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Tario JD, Soh KT, Wallace PK, Muirhead KA. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Panel Design. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2779:159-216. [PMID: 38526787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3738-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
High dimensional studies that include proliferation dyes face two inherent challenges in panel design. First, the more rounds of cell division to be monitored based on dye dilution, the greater the starting intensity of the labeled parent cells must be in order to distinguish highly divided daughter cells from background autofluorescence. Second, the greater their starting intensity, the more difficult it becomes to avoid spillover of proliferation dye signal into adjacent spectral channels, with resulting limitations on the use of other fluorochromes and ability to resolve dim signals of interest. In the third and fourth editions of this series, we described the similarities and differences between protein-reactive and membrane-intercalating dyes used for general cell tracking, provided detailed protocols for optimized labeling with each dye type, and summarized characteristics to be tested by the supplier and/or user when validating either dye type for use as a proliferation dye. In this fifth edition, we review: (a) Fundamental assumptions and critical controls for dye dilution proliferation assays; (b) Methods to evaluate the effect of labeling on cell growth rate and test the fidelity with which dye dilution reports cell division; and. (c) Factors that determine how many daughter generations can be accurately included in proliferation modeling. We also provide an expanded section on spectral characterization, using data collected for three protein-reactive dyes (CellTrace™ Violet, CellTrace™ CFSE, and CellTrace™ Far Red) and three membrane-intercalating dyes (PKH67, PKH26, and CellVue® Claret) on three different cytometers to illustrate typical decisions and trade-offs required during multicolor panel design. Lastly, we include methods and controls for assessing regulatory T cell potency, a functional assay that incorporates the "know your dye" and "know your cytometer" principles described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kah Teong Soh
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SciGro, Inc., Sedona, AZ, USA
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Maurer K, Soiffer RJ. The delicate balance of graft versus leukemia and graft versus host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:943-962. [PMID: 37906445 PMCID: PMC11195539 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2273847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The curative basis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) relies in part upon the graft versus leukemia (GvL) effect, whereby donor immune cells recognize and eliminate recipient malignant cells. However, alloreactivity of donor cells against recipient tissues may also be deleterious. Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) is an immunologic phenomenon wherein alloreactive donor T cells aberrantly react against host tissues, leading to damaging inflammatory symptoms. AREAS COVERED Here, we discuss biological insights into GvL and cGvHD and strategies to balance the prevention of GvHD with maintenance of GvL in modern HSCT. EXPERT OPINION/COMMENTARY Relapse remains the leading cause of mortality after HSCT with rates as high as 40% for some diseases. GvHD is a major cause of morbidity after HSCT, occurring in up to half of patients and responsible for 15-20% of deaths after HSCT. Intriguingly, the development of chronic GvHD may be linked to lower relapse rates after HSCT, suggesting that GvL and GvHD may be complementary sides of the immunologic foundation of HSCT. The ability to fine tune the balance of GvL and GvHD will lead to improvements in survival, relapse rates, and quality of life for patients undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Maurer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Laghmouchi A, Hoogstraten C, Falkenburg JHF, Jedema I. Priming of Allo-HLA-DP-Specific Reactivity from the Naïve T Cell Compartment Is Not Exclusively Mediated by Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020; 26:1257-1265. [PMID: 32165326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic (allo) stem cell transplantation is applied to patients suffering from hematologic malignancies to replace the diseased hematopoietic system with cells derived from a donor stem cell graft. The majority of 10/10-matched unrelated donors are HLA-DP-mismatched, and this may result in varying degrees of the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect with or without the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Allo-HLA-reactive T cells are commonly present in the donor T cell repertoire, and thus a very profound alloreactive immune response can be provoked in the HLA-DP-mismatched setting. The magnitude and the diversity of the allo-HLA-DP-specific immune response likely dictates the balance between the occurrence of GVL and/or GVHD after transplantation. To understand the nature of the allo-HLA-DP-specific immune response provoked under different stimulatory conditions, immune responses were induced from both the naïve and memory T cell compartments using either HLA-DP-mismatched professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (monocyte-derived dendritic cells [allo-DCs]) or HLA-DP-mismatched nonprofessional APCs (skin-derived fibroblasts [allo-fibroblasts]) as stimulator cells. In this study, we observed that allo-HLA-DP-reactive T cells could be provoked from both the naïve and memory compartments by both types of APCs. However, the magnitude of the allo-HLA-DP-specific immune response was greater when stimulation was performed with allo-DCs. Moreover, we found that the frequency of allo-HLA-DP-reactive T cells was greater in the naïve T cell compartment compared with the memory T cell compartment, but we observed a comparable lineage specificity of these allo-HLA-DP-specific reactivities. Overall, the data from this study illustrate that the presence of professional APCs of recipient origin will mostly dictate the magnitude of the allo-HLA-DP-specific immune response derived from both the naïve and memory T cell compartments, but does not exclusively mediate the induction of these immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Laghmouchi
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Conny Hoogstraten
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Jedema
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tario JD, Conway AN, Muirhead KA, Wallace PK. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Probe Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1678:249-299. [PMID: 29071683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7346-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the third edition of this series, we described protocols for labeling cell populations with tracking dyes, and addressed issues to be considered when combining two different tracking dyes with other phenotypic and viability probes for the assessment of cytotoxic effector activity and regulatory T cell functions. We summarized key characteristics of and differences between general protein and membrane labeling dyes, discussed determination of optimal staining concentrations, and provided detailed labeling protocols for both dye types. Examples of the advantages of two-color cell tracking were provided in the form of protocols for: (a) independent enumeration of viable effector and target cells in a direct cytotoxicity assay; and (b) an in vitro suppression assay for simultaneous proliferation monitoring of effector and regulatory T cells.The number of commercially available fluorescent cell tracking dyes has expanded significantly since the last edition, with new suppliers and/or new spectral properties being added at least annually. In this fourth edition, we describe evaluations to be performed by the supplier and/or user when characterizing a new cell tracking dye and by the user when selecting one for use in multicolor proliferation monitoring. These include methods for: (a) Assessment of the dye's spectral profile on the laboratory's flow cytometer(s) to optimize compatibility with other employed fluorochromes and minimize compensation problems; (b) Evaluating the effect of labeling on cell growth rate;
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | | | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Ross SL, Sherman M, McElroy PL, Lofgren JA, Moody G, Baeuerle PA, Coxon A, Arvedson T. Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody constructs can mediate bystander tumor cell killing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183390. [PMID: 28837681 PMCID: PMC5570333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For targets that are homogenously expressed, such as CD19 on cells of the B lymphocyte lineage, immunotherapies can be highly effective. Targeting CD19 with blinatumomab, a CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody construct (BiTE®), or with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) has shown great promise for treating certain CD19-positive hematological malignancies. In contrast, solid tumors with heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) may present a challenge for targeted therapies. To prevent escape of TAA-negative cancer cells, immunotherapies with a local bystander effect would be beneficial. As a model to investigate BiTE®-mediated bystander killing in the solid tumor setting, we used epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a target. We measured lysis of EGFR-negative populations in vitro and in vivo when co-cultured with EGFR-positive cells, human T cells and an EGFR/CD3 BiTE® antibody construct. Bystander EGFR-negative cells were efficiently lysed by BiTE®-activated T cells only when proximal to EGFR-positive cells. Our mechanistic analysis suggests that cytokines released by BiTE®-activated T-cells induced upregulation of ICAM-1 and FAS on EGFR-negative bystander cells, contributing to T cell-induced bystander cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Ross
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Marika Sherman
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. McElroy
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Lofgren
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Gordon Moody
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | | | - Angela Coxon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao S, Zhang L, Han J, Chu J, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Tun N, Lu L, Bai XF, Yearsley M, Devine S, He X, Yu J. Conformal Nanoencapsulation of Allogeneic T Cells Mitigates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Retains Graft-versus-Leukemia Activity. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6189-200. [PMID: 27224853 PMCID: PMC5514314 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in combination with T cells has a curative potential for hematopoietic malignancies through graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects, but is often compromised by the notorious side effect of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) resulting from alloreactivity of the donor T cells. Here, we tested if temporary immunoisolation achieved by conformally encapsulating the donor T cells within a biocompatible and biodegradable porous film (∼450 nm in thickness) of chitosan and alginate could attenuate GVHD without compromising GVL. The nanoencapsulation was found not to affect the phenotype of T cells in vitro in terms of size, viability, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Moreover, the porous nature of the nanoscale film allowed the encapsulated T cells to communicate with their environment, as evidenced by their intact capability of binding to antibodies. Lethally irradiated mice transplanted with bone marrow cells (BMCs) and the conformally encapsulated allogeneic T cells exhibited significantly improved survival and reduced GVHD together with minimal liver damage and enhanced engraftment of donor BMCs, compared to the transplantation of BMCs and non-encapsulated allogeneic T cells. Moreover, the conformal nanoencapsulation did not compromise the GVL effect of the donor T cells. These data show that conformal nanoencapsulation of T cells within biocompatible and biodegradable nanoscale porous materials is a potentially safe and effective approach to improve allogeneic HSC transplantation for treating hematological malignancies and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jianfeng Han
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianhong Chu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xilin Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Youwei Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Norm Tun
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lanchun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Martha Yearsley
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven Devine
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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