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Torikai H, Chen MH, Jin L, He J, Angle JF, Shi W. Atherogenesis in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice with a Genetically Resistant Background. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091255. [PMID: 37174655 PMCID: PMC10177018 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoe-deficient (Apoe-/-) and Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice are two common animal models of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The two models differ in lipid and glucose metabolism and other mechanisms involved in atherogenesis. Here we examined atherosclerotic lesion formation in the two models with an atherosclerosis-resistant C3H/HeJ (C3H) background. 3-month-old C3H-Ldlr-/- and C3H-Apoe-/- mice developed minimal atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root when fed a chow diet. After 12 weeks on a Western diet, C3H-Ldlr-/- mice developed 3-fold larger lesions than C3H-Apoe-/- mice in the aortic root (127,386 ± 13,439 vs. 41,542 ± 5075 μm2/section; p = 0.00028), but neither knockout formed any lesion in the carotid artery. After being ligated near its bifurcation, the common carotid artery developed intimal lesions in both knockouts 4 weeks after ligation, significantly larger in C3H-Ldlr-/- than C3H-Apoe-/- mice (68,721 ± 2706 vs. 47,472 ± 8146 μm2/section; p = 0.028). Compared to C3H-Apoe-/- mice, C3H-Ldlr-/- mice showed a 50% reduction in plasma MCP-1 levels, similar levels of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress biomarker, on both chow and Western diets, but higher small dense LDL levels on the Western diet. These results suggest a more significant role for small dense LDL than inflammation and oxidative stress in the different susceptibility of the mouse models to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Torikai
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mei-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Li Jin
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John F Angle
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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2
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Ldlr-Deficient Mice with an Atherosclerosis-Resistant Background Develop Severe Hyperglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes on a Western-Type Diet. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061429. [PMID: 35740449 PMCID: PMC9220196 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice are two animal models extensively used for atherosclerosis research. We previously reported that Apoe-/- mice on certain genetic backgrounds, including C3H/HeJ (C3H), develop type 2 diabetes when fed a Western diet. We sought to characterize diabetes-related traits in C3H-Ldlr-/- mice through comparing with C3H-Apoe-/- mice. On a chow diet, Ldlr-/- mice had lower plasma total and non-HDL cholesterol levels but higher HDL levels than Apoe-/- mice. Fasting plasma glucose was much lower in Ldlr-/- than Apoe-/- mice (male: 122.5 ± 5.9 vs. 229.4 ± 17.5 mg/dL; female: 144.1 ± 12.4 vs. 232.7 ± 6.4 mg/dL). When fed a Western diet, Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mice developed severe hypercholesterolemia and also hyperglycemia with fasting plasma glucose levels exceeding 250 mg/dL. Both knockouts had similar non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and their fasting glucose levels were also similar. Male Ldlr-/- mice exhibited greater glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to their Apoe-/- counterpart. Female mice showed similar glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity though Ldlr-/- mice had higher non-fasting glucose levels. Male Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mice developed moderate obesity on the Western diet, but female mice did not. These results indicate that the Western diet and ensuing hyperlipidemia lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, irrespective of underlying genetic causes.
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Dos Santos L, Maciel LDO, Gracia EKI, Soares EA, Sarto DAQS, Barauna VG, Estrela HFG, Rocha CM, Carvalho MDGDS, Boas BMV, Garcia JAD. Ethereal Extract of Pepper: Preventing Atherosclerosis and Left Ventricle Remodeling in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:51-57. [PMID: 33859959 PMCID: PMC8027052 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this study we compared the effects of oral treatment with red pepper ethereal extracts or simvastatin on dyslipidemia, left ventricle remodeling, and atherosclerotic lesions of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) fed a hyperlipidic diet. Forty 3-month-old male mice were distributed into four groups: control (C; animals fed a standard diet), HL (ani-mals fed a hyperlipidic diet), and HL+P or HL+S (animals fed a hyperlipidic diet plus red pepper ethereal extracts or simvastatin, respectively). After 60 days, treatment with both red pepper ethereal extracts and simvastatin prevented dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic lesion progression, and left ventricle hypertrophy. Our results suggest a cardioprotective effect of red pepper ethereal extracts in LDLr-/- mice, which is comparable to the well-known effects of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Dos Santos
- Pernambuco Rural Federal University ‒ Serra Talhada Academic Unit (UFRPE ‒ UAST), Serra Talhada, PE 56909-535, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Danielle Aparecida Quintino Silva Sarto
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Institute of Southern Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS) ‒ Campus Machado, Machado, MG 37750-000, Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES 29075-910, Brazil
| | | | - Carollayne Mendonça Rocha
- Department of Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Reproduction Sanitation and Animal Welfare, José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440, Brazil
| | - Brígida Monteiro Vilas Boas
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Institute of Southern Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS) ‒ Campus Machado, Machado, MG 37750-000, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Dias Garcia
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Institute of Southern Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS) ‒ Campus Machado, Machado, MG 37750-000, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440, Brazil.,Department of Postgraduate Program in Reproduction Sanitation and Animal Welfare, José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG 37132-440, Brazil
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Martins ÂM, Silva Sarto DAQ, Caproni KDP, Silva J, Silva J, Souza PS, dos Santos L, Ureña MJE, de Souza Carvalho MDG, Vilas Boas BM, Miranda LPA, Garcia JAD. Grape juice attenuates left ventricular hypertrophy in dyslipidemic mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238163. [PMID: 32881885 PMCID: PMC7470265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of grape juice (Vitis labrusca L.) on dyslipidemia, resistance to insulin, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice homozygous for the absence of the LDL receptor gene (LDLr -/-) under a hyperlipidemic diet. METHODOLOGY We divided 30 male mice (3 months old) into three groups (n = 10); the HL group was fed a high-fat diet, the HLU group received a high-fat diet and 2 g/kg/day of grape juice, and the HLS group was fed a high-fat diet and simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day). We assessed the blood pressure profile of the mice. We also determined the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profile, glycemic and insulinemic profiles, and calculated the HOMA-IR. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial collagen deposit, and the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were assessed immunohistologically. RESULTS After 60 days, the mice treated with grape juice showed similar results as those of the group treated with simvastatin. The use of grape fruit attenuated dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and significantly increased the levels of high cholesterol density lipoproteins (HDLc). The antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds associated with the increase in HDLc levels in the mice of the HLU group prevented the development of LVH and arterial hypertension since it inhibited the inflammatory response induced by the CD40 pathway and its ligand CD40L. Consequently, there was a lower expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and lower serum levels of CRP. CONCLUSION Grape juice has a hypolipidemic and cardiac protective potential, presenting a similar effect as that of simvastatin through a direct antioxidant action of phenolic compounds, or indirectly, via antioxidant action and anti-inflammatory activity of the HDLc. These results suggest that grape juice is a functional food possessing a high potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Maria Martins
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Machado, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Karine de Paula Caproni
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Machado, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro dos Santos
- Academic Unity of Serra Talhada, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcos Javier Espino Ureña
- Autonomous University of Santo Domingo and Dominican Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Research, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Brígida Monteiro Vilas Boas
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Machado, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - José Antonio Dias Garcia
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Machado, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- José do Rosário Vellano University, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zhao J, Huangfu C, Chang Z, Grainger AT, Liu Z, Shi W. Atherogenesis in the Carotid Artery with and without Interrupted Blood Flow of Two Hyperlipidemic Mouse Strains. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:241-254. [PMID: 31536996 DOI: 10.1159/000502691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries is a common cause of ischemic stroke. We examined atherogenesis in the left carotid artery with and without interrupted blood flow of C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H-Apoe-deficient (Apoe-/-) mouse strains. METHODS Blood flow was interrupted by ligating the common carotid artery near its bifurcation in one group of mice and another group was not interrupted. RESULTS Without interference with blood flow, C3H-Apoe-/- mice developed no atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, while B6-Apoe-/- mice formed advanced atherosclerotic lesions (98,019 ± 10,594 μm2/section) after 12 weeks of a Western diet. When blood flow was interrupted by ligating the common carotid artery near its bifurcation, C3H-Apoe-/- mice showed fatty streak lesions 2 weeks after ligation, and by 4 weeks fibrous lesions had formed, although they were smaller than in B6-Apoe-/- mice. Neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and infiltration in lesions was observed in ligated arteries of both strains. Treatment of B6-Apoe-/- mice with antibody against neutrophils had little effect on lesion size. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the dramatic influences of genetic backgrounds and blood flow on atherogenesis in the carotid artery of hyperlipidemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoji Huangfu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Western Theater Command, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Chang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Andrew T Grainger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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Willecke F, Rupprecht B, Gissler MC, Pfeiffer K, Anto-Michel N, Stachon P, Wolf D, Hilgendorf I, Hoppe N, Bode C, Zirlik A. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 5 Promotes Arterial Neointima Formation through Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:308-319. [PMID: 31437850 DOI: 10.1159/000501615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins of the TNF/interleukin (IL)-1/Toll-like receptor superfamily. Ligands of this family such as TNFα, CD40L, and IL-1β promote chronic inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, the latter being a common adverse reaction after vascular interventions. We previously reported overexpression of TRAF5 in murine and human atheromata and TRAF5-dependent proinflammatory functions in vitro. However, the role of TRAF5 in restenosis remains unsettled. To evaluate whether TRAF5 affects neointima formation, TRAF5-/-LDLR-/- and TRAF5+/+LDLR-/- mice consuming a high cholesterol diet (HCD) received wire-induced injury of the carotid artery. After 28 days, TRAF5-deficient mice showed a 45% decrease in neointimal area formation compared with TRAF5-compentent mice. Furthermore, neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) and macrophages decreased whereas collagen increased in TRAF5-deficient mice. Mechanistically, the latter expressed lower transcript levels of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, both instrumental in extracellular matrix degradation and vSMC mobilization. Additionally, TRAF5-specific siRNA interference rendered murine vSMC less proliferative upon CD40L stimulation. In accordance with these findings, fewer vSMC isolated from TRAF5-deficient aortas were in a proliferative state as assessed by Ki67 and cyclin B1 expression. In conclusion, TRAF5 deficiency mitigates neointima formation in mice, likely through a TRAF5-dependent decrease in vSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Willecke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,
| | - Benjamin Rupprecht
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Colin Gissler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Pfeiffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto-Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Stachon
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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7
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Chang Z, Huangfu C, Grainger AT, Zhang J, Guo Q, Shi W. Accelerated atherogenesis in completely ligated common carotid artery of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110289-110299. [PMID: 29299147 PMCID: PMC5746382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete ligation of the common carotid artery near its bifurcation induces neointimal formation due to smooth muscle cell proliferation in normolipidemic wild-type mice, but it was unknown what would happen to hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Examination of these mice revealed rapid development of atherosclerotic lesions in completely ligated carotid arteries within 4 weeks. Mice were fed a Western diet, starting 1 week before ligation, or a chow diet. Foam cell lesions formed as early as 1 week after ligation in mice fed the Western diet and 2 weeks in mice fed the chow diet. Fibrous lesions comprised of foam cells and smooth muscle cells and more advance lesions containing neovessels occurred at 2 and 4 weeks after ligation, respectively, in the Western diet group. Lesions were larger and more advanced in the Western diet group than the chow group. Neutrophil infiltration was observed in growing intimal lesions in both diet groups, while CD8+ T cells were found in lesions of chow-fed mice. This study demonstrates that Apoe-/- mice develop the entire spectrum of atherosclerosis in ligated carotid arteries in an accelerated manner and this model could be a valuable tool for investigating the development and therapy of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chang
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoji Huangfu
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew T. Grainger
- Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Viana Gonçalves IC, Cerdeira CD, Poletti Camara E, Dias Garcia JA, Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão M, Bessa Veloso Silva R, Bitencourt dos Santos G. Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36:629-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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10
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Santos L, Davel AP, Almeida TIR, Almeida MR, Soares EA, Fernandes GJM, Magalhães SF, Barauna VG, Garcia JAD. Soy milk versus simvastatin for preventing atherosclerosis and left ventricle remodeling in LDL receptor knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5854. [PMID: 28225891 PMCID: PMC5333721 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional food intake has been highlighted as a strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases by reducing risk factors. In this study, we compared the effects of oral treatment with soy milk and simvastatin on dyslipidemia, left ventricle remodeling and atherosclerotic lesion of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) fed a hyperlipidic diet. Forty 3-month old male LDLr-/- mice were distributed into four groups: control group (C), in which animals received standard diet; HL group, in which animals were fed a hyperlipidic diet; HL+SM or HL+S groups, in which animals were submitted to a hyperlipidic diet plus soy milk or simvastatin, respectively. After 60 days, both soy milk and simvastatin treatment prevented dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic lesion progression and left ventricle hypertrophy in LDLr-/- mice. These beneficial effects of soy milk and simvastatin were associated with reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory state in the heart and aorta caused by the hyperlipidic diet. Treatment with soy milk was more effective in preventing HDLc reduction and triacylglycerol and VLDLc increase. On the other hand, simvastatin was more effective in preventing an increase in total cholesterol, LDLc and superoxide production in aorta, as well as CD40L both in aorta and left ventricle of LDLr-/-. In conclusion, our results suggest a cardioprotective effect of soy milk in LDLr-/- mice comparable to the well-known effects of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santos
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A P Davel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - T I R Almeida
- Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas, Muzambinho, MG, Brasil
| | - M R Almeida
- Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas, Muzambinho, MG, Brasil
| | - E A Soares
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - G J M Fernandes
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - S F Magalhães
- Departmento de Biomedicina, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - V G Barauna
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - J A D Garcia
- Departmento de Tecnologia, Ciência e Educação, Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas, Machado, MG, Brasil.,Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
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11
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Lee YT, Lin HY, Chan YWF, Li KHC, To OTL, Yan BP, Liu T, Li G, Wong WT, Keung W, Tse G. Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:12. [PMID: 28095860 PMCID: PMC5240327 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Olivia Tsz Ling To
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
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Silva DB, Miranda AP, Silva DB, D'Angelo LRB, Rosa BB, Soares EA, Ramalho JGDC, Boriollo MFG, Garcia JAD. Propolis and swimming in the prevention of atherogenesis and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypercholesterolemic mice. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 75:414-22. [PMID: 26132026 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study verified the effect of propolis alone and its association with swimming in dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and atherogenesis of hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS The experiments were performed in LDLr-/- mice, fed with high fat diet for 75 days, and were divided into four experimental groups (n=10): HL, sedentary, subjected to aquatic stress (5 min per day, 5 times per week); NAT submitted to a swimming protocol (1 hour per day, 5 times per week) from the 16th day of the experiment; PRO, sedentary, submitted to aquatic stress and which received oral propolis extract (70 uL/animal/day) from the 16th day of the experiment; HL+NAT+PRO, submitted to swimming and which received propolis as described above. After 75 days, blood was collected for analysis of serum lipids. The ratio between the ventricular weight (mg) and the animal weight (g) was calculated. Histological sections of the heart and aorta were processed immunohistochemically with anti-CD40L antibodies to evaluate the inflammatory process; stained with hematoxylin/eosin and picrosirius red to assess morphological and morphometric alterations. The HL animals showed severe dyslipidemia, atherogenesis and left ventricular hypertrophy, associated with a decrease in serum HDLc levels and subsequent development of cardiovascular inflammatory process, characterized by increased expression of CD40L in the left ventricle and aorta. Swimming and propolis alone and\or associated prevented the LVH, atherogenesis and arterial and ventricular inflammation, decreasing the CD40L expression and increasing the HDLc plasmatic levels. CONCLUSION Propolis alone or associated with a regular physical activity is beneficial in cardiovascular protection through anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Silva
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - A P Miranda
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - D B Silva
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - L R B D'Angelo
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - B B Rosa
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - E A Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - J G D C Ramalho
- Programa de mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - M F G Boriollo
- Instituto Federal Sul de Minas Gerais, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil
| | - J A D Garcia
- Instituto Federal Sul de Minas Gerais, Machado, MG, Brazil
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Tao M, Mauro CR, Yu P, Favreau JT, Nguyen B, Gaudette GR, Ozaki CK. A simplified murine intimal hyperplasia model founded on a focal carotid stenosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:277-87. [PMID: 23159527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine models offer a powerful tool for unraveling the mechanisms of intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling, although their technical complexity increases experimental variability and limits widespread application. We describe a simple and clinically relevant mouse model of arterial intimal hyperplasia and remodeling. Focal left carotid artery (LCA) stenosis was created by placing 9-0 nylon suture around the artery using an external 35-gauge mandrel needle (middle or distal location), which was then removed. The effect of adjunctive diet-induced obesity was defined. Flowmetry, wall strain analyses, biomicroscopy, and histology were completed. LCA blood flow sharply decreased by ∼85%, followed by a responsive right carotid artery increase of ∼71%. Circumferential strain decreased by ∼2.1% proximal to the stenosis in both dietary groups. At 28 days, morphologic adaptations included proximal LCA intimal hyperplasia, which was exacerbated by diet-induced obesity. The proximal and distal LCA underwent outward and negative inward remodeling, respectively, in the mid-focal stenosis (remodeling indexes, 1.10 and 0.53). A simple, defined common carotid focal stenosis yields reproducible murine intimal hyperplasia and substantial differentials in arterial wall adaptations. This model offers a tool for investigating mechanisms of hemodynamically driven intimal hyperplasia and arterial wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tao
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Fuster JJ, Castillo AI, Zaragoza C, Ibáñez B, Andrés V. Animal models of atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:1-23. [PMID: 22137427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the predominant cause of mortality worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase significantly during the next decades owing to the unhealthy effects of modern lifestyle habits (e.g., obesity and lack of physical exercise). Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with acute myocardial infarction or stroke, which are generally the ultimate consequence of an underlying atherosclerotic process. Small and big animal models are valuable tools to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, as well as the occurrence of associated ischemic events. Moreover, animal models of atherosclerosis are pivotal for testing mechanistic hypothesis and for translational research, including the assessment of dietary and/or pharmacological interventions and the development of imaging technologies and interventional devices. In this chapter, we will describe the most widely used animal models that have permitted major advances in atherosclerosis research and significant improvements in the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Li J, Wang Q, Chai W, Chen MH, Liu Z, Shi W. Hyperglycemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse strains with different atherosclerosis susceptibility. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:117. [PMID: 22204493 PMCID: PMC3273441 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease, but it is unknown whether the other way around is true too. C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/cJ (BALB) are two mouse strains that differ markedly in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis. In this study we investigated the development of diet-induced T2DM in these two strains. Methods and Results When deficient in apolipoprotein E (apoE-/-) and fed a Western diet for 12 weeks, atherosclerosis-susceptible B6 mice developed significant hyperglycemia. In contrast, atherosclerosis-resistant BALB apoE-/- mice had much lower plasma glucose levels than B6.apoE-/- mice on either chow or Western diet and during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In response to glucose BALB.apoE-/- mice displayed both the first and second phases of insulin secretion but the second phase of insulin secretion was absent in B6.apoE-/- mice. In response to insulin B6.apoE-/- mice showed a deeper and longer-lasting fall in blood glucose levels while BALB.apoE-/- mice showed little reduction in glucose levels. Pancreatic islet area of BALB.apoE-/- mice on light microscopy nearly doubled the area of B6.apoE-/- mice. Most circulating proinflammatory cytokines were lower in BALB.apoE-/- than in B6.apoE-/- mice on the Western diet, as determined by protein arrays. Increased macrophage infiltration in islets was observed in B6.apoE-/- mice by immunostaining for Mac2 and also by flow cytometry. Conclusion This study demonstrates that defects in insulin secretion rather than defects in insulin resistance explain the marketed difference in susceptibility to T2DM in the B6.apoE-/- and BALB.apoE-/- mouse model. A smaller islet mass and more prominent islet inflammation may explain the vulnerability of B6.apoE-/- mice to diet-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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16
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Garcia JAD, de Lima CC, Messora LB, Cruz AF, Marques APS, Simão TP, Soares EA, Cristina Costa Resck M, Incerpi EK, de Mello Oliveira N, dos Santos L. [Anti-inflammatory effect of high-density lipoprotein on the cardiovascular system of hyperlipidemic mice]. Rev Port Cardiol 2011; 30:763-9. [PMID: 22118127 DOI: 10.1016/s0870-2551(11)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LDLr-/- mice are spontaneously hyperlipidemic and resistant to the development of neointimal lesions. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the factor that prevents the inflammatory process and neointimal lesions and insulin resistance in LDLr-/- mice. METHODS Three groups of 3-month-old male mice were used: wild-type mice (WT group); LDLr-/- mice fed a standard diet (S group); and LDLr-/- mice fed a high-fat diet (HF group). After 15 days, blood was collected for analysis of plasma lipids, glucose and insulin. The HOMA index was calculated to determine insulin resistance. The heart and aorta were removed for histological study. Histological sections of the heart were processed immunohistochemically with anti-CD40L antibodies to evaluate the inflammatory process. Histological sections of the aorta were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and picrosirius red to assess morphological and morphometric alterations. RESULTS The S mice were resistant to the inflammatory process, as shown by low immunoreactivity to CD40L, with high plasma HDL levels, and did not develop insulin resistance, even with moderate hyperlipidemia compared to WT. The HF mice showed severe hyperlipidemia, increased cardiac immunoreactivity to CD40L, pronounced morphological changes in the aortic wall and insulin resistance, associated with a decrease in plasma HDL levels, compared to S. This severe hyperlipidemia in the HF mice can be considered the major metabolic factor inducing oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system, increasing the lipid peroxidation of HDL and hence its removal by the liver, with consequent lowering of plasma HDL levels. CONCLUSION High HDL plasma levels are a protective factor against the development of cardiovascular inflammation and insulin resistance in LDLr-/- mice, preventing the development of neointimal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio D Garcia
- Núcleo de pesquisa em farmacologia e cirurgia experimental da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, UNIFENAS, Alfenas, Brasil.
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Garcia JAD, de Lima CC, Messora LB, Cruz AF, Marques AP, Simão TP, Aline Soares E, Cristina Costa Resck M, Incerpi EK, de Mello Oliveira N, dos Santos L. Anti-inflammatory effect of high-density lipoprotein on the cardiovascular system of hyperlipidemic mice. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2174-2049(11)70024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Wang S, Wu D, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S, Lecker JL, Lichtenstein AH. Enhanced aortic macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in LDL receptor null mice fed an atherogenic diet. Lipids 2010; 45:701-11. [PMID: 20686867 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an atherogenic diet on inflammatory response and elicited peritoneal macrophage (Mphi) cholesterol accumulation in relation to aortic lesion formation was assessed in LDL receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice. Mice were fed an atherogenic or control diet for 32 weeks. The atherogenic relative to control diet resulted in significantly higher plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, more aortic wall Mphi deposition, higher serum non HDL-cholesterol concentrations and total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratios, and greater accumulation of both aortic free and esterified cholesterol. Elicited peritoneal Mphi selectively accumulated longer chain unsaturated fatty acids in their membrane, independent of the dietary fatty acid profile. Elicited peritoneal Mphi isolated from mice fed the atherogenic relative to control diet had significantly less arachidonic acid levels, accumulated significantly higher esterified cholesterol, had significantly higher mRNA levels and secretion of MCP-1, and mRNA and protein levels of ATP-binding cassette A1. Diet treatment had no significant effect in elicited peritoneal Mphi on TNFalpha and IL-6 mRNA levels and secretion. These data suggest that the atherogenic relative to control diet resulted in higher plasma inflammatory factor concentrations, less favorable lipoprotein profile, higher elicited peritoneal Mphi cholesterol accumulation and inflammatory factor secretion, and more aortic wall Mphi deposition, which in turn were associated with greater aortic cholesterol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Stapleton PA, Goodwill AG, James ME, D'Audiffret AC, Frisbee JC. Differential impact of familial hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia on vascular wall and network remodeling in mice. Microcirculation 2010; 17:47-58. [PMID: 20141600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2009.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) are characterized by elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (FH) and LDL/triglycerides (FCH), with mouse models represented by LDL receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene deletion mice, respectively. Given the impact of FH and FCH on health outcomes, we determined the impact of FH/FCH on vascular structure in LDLR and ApoE mice. LDLR, ApoE and control mice were utilized at 12-13 and 22-23 weeks when gracilis arteries were studied for wall mechanics and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested for microvessel density measurements. Conduit arteries and plasma samples were harvested for biochemical analyses. Arteries from ApoE and LDLR exhibited blunted expansion versus control, reduced distensibility and left-shifted stress versus strain relation (LDLR > ApoE). Microvessel density was reduced in ApoE and LDLR (ApoE > LDLR). Secondary analyses suggested that wall remodeling in LDLR was associated with cholesterol and MCP-1, while rarefaction in ApoE was associated with tumor necrosis factors-alpha, triglycerides and vascular production of TxA(2). Remodeling in ApoE and LDLR appears distinct; as that in LDLR is preferential for vascular walls, while that for ApoE is stronger for rarefaction. Remodeling in LDLR may be associated with cellular adhesion, while that in ApoE may be associated with pro-apoptotsis and constrictor prostanoid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Stapleton
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Yuan Z, Pei H, Roberts DJ, Zhang Z, Rowlan JS, Matsumoto AH, Shi W. Quantitative trait locus analysis of neointimal formation in an intercross between C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:220-8. [PMID: 19718279 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.792499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) exhibit marked differences in neointimal formation after arterial injury when deficient in apolipoprotein E (apoE(-/-)) and fed a Western diet. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed on an intercross between B6.apoE(-/-) and C3H.apoE(-/-) mice to determine genetic factors contributing to the phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Female B6.apoE(-/-) mice were crossed with male C3H.apoE(-/-) mice to generate F(1)s, which were intercrossed to generate 204 male F(2) progeny. At 10 weeks of age, F(2)s underwent endothelium denudation injury to the left common carotid artery. Mice were fed a Western diet for 1 week before and 4 weeks after injury and analyzed for neointimal lesion size, plasma lipid and MCP-1 levels. One significant QTL, named Nih1 (61cM, LOD score: 5.02), on chromosome 12 and a suggestive locus on chromosome 13 (35cM, LOD: 2.67) were identified to influence lesion size. One significant QTL on distal chromosome 1 accounted for major variations in plasma non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Four suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 were detected for circulating MCP-1 levels. No correlations were observed between neointimal lesion size and plasma lipid levels or between lesion size and plasma MCP-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Neointimal formation is controlled by genetic factors independent of those affecting plasma lipid levels and circulating MCP-1 levels in the B6 and C3H mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobiao Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Abstract
The most commonly used procedures to induce arterial injury in mice are carotid artery ligation with cessation of blood flow and mechanically-induced denudation of endothelium in the carotid or the femoral arteries. Both procedures result in neointimal hyperplasia after two to three weeks. A survey of various inbred strains of mice shows that strain-specific differences in susceptibility to injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia are different than those for susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis, with strains identified as susceptible to both neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis, resistant to both, susceptible to atherosclerosis but resistant to neointimal hyperplasia, or resistant to atherosclerosis but susceptible to neointimal hyperplasia. Inflammatory cells such as T and B lymphocytes, which are contributory to atherosclerosis, are protective against injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. In contrast, the infiltration of monocytes into the site of injury and their differentiation to macrophages favor neointimal hyperplasia similar to their pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. The regulatory role of lymphocytes and macrophages in neointimal hyperplasia is related to the production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, respectively. Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity appears to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in the endothelial denudation model but contributes to neointimal hyperplasia when arterial injury is induced by periadventitial cuff placement. The difference appears to be due to the time required for endothelial recovery and the participation of inflammatory cells. Thus, although arterial injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia results in similar vascular occlusion as progressive atherosclerosis, the pathology and mechanism of the two disease processes are quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Li Y, Gilbert TR, Matsumoto AH, Shi W. Effect of aging on fatty streak formation in a diet-induced mouse model of atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 2007; 45:205-10. [PMID: 18063868 DOI: 10.1159/000112133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is considered to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is unclear whether age has a direct effect on susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Wild-type mice develop fatty streak lesions in the aortic root only when fed a cholate-containing high fat/cholesterol diet. To investigate the influence of age on fatty streak formation, young (10 weeks) and old (53 weeks) female C57BL/6 mice were fed an atherogenic diet containing 15% fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate for 12 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root were measured after cryosections were stained with oil red O. Results showed that old mice developed a comparable size of aortic lesions with young counterparts (5,600 +/- 2,480 vs. 6,457 +/- 1,537 microm2/section; p = 0.77), although old mice had significantly higher plasma cholesterol levels than young mice on the atherogenic diet (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were significantly higher in old mice than in young mice on both chow and Western diets (p < 0.005). These data indicate that age has no direct effect on atherosclerosis susceptibility although it is accompanied by elevations in plasma cholesterol and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 levels in C57BL/6 mice. Thus, increased cardiovascular events with age are probably related to a progressive increase in plaque size rather than to an increase in atherosclerosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va 22908, USA
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