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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Yang L. Limonoids From the Genus Melia (Meliaceae): Phytochemistry, Synthesis, Bioactivities, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:795565. [PMID: 35140606 PMCID: PMC8819599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonoids, as the vital bioactive chemical compounds in genus Melia plants, have attracted significant attention owing to their exclusive structural characteristics and remarkable biological activity. These compounds can be usually classified into two categories, including the ring-intact group and the ring-C-seco group. Benefiting from the development of separation and analysis technology, more than 200 limonoids have been isolated and identified from this genus. There is growing evidence that limonoids from genus Melia possess diverse pharmacological activities, especially anti-cancer effects, insecticidal activities, and anti-botulism effects. Toosendanin, one of the paramount limonoids, was considered as the pivotal bioactive marker in two medicinal herbs, including Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc and Melia azedarach L. In particular, limonoids are found to exhibit non-negligible toxic effects, a finding which needs further research. Besides this, the lack of clinical research data seriously hinders its further development and utilization, and necessary clinical trials should be taken into consideration. In this review, we systematically summarized the phytochemical compounds and their synthesis methods, pharmacological activities, and the structure–activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of genus Melia-derived limonoids. We believe that this up-to-date review could provide scientific evidence for the application of limonoids as agents beneficial to health in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
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Antiviral Active Compounds Derived from Natural Sources against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071386. [PMID: 34372592 PMCID: PMC8310208 DOI: 10.3390/v13071386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are ubiquitously distributed with a seroprevalence ranging up to 95% in the adult population. Refractory viral infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) represent a major global health issue. In particular, the increasing occurrence of resistance to conventional antiviral drugs make the therapy of such infections even more challenging. For instance, the frequent and long-term use of acyclovir and other nucleoside analogues targeting the viral DNA-polymerase enhance the development of resistant viruses. Particularly, the incidental increase of those strains in immunocompromised patients is alarming and represent a major health concern. Alternative treatment concepts are clearly needed. Natural products such as herbal medicines showed antiherpetic activity in vitro and in vivo and proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. By this means, numerous plant-derived compounds with antiviral or antimicrobial activity could be isolated. Natural medicines and their ingredients are well-tolerated and could be a good alternative for treating herpes simplex virus infections. This review provides an overview of the recent status of natural sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and their ingredients with antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses. Furthermore, we highlight the most potent herbal medicines and ingredients as promising candidates for clinical investigation and give an overview about the most important drug classes along with their potential antiviral mechanisms. The content of this review is based on articles that were published between 1996 and 2021.
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Abstract
The viral infection and resistance to the existing antiviral drugs are alarming, which is a serious public health concern. Medicinal plants are valuable resources for treatment of viral infections and can be used for the management of infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, etc. The antiviral screening of plant extracts should be highly selective, specific, and sensitive for bioactivity guided isolation of the active compounds from the plant extracts. The antiviral screening system should be validated for accuracy, reproducibility, simplicity, and cost effectiveness. This chapter highlights on various aspects for screening and evaluation of antiviral natural components including factors affecting antiviral in vivo studies, host cells, organisms, and culture media followed by different virus-specific assays for antiviral screening of natural products.
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Michelini FM, Alché LE, Bueno CA. Virucidal, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of β-escin and Aesculus hippocastanum extract. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1561-1571. [PMID: 30168142 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES β-Escin, one of the constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) seed extract (AH), inhibits NF-κB activation, which plays an important role in HSV-1 replication. The aim was to examine the antiherpetic activity of β-escin and AH, as well as their effect on the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and cytokine secretion in epithelial cells and macrophages. METHODS Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay, and antiviral and virucidal activity was determined by plaque assay. The effect on NF-κB and AP-1 signalling pathways activation was determined by a luciferase reporter assay, and cytokine production was measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS β-Escin and AH had virucidal and anti-HSV-1 activities, and the antiviral activity was discovered for other enveloped viruses (VSV and Dengue). Moreover, β-escin and AH significantly reduced NF-κB and AP-1 activation and cytokine production in macrophages stimulated with HSV-1 and TLRs ligands. However, an enhanced activation of these pathways and an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in β-escin and AH-treated HSV-1-infected epithelial cells were found. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates virucidal and broad-spectrum antiviral activities for β escin and AH. Besides, β-escin and AH modulate cytokine production depending on the stimuli (viral or non-viral) and the cell type under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Michelini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura E Alché
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Bueno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chen D, Su A, Fu Y, Wang X, Lv X, Xu W, Xu S, Wang H, Wu Z. Harmine blocks herpes simplex virus infection through downregulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by oxidative stress. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Petrera E, Coto CE. Effect of the potent antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin on cytokine production by murine macrophages stimulated with HSV-2. Phytother Res 2013; 28:104-9. [PMID: 23512754 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The limonoid 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM) isolated from leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L, has potent antiherpetic effect in epithelial cells. Since Meliacine, the partially purified extract source of CDM, has therapeutic effect on murine genital herpes, the potential use of CDM as microbicide against herpetic infections was studied here. To determine the cytotoxic effect of CDM, the MTT assay and acridine orange staining of living cells were performed. The antiherpetic action of CDM was measured by plaque reduction assay, and the immunomodulatory effect was determined by measuring the cytokine production using a bioassay and ELISA method. The results presented here showed that CDM inhibited Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) multiplication in Vero cells but did not affect its replication in macrophages which were not permissive to HSV infection. In macrophages, levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, IL-6 and IL-10 were increased by CDM used alone or in combination with HSV-2. Besides, CDM not only synergized TNF-α production combined with IFN-γ, but also prolonged its expression in time. Results indicate that CDM inhibits HSV-2 multiplication in epithelial cells and also increases cytokine production in macrophages, both important actions to the clearance of infecting virus in the mouse vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Petrera
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Michelini FM, Zorrilla P, Robello C, Alché LE. Immunomodulatory activity of an anti-HSV-1 synthetic stigmastane analog. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:560-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhong MG, Xiang YF, Qiu XX, Liu Z, Kitazato K, Wang YF. Natural products as a source of anti-herpes simplex virus agents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21464d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bueno CA, Lombardi MG, Sales ME, Alché LE. A natural antiviral and immunomodulatory compound with antiangiogenic properties. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:235-41. [PMID: 23006904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Meliacine (MA), an antiviral principle present in partially purified leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L., reduces viral load and abolishes the inflammatory reaction and neovascularization during the development of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM), obtained from MA, displays anti-herpetic and immunomodulatory activities in vitro. We investigated whether CDM interferes with the angiogenic process. CDM impeded VEGF transcription in LPS-stimulated and HSV-1-infected cells. It proved to have neither cytotoxic nor antiproliferative effect in HUVEC and to restrain HUVEC migration and formation of capillary-like tubes. Moreover, MA inhibits LMM3 tumor-induced neovascularization in vivo. We postulate that the antiangiogenic activity of CDM displayed in vitro as a consequence of their immunomodulatory properties is responsible for the antiangiogenic activity of MA in vivo, which would be associated with the lack of neovascularization in murine HSV-1-induced ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Bueno
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Piso 4°, Ciudad Universitaria, C-1428GBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lan W, Petznick A, Heryati S, Rifada M, Tong L. Nuclear Factor-κB: central regulator in ocular surface inflammation and diseases. Ocul Surf 2012; 10:137-48. [PMID: 22814642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor pathway that is responsible for many key biological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, stress response, corneal wound healing, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Numerous recent studies have investigated NF-κB in the context of ocular surface disorders, including chemical injury, ultraviolet radiation-induced injury, microbial infections, allergic eye diseases, dry eye, pterygium, and corneal graft rejection. The purpose this article is to summarize key findings with regard to the pathways regulating NF-κB and processes governed by the NF-κB pathway. In the innate defense system, NF-κB is involved in signaling from the toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, which are expressed in conjunctival, limbal, and corneal epithelial cells. These determine the ocular responses to infections, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex-1 virus. Natural angiogenic inhibitors enhance NF-κB, and this may occur through the mitogen-activated protein kinases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. In alkali injury, inhibition of NF-κB can reduce corneal angiogenesis, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy. The evaluation of NF-κB inhibitors in diseases is also discussed, including emodin, besifloxacin, BOL-303242-X (mapracorat), thymosin-β4, epigallocatechin gallate, Perilla frutescens leaf extract and IKKβ-targeting short interfering RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwen Lan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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Caboni P, Ntalli NG, Bueno CE, Alchè LE. Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Components with Biological Activity Extracted from Azadirachta indicaand Melia azedarach. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1093.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Caboni
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, 4to. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. G. Ntalli
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, 4to. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C. E. Bueno
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, 4to. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. E. Alchè
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, 4to. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Gang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, P.R.China
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, P.R.China
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Lin L, Tan RX. Cross-kingdom actions of phytohormones: a functional scaffold exploration. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2734-60. [PMID: 21250668 DOI: 10.1021/cr100061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Zhao L, Huo CH, Shen LR, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Shi QW. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Melia. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:839-59. [PMID: 20397220 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, 050017 Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Bueno CA, Alché LE, Barquero AA. 1-Cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin delays glycoprotein transport restraining virus multiplication without cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yarnell
- President of the Botanical Medicine Academy, a specialty board for using medicinal herbs, and is a faculty member at Bastyr University in Kenmore, Washington
| | - Kathy Abascal
- Executive director of the Botanical Medicine Academy in Vashon, Washington
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Araújo SD, Teixeira M, Dantas T, Melo V, Lima F, Ricarte A, Costa E, Miranda A. USOS POTENCIAIS DE MELIA AZEDARACH L. (MELIACEAE): UM LEVANTAMENTO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p1412009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Há muito tempo, diversas plantas têm sido utilizadas como medicinais. Além disso, inúmeras pesquisas são realizadas com o intuito de validar os seus princípios ativos. A Melia azedarach, que apresenta uma ampla utilização popular, já teve muitos princípios ativos isolados e várias ações farmacológicas testadas e comprovadas. Entre estas ações destacam-se a atividade antiviral, antimicrobiana, antimalarial, antiparasitária, inseticida, contraceptiva e antifoliculogênica e citotóxica devidamente comprovadas. Portanto, visando contribuir para um maior conhecimento a respeito desta planta, apresentamos um levantamento enfocando suas principais ações farmacológicas, biológicas e químicas. Evidenciando desta forma o seu potencial medicinal e fitoquímico, portanto sua utilização na medicina popular.
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Bueno CA, Barquero AA, Di Cónsoli H, Maier MS, Alché LE. A natural tetranortriterpenoid with immunomodulating properties as a potential anti-HSV agent. Virus Res 2009; 141:47-54. [PMID: 19162100 PMCID: PMC7114431 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Meliacine (MA), an antiviral principle present in partially purified leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L., prevents the development of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) in mice by diminishing the viral load in the eye and the severity of lesions caused by a virus-induced immunopathological reaction. The tetranortriterpenoid 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM), obtained from MA purification, displays anti-herpetic activity and impedes nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in HSV-1 infected conjunctival cells. To extend our understanding about CDM biological properties, we investigated its anti-HSV-1 activity as well as the effect on NF-kappaB activation and cytokine secretion induced by viral (HSV-1) and no-viral (LPS) stimuli, in corneal cells and macrophages. CDM exerted a potent anti-HSV-1 effect on corneal cells and inhibited NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus, leading to a decrease in IL-6 production. Besides, CDM seemed to modulate IL-6 and TNF-alpha responses in macrophages, whether they were infected with HSV-1 or stimulated with LPS. However, CDM did not affect NF-kappaB activation in these cells, suggesting that an alternative NF-kappaB cell signaling pathway would be involved in the modulation of cytokine production. We conclude that, in addition to its antiviral effect, CDM would be acting as an immunomodulating compound which would be responsible for the improvement of murine HSK already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Bueno
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Michelini FM, Berra A, Alché LE. The in vitro immunomodulatory activity of a synthetic brassinosteroid analogue would account for the improvement of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:164-70. [PMID: 18054220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces an ocular chronic immunoinflammatory syndrome named herpetic stromal keratitis that can lead to vision impairment and blindness. We have reported that the synthetic brassinosteroid (22S,23S)-3beta-bromo-5alpha,22,23-trihydroxystigmastan-6-one, designated as 2, is a potent antiviral in vitro and reduces the incidence of murine herpetic stromal keratitis, although it does not exert an antiviral effect in vivo. In the present report, we investigated whether brassinosteroid 2 may play a role in the modulation of the response of epithelial and immune cells to HSV-1 infection. Compound 2 blocked HSV-1-induced activation of NF-kappaB by inhibiting its translocation to the nucleus of infected corneal and conjunctival cells in vitro, as well as significantly reduced the secretion of TNF-alpha in infected NHC cells. Conversely, IL-6 production was enhanced by compound 2 after HSV-1 infection in both cell types. The production of these cytokines was considerably reduced in a LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line after treatment with compound 2. In conclusion, brassinosteroid 2 would be playing a modulating effect as an inductor or inhibitor, depending on the cell type involved. The improvement of disease observed in mice could be a balance between both, the immunostimulating and immunosuppressive effects of brassinosteroid 2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Michelini
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Piso 4to., Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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