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McNally M, Byczynski G, Vanneste S. An overview of the effects and mechanisms of transcranial stimulation frequency on motor learning. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:157. [PMID: 39267118 PMCID: PMC11391832 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies over the recent decades have attempted the modulation of motor learning using brain stimulation. Alternating currents allow for researchers not only to electrically stimulate the brain, but to further investigate the effects of specific frequencies, in and beyond the context of their endogenous associations. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has therefore been used during motor learning to modulate aspects of acquisition, consolidation and performance of a learned motor skill. Despite numerous reviews on the effects of tACS, and its role in motor learning, there are few studies which synthesize the numerous frequencies and their respective theoretical mechanisms as they relate to motor and perceptual processes. Here we provide a short overview of the main stimulation frequencies used in motor learning modulation (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma), and discuss the effect and proposed mechanisms of these studies. We summarize with the current state of the field, the effectiveness and variability in motor learning modulation, and novel mechanistic proposals from other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McNally
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Byczynski
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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2
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Sengupta A, Banerjee S, Ganesh S, Grover S, Sridharan D. The right posterior parietal cortex mediates spatial reorienting of attentional choice bias. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6938. [PMID: 39138185 PMCID: PMC11322534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention facilitates behavior by enhancing perceptual sensitivity (sensory processing) and choice bias (decisional weighting) for attended information. Whether distinct neural substrates mediate these distinct components of attention remains unknown. We investigate the causal role of key nodes of the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) in the forebrain attention network in sensitivity versus bias control. Two groups of participants performed a cued attention task while we applied either inhibitory, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (n = 28) or 40 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (n = 26) to the dorsal rPPC. We show that rPPC stimulation - with either modality - impairs task performance by selectively altering attentional modulation of bias but not sensitivity. Specifically, participants' bias toward the uncued, but not the cued, location reduced significantly following rPPC stimulation - an effect that was consistent across both neurostimulation cohorts. In sum, the dorsal rPPC causally mediates the reorienting of choice bias, one particular component of visual spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sengupta
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sanjna Banerjee
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Foundation of Art and Health India, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Suhas Ganesh
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Verily Life Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Shrey Grover
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Devarajan Sridharan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
- Department of Computer Science and Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Feng T, Zhang L, Wu Y, Tang L, Chen X, Li Y, Shan C. Exploring the Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Improving Walking Ability in Stroke Patients via Modulating Cerebellar Gamma Frequency Band-a Narrative Review. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1593-1603. [PMID: 37962773 PMCID: PMC11269344 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an important role in maintaining balance, posture control, muscle tone, and lower limb coordination in healthy individuals and stroke patients. At the same time, the relationship between cerebellum and motor learning has been widely concerned in recent years. Due to the relatively intact structure preservation and high plasticity after supratentorial stroke, non-invasive neuromodulation targeting the cerebellum is increasingly used to treat abnormal gait in stroke patients. The gamma frequency of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is commonly used to improve motor learning. It is an essential endogenous EEG oscillation in the gamma range during the swing phase, and rhythmic movement changes in the gait cycle. However, the effect of cerebellar tACS in the gamma frequency band on balance and walking after stroke remains unknown and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Wu S, Zhan P, Wang G, Yu X, Liu H, Wang W. Changes of brain functional network in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: a graph-theoretic analysis. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:30. [PMID: 38965489 PMCID: PMC11223280 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the two most common neurodegenerative dementias, presenting with similar clinical features that challenge accurate diagnosis. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear, and effective treatments are limited. This study aims to investigate the alterations in brain network connectivity associated with AD and FTD to enhance our understanding of their pathophysiology and establish a scientific foundation for their diagnosis and treatment. METHODS We analyzed preprocessed electroencephalogram (EEG) data from the OpenNeuro public dataset, comprising 36 patients with AD, 23 patients with FTD, and 29 healthy controls (HC). Participants were in a resting state with eyes closed. We estimated the average functional connectivity using the Phase Lag Index (PLI) for lower frequencies (delta and theta) and the Amplitude Envelope Correlation with leakage correction (AEC-c) for higher frequencies (alpha, beta, and gamma). Graph theory was applied to calculate topological parameters, including mean node degree, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, global and local efficiency. A permutation test was then utilized to assess changes in brain network connectivity in AD and FTD based on these parameters. RESULTS Both AD and FTD patients showed increased mean PLI values in the theta frequency band, along with increases in average node degree, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and local efficiency. Conversely, mean AEC-c values in the alpha frequency band were notably diminished, which was accompanied by decreases average node degree, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and local efficiency. Furthermore, AD patients in the occipital region showed an increase in theta band node degree and decreased alpha band clustering coefficient and local efficiency, a pattern not observed in FTD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal distinct abnormalities in the functional network topology and connectivity in AD and FTD, which may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases. Specifically, patients with AD demonstrated a more widespread change in functional connectivity, while those with FTD retained connectivity in the occipital lobe. These observations could provide valuable insights for developing electrophysiological markers to differentiate between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Wu
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guojing Wang
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Giustiniani A, Quartarone A. Defining the concept of reserve in the motor domain: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1403065. [PMID: 38745935 PMCID: PMC11091373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A reserve in the motor domain may underlie the capacity exhibited by some patients to maintain motor functionality in the face of a certain level of disease. This form of "motor reserve" (MR) could include cortical, cerebellar, and muscular processes. However, a systematic definition has not been provided yet. Clarifying this concept in healthy individuals and patients would be crucial for implementing prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols. Due to its wide application in the assessment of motor system functioning, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may support such definition. Here, studies focusing on reserve in the motor domain and studies using NIBS were revised. Current literature highlights the ability of the motor system to create a reserve and a possible role for NIBS. MR could include several mechanisms occurring in the brain, cerebellum, and muscles, and NIBS may support the understanding of such mechanisms.
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Chen L, Tang C, Wang Z, Zhang L, Gu B, Liu X, Ming D. Enhancing Motor Sequence Learning via Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS): An EEG Study. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:1285-1296. [PMID: 38109248 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3344176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Motor learning plays a crucial role in human life, and various neuromodulation methods have been utilized to strengthen or improve it. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has gained increasing attention due to its non-invasive nature, affordability and ease of implementation. Although the potential of taVNS on regulating motor learning has been suggested, its actual regulatory effect has yet been fully explored. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis provides an in-depth understanding of cognitive processes involved in motor learning so as to offer methodological support for regulation of motor learning. To investigate the effect of taVNS on motor learning, this study recruited 22 healthy subjects to participate a single-blind, sham-controlled, and within-subject serial reaction time task (SRTT) experiment. Every subject involved in two sessions at least one week apart and received a 20-minute active/sham taVNS in each session. Behavioral indicators as well as EEG characteristics during the task state, were extracted and analyzed. The results revealed that compared to the sham group, the active group showed higher learning performance. Additionally, the EEG results indicated that after taVNS, the motor-related cortical potential amplitudes and alpha-gamma modulation index decreased significantly and functional connectivity based on partial directed coherence towards frontal lobe was enhanced. These findings suggest that taVNS can improve motor learning, mainly through enhancing cognitive and memory functions rather than simple movement learning. This study confirms the positive regulatory effect of taVNS on motor learning, which is particularly promising as it offers a potential avenue for enhancing motor skills and facilitating rehabilitation.
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Diedrich L, Kolhoff HI, Chakalov I, Vékony T, Németh D, Antal A. Prefrontal theta-gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation improves non-declarative visuomotor learning in older adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4955. [PMID: 38418511 PMCID: PMC10901881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise in the global population of older adults underscores the significance to investigate age-related cognitive disorders and develop early treatment modalities. Previous research suggests that non-invasive transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) can moderately improve cognitive decline in older adults. However, non-declarative cognition has received relatively less attention. This study investigates whether repeated (16-day) bilateral theta-gamma cross-frequency tACS targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) enhances non-declarative memory. Computerized cognitive training was applied alongside stimulation to control for the state-of-the-brain. The Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task was employed to assess non-declarative functions such as visuomotor skill and probabilistic sequence learning. Results from 35 participants aged 55-82 indicated that active tACS led to more substantial improvements in visuomotor skills immediately after treatment, which persisted 3 months later, compared to sham tACS. Treatment benefit was more pronounced in older adults of younger age and those with pre-existing cognitive decline. However, neither intervention group exhibited modulation of probabilistic sequence learning. These results suggest that repeated theta-gamma tACS can selectively improve distinct non-declarative cognitive aspects when targeting the DLPFC. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of tACS in addressing deficits in learning and retaining general skills, which could have a positive impact on the quality of life for cognitively impaired older individuals by preserving independence in daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Diedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah I Kolhoff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Chakalov
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Dezső Németh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
- BML-NAP Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Shiga K, Miyaguchi S, Inukai Y, Otsuru N, Onishi H. Transcranial alternating current stimulation does not affect microscale learning. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114770. [PMID: 37984522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A theory has been posited that microscale learning, which involves short intervals of a few seconds during explicit motor skill learning, considerably enhances performance. This phenomenon correlates with diminished beta-band activity in the frontal and parietal regions. However, there is a lack of neurophysiological studies regarding the relationship between microscale learning and implicit motor skill learning. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) during short rest periods on microscale learning in an implicit motor task. We investigated the effects of 20-Hz β-tACS delivered during short rest periods while participants performed an implicit motor task. In Experiments 1 and 2, β-tACS targeted the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right frontoparietal network, respectively. The participants performed a finger-tapping task using their nondominant left hand, and microscale learning was separately analyzed for micro-online gains (MOnGs) and micro-offline gains (MOffGs). Contrary to our expectations, β-tACS exhibited no statistically significant effects on MOnGs or MOffGs in either Experiment 1 or Experiment 2. In addition, microscale learning during the performance of the implicit motor task was improved by MOffGs in the early learning phase and by MOnGs in the late learning phase. These results revealed that the stimulation protocol employed in this study did not affect microscale learning, indicating a novel aspect of microscale learning in implicit motor tasks. This is the first study to examine microscale learning in implicit motor tasks and may provide baseline information that will be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Shiga
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
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Guerra A, Paparella G, Passaretti M, Costa D, Birreci D, De Biase A, Colella D, Angelini L, Cannavacciuolo A, Berardelli A, Bologna M. Theta-tACS modulates cerebellar-related motor functions and cerebellar-cortical connectivity. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:159-169. [PMID: 38219405 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) delivered at cerebellar-resonant frequencies, i.e., theta (θ) and gamma (γ), on upper limb motor performance and cerebellum-primary motor cortex (M1) connectivity, as assessed by cerebellar-brain inhibition (CBI), in healthy subjects. METHODS Participants underwent cerebellar-tACS while performing three cerebellar-dependent motor tasks: (i) rhythmic finger-tapping, (ii) arm reaching-to-grasp ('grasping') and (iii) arm reaching-to-point ('pointing') an object. Also, we evaluated possible changes in CBI during cerebellar-tACS. RESULTS θ-tACS decreased movement regularity during the tapping task and increased the duration of the pointing task compared to sham- and γ-tACS. Additionally, θ-tACS increased the CBI effectiveness (greater inhibition). The effect of θ-tACS on movement rhythm correlated with CBI changes and less tapping regularity corresponded to greater CBI. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar-tACS delivered at the θ frequency modulates cerebellar-related motor behavior and this effect is, at least in part, mediated by changes in the cerebellar inhibitory output onto M1. The effects of θ-tACS may be due to the modulation of cerebellar neurons that resonate to the θ rhythm. SIGNIFICANCE These findings contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of motor control and provide new evidence on cerebellar non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerra
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Center on Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Paparella
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | | | - Davide Costa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Daniele Birreci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Biase
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Donato Colella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
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10
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Fusco G, Scandola M, Lin H, Inzlicht M, Aglioti SM. Modulating preferences during intertemporal choices through exogenous midfrontal transcranial alternating current stimulation: A registered report. Cortex 2024; 171:435-464. [PMID: 38113613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Decision conflicts may arise when the costs and benefits of choices are evaluated as a function of outcomes predicted along a temporal dimension. Electrophysiology studies suggest that during performance monitoring a typical oscillatory activity in the theta rhythm, named midfrontal theta, may index conflict processing and resolution. In the present within-subject, sham controlled, cross-over preregistered study, we delivered online midfrontal transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) to modulate electrocortical activity during intertemporal decisions. Participants were invited to select choice preference between economic offers at three different intermixed levels of conflict (i.e., low, medium, high) while receiving either theta -, gamma-, or sham tACS in separate blocks and sessions. At the end of each stimulation block, a Letter-Flanker task was also administered to measure behavioural aftereffects. We hypothesized that theta-tACS would have acted on the performance monitoring system inducing behavioural changes (i.e., faster decisions and more impulsive choices) in high conflicting trials, rather than gamma- and sham-tACS. Results very partially confirmed our predictions. Unexpectedly, both theta- and gamma-driven neuromodulation speeded-up decisions compared to sham. However, exploratory analyses revealed that such an effect was stronger in the high-conflict decisions during theta-tACS. These findings were independent from the influence of the sensations induced by the electrical stimulation. Moreover, further analyses highlighted a significant association during theta-tACS between the selection of immediate offers in high-conflict trials and attentional impulsiveness, suggesting that individual factors may account for the tACS effects during intertemporal decisions. Finally, we did not capture long-lasting behavioural changes following tACS in the Flanker task. Our findings may inform scholars to improve experimental designs and boost the knowledge toward a more effective application of tACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fusco
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Scandola
- NPSY Lab-Vr, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hause Lin
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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11
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Spooner RK, Wilson TW. Spectral specificity of gamma-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation over motor cortex during sequential movements. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:5347-5360. [PMID: 36368895 PMCID: PMC10152093 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control requires the coordination of spatiotemporally precise neural oscillations in the beta and gamma range within the primary motor cortex (M1). Recent studies have shown that motor performance can be differentially modulated based on the spectral target of noninvasive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), with gamma-frequency tACS improving motor performance. However, the spectral specificity for eliciting such improvements remains unknown. Herein, we derived the peak movement-related gamma frequency in 25 healthy adults using magnetoencephalography and a motor control paradigm. These individualized peak gamma frequencies were then used for personalized sessions of tACS. All participants completed 4 sessions of high-definition (HD)-tACS (sham, low-, peak-, and high-gamma frequency) over M1 for 20 min during the performance of sequential movements of varying complexity (e.g. tapping adjacent fingers or nonadjacent fingers). Our primary findings demonstrated that individualized tACS dosing over M1 leads to enhanced motor performance/learning (i.e. greatest reduction in time to complete motor sequences) compared to nonspecific gamma-tACS in humans, which suggests that personalized neuromodulation may be advantageous to optimize behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Spooner
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UMNC), Omaha, NE, United States
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UMNC), Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
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12
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Byczynski G, Vanneste S. Modulating motor learning with brain stimulation: Stage-specific perspectives for transcranial and transcutaneous delivery. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110766. [PMID: 37044280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain stimulation has been used in motor learning studies with success in improving aspects of task learning, retention, and consolidation. Using a variety of motor tasks and stimulus parameters, researchers have produced an array of literature supporting the efficacy of brain stimulation to modulate motor task learning. We discuss the use of transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and peripheral nerve stimulation to modulate motor learning. In a novel approach, we review literature of motor learning modulation in terms of learning stage, categorizing learning into acquisition, consolidation, and retention. We endeavour to provide a current perspective on the stage-specific mechanism behind modulation of motor task learning, to give insight into how electrical stimulation improves or hinders motor learning, and how mechanisms differ depending on learning stage. Offering a look into the effectiveness of peripheral nerve stimulation for motor learning, we include potential mechanisms and overlapping features with transcranial stimulation. We conclude by exploring how peripheral stimulation may contribute to the results of studies that employed brain stimulation intracranially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Byczynski
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland; Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland; School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland; Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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13
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Giustiniani A, Danesin L, Bozzetto B, Macina A, Benavides-Varela S, Burgio F. Functional changes in brain oscillations in dementia: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:25-47. [PMID: 35724724 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that several characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) play a functional role in cognition and could be linked to the progression of cognitive decline in some neurological diseases such as dementia. The present paper reviews previous studies investigating changes in brain oscillations associated to the most common types of dementia, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), and vascular dementia (VaD), with the aim of identifying pathology-specific patterns of alterations and supporting differential diagnosis in clinical practice. The included studies analysed changes in frequency power, functional connectivity, and event-related potentials, as well as the relationship between electrophysiological changes and cognitive deficits. Current evidence suggests that an increase in slow wave activity (i.e., theta and delta) as well as a general reduction in the power of faster frequency bands (i.e., alpha and beta) characterizes AD, VaD, and FTD. Additionally, compared to healthy controls, AD exhibits alteration in latencies and amplitudes of the most common event related potentials. In the reviewed studies, these changes generally correlate with performances in many cognitive tests. In conclusion, particularly in AD, neurophysiological changes can be reliable early markers of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Danesin
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
| | | | - AnnaRita Macina
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Benavides-Varela
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Burgio
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
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14
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Lee TL, Lee H, Kang N. A meta-analysis showing improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults with transcranial alternating current stimulation. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36593247 PMCID: PMC9807644 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation used for improving cognitive functions via delivering weak electrical stimulation with a certain frequency. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of tACS protocols on cognitive functions in healthy young adults. We identified 56 qualified studies that compared cognitive functions between tACS and sham control groups, as indicated by cognitive performances and cognition-related reaction time. Moderator variable analyses specified effect size according to (a) timing of tACS, (b) frequency band of simulation, (c) targeted brain region, and (b) cognitive domain, respectively. Random-effects model meta-analysis revealed small positive effects of tACS protocols on cognitive performances. The moderator variable analyses found significant effects for online-tACS with theta frequency band, online-tACS with gamma frequency band, and offline-tACS with theta frequency band. Moreover, cognitive performances were improved in online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band on either prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical regions, and further both online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band enhanced executive function. Online-tACS with gamma frequency band on posterior parietal cortex was effective for improving cognitive performances, and the cognitive improvements appeared in executive function and perceptual-motor function. These findings suggested that tACS protocols with specific timing and frequency band may effectively improve cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hanall Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Division of Sport Science & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
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15
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Oliveri M, Bagnato S, Rizzo S, Imbornone E, Giustiniani A, Catania A, Turriziani P. A novel digital approach for post-stroke cognitive deficits: a pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2023; 41:103-113. [PMID: 37522228 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunctions after a brain stroke have a huge impact on patients' disability and activities of daily living. Prism adaptation (PA) is currently used in patients with right brain damage to improve lateralized spatial attentional deficits. Recent findings suggest that PA could also be useful for rehabilitation of other cognitive functions. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we tested for the efficacy on cognitive rehabilitation of a novel device in which the procedure of prism adaptation is digitized and followed by cognitive training of attention and executive functions using serious games. METHODS Thirty stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group of 15 patients, which performed the experimental rehabilitation training using the novel device in 10 consecutive daily sessions; a control group of 15 patients, which performed the routine cognitive training in 10 consecutive daily sessions. Both groups were tested before and after the rehabilitation program on neuropsychological tests (digit and spatial span forward and backward, attentional matrices, Stroop task) and on functional scales (Barthel index and Beck Anxiety Index). RESULTS The main results showed that only patients who received the experimental rehabilitation training improved their scores on tests of digit span forward, spatial span backward, attentional matrices and Stroop. Moreover, patients of the experimental but not of the control group showed a significant correlation between improvement on some tasks (mainly spatial span backward) and improvement on activities of daily living as well as with reduction of anxiety levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that combining digital PA with cognitive training using serious games may be added in clinical settings for cognitive rehabilitation of stroke patients, with beneficial effects extending in promoting independency in activities of daily living and reduction of psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Oliveri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Bagnato
- Rehabilitation Department, Unit of Neurophysiology and Unit for Severe Acquired Brain Injuries, Giuseppe Giglio Foundation, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzo
- Rehabilitation Department, Unit of Neurophysiology and Unit for Severe Acquired Brain Injuries, Giuseppe Giglio Foundation, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Emilia Imbornone
- Rehabilitation Department, Unit of Neurophysiology and Unit for Severe Acquired Brain Injuries, Giuseppe Giglio Foundation, Cefalù, Italy
| | | | - Angela Catania
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Turriziani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Hu K, Wan R, Liu Y, Niu M, Guo J, Guo F. Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on motor performance and motor learning for healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1064584. [PMID: 36467691 PMCID: PMC9715745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1064584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective:Previous behavioral studies have reported the potential of transcranial alternating current stimulation in analyzing the causal relationship between neural activity and behavior. However, the efficacy of tACS on motor performance and learning in healthy individuals remains unclear. This systematic reviewexamines the effectiveness of tACS on motor performance and motor learning in healthy individuals. Methods: Literature was systematically searched through the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science until 16 October 2022. Studies were eligible for review if they were randomized, parallel, or crossover experimental designs and reported the efficacy of tACS on motor performance and motor learning in healthy adults. Review Manager 5.3 was used to evaluate the methodological quality and analyze the combined effect. Results: Ten studies (270 participants) met all the inclusion criteria. The results showed that motor performance was not significantly greater than that with sham tACS stimulation [I2 = 44%, 95% CI (-0.01, 0.35), p = 0.06, standardized mean difference = 0.17], whereas motor learning ability improved significantly [I2 = 33%, 95% CI (-1.03, -0.31), p = 0.0002, SMD = -0.67]. Subgroup analysis found that gamma bend tACS could affect the changes in motor performance (I2 = 6%, 95% CI (0.05, 0.51), p = 0.02, SMD = 0.28), and online tACS did as well [I2 = 54%, 95% CI (0.12, 0.56), p = 0.002, SMD = 0.34]. Conclusion: The results showed that tACS effectively improves motor performance (gamma band and online mode) and motor learning in healthy individuals, which indicates that tACS may be a potential therapeutic tool to improve motor behavioral outcomes. However, further evidence is needed to support these promising results. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42022342884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hu
- College of Human Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruihan Wan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maolin Niu
- College of Human Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianrui Guo
- College of Human Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Guo
- College of Human Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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17
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Corominas-Teruel X, Mozo RMSS, Simó MF, Colomina Fosch MT, Valero-Cabré A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for gait recovery following stroke: A systematic review of current literature and beyond. Front Neurol 2022; 13:953939. [PMID: 36158971 PMCID: PMC9490093 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.953939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has set promise contributing to post-stroke gait rehabilitation. Even so, results are still inconsistent due to low sample size, heterogeneity of samples, and tDCS design differences preventing comparability. Nonetheless, updated knowledge in post-stroke neurophysiology and stimulation technologies opens up opportunities to massively improve treatments. Objective The current systematic review aims to summarize the current state-of-the-art on the effects of tDCS applied to stroke subjects for gait rehabilitation, discuss tDCS strategies factoring individual subject profiles, and highlight new promising strategies. Methods MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched for stroke randomized clinical trials using tDCS for the recovery of gait before 7 February 2022. In order to provide statistical support to the current review, we analyzed the achieved effect sizes and performed statistical comparisons. Results A total of 24 records were finally included in our review, totaling n = 651 subjects. Detailed analyses revealed n = 4 (17%) studies with large effect sizes (≥0.8), n = 6 (25%) studies with medium ones (≥0.5), and n = 6 (25%) studies yielding low effects sizes (≤ 0.2). Statistically significant negative correlations (rho = −0.65, p = 0.04) and differences (p = 0.03) argued in favor of tDCS interventions in the sub-acute phase. Finally, significant differences (p = 0.03) were argued in favor of a bifocal stimulation montage (anodal M1 ipsilesional and cathodal M1 contralesional) with respect to anodal ipsilesional M1. Conclusion Our systematic review highlights the potential of tDCS to contribute to gait recovery following stroke, although also the urgent need to improve current stimulation strategies and subject-customized interventions considering stroke severity, type or time-course, and the use of network-based multifocal stimulation approaches guided by computational biophysical modeling. Systematic review registration PROSPERO: CRD42021256347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Corominas-Teruel
- Department of Psychology, Neurobehavior and Health Research Group (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | | | - Montserrat Fibla Simó
- Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina Fosch
- Department of Psychology, Neurobehavior and Health Research Group (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antoni Valero-Cabré
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Tech. Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Cerebral Dynamics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Maria Teresa Colomina Fosch
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18
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Palm U, Baumgartner C, Hoffmann L, Padberg F, Hasan A, Strube W, Papazova I. Single session gamma transcranial alternating stimulation does not modulate working memory in depressed patients and healthy controls. Neurophysiol Clin 2022; 52:128-136. [PMID: 35351388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (gamma tACS) is considered a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for modulation of cognitive performance and for treatment of psychiatric disorders. There is heterogeneous data on its effectiveness in improving working memory. METHODS In this randomized crossover study, we tested 22 patients with major depression and 21 healthy volunteers who received 20 min of active and sham 40 Hz gamma tACS over bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a computerized n-back task in a cross-over design. RESULTS We showed no improvement in reaction time and accuracy of working memory during active or sham stimulation in both groups, and no interaction between cognitive load and stimulation conditions. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that a single session of gamma tACS does not affect cognition in depression. However, the bilateral electrode montage and learning or ceiling effects may have affected results. Overall, this study is in line with the heterogeneous results of previous gamma tACS studies, emphasizing that methodologies and study designs should be harmonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Medical Park Chiemseeblick, Bernau-Felden, Germany.
| | - Carolin Baumgartner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Strube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Irina Papazova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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19
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Giglia G, Ognibene D, Bolognini N, De Tommaso M, Cappello F, Sardo P, Ferraro G, Brighina F. Editorial: Timing the Brain: From Basic Sciences to Clinical Implications. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:880443. [PMID: 35392121 PMCID: PMC8980263 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.880443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Giglia
| | - Dimitri Ognibene
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Pierangelo Sardo
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Ferreri F, Guerra A, Vollero L, Ponzo D, Määtta S, Könönen M, Vecchio F, Pasqualetti P, Miraglia F, Simonelli I, Corbetta M, Rossini PM. TMS-EEG Biomarkers of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease: A Proof-of-Concept Six Years Prospective Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:737281. [PMID: 34880743 PMCID: PMC8645846 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.737281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early and affordable identification of subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) who will convert to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major scientific challenge. Objective: To investigate the neurophysiological hallmarks of sensorimotor cortex function in aMCI under the hypothesis that some may represent the plastic rearrangements induced by neurodegeneration, hence predictors of future conversion to AD. We sought to determine (1) whether the sensorimotor network shows peculiar alterations in patients with aMCI and (2) if sensorimotor network alterations predict long-term disease progression at the individual level. Methods: We studied several transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters of the sensorimotor cortex in a group of patients with aMCI and followed them for 6 years. We then identified aMCI who clinically converted to AD [prodromal to AD-MCI (pAD-MCI)] and those who remained cognitively stable [non-prodromal to AD-MCI (npAD-MCI)]. Results: Patients with aMCI showed reduced motor cortex (M1) excitability and disrupted EEG synchronization [decreased intertrial coherence (ITC)] in alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands compared to the control subjects. The degree of alteration in M1 excitability and alpha ITC was comparable between pAD-MCI and npAD-MCI. Importantly, beta and gamma ITC impairment in the stimulated M1 was greater in pAD-MCI than npAD-MCI. Furthermore, an additional parameter related to the waveform shape of scalp signals, reflecting time-specific alterations in global TMS-induced activity [stability of the dipolar activity (sDA)], discriminated npAD-MCI from MCI who will convert to AD. Discussion: The above mentioned specific cortical changes, reflecting deficit of synchronization within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop in aMCI, may reflect the pathological processes underlying AD. These changes could be tested in larger cohorts as neurophysiological biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Ferreri
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology and Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Luca Vollero
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ponzo
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology and Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Määtta
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy.,eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Servizio di Statistica Medica ed Information Technology, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AFaR), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Miraglia
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Servizio di Statistica Medica ed Information Technology, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AFaR), Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology and Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
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21
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Takeuchi N, Izumi SI. Motor Learning Based on Oscillatory Brain Activity Using Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1095. [PMID: 34439714 PMCID: PMC8392205 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective tools and strategies to promote motor learning is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, motor-related areas have been investigated as potential targets to facilitate motor learning by noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In addition to shedding light on the relationship between motor function and oscillatory brain activity, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which can noninvasively entrain oscillatory brain activity and modulate oscillatory brain communication, has attracted attention as a possible technique to promote motor learning. This review focuses on the use of tACS to enhance motor learning through the manipulation of oscillatory brain activity and its potential clinical applications. We discuss a potential tACS-based approach to ameliorate motor deficits by correcting abnormal oscillatory brain activity and promoting appropriate oscillatory communication in patients after stroke or with Parkinson's disease. Interpersonal tACS approaches to manipulate intra- and inter-brain communication may result in pro-social effects and could promote the teaching-learning process during rehabilitation sessions with a therapist. The approach of re-establishing oscillatory brain communication through tACS could be effective for motor recovery and might eventually drive the design of new neurorehabilitation approaches based on motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
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22
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Giustiniani A, Battaglia G, Messina G, Morello H, Guastella S, Iovane A, Oliveri M, Palma A, Proia P. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Does Not Affect Sports People's Explosive Power: A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:640609. [PMID: 33994980 PMCID: PMC8116517 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.640609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study is aimed to preliminary investigate whether transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) could affect explosive power considering genetic background in sport subjects. Methods: Seventeen healthy sports volunteers with at least 3 years of sports activities participated in the experiment. After 2 weeks of familiarization performed without any stimulation, each participant received either 50 Hz-tACS or sham-tACS. Before and after stimulation, subjects performed the following tests: (1) the squat jump with the hands on the hips (SJ); (2) countermovement jump with the hands on the hips (CMJ); (3) countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ-AS); (4) 15-s Bosco's test; (5) seated backward overhead medicine ball throw (SBOMBT); (6) seated chest pass throw (SCPT) with a 3-kg rubber medicine ball; and (7) hand-grip test. Additionally, saliva samples were collected from each participant. Genotyping analysis was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: No significant differences were found in sport performance of subjects after 50 Hz-tACS. Additionally, we did not find any influence of genetic background on tACS-related effect on physical performance. These results suggest that tACS at gamma frequency is not able to induce an after-effect modulating sport performance. Further investigations with larger sample size are needed in order to understand the potential role of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) in motor performances. Conclusions: Gamma-tACS applied before the physical performance fails to improve explosive power in sport subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Giustiniani
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.,NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hely Morello
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Iovane
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Oliveri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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23
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Giustiniani A, Tarantino V, Bracco M, Bonaventura RE, Oliveri M. Functional Role of Cerebellar Gamma Frequency in Motor Sequences Learning: a tACS Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:913-921. [PMID: 33822311 PMCID: PMC8674154 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the cerebellum in motor sequences learning is widely established, the specific function of its gamma oscillatory activity still remains unclear. In the present study, gamma (50 Hz)-or delta (1 Hz)-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied to the right cerebellar cortex while participants performed an implicit serial reaction time task (SRTT) with their right hand. The task required the execution of motor sequences simultaneously with the presentation of a series of visual stimuli. The same sequence was repeated across multiple task blocks (from blocks 2 to 5 and from blocks 7 to 8), whereas in other blocks, new/pseudorandom sequences were reproduced (blocks 1 and 6). Task performance was examined before and during tACS. To test possible after-effects of cerebellar tACS on the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), corticospinal excitability was assessed by examining the amplitude of motor potentials (MEP) evoked by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Compared with delta stimulation, gamma-tACS applied during the SRTT impaired participants' performance in blocks where the same motor sequence was repeated but not in blocks where the new pseudorandom sequences were presented. Noteworthy, the later assessed corticospinal excitability was not affected. These results suggest that cerebellar gamma oscillations mediate the implicit acquisition of motor sequences but do not affect task execution itself. Overall, this study provides evidence of a specific role of cerebellar gamma oscillatory activity in implicit motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giustiniani
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Firenze, 50139, Firenze, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venezia, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Tarantino
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - M Bracco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
| | - R E Bonaventura
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Oliveri
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,NeuroTeam Life and Science, Via Libertà 112, 90144, Palermo, Italy
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Tallent J, Woodhead A, Frazer AK, Hill J, Kidgell DJ, Howatson G. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations to motor skill and resistance training: Potential mechanisms and implications for motor rehabilitation and athletic development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:707-719. [PMID: 33389142 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optimal strategies for enhancing strength and improving motor skills are vital in athletic performance and clinical rehabilitation. Initial increases in strength and the acquisition of new motor skills have long been attributed to neurological adaptations. However, early increases in strength may be predominantly due to improvements in inter-muscular coordination rather than the force-generating capacity of the muscle. Despite the plethora of research investigating neurological adaptations from motor skill or resistance training in isolation, little effort has been made in consolidating this research to compare motor skill and resistance training adaptations. The findings of this review demonstrated that motor skill and resistance training adaptations show similar short-term mechanisms of adaptations, particularly at a cortical level. Increases in corticospinal excitability and a release in short-interval cortical inhibition occur as a result of the commencement of both resistance and motor skill training. Spinal changes show evidence of task-specific adaptations from the acquired motor skill, with an increase or decrease in spinal reflex excitability, dependant on the motor task. An increase in synaptic efficacy of the reticulospinal projections is likely to be a prominent mechanism for driving strength adaptations at the subcortical level, though more research is needed. Transcranial electric stimulation has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability and augment motor skill adaptations, but limited evidence exists for further enhancing strength adaptations from resistance training. Despite the logistical challenges, future work should compare the longitudinal adaptations between motor skill and resistance training to further optimise exercise programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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The Modulation of Cognitive Performance with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Systematic Review of Frequency-Specific Effects. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120932. [PMID: 33276533 PMCID: PMC7761592 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that allows the manipulation of intrinsic brain oscillations. Numerous studies have applied tACS in the laboratory to enhance cognitive performance. With this systematic review, we aim to provide an overview of frequency-specific tACS effects on a range of cognitive functions in healthy adults. This may help to transfer stimulation protocols to real-world applications. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed and Cochrane databases and considered tACS studies in healthy adults (age > 18 years) that focused on cognitive performance. The search yielded n = 109 studies, of which n = 57 met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate that theta-tACS was beneficial for several cognitive functions, including working memory, executive functions, and declarative memory. Gamma-tACS enhanced performance in both auditory and visual perception but it did not change performance in tasks of executive functions. For attention, the results were less consistent but point to an improvement in performance with alpha- or gamma-tACS. We discuss these findings and point to important considerations that would precede a transfer to real-world applications.
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Oscillatory entrainment of neural activity between inferior frontoparietal cortices alters imitation performance. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107702. [PMID: 33276036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The frontoparietal mirror network is activated when an individual performs a goal-directed action and observes another person's intentional action. It has been speculated that the distinct frontal and parietal regions might work together to participate in the imitation process, which translates an observed movement into an identical action. We aimed to determine the relationship between the frontoparietal mirror network and imitation by applying transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to exogenously modulate oscillatory neural activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left inferior parietal lobule. In total, 45 young adults participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to the three tACS groups (synchronous, desynchronous, and sham; 55 Hz enveloped by 6 Hz). Before and during tACS, the participants performed the gesture matching task and the gesture imitation task. Application of synchronous tACS over the left frontoparietal cortices significantly improved the performance of gesture matching and the meaningless gesture imitation relative to the baseline performance. Desynchronous tACS deteriorated the gesture matching performance relative to the baseline results. The oscillatory entrainment of neural activity between components of the frontoparietal mirror network is considered to alter imitation performance by modulating neural information relating to the goals of actions in the frontal cortex and the means of observed actions in the parietal cortex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reveals that the rhythmic communication between components of the frontoparietal mirror network has a functional role in imitation.
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Kayarian FB, Jannati A, Rotenberg A, Santarnecchi E. Targeting Gamma-Related Pathophysiology in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Opportunities and Challenges. Autism Res 2020; 13:1051-1071. [PMID: 32468731 PMCID: PMC7387209 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A range of scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities correlates with the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among these are alterations of brain oscillations in the gamma-frequency EEG band in adults and children with ASD, whose origin has been linked to dysfunctions of inhibitory interneuron signaling. While therapeutic interventions aimed to modulate gamma oscillations are being tested for neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia, the prospects for therapeutic gamma modulation in ASD have not been extensively studied. Accordingly, we discuss gamma-related alterations in the setting of ASD pathophysiology, as well as potential interventions that can enhance gamma oscillations in patients with ASD. Ultimately, we argue that transcranial electrical stimulation modalities capable of entraining gamma oscillations, and thereby potentially modulating inhibitory interneuron circuitry, are promising methods to study and mitigate gamma alterations in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1051-1071. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Brain functions are mediated by various oscillatory waves of neuronal activity, ranging in amplitude and frequency. In certain neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, reduced high-frequency oscillations in the "gamma" band have been observed, and therapeutic interventions to enhance such activity are being explored. Here, we review and comment on evidence of reduced gamma activity in ASD, arguing that modalities used in other disorders may benefit individuals with ASD as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fae B. Kayarian
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Modulation of gamma oscillations as a possible therapeutic tool for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review and perspective. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 152:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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