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Yin Q, Hu Y, Dong Z, Lu J, Wang H. Cellular, Structural Basis, and Recent Progress for Targeting Murine Double Minute X (MDMX) in Tumors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14723-14741. [PMID: 39185935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Murine double minute X (MDMX) is an oncoprotein that mainly has a negative regulatory effect on the tumor suppressor p53 to induce tumorigenesis. As MDMX is highly expressed in various types of tumor cells, targeting and inhibiting MDMX are becoming a promising strategy for treating cancers. However, the high degree of structural homology between MDMX and its homologous protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a great challenge for the development of MDMX-targeted therapies. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and regulation of the MDMX, summarizes the structural features and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of MDMX ligands, and focuses on the differences between MDMX and MDM2 in these aspects. Our purpose of this work is to propose potential strategies to achieve the specific targeting of MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yuemiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Romani A, Zauli E, Zauli G, AlMesfer S, Al-Swailem S, Voltan R. MDM2 inhibitors-mediated disruption of mitochondrial metabolism: A novel therapeutic strategy for retinoblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1000677. [PMID: 36338723 PMCID: PMC9632280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 is the principal inhibitor of p53, and MDM2 inhibitors can disrupt the physical interaction between MDM2 and p53. The half-life of p53 is very short in normal cells and tissues, and an uncontrolled increase in p53 levels has potential harmful effects. It has been shown that p53 is frequently mutated in most cancers; however, p53 mutations are rare in retinoblastoma. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the expression levels of wild-type p53 are attractive. In this minireview, we discuss the potential use of nutlin-3, the prototype small molecule inhibitor that disrupts the MDM2-p53 interaction, for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Although p53 has pleiotropic biological effects, the functions of p53 depend on its sub-cellular localization. In the nucleus, p53 induces the transcription of a vast array of genes, while in mitochondria, p53 regulates mitochondrial metabolism. This review also discusses the relative contribution of p53-mediated gene transcription and mitochondrial perturbation for retinoblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh AlMesfer
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Voltan,
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Schaiquevich P, Francis JH, Cancela MB, Carcaboso AM, Chantada GL, Abramson DH. Treatment of Retinoblastoma: What Is the Latest and What Is the Future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:822330. [PMID: 35433448 PMCID: PMC9010858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.822330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular malignancy in children, has changed drastically over the last decade. Landmark developments in local drug delivery, namely, safer techniques for intravitreal chemotherapy injection and ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, have resulted in eye globe salvages that were not previously attainable using systemic chemotherapy or external beam irradiation. Novel drugs, oncolytic viruses, and immunotherapy are promising approaches in the treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma. Importantly, emerging studies of the pattern of tumor dissemination and local drug delivery may provide the first steps toward new treatments for metastatic disease. Here, we review recent advances in retinoblastoma treatment, especially with regard to local drug delivery, that have enabled successful conservative management of intraocular retinoblastoma. We also review emerging data from preclinical and clinical studies on innovative approaches that promise to lead to further improvement in outcomes, namely, the mechanisms and potential uses of new and repurposed drugs and non-chemotherapy treatments, and discuss future directions for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Schaiquevich
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jasmine H. Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States
| | - María Belén Cancela
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Montero Carcaboso
- Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institute for Translational Research, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Research Department, Fundacion Perez-Scremini, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David H. Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: David H. Abramson,
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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Collin J, Queen R, Zerti D, Steel DH, Bowen C, Parulekar M, Lako M. Dissecting the Transcriptional and Chromatin Accessibility Heterogeneity of Proliferating Cone Precursors in Human Retinoblastoma Tumors by Single Cell Sequencing-Opening Pathways to New Therapeutic Strategies? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:18. [PMID: 34003213 PMCID: PMC8132003 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a malignant neoplasm arising during retinal development from mutations in the RB1 gene. Loss or inactivation of both copies of RB1 results in initiation of retinoblastoma tumors; however, additional genetic changes are needed for the continued growth and spread of the tumor. Ex vivo research has shown that in humans, retinoblastoma may initiate from RB1-depleted cone precursors. Notwithstanding, it has not been possible to assess the full spectrum of clonal types within the tumor itself in vivo and the molecular changes occurring at the cells of origin, enabling their malignant conversion. To overcome these challenges, we have performed the first single cell (sc) RNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses of primary tumor tissues, enabling us to dissect the transcriptional and chromatin accessibility heterogeneity of proliferating cone precursors in human Rb tumors. Methods Two Rb tumors each characterized by two pathogenic RB1 mutations were dissociated to single cells and subjected to scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq using the 10× Genomics platform. In addition, nine human embryonic and fetal retina samples were dissociated to single cells and subjected to scRNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses. The scRNA- and ATAC-Seq data were embedded using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection and clustered with Seurat graph-based clustering. Integrated scATAC-Seq analysis of Rb tumors and human embryonic/fetal retina samples was performed to identify Rb cone enriched subclusters. Pseudo time analysis of proliferating cones in the Rb samples was performed with Monocle. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify the signaling pathway and upstream regulators in the Rb cone-enriched subclusters. Results Our single cell analyses revealed the predominant presence of cone precursors at different stages of the cell cycle in the Rb tumors and among those identified the G2/M subset as the cell type of origin. scATAC-Seq analysis identified two Rb enriched cone subclusters, each characterized by activation of different upstream regulators and signaling pathways, enabling proliferating cone precursors to escape cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of Rb tumor heterogeneity and defines molecular pathways that can be targeted to define new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Darin Zerti
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David H Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bowen
- Birmingham Women's and Children NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Parulekar
- Birmingham Women's and Children NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Sooraj K, Kumar S, Kumar A, Bajaj MS, Kaur J. The mouse double minute 2 309T>G polymorphism and retinoblastoma risk: A meta-analysis. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2021; 34:191-194. [PMID: 34085012 PMCID: PMC8081075 DOI: 10.4103/1319-4534.310402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM2 gene. It is expressed in retinoblastoma (Rb) cells and acts as a key negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Several studies have investigated the association of Rb with MDM2 309T>G polymorphism, but the results were conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of the association, we performed a meta-analysis of the relationship between MDM2 309T>G polymorphism with Rb in all published studies. METHODS: Published literature from PubMed and other databases were retrieved. All the reported studies evaluating the association between MDM2 309T>G polymorphism and Rb risk were included. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the fixed-effect model. A total of four case–control studies, including 520 cases and 745 controls were included. RESULTS: This meta-analysis found that MDM2 309T>G polymorphism was significantly associated with Rb risk in the dominant model, TG+GG versus TT (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.11–1.84, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggested that MDM2 309T>G polymorphism has a significant association with increased Rb risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sooraj
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep S Bajaj
- Oculoplasty and Pediatric Ophthalmology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasbir Kaur
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Clinical, Genomic, and Pharmacological Study of MYCN-Amplified RB1 Wild-Type Metastatic Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092714. [PMID: 32971811 PMCID: PMC7565107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An uncommon subgroup of unilateral retinoblastomas with highly aggressive histological features, lacking aberrations in RB1 gene with high-level amplification of MYCN (MCYNamplRB1+/+) has only been described as intra-ocular cases treated with initial enucleation. Here, we present a comprehensive clinical, genomic, and pharmacological analysis of two cases of MCYNamplRB1+/+ with orbital and cervical lymph node involvement, but no central nervous system spread, rapidly progressing to fatal disease due to chemoresistance. Both patients showed in common MYCN high amplification and chromosome 16q and 17p loss. A somatic mutation in TP53, in homozygosis by LOH, and high chromosomal instability leading to aneuploidy was identified in the primary ocular tumor and sites of dissemination of one patient. High-throughput pharmacological screening was performed in a primary cell line derived from the lymph node dissemination of one case. This cell line showed resistance to broad spectrum chemotherapy consistent with the patient's poor response but sensitivity to the synergistic effects of panobinostat-bortezomib and carboplatin-panobinostat associations. From these cells we established a cell line derived xenograft model that closely recapitulated the tumor dissemination pattern of the patient and served to evaluate whether triple chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival of the animals. We report novel genomic alterations in two cases of metastatic MCYNamplRB1+/+ that may be associated with chemotherapy resistance and in vitro/in vivo models that serve as basis for tailoring therapy in these cases.
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Retinoblastoma: Etiology, Modeling, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082304. [PMID: 32824373 PMCID: PMC7465685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that is initiated in response to biallelic loss of RB1 in almost all cases, together with other genetic/epigenetic changes culminating in the development of cancer. RB1 deficiency makes the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin extremely susceptible to cancerous transformation, and the tumor cell-of-origin appears to depend on the developmental stage and species. These are important to establish reliable preclinical models to study the disease and develop therapies. Although retinoblastoma is the most curable pediatric cancer with a high survival rate, advanced tumors limit globe salvage and are often associated with high-risk histopathological features predictive of dissemination. The advent of chemotherapy has improved treatment outcomes, which is effective for globe preservation with new routes of targeted drug delivery. However, molecularly targeted therapeutics with more effectiveness and less toxicity are needed. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning retinoblastoma genesis with particular attention to the genomic and transcriptomic landscapes with correlations to clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin and current disease models. We further discuss current treatments, clinicopathological correlations, which assist in guiding treatment and may facilitate globe preservation, and finally we discuss targeted therapeutics for future treatments.
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9
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Yu DH, Xu ZY, Mo S, Yuan L, Cheng XD, Qin JJ. Targeting MDMX for Cancer Therapy: Rationale, Strategies, and Challenges. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1389. [PMID: 32850448 PMCID: PMC7419686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene MDMX, also known as MDM4 is a critical negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and has been implicated in the initiation and progression of human cancers. Increasing evidence indicates that MDMX is often amplified and highly expressed in human cancers, promotes cancer cell growth, and inhibits apoptosis by dampening p53-mediated transcription of its target genes. Inhibiting MDMX-p53 interaction has been found to be effective for restoring the tumor suppressor activity of p53. Therefore, MDMX is becoming one of the most promising molecular targets for developing anticancer therapeutics. In the present review, we mainly focus on the current MDMX-targeting strategies and known MDMX inhibitors, as well as their mechanisms of action and in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities. We also propose other potential targeting strategies for developing more specific and effective MDMX inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hua Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Mo
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang MG, Lee JY, Gallo RA, Tao W, Tse D, Doddapaneni R, Pelaez D. Therapeutic targeting of oncogenic transcription factors by natural products in eye cancer. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:365-374. [PMID: 29203441 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis has a multifactorial etiology, and the underlying molecular pathogenesis is still not entirely understood, especially for eye cancers. Primary malignant intraocular neoplasms are relatively rare, but delayed detection and inappropriate management contribute to poor outcomes. Conventional treatment, such as orbital exenteration, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, alone results in high mortality for many of these malignancies. Recent sequential multimodal therapy with a combination of high-dose chemotherapy, followed by appropriate surgery, radiotherapy, and additional adjuvant chemotherapy has helped dramatically improve management. Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by modulating the synthesis of mRNA. Since transcription is a dominant control point in the production of many proteins, transcription factors represent key regulators for numerous cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, making them compelling targets for drug development. Natural compounds have been studied for their potential to be potent yet safe chemotherapeutic drugs. Since the ancient times, plant-derived bioactive molecules have been used to treat dreadful diseases like cancer, and several refined pharmaceutics have been developed from these compounds. Understanding targeting mechanisms of oncogenic transcription factors by natural products can add to our oncologic management toolbox. This review summarizes the current findings of natural products in targeting specific oncogenic transcription factors in various types of eye cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Zhang
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - John Y Lee
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ryan A Gallo
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Wensi Tao
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David Tse
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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Qi DL, Cobrinik D. MDM2 but not MDM4 promotes retinoblastoma cell proliferation through p53-independent regulation of MYCN translation. Oncogene 2016; 36:1760-1769. [PMID: 27748758 PMCID: PMC5374018 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastomas can arise from cone photoreceptor precursors in response to the loss of pRB function. Cone precursor-specific circuitry cooperates with pRB loss to initiate this process and subsequently contributes to the malignancy. Intrinsic high-level MDM2 expression is a key component of the cone precursor circuitry and is thought to inactivate p53-mediated tumor surveillance, which could otherwise be induced in response to pRB loss. However, the MDM2-related MDM4 has also been proposed to abrogate p53-mediated tumor surveillance in the absence of detectable MDM2 in retinoblastoma cells, bringing into question the importance of high-level MDM2 versus MDM4 expression. Here we report that high-level MDM2 but not MDM4 has a consistent critical role in retinoblastoma cell proliferation in vitro, as well as in orthotopic xenografts. Reduction of either MDM2 or MDM4 weakly induced p53, yet reduction of MDM2 but not MDM4 severely impaired proliferation and survival through a p53-independent mechanism. Specifically, MDM2 upregulated the mRNA expression and translation of another component of the cone circuitry, MYCN, in retinoblastoma cells. Moreover, MYCN was essential to retinoblastoma cell growth and tumor formation, and ectopic MYCN partially reversed the effects of MDM2 depletion, indicating that MYCN is an important MDM2 target. These findings indicate that high-level MDM2 expression is needed in order to perform a critical p53-independent function and may obviate the need for genomic alterations to the p53 pathway during retinoblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Qi
- The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Hernández-Monge J, Rousset-Roman AB, Medina-Medina I, Olivares-Illana V. Dual function of MDM2 and MDMX toward the tumor suppressors p53 and RB. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:278-287. [PMID: 28050229 PMCID: PMC5115168 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The orchestrated crosstalk between the retinoblastoma (RB) and p53 pathways contributes to preserving proper homeostasis within the cell. The deregulation of one or both pathways is a common factor in the development of most types of human cancer. The proto-oncoproteins MDMX and MDM2 are the main regulators of the well- known tumor suppressor p53 protein. Under normal conditions, MDM2 and MDMX inhibit p53, either via repression of its transcriptional activity by protein-protein interaction, or via polyubiquitination as a result of MDM2-E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, for which MDM2 needs to dimerize with MDMX. Under genotoxic stress conditions, both become positive regulators of p53. The ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDM2 and MDMX allow them to bind p53 mRNA, these interactions promote p53 translation. MDM2 and MDMX are also being revealed as effective regulators of the RB protein. MDM2 is able to degrade RB by two different mechanisms, that is, by ubiquitin dependent and independent pathways. MDMX enhances the ability of MDM2 to bind and degrade RB protein. However, MDMX also seems to stabilize RB through interaction and competition with MDM2. Here, we will contextualize the findings that suggest that the MDM2 and MDMX proteins have a dual function on both p53 and RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Hernández-Monge
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av Manuel Nava No 6 Zona Universitaria CP 78290. SLP, México
| | - Adriana Berenice Rousset-Roman
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av Manuel Nava No 6 Zona Universitaria CP 78290. SLP, México
| | - Ixaura Medina-Medina
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av Manuel Nava No 6 Zona Universitaria CP 78290. SLP, México
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av Manuel Nava No 6 Zona Universitaria CP 78290. SLP, México
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Natalino RJM, Antoneli CBG, Ribeiro KDCB, Campos AHJFM, Soares FA. Immunohistochemistry of apoptosis-related proteins in retinoblastoma. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1144-1150. [PMID: 27697297 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignant neoplasia during childhood and results from the partial or total inactivity of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). In the absence of pRb, the E2F transcription factors increase the levels of cell cycle proteins as well as some pro-apoptotic proteins. We intended to study the immunohistochemistry profile of apoptotic-related proteins in retinoblastoma. We also evaluated the association between the expression of apoptotic protein and stage of tumor or survivor after a 5year follow up. Apoptosis-related proteins (Apaf-1, Bak, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bim-long, MDM2, p53, pro-caspase-3, PUMA, Smac/DIABLO and cleaved caspase-3) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays which contained samples of retinoblastoma tumors taken from ninety-three patients without any treatment previous to surgery. The immunohistochemistry reactions were evaluated using an optical microscope as well as the ACIS III® platform. The pro-apoptotic proteins (APAF-1, Bax, p53, PUMA, Smac/DIABLO) were more frequently expressed than the anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and MDM2). The protein Bcl-xL had a negative correlation with cleaved caspase-3, a marker of cell apoptosis. Bcl-xL may be implicated in an apoptosis block.
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Wilson AM, Chiodo VA, Boye SL, Brecha NC, Hauswirth WW, Di Polo A. Inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (iASPP) is required for neuronal survival after axonal injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94175. [PMID: 24714389 PMCID: PMC3979759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 mediates the apoptosis of post-mitotic neurons exposed to a wide range of stress stimuli. The apoptotic activity of p53 is tightly regulated by the apoptosis-stimulating proteins of p53 (ASPP) family members: ASPP1, ASPP2 and iASPP. We previously showed that the pro-apoptotic members ASPP1 and ASPP2 contribute to p53-dependent death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). However, the role of the p53 inhibitor iASPP in the central nervous system (CNS) remains to be elucidated. To address this, we asked whether iASPP contributes to the survival of RGCs in an in vivo model of acute optic nerve damage. We demonstrate that iASPP is expressed by injured RGCs and that iASPP phosphorylation at serine residues, which increase iASPP affinity towards p53, is significantly reduced following axotomy. We show that short interference RNA (siRNA)-induced iASPP knockdown exacerbates RGC death, whereas adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated iASPP expression promotes RGC survival. Importantly, our data also demonstrate that increasing iASPP expression in RGCs downregulates p53 activity and blocks the expression of pro-apoptotic targets PUMA and Fas/CD95. This study demonstrates a novel role for iASPP in the survival of RGCs, and provides further evidence of the importance of the ASPP family in the regulation of neuronal loss after axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vince A Chiodo
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Departments of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ruiz Del Río N, Abelairas Gómez JM, Alonso García de la Rosa FJ, Peralta Calvo JM, de Las Heras Martín A. [Trilateral retinoblastoma. Correlation between the genetic anomalies of the RB1 gene and the presence of pineal gland cysts]. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2014; 89:4-9. [PMID: 24269417 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJETIVE To determine the correlation between the presence of genetic anomalies identified in the RB1 gene and the development of trilateral retinoblastoma. METHOD No patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) were identified out of a total of 206 patients, but there were 17 cases of pineal cysts, of which 11 had a genetic study. RESULTS Of the 11 patients who had a genetic study performed, the anomaly in the germinal line was identified in 8 cases, which was equivalent to 100% of the bilateral retinoblastomas, and 25% of the unilateral ones. It is more common to find a germinal mutation in patients with bilateral disease (P=.024). There are no significant differences in the type of anomaly identified, although the nonsense-frameshift type is more frequent in cases with bilateral involvement. Identification of the genetic anomaly is more frequent in patients who have pineal cysts (Fisher test; P=.490). Nine of the 17 patients received systemic chemotherapy (52.29% of the cases), which could be able to prevent the development of PNET. Although a certain trend was observed in all the mentioned parameters, there was a relationship between, the presence of pineal cysts and bilateral disease (Pearson Chi X2: P=.191), a known family history (Fisher test; P=.114) and age of early diagnosis (Fisher test; P=.114). There were no significant differences in the mutation type identified. CONCLUSIONS Considering pineal cysts as a pre-malignant form of pinealoblastoma, we found a relationship between the germinal line mutation of the RB1 gene and the cases with bilateral or unilateral retinoblastoma.
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Abstract
Discovered in 1987 and 1997 respectively, Mdm2 and MdmX represent two critical cellular regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor. This chapter reviews each from initial discovery to our current understanding of their deregulation in human cancer with a focus on how each regulator impacts p53 function. While p53 independent activities of Mdm2 and MdmX are noted the reader is directed to other reviews on this topic. The chapter concludes with an examination of the various mechanisms of Mdm-deregulation and an assessment of the current therapeutic approaches to target Mdm2 and MdmX overexpression.
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Thériault BL, Dimaras H, Gallie BL, Corson TW. The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:33-52. [PMID: 24433356 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a paediatric ocular tumour that continues to reveal much about the genetic basis of cancer development. Study of genomic aberrations in retinoblastoma tumours has exposed important mechanisms of cancer development and identified oncogenes and tumour suppressors that offer potential points of therapeutic intervention. The recent development of next-generation genomic technologies has allowed further refinement of the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma at high resolution. In a relatively short period of time, a wealth of genetic and epigenetic data has emerged on a small number of tumour samples. These data highlight the inherent molecular complexity of this cancer despite the fact that most retinoblastomas are initiated by the inactivation of a single tumour suppressor gene. This review outlines the current understanding of the genomic, genetic and epigenetic changes in retinoblastoma, highlighting recent genome-wide analyses that have identified exciting candidate genes worthy of further validation as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Thériault
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Regulation of p14ARF expression by miR-24: a potential mechanism compromising the p53 response during retinoblastoma development. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:69. [PMID: 22336108 PMCID: PMC3305684 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most human cancers show inactivation of both pRB- and p53-pathways. While retinoblastomas are initiated by loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene, TP53 mutations have not been found. High expression of the p53-antagonist MDM2 in human retinoblastomas may compromise p53 tumor surveillance so that TP53 mutations are not selected for in retinoblastoma tumorigenesis. We previously showed that p14ARF protein, which activates p53 by inhibiting MDM2, is low in retinoblastomas despite high mRNA expression. Methods In human fetal retinas, adult retinas, and retinoblastoma cells, we determined endogenous p14ARF mRNA, ARF protein, and miR-24 expression, while integrity of p53 signalling in WERI-Rb1 cells was tested using an adenovirus vector expressing p14ARF. To study p14ARF biogenesis, retinoblastoma cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, and siRNA against miR-24. Results In human retinoblastoma cell lines, p14ARF mRNA was disproportionally high relative to the level of p14ARF protein expression, suggesting a perturbation of p14ARF regulation. When p14ARF was over-expressed by an adenovirus vector, expression of p53 and downstream targets increased and cell growth was inhibited indicating an intact p14ARF-p53 axis. To investigate the discrepancy between p14ARF mRNA and protein in retinoblastoma, we examined p14ARF biogenesis. The proteasome inhibitor, MG132, did not cause p14ARF accumulation, although p14ARF normally is degraded by proteasomes. miR-24, a microRNA that represses p14ARF expression, is expressed in retinoblastoma cell lines and correlates with lower protein expression when compared to other cell lines with high p14ARF mRNA. Transient over-expression of siRNA against miR-24 led to elevated p14ARF protein in retinoblastoma cells. Conclusions In retinoblastoma cells where high levels of p14ARF mRNA are not accompanied by high p14ARF protein, we found a correlation between miR-24 expression and low p14ARF protein. p14ARF protein levels were restored without change in mRNA abundance upon miR-24 inhibition suggesting that miR-24 could functionally repress expression, effectively blocking p53 tumor surveillance. During retinal tumorigenesis, miR-24 may intrinsically compromise the p53 response to RB1 loss.
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Regulation of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT). Gene 2012; 498:135-46. [PMID: 22381618 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been much interest in the regulation of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining the integrity of chromosomal ends, and its crucial role in cellular immortalization, tumorigenesis, and the progression of cancer. Telomerase activity is characterized by the expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, suggesting that TERT serves as the major limiting agent for telomerase activity. Recent discoveries have led to characterization of various interactants that aid in the regulation of human TERT (hTERT), including numerous transcription factors; further supporting the pivotal role that transcription plays in both the expression and repression of telomerase. Several studies have suggested that epigenetic modulation of the hTERT core promoter region may provide an additional level of regulation. Although these studies have provided essential information on the regulation of hTERT, there has been ambiguity of the role of methylation within the core promoter region and the subsequent binding of various activating and repressive agents. As a result, we found it necessary to consolidate and summarize these recent developments and elucidate these discrepancies. In this review, we focus on the co-regulation of hTERT via transcriptional regulation, the presence or absence of various activators and repressors, as well as the epigenetic pathways of DNA methylation and histone modifications.
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Sachdeva UM, O'Brien JM. Understanding pRb: toward the necessary development of targeted treatments for retinoblastoma. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:425-34. [PMID: 22293180 DOI: 10.1172/jci57114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a pediatric retinal tumor initiated by biallelic inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1). RB1 was the first identified tumor suppressor gene and has defined roles in the regulation of cell cycle progression, DNA replication, and terminal differentiation. However, despite the abundance of work demonstrating the molecular function and identifying binding partners of pRb, the challenge facing molecular biologists and clinical oncologists is how to integrate this vast body of molecular knowledge into the development of targeted therapies for treatment of retinoblastoma. We propose that a more thorough genetic understanding of retinoblastoma would inform targeted treatment decisions and could improve outcomes and quality of life in children affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Sachdeva
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N. 39th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Pajovic S, Corson TW, Spencer C, Dimaras H, Orlic-Milacic M, Marchong MN, To KH, Thériault B, Auspitz M, Gallie BL. The TAg-RB murine retinoblastoma cell of origin has immunohistochemical features of differentiated Muller glia with progenitor properties. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:7618-24. [PMID: 21862643 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human retinoblastoma arises from an undefined developing retinal cell after inactivation of RB1. This is emulated in a murine retinoblastoma model by inactivation of pRB by retinal-specific expression of simian virus 40 large T-antigen (TAg-RB). Some mutational events after RB1 loss in humans are recapitulated at the expression level in TAg-RB, supporting preclinical evidence that this model is useful for comparative studies between mouse and human. Here, the characteristics of the TAg-RB cell of origin are defined. METHODS TAg-RB mice were killed at ages from embryonic day (E)18 to postnatal day (P)35. Tumors were analyzed by immunostaining, DNA copy number PCR, or real-time quantitative RT-PCR for TAg protein, retinal cell type markers, and retinoblastoma-relevant genes. RESULTS TAg expression began at P8 in a row of inner nuclear layer cells that increased in number through P21 to P28, when clusters reminiscent of small tumors emerged from cells that escaped a wave of apoptosis. Early TAg-expressing cells coexpressed the developmental marker Chx10 and glial markers CRALBP, clusterin, and carbonic anhydrase II (Car2), but not TuJ1, an early neuronal marker. Emerging tumors retained expression of only Chx10 and carbonic anhydrase II. As with human retinoblastoma, TAg-RB tumors showed decreased Cdh11 DNA copy number and gain of Kif14 and Mycn. It was confirmed that TAg-RB tumors lose expression of tumor suppressor cadherin-11 and overexpress oncogenes Kif14, Dek, and E2f3. CONCLUSIONS TAg-RB tumors displayed molecular similarity to human retinoblastoma and origin in a cell with features of differentiated Müller glia with progenitor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Pajovic
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Han S, Wei W. Camptothecin induces apoptosis of human retinoblastoma cells via activation of FOXO1. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:71-7. [PMID: 21174601 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.510943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the pro-apoptotic effect of camptothecin (CPT) on Y79 retinoblastoma cells and the role of Forkhead box, class O (FOXO1) in CPT-induced apoptosis. METHODS CPT-induced apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC positive cells and Western blot of PARP expression, respectively. The expressions of FOXO1 were detected by Western blot. The transcriptional activity of FOXO1 was determined by luciferase reporter assay. siRNAs specifically inhibiting FOXO1 were used, and flow cytometry and Western blot were executed to test the role of FOXO1 in CPT-induced apoptosis. RESULTS CPT was extremely effective in inducing apoptosis of Y79 retinoblastoma cells. FOXO1 was highly expressed in Y79 cells. CPT not only elevated the FOXO1 dephosphorylation level but also promoted its transcriptional activity, suggesting that the activation of FOXO1 was, at least in part, triggered by CPT. The decreased annexin V positive cells and less PARP cleavage demonstrated that siRNAs-mediated inhibition of FOXO1 significantly abrogated CPT-induced apoptosis, indicating that FOXO1 plays an important role in CPT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of Bim was also elevated with the treatment of CPT, which is in accordance with the activation of FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the evidence that a high level of endogenous FOXO1 expression in retinoblastoma cells contributes, at least in part, to CPT-induced apoptosis, which may help broad application of CPT in retinoblastoma therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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Macchiarulo A, Giacchè N, Carotti A, Moretti F, Pellicciari R. Expanding the horizon of chemotherapeutic targets: From MDM2 to MDMX (MDM4). MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Castéra L, Sabbagh A, Dehainault C, Michaux D, Mansuet-Lupo A, Patillon B, Lamar E, Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Couturier J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Gauthier-Villars M, Houdayer C. MDM2 as a Modifier Gene in Retinoblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 102:1805-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:417-22. [PMID: 19684489 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32833079c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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