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A New Gal in Town: A Systematic Review of the Role of Galanin and Its Receptors in Experimental Pain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050839. [PMID: 35269462 PMCID: PMC8909084 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed in a small percentage of sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and the superficial lamina of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In this work, we systematically reviewed the literature regarding the role of galanin and its receptors in nociception at the spinal and supraspinal levels, as well as in chronic pain conditions. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, OVID, TRIP, and EMBASE using "Galanin" AND "pain" as keywords. Of the 1379 papers that were retrieved in the initial search, we included a total of 141 papers in this review. Using the ARRIVE guidelines, we verified that 89.1% of the works were of good or moderate quality. Galanin shows a differential role in pain, depending on the pain state, site of action, and concentration. Under normal settings, galanin can modulate nociceptive processing through both a pro- and anti-nociceptive action, in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide also plays a key role in chronic pain conditions and its antinociceptive action at both a spinal and supraspinal level is enhanced, reducing animals' hypersensitivity to both mechanical and thermal stimulation. Our results highlight galanin and its receptors as potential therapeutic targets in pain conditions.
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Pałasz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Kaśkosz A, Plewka D, Bogus K, Filipczyk Ł, Błaszczyk I, Bacopoulou F, Worthington JJ, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Wiaderkiewicz R. Spexin-expressing neurons in the magnocellular nuclei of the human hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101883. [PMID: 33161073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities being responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The purpose of this concise, structural and qualitative investigation was to map the possible immunoreactivity of the novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) within the human magnocellular hypothalamus. SPX is a newly identified peptide, a natural ligand for the galanin receptors (GALR) 2/3, with no molecular structure similarities to currently known regulatory factors. SPX seems to have multiple physiological functions, with an involvement in reproduction and food-intake regulation recently revealed in animal studies. For the first time we describe SPX expressing neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the human hypothalamus using immunohistochemical and fluorescent methods, key regions involved in the mechanisms of osmotic homeostasis, energy expenditure, consummatory behaviour, reproductive processes, social recognition and stress responses. The vast majority of neurons located in both examined neurosecretory nuclei show abundant SPX expression and this may indirectly implicate a potential contribution of SPX signalling to the hypothalamic physiology in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kaśkosz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Plewka
- Department of Cytophysiology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Iwona Błaszczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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Ma A, Bai J, He M, Wong AOL. Spexin as a neuroendocrine signal with emerging functions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:90-96. [PMID: 29355530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX), a novel peptide coevolved with the galanin/kisspeptin family, was first identified by bioinformatics prior to its protein purification/functional studies. Its mature peptide is highly conserved among different vertebrate classes. Based on the studies in mammals and fish models, SPX was found to be widely distributed at tissue level, secreted into systemic circulation, identified at notable levels in central nervous system and peripheral tissues, and has been confirmed/implicated in multiple functions in different tissues/organs, suggesting that SPX may serve as a neuroendocrine signal with pleotropic functions. In this article, different isoforms of SPX and their binding with their cognate receptors GalR2 and GalR3, the biological functions of SPX reported in mammals including GI tract movement, energy balance and weight loss, fatty acid uptake, glucose homeostasis, nociception and cardiovascular/renal functions, as well as the recent findings in fish models regarding the role of SPX in reproduction and feeding control will be reviewed with interesting questions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Li SY, Huo ML, Wu XY, Huang YQ, Wang L, Zhang X, Jiang YM, Zhang ML, Wang LL, Yu LC. Involvement of galanin and galanin receptor 1 in nociceptive modulation in the central nucleus of amygdala in normal and neuropathic rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15317. [PMID: 29127424 PMCID: PMC5681679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the role of galanin and galanin receptor 1 (GalR 1) in nociceptive modulation in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) in normal rats and rats with neuropathy, and the involvement of GalR 1 and PKC was also investigated. The hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to thermal and mechanical stimulations were increased in a dose-dependent manner after intra-CeA injection of galanin in both normal rats and rats with neuropathy. The increased HWLs were significantly attenuated by intra-CeA injection of galanin receptor antagonist M40, indicating an involvement of galanin receptor in nociceptive modulation in CeA. Furthermore, intra-CeA administration of the GalR 1 agonist M 617 induced increases in HWLs in normal rats, suggesting that GalR 1 may be involved in galanin-induce antinociception in CeA. Additionally, intra-CeA injection of the PKC inhibitor inhibited galanin-induced antinociception, showing an involvement of PKC in galanin-induced antinociception in CeA of normal rats. Moreover, there was a significant increase in GalR1 content in CeA in rats with neuropathy than that in normal rats. These results illustrated that galanin induced antinociception in CeA in normal rats and rats with neuropathy, and there is an up-regulation of GalR1 expression in rats with neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Yang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Lin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China.
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.
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Involvement of galanin and galanin receptor 2 in nociceptive modulation in anterior cingulate cortex of normal rats and rats with mononeuropathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45930. [PMID: 28378856 PMCID: PMC5381108 DOI: 10.1038/srep45930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the role of galanin and galanin receptor 2 in nociceptive modulation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of normal rats and rats with mononeuropathy. Intra-ACC injection of galanin induced significant increases in hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to thermal and mechanical stimulations in both normal rats and rats with mononeuropathy, the increased HWLs were attenuated significantly by intra-ACC injection of galanin receptor 2 antagonist M871, indicating an involvement of galanin receptor 2 in nociceptive modulation in ACC. Interestingly, the galanin-induced HWL was significant higher in rats with mononeuropathy than that in normal rats tested by Randall Selitto test. Furthermore, both the galanin mRNA expression and galanin content increased significantly in ACC in rats with mononeuropathy than that in normal rats. Moreover, both the mRNA levels of galanin receptor 2 and the content of galanin receptor 2 in ACC increased significantly in rats with mononeuropathy than that in normal rats. These results found that galanin induced antinociception in ACC in both normal rats and rats with mononeuropathy. And there may be plastic changes in the expression of galanin and galanin receptor 2 in rats with mononeuropathy, as well as in the galanin-induced antinociception.
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Zhang ML, Fu FH, Yu LC. Antinociception induced by galanin in anterior cingulate cortex in rats with acute inflammation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 638:156-161. [PMID: 27993710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the role of galanin in nociceptive modulation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of rats with acute inflammation, and the changes in galanin and galanin receptor 2 (Gal R2) expressions in rats with acute inflammation. Intra-ACC injection of galanin induced antinociception in rats with acute inflammation, the antinociceptive effects induced by galanin were attenuated significantly by intra-ACC injection of the Gal R2 antagonist M871, indicating an involvement of Gal R2 in nociceptive modulation in ACC in rats with acute inflammation. Furthermore, we found that both the galanin mRNA expression and galanin content increased significantly in ACC in rats with acute inflammation than that in normal rats. Moreover, both the mRNA levels of Gal R2 and the content of Gal R2 in ACC increased significantly in rats with acute inflammation than that in normal rats. These results demonstrated that galanin induced antinociception in ACC in rats with acute inflammation. And there were changes in the expression of galanin and Gal R2 in rats with acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Feng-Hua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China; Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Kim E, Jeong I, Kim S, Kim HK, Lee DW, Kim B, Seong JY, Bae YK, Ryu JH, Park HC. Distribution of galanin receptor 2b neurons and interaction with galanin in the zebrafish central nervous system. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Antinociceptive effects induced by intra-lateral habenula complex injection of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:493-7. [PMID: 26525710 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the antinociceptive effects of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 in lateral habenula complex in rats. Intra-lateral habenula injection of 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 2 nmol of galanin induced dose-dependent increases in hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulations in rats. Furthermore, intra-lateral habenula injection of 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 2 nmol of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 also induced dose-dependent increases in HWLs to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulations in rats. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between the antinociceptive effects induced by intra-lateral habenula injection of 2 nmol of M617 and 2 nmol of galanin. The results indicate that galanin receptor 1 may be involved in the galanin-induced antinociceptive effects in the lateral habenula.
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Zhang XY, Zhang YM, Zhang ML, Yu LC. Involvement of galanin receptor 2 and CaMKII in galanin-induced antinociception in periaqueductal grey of rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 604:124-7. [PMID: 26254694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the effect of the galanin receptor 2 (GalR2) antagonist M871 on the galanin-induced antinociception in periaqueductal grey (PAG), and an involvement of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in the galanin-induced antinociception. Intra-PAG injection of galanin induced marked increases in HWLs to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation. The increased HWLs to thermal and mechanical stimulation decreased significantly after intra-PAG administration of the GalR2 antagonist M871, indicating an involvement of GalR2 in the galanin-induced antinociception in PAG of rats. Furthermore, rats received intra-PAG injection of galanin, followed 5min later by intra-PAG administration of the CaMKII inhibitor MAP. The galanin-induced increases in HWLs to thermal and mechanical stimulation decreased significantly after intra-PAG administration of MAP, indicating that there is an involvement of CaMKII in the galanin-induced antinociception in PAG, blockade the activity of CaMKII by MAP inhibits the galanin-induced antinociception in PAG of rats. Our results strongly indicate that the galanin-induced antinociception is mediated by GalR2 in the PAG, and CaMKII may be involved in the galanin-induced antinociception in PAG of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Meng-Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, PR China; Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Bian H, Yu LC. Intra-nucleus accumbens administration of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor AIP induced antinociception in rats with mononeuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:129-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Duan H, Zhang Y, Zhang XM, Xu HH, Shu J, Xu SL. Antinociceptive roles of galanin receptor 1 in nucleus accumbens of rats in a model of neuropathic pain. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1542-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- Department of Physiology; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University; Chenggong Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital; Kunming Medical University; Xishan Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University; Chenggong Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Department of Physiology; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University; Chenggong Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University; Chenggong Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital; Kunming Medical University; Xishan Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Lian Xu
- Department of Physiology; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University; Chenggong Kunming Yunnan People's Republic of China
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li XH, Li Y, Qian R, Li J, Xu SL. Involvements of galanin and its receptors in antinociception in nucleus accumbens of rats with inflammatory pain. Neurosci Res 2015; 97:20-5. [PMID: 25819845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that antinociceptive effects of galanin and its receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats with inflammatory pain provoked by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of 2% carrageenin into the sole of the rat's left hindpaw. The hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) in response to thermal and mechanical stimulation significantly decreased in bilateral hindpaws at 3 and 4 hour after a subcutaneous injection of carrageenin. However intra-NAc injection of 2 and 3 nmol, but not 1 nmol of galanin markedly induced an increase in the HWLs in a dose-dependent way. Western blot also showed, that the expression of galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) and galanin receptor 2 (GalR2) were significantly upregulated in NAc at 3 hour after a subcutaneous injection of carrageenin. In addition, the rats were intra-NAc injected galanin, 5 min later following by intra-NAc injection of galanin receptor antagonist galantide, the galanin-induce antinociceptive effects were suppressed by galantide. The results demonstrated that galanin and its receptors might be involved in antinociception in the NAc of rats with inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xin Hai Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Ran Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Shi Lian Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
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Amorim D, David-Pereira A, Marques P, Puga S, Rebelo P, Costa P, Pertovaara A, Almeida A, Pinto-Ribeiro F. A role of supraspinal galanin in behavioural hyperalgesia in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113077. [PMID: 25405608 PMCID: PMC4236133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In chronic pain disorders, galanin (GAL) is able to either facilitate or inhibit nociception in the spinal cord but the contribution of supraspinal galanin to pain signalling is mostly unknown. The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) is rich in galanin receptors (GALR) and is involved in behavioural hyperalgesia. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of supraspinal GAL to behavioural hyperalgesia in experimental monoarthritis. METHODS In Wistar-Han males with a four week kaolin/carrageenan-induced monoarthritis (ARTH), paw-withdrawal latency (PWL) was assessed before and after DMH administration of exogenous GAL, a non-specific GALR antagonist (M40), a specific GALR1 agonist (M617) and a specific GALR2 antagonist (M871). Additionally, the analysis of c-Fos expression after GAL injection in the DMH was used to investigate the potential involvement of brainstem pain control centres. Finally, electrophysiological recordings were performed to evaluate whether pronociceptive On- or antinociceptive Off-like cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) relay the effect of GAL. RESULTS Exogenous GAL in the DMH decreased PWL in ARTH and SHAM animals, an effect that was mimicked by a GALR1 agonist (M617). In SHAM animals, an unselective GALR antagonist (M40) increased PWL, while a GALR2 antagonist (M871) decreased PWL. M40 or M871 failed to influence PWL in ARTH animals. Exogenous GAL increased c-Fos expression in the RVM and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), with effects being more prominent in SHAM than ARTH animals. Exogenous GAL failed to influence activity of RVM On- or Off-like cells of SHAM and ARTH animals. CONCLUSIONS Overall, exogenous GAL in the DMH had a pronociceptive effect that is mediated by GALR1 in healthy and arthritic animals and is associated with alterations of c-Fos expression in RVM and DRN that are serotonergic brainstem nuclei known to be involved in the regulation of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana David-Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sónia Puga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Rebelo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antti Pertovaara
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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15
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Bian H, Yu LC. Intra-nucleus accumbens administration of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN93 induced antinociception in rats with mononeuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:6-10. [PMID: 25218714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on rats with mononeuropathy induced by left common sciatic nerve ligation. Unilateral sciatic nerve loose ligation produced decreases of the hindpaw withdrawal latency (HWL) to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation. Intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) injection of 1μg, 3μg and 6μg of KN93, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, dose-dependently increased the HWL in mononeuropathic rats. Furthermore, intra-NAc administration of morphine, the HWL to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation increased markedly, and there were no significant differences between morphine group and KN93 group. The results demonstrated that intra-NAc injection of KN93 induced significant antinociceptive effects in rats with mononeuropathy, indicating CaMKII may play important roles in transmission of nociceptive information in the NAc of mononeuropathic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Bian
- Neurobiology Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- Neurobiology Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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16
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Hermanowicz B, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Równiak M, Żakowski W, Wasilewska B, Najdzion J, Robak A. Distribution of Galanin and Galanin Receptor 2 in the Pre-optic Area of the Female Guinea Pig. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:308-16. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hermanowicz
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - K. Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - M. Równiak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - W. Żakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - B. Wasilewska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Najdzion
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Robak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
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17
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Schwartz N, Temkin P, Jurado S, Lim BK, Heifets BD, Polepalli JS, Malenka RC. Chronic pain. Decreased motivation during chronic pain requires long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens. Science 2014; 345:535-42. [PMID: 25082697 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several symptoms associated with chronic pain, including fatigue and depression, are characterized by reduced motivation to initiate or complete goal-directed tasks. However, it is unknown whether maladaptive modifications in neural circuits that regulate motivation occur during chronic pain. Here, we demonstrate that the decreased motivation elicited in mice by two different models of chronic pain requires a galanin receptor 1-triggered depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in indirect pathway nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons. These results demonstrate a previously unknown pathological adaption in a key node of motivational neural circuitry that is required for one of the major sequela of chronic pain states and syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Schwartz
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Temkin
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra Jurado
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Boris D Heifets
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jai S Polepalli
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Kong Q, Yu LC. Antinociceptive effects induced by intra-periaqueductal grey injection of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 in rats with morphine tolerance. Neurosci Lett 2013; 550:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Yu M, Fang P, Shi M, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Li Q, Bo P, Zhang Z. Galanin receptors possibly modulate the obesity-induced change in pain threshold. Peptides 2013; 44:55-9. [PMID: 23528516 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain threshold may be up-regulated or down-regulated according to gender, age, race/ethnic and psychological state. Previous studies indicated that obesity may change pain threshold, both nociceptive and antinociceptive, which resulted from obesity-reduced variation of neuroendocrine. However there is a limited understanding of its molecular mechanism underlying this variation. A lot of evidence supports that galanin increases food intake and body weight to induce obesity in animals. This peptide may also modulate nociceptive susceptibility via central galanin receptor 1 and peripheral galanin receptor 2 in dorsal root ganglion. Whereas injury and obesity may up-regulate the galanin expression and stimulate its secretion to elevate the plasma levels of subjects. Pain may increase the risk of obesity through reduced physical activity. In this review, we highlighted the multiple bilateral interrelation between obesity and pain sensitivity, between galanin and obesity and between galanin and injure-induced pain. In view of the above, we reasoned that galanin receptors possibly participated in the modulation of the obesity-induced change in pain threshold, which need further direct evidence to support as yet. This review is helpful to explore the mechanism that galanin receptors regulate the obesity-induced change of pain sensitivity and to contribute to our understanding of the relation among galanin, obesity and pain threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
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20
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Li J, Zhang JJ, Xu SL, Yu LC. Antinociceptive effects induced by injection of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 into central nucleus of amygdala in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:45-8. [PMID: 22884928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the antinociceptive effects of M617, a selective galanin receptor 1 agonist, in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) of rats. Intra-CeA injection of 0.1 nmol, 0.5 nmol and 1 nmol of M617 induced dose-dependent increases in hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulations in rats. Furthermore, rats received intra-CeA administration of M617 and galanin. The HWL to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulations increased markedly, and there were no significant differences in HWLs of rats received intra-CeA administration of M617 and galanin. The results demonstrated that intra-CeA injection of M617 induced significant antinociceptive effects in CeA of rats, indicating that galanin receptor 1 may be involved in M617-induced antinociception in the CeA of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane, Biotechnology and Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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21
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Xu SL, Li J, Zhang JJ, Yu LC. Antinociceptive effects of galanin in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 520:43-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Involvement of protein kinase C in the galanin-induced antinociception in the brain of rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:60-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Fu LB, Wang XB, Jiao S, Wu X, Yu LC. Antinociceptive effects of intracerebroventricular injection of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M 617 in rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 491:174-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Antinociceptive effects of galanin in the central nucleus of amygdala of rats, an involvement of opioid receptors. Brain Res 2010; 1320:16-21. [PMID: 20051236 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) is a very important brain structure involved in multiple physiological functions, especially in pain modulation. There are high densities of galanin and galanin receptors found in the CeA. The present study was performed to explore the antinociceptive effects of galanin in the CeA of rats, and possible involvements of opioid receptors in the galanin-induced antinociception. Intra-CeA injection of galanin induced dose-dependent increases in hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulations in rats. Interestingly, the amtinociceptive effect induced by intra-CeA injection of galanin was blocked by intra-CeA injection of naloxone, a common opioid receptor antagonist, indicating an involvement of opioid receptors in the galanin-induced antinociception in the CeA of rats. Moreover, intra-CeA injection of either selective mu-opioid receptor antagonist beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) or delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole, but not kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), significantly attenuated the galanin-induced increases in HWLs in the CeA of rats. Taken together, the results demonstrate that galanin induces antinociceptive effects in the CeA of rats, and both mu- and delta-opioid receptors are involved in the galanin-induced antinociception.
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White HS, Scholl EA, Klein BD, Flynn SP, Pruess TH, Green BR, Zhang L, Bulaj G. Developing novel antiepileptic drugs: characterization of NAX 5055, a systemically-active galanin analog, in epilepsy models. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:372-80. [PMID: 19332332 PMCID: PMC4402707 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous neuropeptide galanin and its associated receptors galanin receptor 1 and galanin receptor 2 are highly localized in brain limbic structures and play an important role in the control of seizures in animal epilepsy models. As such, galanin receptors provide an attractive target for the development of novel anticonvulsant drugs. Our efforts to engineer galanin analogs that can penetrate the blood-brain-barrier and suppress seizures, yielded NAX 5055 (Gal-B2), a systemically-active analog that maintains low nanomolar affinity for galanin receptors and displays a potent anticonvulsant activity. In this report, we show that NAX 5055 is active in three models of epilepsy: 1) the Frings audiogenic seizure-susceptible mouse, 2) the mouse corneal kindling model of partial epilepsy, and 3) the 6 Hz model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. NAX 5055 was not active in the traditional maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure models. Unlike most antiepileptic drugs, NAX 5055 showed high potency in the 6 Hz model of epilepsy across all three different stimulation currents; i.e., 22, 32 and 44 mA, suggesting a potential use in the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Furthermore, NAX 5055 was found to be biologically active after intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous administration, and efficacy was associated with a linear pharmacokinetic profile. The results of the present investigation suggest that NAX 5055 is a first-in-class neurotherapeutic for the treatment of epilepsy in patients refractory to currently approved antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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