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Riadh O, Naoufel O, Ben Rejeb MR, Le Gall D. The role of cognitive estimation in understanding the mental states of others. Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 40:381-400. [PMID: 38782712 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2024.2354449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have emphasized the critical role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive estimation and theory of mind, however, none of them has questioned the possible role of cognitive estimation processes in understanding the mental states of others. In this study, we compared 30 patients with focal prefrontal cortex damage and 30 control subjects matched by gender, age, and education level on their performances on a cognitive estimation task and two tasks assessing theory of mind: the "Faux-Pas" task and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task. The results showed that patients were significantly impaired compared with control subjects on both abilities of cognitive estimation and theory of mind. Moreover, regression analyses showed that performance on theory of mind was predicted by the scores on cognitive estimation. Finally, using voxel-based lesion analysis, we identified a partially common bilaterally distributed prefrontal network involved in both these domains centred within the ventral and dorsomedial areas with extension to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouerchefani Riadh
- Higher Institute of Human sciences, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, LPPL, SFR CONFLUENCES, Angers, France
| | | | - Mohamed Riadh Ben Rejeb
- Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunisia, Department of Psychology, University of Tunis I, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Didier Le Gall
- Univ Angers, Université de Nantes, LPPL, SFR CONFLUENCES, Angers, France
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2
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Mendez MF. The Implications of Moral Neuroscience for Brain Disease: Review and Update. Cogn Behav Neurol 2023; 36:133-144. [PMID: 37326483 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have seen an explosion of neuroscience research on morality, with significant implications for brain disease. Many studies have proposed a neuromorality based on intuitive sentiments or emotions aimed at maintaining collaborative social groups. These moral emotions are normative, deontological, and action based, with a rapid evaluation of intentionality. The neuromoral circuitry interacts with the basic mechanisms of socioemotional cognition, including social perception, behavioral control, theory of mind, and social emotions such as empathy. Moral transgressions may result from primary disorders of moral intuitions, or they may be secondary moral impairments from disturbances in these other socioemotional cognitive mechanisms. The proposed neuromoral system for moral intuitions has its major hub in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and engages other frontal regions as well as the anterior insulae, anterior temporal lobe structures, and right temporoparietal junction and adjacent posterior superior temporal sulcus. Brain diseases that affect these regions, such as behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, may result in primary disturbances of moral behavior, including criminal behavior. Individuals with focal brain tumors and other lesions in the right temporal and medial frontal regions have committed moral violations. These transgressions can have social and legal consequences for the individuals and require increased awareness of neuromoral disturbances among such individuals with brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mendez
- Departments of Neurology
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Neurology Service, Neurobehavior Unit, V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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3
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Xu K, Ou Q, Luo D, Shi X, Li K, Xue H, Huang Y, Turel O, Zhang S, He Q. Moral decision-making in pettism: The influence of animal type, pet ownership status, and social distance. Psych J 2023; 12:54-72. [PMID: 36123756 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Speciesism prioritizes humans over animals and pets. Nevertheless, pet owners have a strong attachment bond with their pets, which makes their hierarchical view of pets less clear. Aiming to examine this issue, we present a dilemma involving animals and humans that allowed us to investigate whether animal type, social distance, and pet ownership status can affect moral decision-making related to pets. Save-willingness results showed that in the moral dilemmas of pets versus livestock versus wild animals (Studies 1a and 2a) and their own pets versus strangers (Studies 1b and 2b), pet owners prioritize pets whereas non-owners prioritize pets (Studies 1a and 2a) and strangers (Studies 1b and 2b). Pet owners prefer to save pets more than do non-owners (Study 1a), and this effect was only observed in females (Study 2a). Save-decision results showed that in the moral dilemmas of pets versus livestock versus wild animals (Study 2a), pet owners prioritize pets whereas in the dilemmas of pets versus strangers (Study 2b), pet owners prioritize strangers. The same result was found in non-owners. Pet owners prefer more than do non-owners to save pets (Study 2). Overall, the separation of save-willingness and save-decision results revealed that pet owners show special speciesism (i.e., pettism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Xu
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi University and College Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Ethnic Education Development Research Center, Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in Guangxi Universities, Guilin, China
| | - Qianqian Ou
- Teaching Department, Dongguan Hanlin High School, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongli Luo
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoting Shi
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Kang Li
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi University and College Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Ethnic Education Development Research Center, Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in Guangxi Universities, Guilin, China
| | - Yinghua Huang
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Ofir Turel
- School of Computing and Information System, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi University and College Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Ethnic Education Development Research Center, Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in Guangxi Universities, Guilin, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Relationship between Moral Values for Driving Behavior and Brain Activity: An NIRS Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112221. [DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are clear moral components to traffic violations and risky and aggressive driving behavior, few studies have examined the relationship between moral values and risky driving. This study aimed to examine the relationship between moral views of driving behavior and brain activity. Twenty healthy drivers participated in this study. A questionnaire regarding their moral values concerning driving behavior was administered to the participants. Brain activity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy while eliciting moral emotions. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the participants were divided into two groups: one with high moral values and the other with low moral values. Brain activity was statistically compared between the two groups. Both groups had significantly lower activity in the prefrontal cortex during the self-risky driving task. The low moral group had significantly lower activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than the high moral group, while it had lower activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the self-risky driving task than in the safe driving task. Regardless of their moral values, the participants were less susceptible to moral emotions during risky driving. Furthermore, our findings suggest that drivers with lower moral values may be even less susceptible to moral emotions.
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5
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Song Q, Cheng X, Zheng R, Yang J, Wu H. Effects of different exercise intensities of race-walking on brain functional connectivity as assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1002793. [PMID: 36310841 PMCID: PMC9614086 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1002793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Race-walking is a sport that mimics normal walking and running. Previous studies on sports science mainly focused on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. However, there is still a lack of research on the central nervous system, especially the real-time changes in brain network characteristics during race-walking exercise. This study aimed to use a network perspective to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on brain functional connectivity. Materials and methods A total of 16 right-handed healthy young athletes were recruited as participants in this study. The cerebral cortex concentration of oxyhemoglobin was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the motor cortex (MC) and occipital cortex (OC) during resting and race-walking states. Three specific periods as time windows corresponding to different exercise intensities were divided from the race-walking time of participants, including initial, intermediate and sprint stages. The brain activation and functional connectivity (FC) were calculated to describe the 0.01-0.1 Hz frequency-specific cortical activities. Results Compared to the resting state, FC changes mainly exist between MC and OC in the initial stage, while PFC was involved in FC changes in the intermediate stage, and FC changes in the sprint stage were widely present in PFC, MC and OC. In addition, from the initial-development to the sprint stage, the significant changes in FC were displayed in PFC and MC. Conclusion This brain functional connectivity-based study confirmed that hemodynamic changes at different exercise intensities reflected different brain network-specific characteristics. During race-walking exercise, more extensive brain activation might increase information processing speed. Increased exercise intensity could facilitate the integration of neural signals such as proprioception, motor control and motor planning, which may be an important factor for athletes to maintain sustained motor coordination and activity control at high intensity. This study was beneficial to understanding the neural mechanisms of brain networks under different exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Song
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Rongna Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Jie Yang,
| | - Hao Wu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu,
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6
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Dashtestani H, Miguel HO, Condy EE, Zeytinoglu S, Millerhagen JB, Debnath R, Smith E, Adali T, Fox NA, Gandjbakhche AH. Structured sparse multiset canonical correlation analysis of simultaneous fNIRS and EEG provides new insights into the human action-observation network. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6878. [PMID: 35477980 PMCID: PMC9046278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The action observation network (AON) is a network of brain regions involved in the execution and observation of a given action. The AON has been investigated in humans using mostly electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but shared neural correlates of action observation and action execution are still unclear due to lack of ecologically valid neuroimaging measures. In this study, we used concurrent EEG and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the AON during a live-action observation and execution paradigm. We developed structured sparse multiset canonical correlation analysis (ssmCCA) to perform EEG-fNIRS data fusion. MCCA is a generalization of CCA to more than two sets of variables and is commonly used in medical multimodal data fusion. However, mCCA suffers from multi-collinearity, high dimensionality, unimodal feature selection, and loss of spatial information in interpreting the results. A limited number of participants (small sample size) is another problem in mCCA, which leads to overfitted models. Here, we adopted graph-guided (structured) fused least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty to mCCA to conduct feature selection, incorporating structural information amongst the variables (i.e., brain regions). Benefitting from concurrent recordings of brain hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses, the proposed ssmCCA finds linear transforms of each modality such that the correlation between their projections is maximized. Our analysis of 21 right-handed participants indicated that the left inferior parietal region was active during both action execution and action observation. Our findings provide new insights into the neural correlates of AON which are more fine-tuned than the results from each individual EEG or fNIRS analysis and validate the use of ssmCCA to fuse EEG and fNIRS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Dashtestani
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helga O Miguel
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma E Condy
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selin Zeytinoglu
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John B Millerhagen
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Smith
- Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology Department, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tulay Adali
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir H Gandjbakhche
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Zhang W, Guo L, Liu D. Concurrent interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during a spatial working memory task. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1735-1755. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Khaksari K, Smith EG, Miguel HO, Zeytinoglu S, Fox N, Gandjbakhche AH. An fNIRS Study of Brain Lateralization During Observation and Execution of a Fine Motor Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:798870. [PMID: 35153703 PMCID: PMC8825352 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.798870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity in the action observation network (AON) is lateralized during action execution, with greater activation in the contralateral hemisphere to the side of the body used to perform the task. However, it is unknown whether the AON is also lateralized when watching another person perform an action. In this study, we use fNIRS to measure brain activity over the left and right cortex while participants completed actions with their left and right hands and watched an actor complete action with their left and right hands. We show that while activation is lateralized when the participants themselves are moving, brain lateralization is not affected by the side of the body when the participant is observing another person's action. In addition, we demonstrate that individual differences in hand preference and dexterity between the right and left hands are related to brain lateralization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Khaksari
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Smith
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Helga O. Miguel
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Selin Zeytinoglu
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nathan Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Amir H. Gandjbakhche
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Balconi M, Fronda G. Morality and management: an oxymoron? fNIRS and neuromanagement perspective explain us why things are not like this. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1336-1348. [PMID: 33123863 PMCID: PMC7716886 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuroscience interest for moral decision-making has recently increased. To investigate the processes underlying moral behavior, this research aimed to investigate neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of decision-making in moral contexts. Specifically, functional Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) allowed to record oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) cerebral hemoglobin concentrations during different moral conditions (professional fit, company fit, social fit) and offers types (fair, unfair, neutral). Moreover, individuals' responses to offers types and reaction time (RTs) were considered. Specifically, from hemodynamic results emerged a difference in O2Hb and HHb activity according to moral conditions and offers types in different brain regions. In particular, O2Hb increase and a HHb decrease were observed in ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, DLPFC) for fair offers in professional fit condition and in superior temporal sulcus (STS) for unfair offers in social fit condition. Moreover, an increase of left O2Hb activity in professional fit condition and in right VMPFC for unfair offers in company fit condition was observed. In addition, from behavioral results, an RTs increase in company and social fit condition for fair and unfair offers emerged. This study, therefore, shows the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of moral decision-making that guide moral behavior in different context, such as company one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fronda
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Sherafati A, Snyder AZ, Eggebrecht AT, Bergonzi KM, Burns‐Yocum TM, Lugar HM, Ferradal SL, Robichaux‐Viehoever A, Smyser CD, Palanca BJ, Hershey T, Culver JP. Global motion detection and censoring in high-density diffuse optical tomography. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4093-4112. [PMID: 32648643 PMCID: PMC8022277 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion-induced artifacts can significantly corrupt optical neuroimaging, as in most neuroimaging modalities. For high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) with hundreds to thousands of source-detector pair measurements, motion detection methods are underdeveloped relative to both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and standard functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). This limitation restricts the application of HD-DOT in many challenging imaging situations and subject populations (e.g., bedside monitoring and children). Here, we evaluated a new motion detection method for multi-channel optical imaging systems that leverages spatial patterns across measurement channels. Specifically, we introduced a global variance of temporal derivatives (GVTD) metric as a motion detection index. We showed that GVTD strongly correlates with external measures of motion and has high sensitivity and specificity to instructed motion-with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.88, calculated based on five different types of instructed motion. Additionally, we showed that applying GVTD-based motion censoring on both hearing words task and resting state HD-DOT data with natural head motion results in an improved spatial similarity to fMRI mapping. We then compared the GVTD similarity scores with several commonly used motion correction methods described in the fNIRS literature, including correlation-based signal improvement (CBSI), temporal derivative distribution repair (TDDR), wavelet filtering, and targeted principal component analysis (tPCA). We find that GVTD motion censoring on HD-DOT data outperforms other methods and results in spatial maps more similar to those of matched fMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Sherafati
- Department of PhysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of Medicine in StSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of Medicine in StSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University School in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical SciencesWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Tracy M. Burns‐Yocum
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Heather M. Lugar
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Silvina L. Ferradal
- Department Of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | | | - Christopher D. Smyser
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of Medicine in StSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of PediatricsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ben J. Palanca
- Department of AnesthesiologyWashington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of Medicine in StSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Department of PhysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of Medicine in StSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University School in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical SciencesWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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11
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Zhuang X, Yang Z, Cordes D. A technical review of canonical correlation analysis for neuroscience applications. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3807-3833. [PMID: 32592530 PMCID: PMC7416047 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collecting comprehensive data sets of the same subject has become a standard in neuroscience research and uncovering multivariate relationships among collected data sets have gained significant attentions in recent years. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is one of the powerful multivariate tools to jointly investigate relationships among multiple data sets, which can uncover disease or environmental effects in various modalities simultaneously and characterize changes during development, aging, and disease progressions comprehensively. In the past 10 years, despite an increasing number of studies have utilized CCA in multivariate analysis, simple conventional CCA dominates these applications. Multiple CCA-variant techniques have been proposed to improve the model performance; however, the complicated multivariate formulations and not well-known capabilities have delayed their wide applications. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive review of CCA and its variant techniques is provided. Detailed technical formulation with analytical and numerical solutions, current applications in neuroscience research, and advantages and limitations of each CCA-related technique are discussed. Finally, a general guideline in how to select the most appropriate CCA-related technique based on the properties of available data sets and particularly targeted neuroscience questions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhuang
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Zhengshi Yang
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
- University of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
- Department of Brain HealthUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNevadaUSA
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12
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Anderson AA, Gropman A, Le Mons C, Stratakis CA, Gandjbakhche AH. Hemodynamics of Prefrontal Cortex in Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: A Twin Case Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:809. [PMID: 32922350 PMCID: PMC7456944 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common form of urea cycle disorder characterized by the presence of hyperammonemia (HA). In patients with OTCD, HA is known to cause impairments in domains of executive function and working memory. Monitoring OTCD progression and investigating neurocognitive biomarkers can, therefore, become critical in understanding the underlying brain function in a population with OTCD. We used functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the hemodynamics of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a fraternal twin with and without OTCD. fNIRS is a non-invasive and wearable optical technology that can be used to assess cortical hemodynamics in a realistic clinical setting. We quantified the hemodynamic variations in total-hemoglobin as assessed by fNIRS while subjects performed the N-back working memory (WM) task. Our preliminary results showed that the sibling with OTCD had higher variation in a very low frequency band (<0.03 Hz, related to mechanism of cerebral autoregulation) compared to the control sibling. The difference between these variations was not as prominent in the higher frequency band, indicating the possible role of impaired autoregulation and cognitive function due to presence of HA. We further examined the functional connectivity in PFC, where the OTCD sibling showed lower interhemispheric functional connectivity as the task load increased. Our pilot results are the first to show the utility of fNIRS in monitoring OTCD cortical hemodynamics, indicating the possibility of inefficient neurocognitive function. This study provides a novel insight into the monitoring of OTCD focusing on the contribution of physiological process and neurocognitive function in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrouz A. Anderson
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Gropman
- Children's National Medical Center, Division of Neurogenetics and Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cynthia Le Mons
- National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amir H. Gandjbakhche
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Zhu L, Haghani S, Najafizadeh L. On fractality of functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals: analysis and applications. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:025001. [PMID: 32377544 PMCID: PMC7189210 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.2.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The human brain is a highly complex system with nonlinear, dynamic behavior. A majority of brain imaging studies employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), however, have considered only the spatial domain and have ignored the temporal properties of fNIRS recordings. Methods capable of revealing nonlinearities in fNIRS recordings can provide new insights about how the brain functions. Aim: The temporal characteristics of fNIRS signals are explored by comprehensively investigating their fractal properties. Approach: Fractality of fNIRS signals is analyzed using scaled windowed variance (SWV), as well as using visibility graph (VG), a method which converts a given time series into a graph. Additionally, the fractality of fNIRS signals obtained under resting-state and task-based conditions is compared, and the application of fractality in differentiating brain states is demonstrated for the first time via various classification approaches. Results: Results from SWV analysis show the existence of high fractality in fNIRS recordings. It is shown that differences in the temporal characteristics of fNIRS signals related to task-based and resting-state conditions can be revealed via the VGs constructed for each case. Conclusions: fNIRS recordings, regardless of the experimental conditions, exhibit high fractality. Furthermore, VG-based metrics can be employed to differentiate rest and task-execution brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Rutgers University, Integrated Systems and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Sasan Haghani
- University of The District of Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Washington DC, United States
| | - Laleh Najafizadeh
- Rutgers University, Integrated Systems and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
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14
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Anderson A, Gropman A, Le Mons C, Stratakis C, Gandjbakhche A. Evaluation of neurocognitive function of prefrontal cortex in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:207-212. [PMID: 31952925 PMCID: PMC7416502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperammonia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) can cause a range of deficiencies in domains of executive function and working memory. Only a few fMRI studies have focused on neuroimaging data in a population with OTCD. Yet, there is a need for monitoring the disease progression and neurocognitive function in this population. In this study, we used a non-invasive neuroimaging technique, functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), to examine the hemodynamics of prefrontal cortex (PFC) based on neural activation in an OTCD population. Using fNIRS, we measured the activation in PFC of the participants while performing the Stroop task. Behavioral assessment such as reaction time and correct response were recorded. We investigated the difference in behavioral measures as well as brain activation in left and right PFC in patients with OTCD and controls. Results revealed a distinction in left PFC activation between controls and patients with OTCD, where control subjects showed higher task related activation increase. Subjects with OTCD also exhibited bilateral increase in PFC activation. There was no significant difference in response time or correct response between the two groups. Our findings suggest the alterations in neurocognitive function of PFC in OTCD compared to the controls despite the behavioral profiles exhibiting no such differences. This is a first study using fNIRS to examine a neurocognitive function in OTCD population and can provide a novel insight into the screening of OTCD progression and examining neurocognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrouz Anderson
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gropman
- Children's National Medical Center, Division of Neurogenetics and Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics, Washington, DC 20010, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Le Mons
- National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation, Pasadena, California 91105
| | - Constantine Stratakis
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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15
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Effects of Performance and Task Duration on Mental Workload during Working Memory Task. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-back is a working memory (WM) task to study mental workload on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We assume that the subject’s performance and changes in mental workload over time depends on the length of the experiment. The performance of the participant can change positively due to the participant’s learning process or negatively because of objective mental fatigue and/or sleepiness. In this pilot study, we examined the PFC activation of 23 healthy subjects while they performed an N-back task with two different levels of task difficulty (2-, and 3-back). The hemodynamic responses were analyzed along with the behavioral data (correct answers). A comparison was done between the hemodynamic activation and behavioral data between the two different task levels and between the beginning and end of the 3-back task. Our results show that there is a significant difference between the two task levels, which is due to the difference in task complication. In addition, a significant difference was seen between the beginning and end of the 3-back task in both behavioral data and hemodynamics due to the subject’s learning process throughout the experiment.
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