1
|
Parker MS, Sah R, Balasubramaniam A, Sallee FR, Park EA, Parker SL. On the expansion of ribosomal proteins and RNAs in eukaryotes. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1589-604. [PMID: 24633358 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the ribosome constitution is similar in all biota, there is a considerable increase in size of both ribosomal proteins (RPs) and RNAs in eukaryotes as compared to archaea and bacteria. This is pronounced in the large (60S) ribosomal subunit (LSU). In addition to enlargement (apparently maximized already in lower eukarya), the RP changes include increases in fraction, segregation and clustering of basic residues, and decrease in hydrophobicity. The acidic fraction is lower in eukaryote as compared to prokaryote RPs. In all eukaryote groups tested, the LSU RPs have significantly higher content of basic residues and homobasic segments than the SSU RPs. The vertebrate LSU RPs have much higher sequestration of basic residues than those of bacteria, archaea and even of the lower eukarya. The basic clusters are highly aligned in the vertebrate, but less in the lower eukarya, and only within families in archaea and bacteria. Increase in the basicity of RPs, besides helping transport to the nucleus, should promote stability of the assembled ribosome as well as the association with translocons and other intracellular matrix proteins. The size and GC nucleotide bias of the expansion segments of large LSU rRNAs also culminate in the vertebrate, and should support ribosome association with the endoplasmic reticulum and other intracellular networks. However, the expansion and nucleotide bias of eukaryote LSU rRNAs do not clearly correlate with changes in ionic parameters of LSU ribosomal proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ishino Y, Harada T. Novel computational methodologies for structural modeling of spacious ligand binding sites of G-protein-coupled receptors: development and application to human leukotriene B4 receptor. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2012:691579. [PMID: 23304088 PMCID: PMC3529862 DOI: 10.1100/2012/691579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method to predict the activated structures of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with high accuracy, while aiming for the use of the predicted 3D structures in in silico virtual screening in the future. We propose a new method for modeling GPCR thermal fluctuations, where conformation changes of the proteins are modeled by combining fluctuations on multiple time scales. The core idea of the method is that a molecular dynamics simulation is used to calculate average 3D coordinates of all atoms of a GPCR protein against heat fluctuation on the picosecond or nanosecond time scale, and then evolutionary computation including receptor-ligand docking simulations functions to determine the rotation angle of each helix of a GPCR protein as a movement on a longer time scale. The method was validated using human leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 as a sample GPCR. Our study demonstrated that the proposed method was able to derive the appropriate 3D structure of the active-state GPCR which docks with its agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ishino
- Graduate School of Innovation & Technology Management, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parker MS, Sah R, Parker SL. Surface masking shapes the traffic of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Peptides 2012; 37:40-8. [PMID: 22732667 PMCID: PMC3440242 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor shows a large masked surface population in adherent CHO cells or in forebrain cell aggregates, but not in dispersed cells or in particulates from these sources. This is related to adhesion via acidic motifs in the extracellular N-terminal domain. Masking of the Y2 receptor is lifted by non-permeabilizing mechanical dispersion of cells, which also increases internalization of Y2 agonists. Mechanical dispersion and detachment by EDTA expose the same number of surface sites. As we have already shown, phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a cysteine-bridging agent, and to a lesser extent also the cysteine alkylator N-ethylmaleimide, unmask the surface Y2 sites without cell detachment or permeabilization. We now demonstrate that unmasking by permeabilizing but non-detaching treatment with cholesterol-binding detergents digitonin and edelfosine compares with and overlaps that of PAO. The caveolar/raft cholesterol-targeting macrolide filipin III however produces only partial unmasking. Depletion of the surface sites by N-terminally clipped Y2 agonists indicates larger accessibility for a short highly helical peptide. These findings indicate presence of a dynamic masked pool including majority of the cell surface Y2 receptors in adherent CHO cells. This compartmentalization is obviously involved in the low internalization of Y2 receptors in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Renu Sah
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Steven L. Parker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Apelin–APJ induces ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression via NF-κB/JNK signal pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2125-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Solution- and solid-state NMR studies of GPCRs and their ligands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1462-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Arabski M, Konieczna I, Sołowiej D, Rogoń A, Kolesińska B, Kamiński Z, Kaca W. Are anti-Helicobacter pylori urease antibodies involved in atherosclerotic diseases? Clin Biochem 2009; 43:115-23. [PMID: 19786006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ureB subunit of urease is a major target recognized by the antibodies of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. The minimal epitope was determined to be an 8-mer peptide (H-SIKEDVQF-OH). DESIGN AND METHODS The aim of this study was to discover whether this synthetic 8-mer peptide (BK-61A) directly recognizes the anti-ureB subunit antibodies of H. pylori-infected and atherosclerotic patients. To achieve a better presentation of the epitopes to antibodies, a new isocyanuric linker was designed and used for to immobilize the peptides on a cellulose support. RESULTS In this study a new peptide synthesis method is presented. Anti-ureB antibodies were evaluated by the dot blot technique in 26 H. pylori-infected donors and the sera of 20 H. pylori-infected patients with atherosclerosis using the 8-mer peptide. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal that the BK-61A peptide could be used for diagnosing the presence of anti-ureB antibodies that may be involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Arabski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, ul Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Estes A, Wong Y, Parker M, Sallee F, Balasubramaniam A, Parker S. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors of rabbit kidney cortex are largely dimeric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 150:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Parker SL, Parker MS, Wong YY, Sah R, Balasubramaniam A, Sallee F. Importance of a N-terminal aspartate in the internalization of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 594:26-31. [PMID: 18700141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
With human neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor expressed in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the Asp35Ala mutation, and especially the change of Pro34Asp35 to Ala34Ala35, decrease the compartmentalization and strongly accelerate internalization of the receptor. These changes are not associated with alterations in agonist affinity, G-protein interaction, dimerization, or level of expression of the mutated receptors relative to the wildtype receptor. The proline-flanked aspartate in the N-terminal extracellular segment of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor thus apparently has a large role in anchoring and compartmentalization of the receptor. However, the Pro34Ala mutation does not significantly affect the embedding and cycling of the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Parker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
We briefly survey the current knowledge and concepts regarding structure and function of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor and its agonists, especially as related to pharmacology of the receptor and its roles in pathological processes. Specific structural features are considered that could be responsible for the known compartmentalization and participation of the receptor in cell and tissue organization. This is further discussed in relation to changes of levels of the Y2 receptor in pathological conditions (especially in epilepsy and drug abuse), to endocytosis and recycling, and to participation in wound healing, retinopathy and angiogenesis. Properties of the receptor and of Y2 agonists are considered and reviewed in connection to the negative regulation of transmitter release, feeding, mood and social behavior. The possible involvement of the Y2 receptor in diabetes, carcinogenesis and bone formation is also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Parker
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parker SL, Parker MS, Sallee FR, Balasubramaniam A. Oligomerization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors in CHO cells depends on functional pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 144:72-81. [PMID: 17651824 PMCID: PMC4387131 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors expressed in CHO cells are largely oligomeric, and upon solubilization are recovered by density gradient centrifugation as approximately 180 kDa complexes of receptor dimers and G-protein heterotrimers. A large fraction of the receptors is inactivated in the presence of pertussis toxin, in parallel with inactivation of Gi alpha subunits (with half-periods of about 4 h for both). This is accompanied by a very long-lasting loss of receptor dimers and of masked surface Y2 sites (an apparent receptor reserve pre-coupled mainly to Gi alpha subunit-containing G-proteins). However, surface Y2 receptors accessible to large peptide agonists are much less sensitive to the toxin. All surface Y2 receptors are rapidly blocked by Y2 antagonist BIIE0246, with a significant loss of the dimers, but with little change of basal Gi activity. However, both dimers and Y2 receptor compartmentalization are restored within 24 h after removal of the antagonist. In CHO cells, the maintenance and organization of Y2 receptors appear to critically depend on functional pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Parker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fernando H, Nagle GT, Rajarathnam K. Thermodynamic characterization of interleukin-8 monomer binding to CXCR1 receptor N-terminal domain. FEBS J 2007; 274:241-51. [PMID: 17222184 PMCID: PMC2671026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines elicit their function by binding receptors of the G-protein-coupled receptor class, and the N-terminal domain (N-domain) of the receptor is one of the two critical ligand-binding sites. In this study, the thermodynamic basis for binding of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) to the N-domain of its receptor CXCR1 was characterized using isothermal titration calorimetry. We have shown previously that only the monomer of IL-8, and not the dimer, functions as a high-affinity ligand, so in this study we used the IL-8(1-66) deletion mutant which exists as a monomer. Calorimetry data indicate that the binding is enthalpically favored and entropically disfavored, and a negative heat capacity change indicates burial of hydrophobic residues in the complex. A characteristic feature of chemokine receptor N-domains is the large number of acidic residues, and experiments using different buffers show no net proton transfer, indicating that the CXCR1 N-domain acidic residues are not protonated in the binding process. CXCR1 N-domain peptide is unstructured in the free form but adopts a more defined structure in the bound form, and so binding is coupled to induction of the structure of the N-domain. Measurements in the presence of the osmolyte, trimethylamine N-oxide, which induces the structure of unfolded proteins, show that formation of the coupled N-domain structure involves only small DeltaH and DeltaS changes. These results together indicate that the binding is driven by packing interactions in the complex that are enthalpically favored, and are consistent with the observation that the N-domain binds in an extended form and interacts with multiple IL-8 N-loop residues over a large surface area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshica Fernando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Provost E, Shearn A. The Suppressor of Killer of prune, a unique glutathione S-transferase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2007; 38:189-95. [PMID: 16944302 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-006-9034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The prune-Killer of prune conditional dominant, lethal interaction in Drosophila was identified in the 1950s, but its mechanism remains unknown. We undertook a genetic screen for suppressors of this lethal interaction and identified a gene we named, Suppressor of Killer of prune Su(Kpn). Su(Kpn) is a unique protein with four N-terminal FLYWCH zinc-finger domains, an acidic domain and a C-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) domain. The GST domain of Su(Kpn) is of particular interest because GSTs are usually independent of other protein domains. While GSTs are generally thought of as detoxifying enzymes, they are also associated with cellular toxicity. We predict that the GST domain of the Su(Kpn) creates a toxic product in prune-Killer of prune flies that is lethal. The substrate of the Su(Kpn) remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elayne Provost
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Parker SL, Parker MS, Sah R, Balasubramaniam A, Sallee FR. Self-regulation of agonist activity at the Y receptors. Peptides 2007; 28:203-13. [PMID: 17194507 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides, and is likely to be present at nanomolar levels over extended periods in the synaptic space of many forebrain areas. This might be linked to an evolved generalized toning activity through a number of other peptide receptors that use C-terminally amidated agonists (with LHRH and orexin receptors and GIR as examples). However, the Y1 and Y2 receptors (which constitute the bulk of Y receptors active in the neural matrix) possess subnanomolar affinities that, at saturating NPY levels, could produce excessive signaling, as well as receptor losses via repeated endocytosis. The related Y4 receptor shows an even higher agonist affinity, and faces the same problem in visceral and neural locations accessible to pancreatic polypeptide (PP). An examination of agonist peptide interaction with Y receptors shows that Y1 and Y4 receptors in particular (as located on either the intact cells, or on particulates derived from various cell types) develop a blockade dependent on ligand concentration, with the blocking ranks of [NPY]>>[peptide YY] (PYY) for the Y1, and [human PP]>>>[PYY-related Y4 agonist] for the Y4 receptor. This blockade is also echoed in a concentration-related reduction in biological activity of primary agonists (NPY and PP), resembling a partial agonism, and is influenced especially by the allosteric interactivity of agonists. With the Y2 receptor, the blocking by agonists is less pronounced, but the signaling by NPY-related peptides is apparently less than with PYY-related agonists. The extended occupancy and self-attenuation of primary agonist activity at Y receptors could represent an evolutionary solution contributing to a balancing of metabolic signaling, agonist clearance and receptor conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Parker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|