopathy. Obes Facts 2021; 14:431-439. [PMID: 34311464 PMCID: PMC8406245 DOI: 10.1159/000515374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is gaining acceptance as an efficient treatment modality for adults and adolescents with morbid obesity. The early postbariatric period has the potential to induce an immunomodulatory imbalance due to the development or worsening of nutritional deficiencies, changes in hormonal balance (specifically after sleeve gastrectomy), and a shift in the proinflammatory cytokine profile along with a major change in the gut microbiome and permeability. These changes may induce encephalomyelitic T cell activity, change neural barrier permeability, and induce gut dysbioisis, favoring a proinflammatory metabolic profile. Such changes, in genetically prone individuals or those with additional risk factors, may lead to the development of myelopathy, particularly MS. Key Message: Postbariatric myelopathy is rare but should be considered in bariatric patients with relevant complaints in the postoperative period.
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6
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Karimi M, Heshmati M, Fattahi S, Bagheri N, Alibeigi FM, Taheri F, Anjomshoa M, Jami MS, Ghatreh Samani M. The relation between the ghrelin receptor and FOXP3 in bladder cancer. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:287-295. [PMID: 32744468 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1799074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses play an important role in the fate of bladder cancer tumors. Treg cells are immunosuppressive and down-regulate the proliferation of effector T cells, which favor tumor survival. Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates release of growth hormone and anti-inflammatory response to cancer cells. Ghrelin also is a gastrointestinal hormone that regulates immune responses via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). The relation among ghrelin, its receptor, and Treg cells that surround bladder tumors is not clear. We found that Foxp3+ T and GHS-R1a cells are increased significantly in bladder tumor tissues. Therefore, we suggest that ghrelin may increase the number of Treg cells in the tumor and suppress activity of the immune system against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoud Heshmati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Soheila Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahdi Ghatreh Samani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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8
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Liu X, Ma Q, Qiu L, Ou C, Lin Z, Lu Y, Huang H, Chen P, Huang Z, Liu W. Quantitative features and clinical significance of two subpopulations of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol 2020; 216:108462. [PMID: 32437925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-specific CD4+ T cells play a driving role in myasthenia gravis (MG) by regulating the production of autoantibodies. However, the quantitative features of AChR-specific T cells and their clinical significance in MG are unclear. In this study, we adopted standard and cultured enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays to quantify subpopulations of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells in MG patients, and evaluate their correlation with clinical characteristics. The results showed that Th1- and Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells were detectable by standard and cultured ELISPOT assay respectively, with higher levels observed in MG patients comparing with healthy controls. The number of Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with anti-AChR antibody titer and quantitative MG score and may have latent capacity to reflect responses to immunosuppressants. These results highlight the differences in quantitative features of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells and imply Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells can serve as a biomarker in MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changyi Ou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yaru Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhidong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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9
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Liu F, Li Z, He X, Yu H, Feng J. Ghrelin Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway and Pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1320. [PMID: 31780940 PMCID: PMC6851267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and conventional treatments have limited efficacy or side effects. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid octanoylated peptide, has been reported to have neuroprotective effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Pyroptosis, also called inflammatory cell death, is triggered by overly active inflammasomes and accompanied by the production of numerous cytokines. As immune dysfunction is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of MS, this study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects and precise functional mechanisms of ghrelin against the nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pyroptosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sprague Dawley rats were immunized with guinea pig spinal cord homogenates and pertussis toxin to develop an EAE model. All rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, EAE group, EAE + ghrelin group, and ghrelin control group. EAE rats showed abnormal behavioral scores and body weight changes. Histologic analysis displayed severe inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord of EAE rats. Ghrelin treatments potently restored these abnormal changes. In addition, the ghrelin-treated EAE group showed significantly downregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines. The expression of proteins involved in the NLRP3 signaling pathway and pyroptosis was decreased as well. We also found that the anti-inflammatory effect of ghrelin was associated with inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. Compared with rats in the healthy control group, rats in the ghrelin control group did not show statistically significant changes in histologic examinations, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, or molecules involved in the NLRP3 signaling pathway, which indicated that ghrelin induced no side effects in the animals of our study. Our findings provide more insight into the use of ghrelin as a novel candidate for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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11
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Stutz B, Nasrallah C, Nigro M, Curry D, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Elsworth JD, Mintz L, Horvath TL. Dopamine neuronal protection in the mouse Substantia nigra by GHSR is independent of electric activity. Mol Metab 2019; 24:120-138. [PMID: 30833218 PMCID: PMC6531791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dopamine neurons in the Substantia nigra (SN) play crucial roles in control of voluntary movement. Extensive degeneration of this neuronal population is the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many factors have been linked to SN DA neuronal survival, including neuronal pacemaker activity (responsible for maintaining basal firing and DA tone) and mitochondrial function. Dln-101, a naturally occurring splice variant of the human ghrelin gene, targets the ghrelin receptor (GHSR) present in the SN DA cells. Ghrelin activation of GHSR has been shown to protect SN DA neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. We decided to compare the actions of Dln-101 with ghrelin and identify the mechanisms associated with neuronal survival. Methods Histologial, biochemical, and behavioral parameters were used to evaluate neuroprotection. Inflammation and redox balance of SN DA cells were evaluated using histologial and real-time PCR analysis. Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) technology was used to modulate SN DA neuron electrical activity and associated survival. Mitochondrial dynamics in SN DA cells was evaluated using electron microscopy data. Results Here, we report that the human isoform displays an equivalent neuroprotective factor. However, while exogenous administration of mouse ghrelin electrically activates SN DA neurons increasing dopamine output, as well as locomotion, the human isoform significantly suppressed dopamine output, with an associated decrease in animal motor behavior. Investigating the mechanisms by which GHSR mediates neuroprotection, we found that dopamine cell-selective control of electrical activity is neither sufficient nor necessary to promote SN DA neuron survival, including that associated with GHSR activation. We found that Dln101 pre-treatment diminished MPTP-induced mitochondrial aberrations in SN DA neurons and that the effect of Dln101 to protect dopamine cells was dependent on mitofusin 2, a protein involved in the process of mitochondrial fusion and tethering of the mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions Taken together, these observations unmasked a complex role of GHSR in dopamine neuronal protection independent on electric activity of these cells and revealed a crucial role for mitochondrial dynamics in some aspects of this process. Dln101 is a human splice-variant of the ghrelin gene with different expression pattern. Ghrelin and Dln101 display equivalent levels of neuroprotection of SN DA cells. Modulation of electrical activity of SN DA cells is not relevant for neuroprotection. Mitochondrial fusion protein 2 (MFN 2) blocks DLN101-induced mitochondrial fusion in SN DA neurons and prevents DLN101-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Stutz
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA.
| | - Carole Nasrallah
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Mariana Nigro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.
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12
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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13
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Uhde AK, Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Hensel N, Claus P, Beckstette M, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Jung K, Huehn J, Beineke A. Intact interleukin-10 receptor signaling protects from hippocampal damage elicited by experimental neurotropic virus infection of SJL mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6106. [PMID: 29666403 PMCID: PMC5904160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection represents an experimental mouse model to study hippocampal damage induced by neurotropic viruses. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with profound anti-inflammatory properties, which critically controls immune homeostasis. In order to analyze IL-10R signaling following virus-induced polioencephalitis, SJL mice were intracerebrally infected with TMEV. RNA-based next generation sequencing revealed an up-regulation of Il10, Il10rα and further genes involved in IL-10 downstream signaling, including Jak1, Socs3 and Stat3 in the brain upon infection. Subsequent antibody-mediated blockade of IL-10R signaling led to enhanced hippocampal damage with neuronal loss and increased recruitment of CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells and an up-regulation of Il1α mRNA. Increased expression of Tgfβ and Foxp3 as well as accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and arginase-1+ macrophages/microglia was detected in the hippocampus, representing a potential compensatory mechanism following disturbed IL-10R signaling. Additionally, an increased peripheral Chi3l3 expression was found in spleens of infected mice, which may embody reactive regulatory mechanisms for prevention of excessive immunopathology. The present study highlights the importance of IL-10R signaling for immune regulation and its neuroprotective properties in the context of an acute neurotropic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Effects of Ghrelin miRNA on Inflammation and Calcium Pathway in Pancreatic Acinar Cells of Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2017; 46:1305-1313. [PMID: 28984792 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated the effects of endogenous targeted inhibition of ghrelin gene on inflammation and calcium pathway in an in vitro pancreatic acinar cell model of acute pancreatitis. METHODS Lentiviral expression vector against ghrelin gene was constructed and transfected into AR42J cells. The mRNA and protein expression of each gene were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca]i) was determined by calcium fluorescence mark probe combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS Compared with the control group, cerulein could upregulate mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors, calcium pathway, ghrelin, and [Ca]i. mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors increased significantly in cells transfected with ghrelin miRNA compared with the other groups. Intracellular calcium and expression of some calcium pathway proteins decreased significantly in cells transfected with ghrelin miRNA compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Targeted inhibition of ghrelin gene in pancreatic acinar cells of acute pancreatitis can upregulate the expression of the intracellular inflammatory factors and alleviate the intracellular calcium overload.
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16
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Colldén G, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Ghrelin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040798. [PMID: 28398233 PMCID: PMC5412382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). Since then, ghrelin has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects that go far beyond its initial characterization as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue. Among the numerous well-established effects of ghrelin are the stimulation of appetite and lipid accumulation, the modulation of immunity and inflammation, the stimulation of gastric motility, the improvement of cardiac performance, the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation and reward-seeking behavior, as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Due to a variety of beneficial effects on systems’ metabolism, pharmacological targeting of the endogenous ghrelin system is widely considered a valuable approach to treat metabolic complications, such as chronic inflammation, gastroparesis or cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the broad pharmacological potential of ghrelin pathway modulation for the treatment of anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Business Campus Garching-Hochbrück, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Liberale L, Bonaventura A, Vecchiè A, Casula M, Dallegri F, Montecucco F, Carbone F. The Role of Adipocytokines in Coronary Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:10. [PMID: 28185154 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to overview the pathophysiological role of adipocytokines in atherogenesis, focusing on their potential role as biomarkers of coronary disease. RECENT FINDINGS Several lines of evidence indicated adipose tissue not only as depot but rather as an endocrine organ. In this context, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines has been shown to critically regulate vascular homeostasis in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Overweight and obesity are characterized by dysfunctional adipose tissue and then the prevalence of pro-inflammatory mediators, with a detrimental effect on vascular health. As opposite to adiponectin, pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, such as leptin and resistin, promote endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory processes involved in atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability. Therefore, many adipocytokines have been investigated as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk, but their role has not yet been clearly established. Furthermore, the perivascular adipose tissue recently emerged as a critical modulator of atherosclerotic processes, due to the close interaction with the underlying vascular tissue. The ongoing discovery of new adipocytokines and the complex pathophysiological role of the different adipose tissue depots strongly contribute to define the complexity of adipocytokines network. Understanding those complex interactions may allow determining new potential biomarkers of CV risk and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Bonaventura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vecchiè
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Casula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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18
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Pereira JADS, da Silva FC, de Moraes-Vieira PMM. The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4527980. [PMID: 29082258 PMCID: PMC5610818 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4527980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions. Obesogenic conditions are associated with increased risk for the development of other comorbidities and obesity-related diseases. In metabolic disorders, there is chronic low-grade inflammation induced by the activation of immune cells, especially in metabolic relevant organs such as white adipose tissue (WAT). These immune cells are regulated by environmental and systemic cues. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted mainly by X/A-like gastric cells and acts through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). This receptor is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in several cell types, including immune cells. Studies show that ghrelin induces an orexigenic state, and there is increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin. Ghrelin mainly acts on the innate and adaptive immune systems to suppress inflammation and induce an anti-inflammatory profile. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory roles of ghrelin, the mechanisms by which ghrelin acts and potential pharmacological applications for ghrelin in the treatment of obesity-associated inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Tabarkiewicz J, Pogoda K, Karczmarczyk A, Pozarowski P, Giannopoulos K. The Role of IL-17 and Th17 Lymphocytes in Autoimmune Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:435-49. [PMID: 26062902 PMCID: PMC4633446 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The end of twentieth century has introduced some changes into T helper (Th) cells division. The identification of the new subpopulation of T helper cells producing IL-17 modified model of Th1-Th2 paradigm and it was named Th17. High abilities to stimulate acute and chronic inflammation made these cells ideal candidate for crucial player in development of autoimmune disorders. Numerous publications based on animal and human models confirmed their pivotal role in pathogenesis of human systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. These findings made Th17 cells and pathways regulating their development and function a good target for therapy. Therapies based on inhibition of Th17-dependent pathways are associated with clinical benefits, but on the other hand are frequently inducing adverse effects. In this review, we attempt to summarize researches focused on the importance of Th17 cells in development of human autoimmune diseases as well as effectiveness of targeting IL-17 and its pathways in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Pozarowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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20
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Di Giovangiulio M, Stakenborg N, Bosmans G, Meroni E, Farro G, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Depoortere I, Boeckxstaens GE, Matteoli G. Ghrelin receptor modulates T helper cells during intestinal inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1542-52. [PMID: 26227790 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orexigenic peptide ghrelin has anti-inflammatory properties in colitis, however, the mechanism of action and the immune cells targeted remain still to be elucidated. Here, we assessed the possible effect of ghrelin on T helper (Th) cells in a T cell transfer model of chronic colitis. METHODS Disease was induced in the recombination activating gene 1 knockout mice (Rag1(-/-) ) by adoptive transfer of naïve Th cells from ghrelin receptor knockout mice (GRLN-R(-/-) ) or littermate wild-type (WT) mice. The course and severity of colitis was assessed by monitoring body weight, diarrhea score, histological analysis, gene expression, and flow cytometry analysis. The possible effects of ghrelin on Th cell proliferation, polarization, and apoptosis was examined in vitro. KEY RESULTS Our data showed that Rag1(-/-) mice injected with GRLN-R(-/-) Th cells displayed increased severity of colitis compared to mice injected with WT Th cells. In addition, Rag1(-/-) mice injected with GRLN-R(-/-) Th cells had significantly higher intestinal inflammation and increased accumulation of Th1 and Th17 cells in the colon. In vitro, ghrelin directly affected proliferation of Th cells and induced apoptosis whereas it did not influence Th cell polarization. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Our observations suggest that ghrelin modulates Th effector cells in the gut controlling proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Our findings further support the use of ghrelin as a novel therapeutic option to treat intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Giovangiulio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Stakenborg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Bosmans
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Meroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Farro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P J Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Depoortere
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Matteoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Gonzalez-Rey E, Pedreño M, Delgado-Maroto V, Souza-Moreira L, Delgado M. Lulling immunity, pain, and stress to sleep with cortistatin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:89-98. [PMID: 25951888 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin is a neuropeptide isolated from cortical brain regions, showing high structural homology and sharing many functions with somatostatin. However, cortistatin exerts unique functions in the central nervous and immune systems, including decreasing locomotor activity, inducing sleep-promoting effects, and deactivating inflammatory and T helper (TH )1/TH 17-driven responses in preclinical models of sepsis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and colitis. Besides its release by cortical and hippocampal interneurons, cortistatin is produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and peripheral nociceptive neurons in response to inflammatory stimuli, supporting a physiological role of cortistatin in the immune and nociceptive systems. Cortistatin-deficient mice have been shown to have exacerbated nociceptive responses to neuropathic and inflammatory pain sensitization. However, a paradoxical effect has been observed in studies of immune disorders, in which, despite showing competent inflammatory/autoreactive responses, cortistatin-deficient mice were partially resistant to systemic autoimmunity and inflammation. This unexpected phenotype was associated with elevated circulating glucocorticoids and anxiety-like behavior. These findings support cortistatin as a novel multimodal therapeutic approach to treat autoimmunity and clinical pain and identify it as a key endogenous component of the neuroimmune system related to stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Pedreño
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Delgado-Maroto
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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22
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Xu Y, Li Z, Yin Y, Lan H, Wang J, Zhao J, Feng J, Li Y, Zhang W. Ghrelin inhibits the differentiation of T helper 17 cells through mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117081. [PMID: 25658305 PMCID: PMC4319964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced activity of interleukin 17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells plays an important role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Significant loss of body weight and appetite is associated with chronic inflammation and immune activation, suggesting the cross talk between immune and neuroendocrine systems. Ghrelin has been shown to regulate the organism immune function. However, the effects of ghrelin on the differentiation of Th17 cells remain elusive. In the present study, we observed the enhanced differentiation of Th17 cells in spleens of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a)-/- mice. Treatment of ghrelin repressed Th17 cell differentiation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was increased in the spleens of GHSR1a-/- mice. Activation of mTOR signaling by injection of Cre-expressiong adenovirus into tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) loxp/loxp mice increased the differentiation of Th17 cells in spleen, which was associated with an increment in the phosphorylation of STAT3. Activation of mTOR signaling by leucine or overexpression of p70 ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activated mTOR signaling in isolated T cells, while reversed the ghrelin-induced inhibition of iTh17 cell differentiation. In conclusion, mTOR mediates the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on the differentiation of Th17 cells by interacting with STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - He Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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23
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Potential ghrelin-mediated benefits and risks of hydrogen water. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:350-5. [PMID: 25649854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) can scavenge hydroxyl radical and diminish the toxicity of peroxynitrite; hence, it has interesting potential for antioxidant protection. Recently, a number of studies have explored the utility of inhaled hydrogen gas, or of hydrogen-saturated water, administered parenterally or orally, in rodent models of pathology and in clinical trials, oftentimes with very positive outcomes. The efficacy of orally ingested hydrogen-rich water (HW) has been particularly surprising, given that only transient and rather small increments in plasma hydrogen can be achieved by this method. A recent study in mice has discovered that orally administered HW provokes increased gastric production of the orexic hormone ghrelin, and that this ghrelin mediates the favorable impact of HW on a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The possibility that most of the benefits observed with HW in experimental studies are mediated by ghrelin merits consideration. Ghrelin is well known to function as an appetite stimulant and secretagogue for growth hormone, but it influences physiological function throughout the body via interaction with the widely express GHS-R1a receptor. Rodent and, to a more limited extent, clinical studies establish that ghrelin has versatile neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing activity, favorably impacts vascular health, exerts anti-inflammatory activity useful in autoimmune disorders, and is markedly hepatoprotective. The stimulatory impact of ghrelin on GH-IGF-I activity, while potentially beneficial in sarcopenia or cachectic disorders, does raise concerns regarding the long-term impact of ghrelin up-regulation on cancer risk. The impact of ingesting HW water on ghrelin production in humans needs to be evaluated; if HW does up-regulate ghrelin in humans, it may have versatile potential for prevention and control of a number of health disorders.
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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25
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Souza-Moreira L, Morell M, Delgado-Maroto V, Pedreño M, Martinez-Escudero L, Caro M, O'Valle F, Luque R, Gallo M, de Lecea L, Castaño JP, Gonzalez-Rey E. Paradoxical effect of cortistatin treatment and its deficiency on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2144-54. [PMID: 23918980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cortistatin is a cyclic-neuropeptide produced by brain cortex and immune cells that shows potent anti-inflammatory activity. In this article, we investigated the effect of cortistatin in two models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that mirror chronic and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A short-term systemic treatment with cortistatin reduced clinical severity and incidence of EAE, the appearance of inflammatory infiltrates in spinal cord, and the subsequent demyelination and axonal damage. This effect was associated with a reduction of the two deleterious components of the disease, namely, the autoimmune and inflammatory response. Cortistatin decreased the presence/activation of encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in periphery and nervous system, and downregulated various inflammatory mediators, whereas it increased the number of regulatory T cells with suppressive effects on the encephalitogenic response. Moreover, cortistatin regulated glial activity and favored an active program of neuroprotection/regeneration. We further used cortistatin-deficient mice to investigate the role of endogenous cortistatin in the control of immune responses. Surprisingly, cortistatin-deficient mice were partially resistant to EAE and other inflammatory disorders, despite showing competent inflammatory/autoreactive responses. This unexpected phenotype was associated with elevated circulating glucocorticoids and an anxiety-like behavior. Our findings provide a powerful rationale for the assessment of the efficacy of cortistatin as a novel multimodal therapeutic approach to treat multiple sclerosis and identify cortistatin as a key endogenous component of neuroimmune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Souza-Moreira
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra," Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas, Granada 18016, Spain
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