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Green HLH, Zuidscherwoude M, Alenazy F, Smith CW, Bender M, Thomas SG. SMIFH2 inhibition of platelets demonstrates a critical role for formin proteins in platelet cytoskeletal dynamics. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:955-967. [PMID: 31930764 PMCID: PMC7186844 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is required for proper functioning of platelets following activation in response to vascular damage. Formins are a family of proteins that regulate actin polymerization and cytoskeletal organization via a number of domains including the FH2 domain. However, the role of formins in platelet spreading has not been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES Several formin proteins are expressed in platelets so we used an inhibitor of FH2 domains (SMIFH2) to uncover the role of these proteins in platelet spreading and in maintenance of resting platelet shape. METHODS Washed human and mouse platelets were treated with various concentrations of SMIFH2 and the effects on platelet spreading, platelet size, platelet cytoskeletal dynamics, and organization were analyzed using fluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS Pretreatment with SMIFH2 completely blocks platelet spreading in both mouse and human platelets through effects on the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules. However, platelet aggregation and secretion are unaffected. SMIFH2 also caused a decrease in resting platelet size and disrupted the balance of tubulin post-translational modification. CONCLUSIONS These data therefore demonstrated an important role for formin-mediated actin polymerization in platelet spreading and highlighted the importance of formins in cross-talk between the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. H. Green
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Present address:
School of Cardiovascular Medicine & SciencesBHF Centre of Research ExcellenceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Fawaz Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine – Chair IUniversity Hospital and Rudolf Virchow CenterWürzburgGermany
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
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Zuidscherwoude M, Green HLH, Thomas SG. Formin proteins in megakaryocytes and platelets: regulation of actin and microtubule dynamics. Platelets 2018; 30:23-30. [PMID: 29913076 PMCID: PMC6406210 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1481937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeletons are essential for formation and function of these cells. A dynamic, properly organised tubulin and actin cytoskeleton is critical for the development of the megakaryocyte and the extension of proplatelets. Tubulin in particular plays a pivotal role in the extension of these proplatelets and the release of platelets from them. Tubulin is further required for the maintenance of platelet size, and actin is the driving force for shape change, spreading and platelet contraction during platelet activation. Whilst several key proteins which regulate these cytoskeletons have been described in detail, the formin family of proteins has received less attention. Formins are intriguing as, although they were initially believed to simply be a nucleator of actin polymerisation, increasing evidence shows they are important regulators of the crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. In this review, we will introduce the formin proteins and consider the recent evidence that they play an important role in platelets and megakaryocytes in mediating both the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
| | - Hannah L H Green
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
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Luo J, Li D, Wei D, Wang X, Wang L, Zeng X. RhoA and RhoC are involved in stromal cell-derived factor-1-induced cell migration by regulating F-actin redistribution and assembly. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 436:13-21. [PMID: 28536953 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) signaling is important to the maintenance and progression of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by inducing chemotaxis migration. To identify the mechanism of SDF-1 signaling in the migration of T-ALL, Jurkat acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells were used. Results showed that SDF-1 induces Jurkat cell migration by F-actin redistribution and assembly, which is dependent on Rho activity. SDF-1 induced RhoA and RhoC activation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was inhibited by Rho inhibitor. The Rho-dependent ROS production led to subsequent cytoskeleton redistribution and assembly in the process of migration. Additionally, RhoA and RhoC were involved in SDF-1-induced Jurkat cell migration. Taken together, we found a SDF-1/CXCR4-RhoA and RhoC-ROS-cytoskeleton pathway that regulates Jurkat cell migration in response to SDF-1. This work will contribute to a clearer insight into the migration mechanism of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Luo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Dingyun Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, 677 Changji Northroad, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China.
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Akbar H, Duan X, Saleem S, Davis AK, Zheng Y. RhoA and Rac1 GTPases Differentially Regulate Agonist-Receptor Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Platelets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163227. [PMID: 27681226 PMCID: PMC5040254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidases (NOX) enhances platelet aggregation and hence the risk of thrombosis. RhoA and Rac1 GTPases are involved in ROS generation by NOX in a variety of cells, but their roles in platelet ROS production remain unclear. In this study we used platelets from RhoA and Rac1 conditional knockout mice as well as human platelets treated with Rhosin and NSC23767, rationally designed small molecule inhibitors of RhoA and Rac GTPases, respectively, to better define the contributions of RhoA and Rac1 signaling to ROS generation and platelet activation. Treatment of platelets with Rhosin inhibited: (a) U46619 induced activation of RhoA; (b) phosphorylation of p47phox, a critical component of NOX; (c) U46619 or thrombin induced ROS generation; (d) phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC); (e) platelet shape change; (f) platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen; and (g) release of P-selectin, secretion of ATP and aggregation. Conditional deletion of RhoA or Rac1 gene inhibited thrombin induced ROS generation in platelets. Addition of Y27632, a RhoA inhibitor, NSC23766 or Phox-I, an inhibitor of Rac1-p67phox interaction, to human platelets blocked thrombin induced ROS generation. These data suggest that: (a) RhoA/ROCK/p47phox signaling axis promotes ROS production that, at least in part, contributes to platelet activation in conjunction with or independent of the RhoA/ROCK mediated phosphorylation of MLC; and (b) RhoA and Rac1 differentially regulate ROS generation by inhibiting phosphorylation of p47phox and Rac1-p67phox interaction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzoor Akbar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xin Duan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States of America
| | - Saima Saleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, United States of America
| | - Ashley K. Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States of America
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States of America
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are critical for platelet function. Although the roles of RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 are characterized, platelets express other Rho GTPases, whose activities are less well understood. This review summarizes our understanding of the roles of platelet Rho GTPases and focuses particularly on the functions of Rif and RhoG. In human platelets, Rif interacts with cytoskeleton regulators including formins mDia1 and mDia3, whereas RhoG binds SNARE-complex proteins and cytoskeletal regulators ELMO and DOCK1. Knockout mouse studies suggest that Rif plays no critical functions in platelets, likely due to functional overlap with other Rho GTPases. In contrast, RhoG is essential for normal granule secretion downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI. The central defect in RhoG-/- platelets is reduced dense granule secretion, which impedes integrin activation and aggregation and limits platelet recruitment to growing thrombi under shear, translating into reduced thrombus formation in vivo. Potential avenues for future work on Rho GTPases in platelets are also highlighted, including identification of the key regulator for platelet filopodia formation and investigation of the role of the many Rho GTPase regulators in platelet function in both health and disease.
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Elvers M. RhoGAPs and Rho GTPases in platelets. Hamostaseologie 2015; 36:168-77. [PMID: 25639730 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet cytoskeletal reorganization is essential for platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in hemostasis and thrombosis. The Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 are the main players in cytoskeletal dynamics of platelets responsible for the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia to strongly increase the platelet surface upon activation. They are involved in platelet activation and aggregate formation including platelet secretion, integrin activation and arterial thrombus formation. The activity of Rho GTPases is tightly controlled by different proteins such as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). GAPs stimulate GTP hydrolysis to terminate Rho signaling. The role and impact of GAPs in platelets is not well-defined and many of the RhoGAPs identified are not known to be present in platelets or to have any function in platelets. The recently identified RhoGAPs Oligophrenin1 (OPHN1) and Nadrin regulate the activity of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 and subsequent platelet cytoskeletal reorganization, platelet activation and thrombus formation. In the last years, the analysis of genetically modified mice helped to gain the understanding of Rho GTPases and their regulators in cytoskeletal rearrangements and other Rho mediated cellular processes in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Elvers
- Margitta Elvers, Ph.D., Department of Clinical and Experimental Hemostasis, Hemotherapy and Transfusion Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany, Tel. +49/(0)211/81-08851, Fax -17498., E-mail:
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Hines PC, Gao X, White JC, D'Agostino A, Jin JP. A novel role of h2-calponin in regulating whole blood thrombosis and platelet adhesion during physiologic flow. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12228. [PMID: 25472609 PMCID: PMC4332209 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated protein reported in platelets, although the specific isoform expressed and functional role were not identified. The h2-calponin isoform is expressed in myeloid-derived peripheral blood monocytes, where it regulates adhesion. Our objective was to characterize the presence and function of the h2 isoform of calponin in platelets. H2-calponin was detected in human and mouse platelets via Western blotting. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated h2-calponin and actin colocalized in both human and wild-type mouse platelets at rest and following collagen activation. The kinetics of platelet adhesion and whole blood thrombosis during physiologic flow was evaluated in a microfluidic flow-based thrombosis assay. The time to initiation of rapid platelet/thrombus accumulation (lag time) was significantly longer in h2-calponin knockout versus wild-type mouse blood (130.02 ± 3.74 sec and 72.95 ± 16.23 sec, respectively, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of platelet/thrombus accumulation during the rapid phase or the maximum platelet/thrombus accumulation. H2-calponin knockout mice also had prolonged bleeding time and blood loss. H2-calponin in platelets facilitates early interactions between platelets and collagen during physiologic flow, but does not significantly affect the rate or magnitude of platelet/thrombus accumulation. H2-calponin knockout mice take 2.3 times longer to achieve hemostasis compared to wild-type controls in a tail bleeding model. The ability to delay platelet accumulation without inhibiting downstream thrombotic potential would be of significant therapeutic value, thus h2-calponin may be a novel target for therapeutic platelet inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Hines
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Children Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiufeng Gao
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jennell C White
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ashley D'Agostino
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Stanley A, Thompson K, Hynes A, Brakebusch C, Quondamatteo F. NADPH oxidase complex-derived reactive oxygen species, the actin cytoskeleton, and Rho GTPases in cell migration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2026-42. [PMID: 24251358 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Rho GTPases are historically known to be central regulators of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This affects many processes including cell migration. In addition, members of the Rac subfamily are known to be involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the regulation of NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. This review focuses on relationships between Nox-regulated ROS, Rho GTPases, and cytoskeletal reorganization, in the context of cell migration. RECENT ADVANCES It has become clear that ROS participate in the regulation of certain Rho GTPase family members, thus mediating cytoskeletal reorganization. CRITICAL ISSUES The role of the actin cytoskeleton in providing a scaffold for components of the Nox complex needs to be examined in the light of these new advances. During cell migration, Rho GTPases, ROS, and cytoskeletal organization appear to function as a complex regulatory network. However, more work is needed to fully elucidate the interactions between these factors and their potential in vivo importance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ultrastructural analysis, that is, electron microscopy, particularly immunogold labeling, will enable direct visualization of subcellular compartments. This in conjunction with the analysis of tissues lacking specific Rho GTPases, and Nox components will facilitate a detailed examination of the interactions of these structures with the actin cytoskeleton. In combination with the analysis of ROS production, including its subcellular location, these data will contribute significantly to our understanding of this intricate network under physiological conditions. Based on this, in vivo and in vitro studies can then be combined to elucidate the signaling pathways involved and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Stanley
- 1 Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group , Anatomy, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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10
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Pan C, Wei X, Ye J, Liu G, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Du H, Ding Z. BF066, a novel dual target antiplatelet agent without significant bleeding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40451. [PMID: 22815749 PMCID: PMC3398006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report BF066, a novel adenine derivative, inhibits platelet activation and thrombosis via the adenosine receptor (A(2A)) activation and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition. BF066 inhibits platelet aggregation and ATP releasing induced by multiple platelet agonists in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of BF066 on ADP-induced aggregation is potentiated by adenosine and can be dramatically antagonized by the A(2A) antagonist SCH58261. BF066 also inhibits the PDE activity and platelet spreading on fibrinogen. In FeCl(3)-injured mouse mesenteric arterial thrombosis model, BF066 prevents thrombus formation effectively, similar to clopidogrel. Intriguingly, at dose achieving similar antithrombotic effect compared to clopidogrel, BF066 does not increase bleeding significantly. Taken together, these results suggest that BF066 may be an effective and safe antiplatelet agent targeting both PDE and A(2A). Considering the successful use of combined antiplatelet therapy, BF066 may be further developed as a novel dual target antiplatelet agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangE Pan
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (ZD)
| | - Jianqin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangda Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongguang Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongren Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (ZD)
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Megakaryocyte-specific RhoA deficiency causes macrothrombocytopenia and defective platelet activation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood 2012; 119:1054-63. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-372193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Vascular injury initiates rapid platelet activation that is critical for hemostasis, but it also may cause thrombotic diseases, such as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Reorganizations of the platelet cytoskeleton are crucial for platelet shape change and secretion and are thought to involve activation of the small GTPase RhoA. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro and in vivo consequences of megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific RhoA gene deletion in mice. We found a pronounced macrothrombocytopenia in RhoA-deficient mice, with platelet counts of approximately half that of wild-type controls. The mutant cells displayed an altered shape but only a moderately reduced life span. Shape change of RhoA-deficient platelets in response to G13-coupled agonists was abolished, and it was impaired in response to Gq stimulation. Similarly, RhoA was required for efficient secretion of α and dense granules downstream of G13 and Gq. Furthermore, RhoA was essential for integrin-mediated clot retraction but not for actomyosin rearrangements and spreading of activated platelets on fibrinogen. In vivo, RhoA deficiency resulted in markedly prolonged tail bleeding times but also significant protection in different models of arterial thrombosis and in a model of ischemic stroke. Together, these results establish RhoA as an important regulator of platelet function in thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Howell L, Sampson CJ, Xavier MJ, Bolukbasi E, Heck MMS, Williams MJ. A directed miniscreen for genes involved in the Drosophila anti-parasitoid immune response. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:155-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MacNeil LG, Melov S, Hubbard AE, Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA. Eccentric exercise activates novel transcriptional regulation of hypertrophic signaling pathways not affected by hormone changes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10695. [PMID: 20502695 PMCID: PMC2872670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise damages skeletal muscle tissue, activating mechanisms of recovery and remodeling that may be influenced by the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2). Using high density oligonucleotide based microarrays, we screened for differences in mRNA expression caused by E2 and eccentric exercise. After random assignment to 8 days of either placebo (CON) or E2 (EXP), eighteen men performed 150 single-leg eccentric contractions. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline (BL), following supplementation (PS), +3 hours (3H) and +48 hours (48H) after exercise. Serum E2 concentrations increased significantly with supplementation (P<0.001) but did not affect microarray results. Exercise led to early transcriptional changes in striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS), Rho family GTPase 3 (RND3), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation and the downstream transcription factor FOS. Targeted RT-PCR analysis identified concurrent induction of negative regulators of calcineurin signaling RCAN (P<0.001) and HMOX1 (P = 0.009). Protein contents were elevated for RND3 at 3H (P = 0.02) and FOS at 48H (P<0.05). These findings indicate that early RhoA and NFAT signaling and regulation are altered following exercise for muscle remodeling and repair, but are not affected by E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. MacNeil
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Alan E. Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Baker
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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DeWard AD, Eisenmann KM, Matheson SF, Alberts AS. The role of formins in human disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:226-33. [PMID: 19941910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Formins are a conserved family of proteins that play key roles in cytoskeletal remodeling. They nucleate and processively elongate non-branched actin filaments and also modulate microtubule dynamics. Despite their significant contributions to cell biology and development, few studies have directly implicated formins in disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the roles of formins in cell division, migration, immunity, and microvesicle formation in the context of human disease. In addition, we discuss the importance of controlling formin activity and protein expression to maintain cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D DeWard
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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