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Lin H, Lu P, Zhou M, Wu F, Weng L, Meng K, Yang D, Li S, Jiang C, Tian H. Purification of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 13 in E. coli and its molecular mechanism of mitogenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7017-7027. [PMID: 31289905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 13, a member of the FGF11 subfamily, is a kind of intracrine protein similar to other family members including FGF11, FGF12, and FGF14. Unlike classical FGF, FGF13 exerts its bioactivities independent of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). However, the effect of exogenous administration of FGF13 still remains further investigated. In the present study, we established an Escherichia coli expression system for the large-scale production of FGF13 and then obtained two isoform proteins including recombinant human FGF13A (rhFGF13A) and rhFGF13B with a purity greater than 90% by column chromatography, respectively. Otherwise, soluble analysis indicated that both rhFGF13A and rhFGF13B expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS were soluble. Furthermore, cellular-based experiments demonstrated that rhFGF13A, rather than rhFGF13B, could promote the proliferation of NIH3T3 cells in the presence of heparin. Mechanistically, the mitogenic effect of FGF13 was mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not p38. Moreover, blockage of FGFRs also significantly attenuated the mitogenic effects of rhFGF13A, implying that FGFRs are still related to FGF13. Thus, our research shows that exogenous FGF13 can act as secreted FGF to participate in cell signal transmission and heparin is still required as an ancillary cofactor for the mitogenic effects of FGF13, which may help people to discover more potential functions of FGF13 in cell life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panyu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuikui Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Zubkova OV, Ahmed YA, Guimond SE, Noble SL, Miller JH, Alfred Smith RA, Nurcombe V, Tyler PC, Weissmann M, Vlodavsky I, Turnbull JE. Dendrimer Heparan Sulfate Glycomimetics: Potent Heparanase Inhibitors for Anticancer Therapy. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3236-3242. [PMID: 30480427 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is a mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides and contributes to remodelling of the extracellular matrix and regulation of HS-binding protein bioavailabilities. Heparanase is upregulated in malignant cancers and inflammation, aiding cell migration and the release of signaling molecules. It is established as a highly druggable extracellular target for anticancer therapy, but current compounds have limitations, because of cost, production complexity, or off-target effects. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel, targeted library of single-entity glycomimetic clusters capped with simple sulfated saccharides. Several dendrimer HS glycomimetics display low nM IC50 potency for heparanase inhibition equivalent to comparator compounds in clinical development, and potently inhibit metastasis and growth of human myeloma tumor cells in a mouse xenograft model. Importantly, they lack anticoagulant activity and cytotoxicity, and also inhibit angiogenesis. They provide a new candidate class for anticancer and wider therapeutic applications, which could benefit from targeted heparanase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Zubkova
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Yassir A. Ahmed
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia-Louise Noble
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John Holmes Miller
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group (VNSC), Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138632 Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group (VNSC), Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138632 Singapore
| | - Peter C. Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Marina Weissmann
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Murali S, Leong DFM, Lee JJL, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Comparative assessment of the effects of gender-specific heparan sulfates on mesenchymal stem cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17755-65. [PMID: 21454472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We compare here the structural and functional properties of heparan sulfate (HS) chains from both male or female adult mouse liver through a combination of molecular sieving, enzymatic cleavage, and strong anion exchange-HPLC. The results demonstrated that male and female HS chains are significantly different by a number of parameters; size determination showed that HS chain lengths were ∼100 and ∼22 kDa, comprising 30-40 and 6-8 disaccharide repeats, respectively. Enzymatic depolymerization and disaccharide composition analyses also demonstrated significant differences in domain organization and fine structure. N-Unsubstituted glucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNH(3)(+), ΔHexA-GlcNH(3)(+)(6S), ΔHexA(2S)-GlcNH(3)(+), and N-acetylglucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNAc) are the predominant disaccharides in male mouse liver HS. However, N-sulfated glucosamine (ΔHexA-GlcNSO(3)) is the predominant disaccharide found in female liver. These structurally different male and female liver HS forms exert differential effects on human mesenchymal cell proliferation and subsequent osteogenic differentiation. The present study demonstrates the potential usefulness of gender-specific liver HS for the manipulation of human mesenchymal cell properties, including expansion, multipotentiality, and subsequent matrix mineralization. Our results suggest that HS chains show both tissue- and gender-specific differences in biochemical composition that directly reflect their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648
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Murali S, Manton KJ, Tjong V, Su X, Haupt LM, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Purification and characterization of heparan sulfate from human primary osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1132-42. [PMID: 19777445 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, highly variable, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan sugar whose biological activity largely depends on internal sulfated domains that mediate specific binding to an extensive range of proteins. In this study we employed anion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving and enzymatic cleavage on HS fractions purified from three compartments of cultured osteoblasts-soluble conditioned media, cell surface, and extracellular matrix (ECM). We demonstrate that the composition of HS chains purified from the different compartments is structurally non-identical by a number of parameters, and that these differences have significant ramifications for their ligand-binding properties. The HS chains purified of conditioned medium had twice the binding affinity for FGF2 when compared with either cell surface or ECM HS. In contrast, similar binding of BMP2 to the three types of HS was observed. These results suggest that different biological compartments of cultured cells have structurally and functionally distinct HS species that help to modulate the flow of HS-dependent factors between the ECM and the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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Ling L, Murali S, Dombrowski C, Haupt LM, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate the effects of FGF2 on the osteogenic potential of rat calvarial osteoprogenitor cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:811-25. [PMID: 16972247 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is a powerful promoter of bone growth. We demonstrate here that brief exposure to FGF2 enhances mineralized nodule formation in cultured rat osteoprogenitor cells due to an expansion of cells that subsequently mineralize. This mitogenic effect is mediated via sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), FGFR1, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The GAGs involved in this stimulation are chondroitin sulfates (CS) rather than heparan sulfates (HS). However, continuous FGF2 treatment reduces alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, downregulates collagen Ialpha1 (ColIalpha1) and FGFR3 expression, upregulates the expression and secretion of osteopontin (OPN) and inhibits mineralization. The inhibitory effects of FGF2 on FGFR3 expression and ALP activity are also mediated by the ERK pathway, although the effects of FGF2 on ColIalpha1 and OPN expression are mediated by GAGs and PKC activity. Thus short-term activation of FGF2/FGFR1 promotes osteoprogenitor proliferation and subsequent differentiation, while long-term activation of FGF2 signaling disrupts mineralization by modulating osteogenic marker expression. This study thus establishes the central role of sulfated GAGs in the osteogenic progression of osteoprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
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Manton KJ, Sadasivam M, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Bone-specific heparan sulfates induce osteoblast growth arrest and downregulation of retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:219-29. [PMID: 16826571 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HSs) sugars of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play a key role during both development and wound repair in regulating the flow of growth and adhesive factors across their cell surface receptors. The aim of this study was to assess the structural and functional differences of HS chains extracted from the conditioned media (soluble), cell surface, and ECM of primary human osteoblast cultures, and to analyze their effects on osteoblast cell growth. HS chains from these compartments were characterized through a combination of enzymatic degradation, anion exchange chromatography, and molecular sieving. Although the chains were all approximately the same size, they varied systematically in their sulfate content, suggesting differences in their protein-binding domains. When added to pre-confluent hFOB1.19 osteoblast cultures, HS doses exceeding 500 ng/ml inhibited proliferation, without affecting viability, irrespective of their origin. Furthermore, HS doses of 500 ng/ml also downregulated retinoblastoma, Cyclin A and CDK1 protein expression, indicating that high doses of osteoblast HS negatively regulate cell cycle, resulting in growth arrest; when high doses of HS were withdrawn after a prolonged period, linear cell growth was reestablished. Thus, despite differences in sulfation, HS from either the soluble, cell surface, or matrix compartments of primary human osteoblast cultures are functionally similar with respect to their effects on growth. Binding assays revealed that the HS chains bound TGFbeta1, a known inhibitor of osteoprogenitor growth, at higher affinity than a suite of other bone-related, heparin-binding growth factors. Overcoming such sugar-mediated inhibition may prove important for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Manton
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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Jackson RA, Murali S, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan sulfate regulates the anabolic activity of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells by induction of Runx2. J Cell Physiol 2006; 210:38-50. [PMID: 17051597 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx2 can be controlled by a number of upstream regulators involved in intracellular signalling, including the activation ERK1/2 signaling by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). FGFs interact with their cell surface receptors (FGFRs) through an obligate cross-binding interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) co-receptors; exogenous HS sugar chains have been shown to potently modulate changes in cell phenotype depending on the stage of tissue differentiation when the HS is harvested, suggesting that HS chain structure and function varies depending on the stage of cell maturity. This study examined the potential of bone-derived heparan sulfate (HS), harvested from differentiating osteoblasts, for the enhancement of preosteoblast growth and differentiation. HS was harvested from conditioned media, cell surface and matrix compartments of postconfluent (differentiating) MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and dosed back onto preconfluent MC3T3-E1 cells. We show that HS can increase the expression Runx2, ALP, and OPN in preosteoblast cells, suggesting the potential for exogenous HS to shift cells from proliferative to differentiative phenotypes. In line with their structural differences, only HS released into the media was found to co-stimulate the mitogenic effect of FGF-2, whilst exogenous application of all the HSs together with FGF-2 served to increase the expression of OPN. Only the application of cell surface-derived HS triggered a synergistic increase in FGFR1 expression together with FGF-2, although all three HS preparations could trigger transient increases in PI3K, ERK1/2, and stat3 phosphorylation levels. These findings demonstrate that the compartmentally distinct HS species expressed by differentiating MC3T3-E1 cells act in complex ways to coordinate the extracellular conditions that lead to osteoblast differentiation, with the cell surface species coordinating the FGF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Jackson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Mohammadi M, Olsen SK, Ibrahimi OA. Structural basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor activation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:107-37. [PMID: 15863029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FGF signaling plays a ubiquitous role in human biology as a regulator of embryonic development, homeostasis and regenerative processes. In addition, aberrant FGF signaling leads to diverse human pathologies including skeletal, olfactory, and metabolic disorders as well as cancer. FGFs execute their pleiotropic biological actions by binding, dimerizing and activating cell surface FGF receptors (FGFRs). Proper regulation of FGF-FGFR binding specificity is essential for the regulation of FGF signaling and is achieved through primary sequence variations among the 18 FGFs and seven FGFRs. The severity of human skeletal syndromes arising from mutations that violate FGF-FGFR specificity is a testament to the importance of maintaining precision in FGF-FGFR specificity. The discovery that heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are required for FGF signaling led to numerous models for FGFR dimerization and heralded one of the most controversial issues in FGF signaling. Recent crystallographic analyses have led to two fundamentally different models for FGFR dimerization. These models differ in both the stoichiometry and minimal length of heparin required for dimerization, the quaternary arrangement of FGF, FGFR and heparin in the dimer, and in the mechanism of 1:1 FGF-FGFR recognition and specificity. In this review, we provide an overview of recent structural and biochemical studies used to differentiate between the two crystallographic models. Interestingly, the structural and biophysical analyses of naturally occurring pathogenic FGFR mutations have provided the most compelling and unbiased evidences for the correct mechanisms for FGF-FGFR dimerization and binding specificity. The structural analyses of different FGF-FGFR complexes have also shed light on the intricate mechanisms determining FGF-FGFR binding specificity and promiscuity and also provide a plausible explanation for the molecular basis of a large number craniosynostosis mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 425, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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