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Pun R, Cavanaugh AM, Aldrich E, Tran O, Rudd JC, Hansen LA, North BJ. PKCμ promotes keratinocyte cell migration through Cx43 phosphorylation-mediated suppression of intercellular communication. iScience 2024; 27:109033. [PMID: 38375220 PMCID: PMC10875573 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of intercellular communication through suppression of gap junctional conductance is necessary during wound healing. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a prominent gap junction protein in skin, is downregulated following wounding to restrict communication between keratinocytes. Previous studies found that PKCμ, a novel PKC isozyme, regulates efficient cutaneous wound healing. However, the molecular mechanism by which PKCμ regulates wound healing remains unknown. We have identified that PKCμ suppresses intercellular communication and enhances cell migration in an in vitro wound healing model by regulating Cx43 containing gap junctions. PKCμ can directly interact with and phosphorylate Cx43 at S368, which leads to Cx43 internalization and downregulation. Finally, utilizing phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable S368 substitutions and gap junction inhibitors, we confirmed that PKCμ regulates intercellular communication and in vitro wound healing by controlling Cx43-S368 phosphorylation. These results define PKCμ as a critical regulator of Cx43 phosphorylation to control cell migration and wound healing in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renju Pun
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Ann M. Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Emily Aldrich
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Olivia Tran
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Justin C. Rudd
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Brian J. North
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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2
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Ashrafian S, Zarrineh M, Jensen P, Nawrocki A, Rezadoost H, Ansari AM, Farahmand L, Ghassempour A, Larsen MR. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics and Acetylomics of Safranal Anticancer Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2566-2585. [PMID: 36173113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safranal, as an aroma in saffron, is one of the cytotoxic compounds in saffron that causes cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Our recent research reported the anti-cancer effects of safranal, which further demonstrated its impact on protein translation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA fragmentation. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we identified acetylated and phosphorylated peptides in safranal-treated cancer cells. We conducted a comprehensive phosphoproteomics and acetylomics analysis of safranal-treated MDA-MB-231 cells by using a combination of TMT labeling and enrichment methods including titanium dioxide and immunoprecipitation. We provide a wide range of phosphoproteome regulation in different signaling pathways that are disrupted by safranal treatment. Safranal influences the phosphorylation level on proteins involved in DNA replication and repair, translation, and EGFR activation/accumulation, which can lead the cells into apoptosis. Safranal causes DNA damage which is followed by the activation of cell cycle checkpoints for DNA repair. Over time, checkpoints and DNA repair are inhibited and cells are under a mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, safranal prevents repair by the hypo-acetylation of H4 and facilitates the transcription of proapoptotic genes by hyper-acetylation of H3, which push the cells to the brink of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanou Ashrafian
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zarrineh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna SE17165, Sweden
| | - Pia Jensen
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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3
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Deka SJ, Trivedi V. Potentials of PKC in Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:135-147. [PMID: 29468974 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180219113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PKC is a family of serine-threonine kinases which play crucial roles in the regulation of important signal transduction pathways in mammalian cell-biology. These enzymes are themselves regulated by various molecules that can serve as ligands to the regulatory domains and translocate PKC to membrane for activity. The role of PKC in the modulation of both proliferative and apoptotic signaling in cancer has become a subject of immense interest after it was discovered that PKC regulates a myriad of enzymes and transcription factors involved in carcinogenic signaling. Therefore, PKC has served as an attractive target for the development of newer generation of anti-cancer drugs. The following review discusses the potential of PKC to be regarded as a target for anti-cancer therapy. We also review all the molecules that have been discovered so far to be regulators/activators/inhibitors of PKC and also how far these molecules can be considered as potential candidates for anti-cancer drug development based on PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman J Deka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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4
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Baker J, Falconer AMD, Wilkinson DJ, Europe-Finner GN, Litherland GJ, Rowan AD. Protein kinase D3 modulates MMP1 and MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195864. [PMID: 29652915 PMCID: PMC5898748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many catabolic stimuli, including interleukin-1 (IL-1) in combination with oncostatin M (OSM), promote cartilage breakdown via the induction of collagen-degrading collagenases such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13 in human articular chondrocytes. Indeed, joint diseases with an inflammatory component are characterised by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) catabolism. Importantly, protein kinase C (PKC) signalling has a primary role in cytokine-induced MMP1/13 expression, and is known to regulate cellular functions associated with pathologies involving ECM remodelling. At present, substrates downstream of PKC remain undefined. Herein, we show that both IL-1- and OSM-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase D (PKD) in human chondrocytes is strongly associated with signalling via the atypical PKCι isoform. Consequently, inhibiting PKD activation with a pan-PKD inhibitor significantly reduced the expression of MMP1/13. Specific gene silencing of the PKD isoforms revealed that only PKD3 (PRKD3) depletion mirrored the observed MMP repression, indicative of the pharmacological inhibitor specifically affecting only this isoform. PRKD3 silencing was also shown to reduce serine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as well as phosphorylation of all three mitogen-activated protein kinase groups. This altered signalling following PRKD3 silencing led to a significant reduction in the expression of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) genes FOS and JUN, critical for the induction of many MMPs including MMP1/13. Furthermore, the AP-1 factor activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was also reduced concomitant with the observed reduction in MMP13 expression. Taken together, we highlight an important role for PKD3 in the pro-inflammatory signalling that promotes cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baker
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. D. Falconer
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - G. Nicholas Europe-Finner
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J. Litherland
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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5
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Mao B, Nuan L, Yang L, Zeng X. Compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia extract inhibits myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodeling by regulation of protein kinase D1 protein. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:3716-3724. [PMID: 26064267 PMCID: PMC4443101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study is to determine the effect of astragalus and salvia extract on the alteration of myocardium in a rat model of myocardial infarction. METHODS A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated group, the control group, the Astragalus group, the Salvia group, and the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia and group. The cardiac functions were determined at 8 weeks after treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the morphology and arrangement of cardiomyocytes. Masson's trichrome staining was performed to investigate the distribution of myocardial interstitial collagen. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression ofprotein kinase D1 in myocardial tissues. RESULTS In the sham-operated group, the Astragalus group, the Salvia group, and the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia group, the left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure were significantly increased while the left ventricular end diastolic pressure were significantly decreased when compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Normal morphology and arrangement of cardiomyocytes were maintained in the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia group. Contents of collagen fibers in myocardial tissues were decreased in the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia group (P < 0.05). Expression levels of protein kinase D1 were significantly decreased in cardiomyocytes of the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia group. CONCLUSIONS Compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia extract may inhibit myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodeling by regulation of protein kinase D1 protein in a rat model of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Mao
- Medical Experimental Center, Nanyang Institute of TechnologyNanyang 473004, P.R. China
| | - Liu Nuan
- Medical Experimental Center, Nanyang Institute of TechnologyNanyang 473004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Medical Experimental Center, Nanyang Institute of TechnologyNanyang 473004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Experimental Animal Research, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100021, P.R. China
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6
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Bernhart E, Damm S, Wintersperger A, DeVaney T, Zimmer A, Raynham T, Ireson C, Sattler W. Protein kinase D2 regulates migration and invasion of U87MG glioblastoma cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2037-2048. [PMID: 23562655 PMCID: PMC3715702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor, which, despite combined modality treatment, reoccurs and is invariably fatal for affected patients. Recently, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase D (PRKD) family, PRKD2, was shown to be a potent mediator of glioblastoma growth. Here we studied the role of PRKD2 in U87MG glioblastoma cell migration and invasion in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an activator of PRKD2 and a GBM mitogen. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that random cell migration was significantly diminished in response to PRKD2 silencing. The pharmacological PRKD family inhibitor CRT0066101 decreased chemotactic migration and invasion across uncoated or matrigel-coated Transwell inserts. Silencing of PRKD2 attenuated migration and invasion of U87MG cells even more effectively. In terms of downstream signaling, CRT0066101 prevented PRKD2 autophosphorylation and inhibited p44/42 MAPK and to a smaller extent p54/46 JNK and p38 MAPK activation. PRKD2 silencing impaired activation of p44/42 MAPK and p54/46 JNK, downregulated nuclear c-Jun protein levels and decreased c-JunS73 phosphorylation without affecting the NFκB pathway. Finally, qPCR array analyses revealed that silencing of PRKD2 downregulates mRNA levels of integrin alpha-2 and -4 (ITGA2 and -4), plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU), plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR), and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Findings of the present study identify PRKD2 as a potential target to interfere with glioblastoma cell migration and invasion, two major determinants contributing to recurrence of glioblastoma after multimodality treatment. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces glioma cell migration and invasion. Part of the effects is mediated by protein kinase D2 (PRKD2) activation. Inactivation of PRKD2 attenuates glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Both, RNAi and pharmacological inhibition of PRKD2 inhibits MAPK signaling. PRKD2 regulates transcription of gene products implicated in migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Damm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Trevor DeVaney
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Abstract
Oxidative stress accompanies a wide spectrum of clinically important cardiac disorders, including ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive heart disease. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate signaling pathways that contribute to ischemic preconditioning and cardioprotection, high levels of ROS induce structural modifications of the sarcomere that impact on pump function and the pathogenesis of heart failure. However, the precise nature of the redox-dependent change in contractility is determined by the source/identity of the oxidant species, the level of oxidative stress, and the chemistry/position of oxidant-induced posttranslational modifications on individual proteins within the sarcomere. This review focuses on various ROS-induced posttranslational modifications of myofilament proteins (including direct oxidative modifications of myofilament proteins, myofilament protein phosphorylation by ROS-activated signaling enzymes, and myofilament protein cleavage by ROS-activated proteases) that have been implicated in the control of cardiac contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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8
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Franz-Wachtel M, Eisler SA, Krug K, Wahl S, Carpy A, Nordheim A, Pfizenmaier K, Hausser A, Macek B. Global detection of protein kinase D-dependent phosphorylation events in nocodazole-treated human cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:160-70. [PMID: 22496350 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a cytosolic serine/threonine kinase implicated in regulation of several cellular processes such as response to oxidative stress, directed cell migration, invasion, differentiation, and fission of the vesicles at the trans-Golgi network. Its variety of functions must be mediated by numerous substrates; however, only a couple of PKD substrates have been identified so far. Here we perform stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis to detect phosphorylation events dependent on PKD1 activity in human cells. We compare relative phosphorylation levels between constitutively active and kinase dead PKD1 strains of HEK293 cells, both treated with nocodazole, a microtubule-depolymerizing reagent that disrupts the Golgi complex and activates PKD1. We identify 124 phosphorylation sites that are significantly down-regulated upon decrease of PKD1 activity and show that the PKD target motif is significantly enriched among down-regulated phosphorylation events, pointing to the presence of direct PKD1 substrates. We further perform PKD1 target motif analysis, showing that a proline residue at position +1 relative to the phosphorylation site serves as an inhibitory cue for PKD1 activity. Among PKD1-dependent phosphorylation events, we detect predominantly proteins with localization at Golgi membranes and function in protein sorting, among them several sorting nexins and members of the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor pathway. This study presents the first global detection of PKD1-dependent phosphorylation events and provides a wealth of information for functional follow-up of PKD1 activity upon disruption of the Golgi network in human cells.
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9
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Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-activated serine/threonine kinase that plays a vital role in various physiologically important biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, adhesion, motility, and angiogenesis. Dysregulated PKD1 expression also contributes to the pathogenesis of certain cancers and cardiovascular disorders. Studies to date have focused primarily on the canonical membrane-delimited pathway for PKD1 activation by G protein-coupled receptors or peptide growth factors. Here, agonist-dependent increases in diacylglycerol accumulation lead to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of PKD1 at two highly conserved serine residues in the activation loop; this modification increases PKD1 catalytic activity, as assessed by PKD1 autophosphorylation at a consensus phosphorylation motif at the extreme C terminus. However, recent studies expose additional controls and consequences for PKD1 activation loop and C-terminal phosphorylation as well as additional autophosphorylation reactions and trans-phosphorylations (by PKC and other cellular enzymes) that contribute to the spatiotemporal control of PKD1 signaling in cells. This review focuses on the multisite phosphorylations that are known or predicted to influence PKD1 catalytic activity and may also influence docking interactions with cellular scaffolds and trafficking to signaling microdomains in various subcellular compartments. These modifications represent novel targets for the development of PKD1-directed pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancers and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Thrower EC, Yuan J, Usmani A, Liu Y, Jones C, Minervini SN, Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Guha S. A novel protein kinase D inhibitor attenuates early events of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat acini. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G120-9. [PMID: 20947701 PMCID: PMC3025506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel protein kinase C isoforms (PKC δ and ε) mediate early events in acute pancreatitis. Protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) is a convergent point of PKC δ and ε in the signaling pathways triggered through CCK or cholinergic receptors and has been shown to activate the transcription factor NF-κB in acute pancreatitis. For the present study we hypothesized that a newly developed PKD/PKD1 inhibitor, CRT0066101, would prevent the initial events leading to pancreatitis. We pretreated isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells with CRT0066101 and a commercially available inhibitor Gö6976 (10 μM). This was followed by stimulation for 60 min with high concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.1 μM), carbachol (CCh, 1 mM), or bombesin (10 μM) to induce initial events of pancreatitis. PKD/PKD1 phosphorylation and activity were measured as well as zymogen activation, amylase secretion, cell injury and NF-κB activation. CRT0066101 dose dependently inhibited secretagogue-induced PKD/PKD1 activation and autophosphorylation at Ser-916 with an IC(50) ∼3.75-5 μM but had no effect on PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the PKD/PKD1 activation loop (Ser-744/748). Furthermore, CRT0066101 reduced secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and amylase secretion. Gö6976 reduced zymogen activation but not amylase secretion. Neither inhibitor affected basal zymogen activation or secretion. CRT0066101 did not affect secretagogue-induced cell injury or changes in cell morphology, but it reduced NF-κB activation by 75% of maximal for CCK- and CCh-stimulated acinar cells. In conclusion, CRT0066101 is a potent and specific PKD family inhibitor. Furthermore, PKD/PKD1 is a potential mediator of zymogen activation, amylase secretion, and NF-κB activation induced by a range of secretagogues in pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Thrower
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ashar Usmani
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Yannan Liu
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Courtney Jones
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Samantha N. Minervini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Martine Alexandre
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sushovan Guha
- 3University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Houston, Texas
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Ligand-stimulated downregulation of the alpha interferon receptor: role of protein kinase D2. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:710-20. [PMID: 21173164 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01154-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha interferon (IFN-α) controls homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells, regulates antiviral resistance, inhibits angiogenesis, and suppresses tumor growth. This cytokine is often used to treat cancers and chronic viral infections. The extent of cellular responses to IFN-α is limited by the IFN-induced ubiquitination and degradation of the IFN-α/β receptor chain 1 (IFNAR1) chain of the cognate receptor. IFNAR1 ubiquitination is facilitated by the βTrcp E3 ubiquitin ligase that is recruited to IFNAR1 upon its degron phosphorylation, which is induced by the ligand. Here we report identification of protein kinase D2 (PKD2) as a kinase that mediates the ligand-inducible phosphorylation of IFNAR1 degron and enables binding of βTrcp to the receptor. Treatment of cells with IFN-α induces catalytic activity of PKD2 and stimulates its interaction with IFNAR1. Expression and kinase activity of PKD2 are required for the ligand-inducible stimulation of IFNAR1 ubiquitination and endocytosis and for accelerated proteolytic turnover of IFNAR1. Furthermore, inhibition or knockdown of PKD2 robustly augments intracellular signaling induced by IFN-α and increases the efficacy of its antiviral effects. The mechanisms of the ligand-inducible elimination of IFNAR1 are discussed, along with the potential medical significance of this regulation.
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12
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Kisfalvi K, Hurd C, Guha S, Rozengurt E. Induced overexpression of protein kinase D1 stimulates mitogenic signaling in human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:309-16. [PMID: 20082306 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) stimulates protein kinase D1 (PKD1), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and DNA synthesis in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line PANC-1. To determine the effect of PKD1 overexpression on these biological responses, we generated inducible stable PANC-1 clones that express wild-type (WT) or kinase-dead (K618N) forms of PKD1 in response to the ecdysone analog ponasterone-A (PonA). NT potently stimulated c-Jun Ser(63) phosphorylation in both wild type and clonal derivatives of PANC-1 cells. PonA-induced expression of WT, but not K618N PKD1, rapidly blocked NT-mediated c-Jun Ser(63) phosphorylation either at the level of or upstream of MKK4, a dual-specificity kinase that leads to JNK activation. This is the first demonstration that PKD1 suppresses NT-induced JNK/cJun activation in PANC-1 cells. In contrast, PKD1 overexpression markedly increased the duration of NT-induced ERK activation in these cells. The reciprocal influence of PKD1 signaling on pro-mitogenicERK and pro-apopotic JNK/c-Jun pathways prompted us to examine whether PKD1 overexpression promotes DNA synthesis and proliferation of PANC-1 cells. Our results show that PKD1 overexpression increased DNA synthesis and cell numbers of PANC-1 cells cultured in regular dishes or in polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate [Poly-(HEMA)]-coated dishes to eliminate cell adhesion (anchorage-independent growth). Furthermore, PKD1 overexpression markedly enhanced DNA synthesis induced by NT (1-10 nM). These results indicate that PKD1 mediates mitogenic signaling in PANC-1 and suggests that this enzyme could be a novel target for the development of therapeutic drugs that restrict the proliferation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kisfalvi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1786, USA
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13
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Yamashita K, Gon Y, Shimokawa T, Nunomura S, Endo D, Miyata N, Hashimoto S, Van Lint J, Ra C. High affinity receptor for IgE stimulation activates protein kinase D augmenting activator protein-1 activity for cytokine producing in mast cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:277-83. [PMID: 19932769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in the activation of a variety of cells. In mast cells, activation of PKD by cross-linking of high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) has been reported, but little is known for its effects on cytokine production. We investigated the roles of PKD on FcepsilonRI-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation and proinflammatory cytokine productions in mast cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PKD strongly inhibited production of interleukin (IL)-13 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induced by FcepsilonRI stimulation, and the overexpression of PKD significantly increased the IL-13 and TNF-alpha production. Reporter assay revealed that the overexpression of PKD enhanced FcepsilonRI-induced IL-13 promoter activation, and that the 5'-flanking region of IL-13 gene from positions -110 to -52 was under the regulation of PKD. The overexpression of PKD enhanced the induction of AP-1 luciferase activity by FcepsilonRI stimulation, while it had no effect on luciferase activities dependent upon NF-kappaB and NF-AT activated by FcepsilonRI stimulation. In EMSA, c-Jun and c-Fos appear to be the major components of AP-1 complexes activated by FcepsilonRI stimulation. Moreover the overexpression of PKD strongly enhanced the phosphorylation of both c-Jun and c-Fos following FcepsilonRI stimulation. Although stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is known to be an important regulator for c-Jun phosphorylation and AP-1 activation, overexpression and inhibition of PKD had no effects on JNK phosphorylation. These results suggest that PKD may play a pivotal role in FcepsilonRI-induced cytokine production in mast cells through the activation of c-Jun, c-Fos, and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Nihon University School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Rotem-Dai N, Oberkovitz G, Abu-Ghanem S, Livneh E. PKCη confers protection against apoptosis by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic JNK activity in MCF-7 cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2616-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Du C, Jaggi M, Zhang C, Balaji KC. Protein kinase D1-mediated phosphorylation and subcellular localization of beta-catenin. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1117-24. [PMID: 19141652 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
beta-Catenin is essential for E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion in epithelial cells and also acts as a key cofactor for transcription activity. We previously showed that protein kinase D1 (PKD1), founding member of the PKD family of signal transduction proteins, is down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer and interacts with E-cadherin. This study provides evidence that PKD1 interacts with and phosphorylates beta-catenin at Thr(112) and Thr(120) residues in vitro and in vivo; mutation of Thr(112) and Thr(120) results in increased nuclear localization of beta-catenin and is associated with altered beta-catenin-mediated transcription activity. It is known that mutation of Thr(120) residue abolishes binding of beta-catenin to alpha-catenin, which links to cytoskeleton, suggesting that PKD1 phosphorylation of Thr(120) could be critical for cell-cell adhesion. Overexpression of PKD1 represses beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity and cell proliferation. Epistatic studies suggest that PKD1 and E-cadherin are within the same signaling pathway. Understanding the molecular basis of PKD1-beta-catenin interaction provides a novel strategy to target beta-catenin function in cells including prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusett 01655, USA.
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16
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Yuan J, Lugea A, Zheng L, Gukovsky I, Edderkaoui M, Rozengurt E, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase D1 mediates NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin and cholinergic signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1190-201. [PMID: 18845574 PMCID: PMC2604803 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90452.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a critical role in inflammatory and cell death responses during acute pancreatitis. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms PKCdelta and epsilon are key regulators of NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and ethanol. However, the downstream participants in regulating NF-kappaB activation in exocrine pancreas remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a key downstream target of PKCdelta and PKCepsilon in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by two major secretagogues, CCK-8 and the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh), and that PKD1 is necessary for NF-kappaB activation induced by CCK-8 and CCh. Both CCK-8 and CCh dose dependently induced a rapid and striking activation of PKD1 in rat pancreatic acinar cells, as measured by in vitro kinase assay and by phosphorylation at PKD1 activation loop (Ser744/748) or autophosphorylation site (Ser916). The phosphorylation and activation of PKD1 correlated with NF-kappaB activity stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh, as measured by NF-kappaB DNA binding. Either inhibition of PKCdelta or epsilon by isoform-specific inhibitory peptides, genetic deletion of PKCdelta and epsilon in pancreatic acinar cells, or knockdown of PKD1 by using small interfering RNAs in AR42J cells resulted in a marked decrease in PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh. Conversely, overexpression of PKD1 resulted in augmentation of CCK-8- and CCh-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. Finally, the kinetics of PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation during cerulein-induced rat pancreatitis showed that both PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation were early events during acute pancreatitis and that their time courses of response were similar. Our results identify PKD1 as a novel early convergent point for PKCdelta and epsilon in the signaling pathways mediating NF-kappaB activation in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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17
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Avkiran M, Rowland AJ, Cuello F, Haworth RS. Protein kinase d in the cardiovascular system: emerging roles in health and disease. Circ Res 2008; 102:157-63. [PMID: 18239146 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.168211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family is a recent addition to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase group of serine/threonine kinases, within the protein kinase complement of the mammalian genome. Relative to their alphabetically superior cousins in the AGC group of kinases, namely the various isoforms of protein kinase A, protein kinase B/Akt, and protein kinase C, PKD family members have to date received limited attention from cardiovascular investigators. Nevertheless, increasing evidence now points toward important roles for PKD-mediated signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system, particularly in the regulation of myocardial contraction, hypertrophy and remodeling. This review provides a primer on PKD signaling, using information gained from studies in multiple cell types, and discusses recent data that suggest novel functions for PKD-mediated pathways in the heart and the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Avkiran
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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18
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Jacamo R, Sinnett-Smith J, Rey O, Waldron RT, Rozengurt E. Sequential protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and PKC-independent protein kinase D catalytic activation via Gq-coupled receptors: differential regulation of activation loop Ser(744) and Ser(748) phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12877-87. [PMID: 18337243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800442200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine protein kinase rapidly activated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists via a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. Recently, PKD has been implicated in the regulation of long term cellular activities, but little is known about the mechanism(s) of sustained PKD activation. Here, we show that cell treatment with the preferential PKC inhibitors GF 109203X or Gö 6983 blocked rapid (1-5-min) PKD activation induced by bombesin stimulation, but this inhibition was greatly diminished at later times of bombesin stimulation (e.g. 45 min). These results imply that GPCR-induced PKD activation is mediated by early PKC-dependent and late PKC-independent mechanisms. Western blot analysis with site-specific antibodies that detect the phosphorylated state of the activation loop residues Ser(744) and Ser(748) revealed striking PKC-independent phosphorylation of Ser(748) as well as Ser(744) phosphorylation that remained predominantly but not completely PKC-dependent at later times of bombesin or vasopressin stimulation (20-90 min). To determine the mechanisms involved, we examined activation loop phosphorylation in a set of PKD mutants, including kinase-deficient, constitutively activated, and PKD forms in which the activation loop residues were substituted for alanine. Our results show that PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the activation loop Ser(744) and Ser(748) is the primary mechanism involved in early phase PKD activation, whereas PKD autophosphorylation on Ser(748) is a major mechanism contributing to the late phase of PKD activation occurring in cells stimulated by GPCR agonists. The present studies identify a novel mechanism induced by GPCR activation that leads to late, PKC-independent PKD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jacamo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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