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Nitzsche B, Höpfner M, Biersack B. Synthetic Small Molecule Modulators of Hsp70 and Hsp40 Chaperones as Promising Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4083. [PMID: 36835501 PMCID: PMC9964478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A class of chaperones dubbed heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) possesses high relevance in cancer diseases due to its cooperative activity with the well-established anticancer target Hsp90. However, Hsp70 is closely connected with a smaller heat shock protein, Hsp40, forming a formidable Hsp70-Hsp40 axis in various cancers, which serves as a suitable target for anticancer drug design. This review summarizes the current state and the recent developments in the field of (semi-)synthetic small molecule inhibitors directed against Hsp70 and Hsp40. The medicinal chemistry and anticancer potential of pertinent inhibitors are discussed. Since Hsp90 inhibitors have entered clinical trials but have exhibited severe adverse effects and drug resistance formation, potent Hsp70 and Hsp40 inhibitors may play a significant role in overcoming the drawbacks of Hsp90 inhibitors and other approved anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute for Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute for Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organische Chemie 1, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Yan J, Xie Y, Si J, Gan L, Li H, Sun C, Di C, Zhang J, Huang G, Zhang X, Zhang H. Crosstalk of the Caspase Family and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E817. [PMID: 33467535 PMCID: PMC7830632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell can integrate the caspase family and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in response to cellular stress triggered by environment. It is necessary here to elucidate the direct response and interaction mechanism between the two signaling pathways in regulating cell survival and determining cell fate under cellular stress. Members of the caspase family are crucial regulators of inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and apoptosis. mTOR signaling is known to mediate cell growth, nutrition and metabolism. For instance, over-nutrition can cause the hyperactivation of mTOR signaling, which is associated with diabetes. Nutrition deprivation can inhibit mTOR signaling via SH3 domain-binding protein 4. It is striking that Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 is found to mediate cell survival in a caspase-dependent manner against increasing cellular stress, which describes a new model of apoptosis. The components of mTOR signaling-raptor can be cleaved by caspases to control cell growth. In addition, mTOR is identified to coordinate the defense process of the immune system by suppressing the vitality of caspase-1 or regulating other interferon regulatory factors. The present review discusses the roles of the caspase family or mTOR pathway against cellular stress and generalizes their interplay mechanism in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Guomin Huang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Chaperone heat shock protein 70 in nucleus accumbens core: a novel biological target of behavioural sensitization to morphine in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:469-84. [PMID: 24280010 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a major public health issue, yet the underlying adaptation of neural networks by drugs of abuse is not fully understood. We have previously linked chaperone heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) to drug-induced adaptations. Focusing on the NAc core and shell, the present study aims to provide further findings for our understanding of the relation between behavioural sensitization to morphine and Hsp70 at transcriptional and functional levels in rats. Firstly, we delineated the characteristics of behavioural sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.). Secondly, Hsp70 protein expression in the NAc core was time- and dose-relatedly induced during the development of behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure in rats, and Pearson analysis indicated a positive correlation between behavioural sensitization and Hsp70 expression in NAc core. Thirdly, at the transcriptional level, intra-NAc core injection of the specific heat shock factor-I (HSF-I) inhibitor N-Formyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-benzylidine-γ-butyrolactam (KNK437) suppressed Hsp70 expression and the development of behavioural sensitization, while the HSF-I specific inducer geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) promoted both of them. Interestingly, intra-NAc shell injection of KNK437 or GGA did not affect the development of behavioural sensitization. Finally, both the functional inhibition of Hsp70 ATPase activity by methylene blue (MB), and the antagonism of Hsp70 substrate binding site (SBD) activity by pifithrin-μ (PES) impaired the development of behavioural sensitization when they were microinjected into the NAc core. Taken together, the critical involvement of chaperone Hsp70 in behavioural sensitization to morphine identifies a biological target for long-lasting adaptations with relevance to addiction.
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Oommen D, Prise KM. KNK437, abrogates hypoxia-induced radioresistance by dual targeting of the AKT and HIF-1α survival pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:538-43. [PMID: 22521642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
KNK437 is a benzylidene lactam compound known to inhibit stress-induced synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs promote radioresistance and play a major role in stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α is widely responsible for tumor resistance to radiation under hypoxic conditions. We hypothesized that KNK437 sensitizes cancer cells to radiation and overrides hypoxia-induced radioresistance via destabilizing HIF-1α. Treatment of human cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and T98G with KNK437 sensitized them to ionizing radiation (IR). Surprisingly, IR did not induce HSPs in these cell lines. As hypothesized, KNK437 abrogated the accumulation of HIF-1α in hypoxic cells. However, there was no induction of HSPs under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, the proteosome inhibitor MG132 did not restore HIF-1α levels in KNK437-treated cells. This suggested that the absence of HIF-1α in hypoxic cells was not due to the enhanced protein degradation. HIF-1α is mainly regulated at the level of post-transcription and AKT is known to modulate the translation of HIF-1α mRNA. Interestingly, pre-treatment of cells with KNK437 inhibited AKT signaling. Furthermore, down regulation of AKT by siRNA abrogated HIF-1α levels under hypoxia. Interestingly, KNK437 reduced cell survival in hypoxic conditions and inhibited hypoxia-induced resistance to radiation. Taken together, these data suggest that KNK437 is an effective radiosensitizer that targets multiple pro-survival stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Oommen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Zorzi E, Bonvini P. Inducible hsp70 in the regulation of cancer cell survival: analysis of chaperone induction, expression and activity. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3921-56. [PMID: 24213118 PMCID: PMC3763403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3043921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that control stress is central to realize how cells respond to environmental and physiological insults. All the more important is to reveal how tumour cells withstand their harsher growth conditions and cope with drug-induced apoptosis, since resistance to chemotherapy is the foremost complication when curing cancer. Intensive research on tumour biology over the past number of years has provided significant insights into the molecular events that occur during oncogenesis, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs has been shown to often rely on stress response and expression of inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, with respect to the mechanisms guarding cancer cells against proteotoxic stresses and the modulatory effects that allow their survival, much remains to be defined. Heat shock proteins are molecules responsible for folding newly synthesized polypeptides under physiological conditions and misfolded proteins under stress, but their role in maintaining the transformed phenotype often goes beyond their conventional chaperone activity. Expression of inducible HSPs is known to correlate with limited sensitivity to apoptosis induced by diverse cytotoxic agents and dismal prognosis of several tumour types, however whether cancer cells survive because of the constitutive expression of heat shock proteins or the ability to induce them when adapting to the hostile microenvironment remains to be elucidated. Clear is that tumours appear nowadays more "addicted" to heat shock proteins than previously envisaged, and targeting HSPs represents a powerful approach and a future challenge for sensitizing tumours to therapy. This review will focus on the anti-apoptotic role of heat shock 70kDa protein (Hsp70), and how regulatory factors that control inducible Hsp70 synthesis, expression and activity may be relevant for response to stress and survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zorzi
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Paolo Bonvini
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, 36030 Monte di Malo, Vicenza, Italy
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