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Damare R, Engle K, Kumar G. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling pathways by natural products: A mechanistic insight. Phytother Res 2024; 38:2406-2447. [PMID: 38433568 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that maintains normal tissues and cell signaling pathways. EGFR is overactivated and overexpressed in many malignancies, including breast, lung, pancreatic, and kidney. Further, the EGFR gene mutations and protein overexpression activate downstream signaling pathways in cancerous cells, stimulating the growth, survival, resistance to apoptosis, and progression of tumors. Anti-EGFR therapy is the potential approach for treating malignancies and has demonstrated clinical success in treating specific cancers. The recent report suggests most of the clinically used EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors developed resistance to the cancer cells. This perspective provides a brief overview of EGFR and its implications in cancer. We have summarized natural products-derived anticancer compounds with the mechanistic basis of tumor inhibition via the EGFR pathway. We propose that developing natural lead molecules into new anticancer agents has a bright future after clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Damare
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kritika Engle
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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2
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Xu X, Liu G, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Wang J. Effects of spermine on the proliferation and migration of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:253-260. [PMID: 34369303 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1955699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether spermine promotes the repair of porcine intestinal epithelium damage through Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling remains unclear. The current study investigated the effects of spermine addition on the proliferation and migration of IPEC-J2 cells and the effects of Rac1/PLC-γ1 signaling on cell migration. We showed that the inhibitors of Rac1 (NSC-23766) and PLC-γ1 (U73122) reduced cell migration and decreased the protein levels of Rac1 and PLC-γ1 in the cells. Moreover, spermine promoted the proliferation and migration of the IPEC-J2 cells, that is, 1 µM spermine exhibited the best effect, and spermine treatment increased the protein levels of Rac1 and PLC-γ1. Further experiments showed that spermine treatment increased cell migration and enhanced Rac1 and PLC-γ1 protein levels, compared with NSC-23766 and U73122 treatments with spermine. In conclusion, spermine treatment promoted the repair of damaged porcine intestinal epithelium by accelerating cell proliferation and migration mediated by Rac1/PLC-γ1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Feldman AM, Gordon J, Wang J, Song J, Zhang XQ, Myers VD, Tomar D, Gerhard GS, Khalili K, Cheung JY. Novel BAG3 Variants in African American Patients With Cardiomyopathy: Reduced β-Adrenergic Responsiveness in Excitation-Contraction. J Card Fail 2020; 26:1075-1085. [PMID: 32956817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported 3 novel nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants of Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) in African Americans with heart failure (HF) that are associated with a 2-fold increase in cardiac events (HF hospitalization, heart transplantation, or death). METHODS AND RESULTS We expressed BAG3 variants (P63A, P380S, and A479V) via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in adult left ventricular myocytes isolated from either wild-type (WT) or cardiac-specific BAG3 haploinsufficient (cBAG3+/-) mice: the latter to simulate the clinical situation in which BAG3 variants are only found on 1 allele. Compared with WT myocytes, cBAG3+/- myocytes expressed approximately 50% of endogenous BAG3 levels and exhibited decreased [Ca2+]i and contraction amplitudes after isoproterenol owing to decreased L-type Ca2+ current. BAG3 repletion with WT BAG3 but not P380S, A479V, or P63A/P380S variants restored contraction amplitudes in cBAG3+/- myocytes to those measured in WT myocytes, suggesting excitation-contraction abnormalities partly account for HF in patients harboring these mutants. Because P63A is near the WW domain (residues 21-55) and A479V is in the BAG domain (residues 420-499), we expressed BAG3 deletion mutants (Δ1-61 and Δ421-575) in WT myocytes and demonstrated that the BAG but not the WW domain was involved in enhancement of excitation-contraction by isoproterenol. CONCLUSIONS The BAG3 variants contribute to HF in African American patients partly by decreasing myocyte excitation-contraction under stress, and that both the BAG and PXXP domains are involved in mediating β-adrenergic responsiveness in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jufang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie D Myers
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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4
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Mittal S, Kamath A, Joseph AM, Rajala MS. PLCγ1‑dependent invasion and migration of cells expressing NSCLC‑associated EGFR mutants. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:989-1000. [PMID: 32945365 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased tyrosine kinase activity of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)‑associated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutants results in deregulated pathways that contribute to malignant cell survival, tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies investigating lung cancer‑associated EGFR have focused on the prognostic implications of receptor kinase mutations in patients with NSCLC; however, the role of EGFR mutations in tumor cell invasion and migration remains undetermined. The present study was designed to investigate the role of NSCLC‑associated mutant EGFR‑driven signaling pathways in cell proliferation and invasion. Non‑endogenous EGFR‑expressing 293 cells stably expressing EGFR mutants that are sensitive or resistant to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‑approved EGFR‑targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were used in the present study. The experiments demonstrated an increased phosphorylation of phospholipase (PLC)γ1, c‑Cbl, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), extracellular regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, Akt, Shc and Gab1 proteins in cells expressing a mutant form, rather than the wild‑type receptor. As PLCγ1 is a known regulator of metastatic development, mutant receptor‑mediated PLCγ1 activation was further evaluated. To examine the effects of EGFR and PLCγ1 phosphorylation, the metastatic potential of cells expressing mutants was investigated using wound healing, Transwell cell migration and invasion assays. The inhibition of receptor phosphorylation with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation TKIs, gefitinib, afatinib, osimertinib, respectively, reduced PLCγ1 phosphorylation, and reduced the invasive and migratory potential of 293 cells, confirming PLCγ1 as one of the probable downstream effectors of mutant EGFR signaling. However, the PLC inhibitor, U73122, inhibited cell migration and invasion without affecting EGFR signaling and PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Notably, U73122 reduced Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation within 25 min of its application; however, 100% cell viability was recorded even after 48 h. Upon further investigation, proliferative signaling pathways remained active at 48 h, in accordance with cell viability. Therefore, the present study concludes that mutant receptor‑mediated PLCγ1 activation may play a significant role in the migration and invasion of NSCLC tumors; however, its regulatory role in tumor cell proliferation warrants further investigation and validation in lung tumor cell lines harboring EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arpana Kamath
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ann M Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrisuur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Maitreyi S Rajala
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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5
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Nuclear Inositides and Inositide-Dependent Signaling Pathways in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030697. [PMID: 32178280 PMCID: PMC7140618 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies characterized by peripheral blood cytopenia and abnormal myeloproliferation, as well as a variable risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The nucleus is a highly organized organelle with several distinct domains where nuclear inositides localize to mediate essential cellular events. Nuclear inositides play a critical role in the modulation of erythropoiesis or myelopoiesis. Here, we briefly review the nuclear structure, the localization of inositides and their metabolic enzymes in subnuclear compartments, and the molecular aspects of nuclear inositides in MDS.
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6
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Follo MY, Ratti S, Manzoli L, Ramazzotti G, Faenza I, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Suh PG, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. Inositide-Dependent Nuclear Signalling in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:291-308. [PMID: 31889219 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear inositides have a specific subcellular distribution that is linked to specific functions; thus their regulation is fundamental both in health and disease. Emerging evidence shows that alterations in multiple inositide signalling pathways are involved in pathophysiology, not only in cancer but also in other diseases. Here, we give an overview of the main features of inositides in the cell, and we discuss their potential as new molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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7
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Myers VD, McClung JM, Wang J, Tahrir FG, Gupta MK, Gordon J, Kontos CH, Khalili K, Cheung JY, Feldman AM. The Multifunctional Protein BAG3: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:122-131. [PMID: 29938246 PMCID: PMC6013050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell lymphoma 2–associated anthanogene (BAG3) protein is expressed most prominently in the heart, the skeletal muscle, and in many forms of cancer. In the heart, it serves as a co-chaperone with heat shock proteins in facilitating autophagy; binds to B-cell lymphoma 2, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis; attaches actin to the Z disk, providing structural support for the sarcomere; and links the α-adrenergic receptor with the L-type Ca2+ channel. When BAG3 is overexpressed in cancer cells, it facilitates prosurvival pathways that lead to insensitivity to chemotherapy, metastasis, cell migration, and invasiveness. In contrast, in the heart, mutations in BAG3 have been associated with a variety of phenotypes, including both hypertrophic/restrictive and dilated cardiomyopathy. In murine skeletal muscle and vasculature, a mutation in BAG3 leads to critical limb ischemia after femoral artery ligation. An understanding of the biology of BAG3 is relevant because it may provide a therapeutic target in patients with both cardiac and skeletal muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D Myers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Farzaneh G Tahrir
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manish K Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher H Kontos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Qian H, Tao Y, Jiang L, Wang Y, Lan T, Wu M, Pang J, Appiah-Kubi K, Chen Y, Wu Y. PKG II effectively reversed EGF-induced protein expression alterations in human gastric cancer cell lines. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:435-442. [PMID: 29150923 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Our previous data demonstrated that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) could block the EGF-EGFR axis as well as down-stream signaling pathways, for example, MAPK, PI3 K, and PLC in GC cells. However, the exact mechanisms of PKG II against cancer remain unclear. Therefore, the present work was to address the above question. Human GC cell line AGS was infected with adenoviral construct encoding cDNA of PKG II (Ad-PKG II) to up-regulate PKG II and then treated with 8-pCPT-cGMP. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to analyze the changes of protein expression in the cells. The results showed that 17 proteins had more than twofold changes in EGF-treated group compared with control. However, Ad-PKG II could effectively reversed the changes. Furthermore, far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP1) and MarvelD3 were chosen and PKG II activation reversed EGF/EGFR-induced up-regulation of FUBP1 and downregulation of MarvelD3, respectively. MarvelD3 silence effectively abolished the inhibitory effect of PKG II on EGF-triggered migration. These data indicated that the inhibitory effect of PKG II partially was associated with MarvelD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qian
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yan Tao
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lan
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ji Pang
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Kwaku Appiah-Kubi
- Department of Applied Biology, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Medical School, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
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9
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Emmanouilidi A, Lattanzio R, Sala G, Piantelli M, Falasca M. The role of phospholipase Cγ1 in breast cancer and its clinical significance. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1991-1997. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most common malignancy among women, is usually detected at an early stage and has a low risk of relapse. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients cannot be cured solely by local treatment. Distinguishing between patients who are of low risk of relapse from those who are of high risk may have important implications to improve treatment outcomes. The PLC-γ1 signaling pathway promotes many physiological processes, including cell migration and invasion. Increasing evidence shows aberrant PLC-γ1 signaling implication in carcinogenesis including breast cancer. In this review, the role of PLC-γ1 in breast cancer and its clinical implications will be discussed, as well as its potential as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Emmanouilidi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Falasca
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Wu M, Wu Y, Lan T, Jiang L, Qian H, Chen Y. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits EGF-induced JAK/STAT signaling in gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1849-56. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mongiorgi S, Finelli C, Yang YR, Clissa C, McCubrey JA, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Suh PG, Cocco L, Follo MY. Inositide-dependent signaling pathways as new therapeutic targets in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:677-87. [PMID: 26610046 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear inositide signaling pathways specifically regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, the modulation of nuclear inositides in hematological malignancies can differentially affect erythropoiesis or myelopoiesis. This is particularly important in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), who show both defective erythroid and myeloid differentiation, as well as an increased risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the structure and function of specific nuclear inositide enzymes, whose impairment could be linked with disease pathogenesis and cancer. The authors, stemming from literature and published data, discuss and describe the role of nuclear inositides, focusing on specific enzymes and demonstrating that targeting these molecules could be important to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, with particular reference to MDS treatment. EXPERT OPINION Demethylating therapy, alone or in combination with other drugs, is the most common and current therapy for MDS patients. Nuclear inositide signaling molecules have been demonstrated to be important in hematopoietic differentiation and are promising new targets for developing a personalized MDS therapy. Indeed, these enzymes can be ideal targets for drug design and their modulation can have several important downstream effects to regulate MDS pathogenesis and prevent MDS progression to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mongiorgi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Carlo Finelli
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina Clissa
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy.,d Hematology and Transplant Center , AORMN , Pesaro , Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- e Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine , East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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12
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Jiang Y, Liao L, Shrestha C, Ji S, Chen Y, Peng J, Wang L, Liao E, Xie Z. Reduced expression of E-cadherin and p120-catenin and elevated expression of PLC-γ1 and PIKE are associated with aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9042-51. [PMID: 26464646 PMCID: PMC4583878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors. The cadherin/catenin cell-cell adhesion complex plays a major role in cancer development and progression. p120-catenin (p120) is a cytoplasmic molecule closely associated with E-cadherin which activates phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). Our previous studies indicate that activation of PLC-γ1 plays a critical role in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced migration and proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhancer (PIKE) is highly expressed in SCC cells and mediates EGFR-dependent SCC cell proliferation. Our current study was to determine whether the expression of E-cadherin, p120, PLC-γ1, and PIKE, is associated with OSCC. To address this issue, we assessed levels and localization of E-cadherin, p120, PLC-γ1, and PIKE in specimen of 92 patients with OSCC by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the expression of E-cadherin, and p120 negatively correlated with the tumor differentiation and the expression of PLC-γ1 and PIKE positively correlated with the tumor differentiation. The expression of PLC-γ1 and PIKE in OSCC stage T3 + T4 or in OSCC with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in OSCC stage T1 + T2 or in OSCC without lymph node metastasis. The expression of p120 positively correlated with levels of E-cadherin but negatively correlated with levels of PLC-γ1 and PIKE in OSCC. These data indicate that increased expression of PLC-γ1 and PIKE and decreased expression of E-cadherin and p120 are associated with the aggressiveness of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyan Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chandrama Shrestha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shangli Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Eryuan Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
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Sarkar AR, Kang DE, Kim HM, Cho BR. Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Metal Ions in Live Tissues. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:1794-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402475f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ranjan Sarkar
- Division
of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Division
of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 1-Anamdong, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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14
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Wu M, Chen Y, Jiang L, Li Y, Lan T, Wang Y, Qian H. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signal transduction in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1723-1728. [PMID: 24273605 PMCID: PMC3834871 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced MAPK/ERK and MAPK/JNK-mediated signal transduction through the inhibition of the phosphorylation/activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). As EGFR also mediates several other signal transduction pathways besides MAPK-mediated pathways, the present study was designed to investigate whether PKG II was able to inhibit EGF/EGFR-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-mediated signal transduction. The AGS human gastric cancer cell line was infected with adenoviral constructs encoding a cDNA of PKG II (Ad-PKG II) to increase the expression of PKG II, and treated with 8-pCPT-cGMP to activate the enzyme. Western blotting was used to detect the phosphorylation/activation of the key components of the signal transduction pathway, including EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-κB. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 9 and DNA fragment factor (DFF), were also determined by western blotting. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining was used to detect the apoptosis of the AGS cells. The results revealed that EGF treatment increased the phosphorylation (activation) of EGFR, PI3K, Akt and mTOR, and increased the nuclear localization (activation) of NF-κB. EGF treatment also reduced the apoptosis of the AGS cells and increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but had no effect on the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, and did not alter the levels of caspase 9 and DFF. Increasing the PKG II activity of AGS cells by infecting them with Ad-PKG II and stimulating them with 8-pCPT-cGMP inhibited the EGF-induced activation of EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-κB; caused an increase in caspase 9 breakdown (activation) and DFF levels; and reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of EGF. The results suggest that PKG II may also inhibit EGF-induced signal transduction of PI3K/Akt-mediated pathways, and further confirm that PKG II is able to block the activation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
Phospholipases are enzymes that use phospholipids as substrate and are classified in three major classes A, C and D based on the reaction they catalyse. Phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C enzymes utilize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate and cleave the bond between the glycerol and the phosphate to produce important second messenger such as inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The Phospholipase C members are the most well-known phospholipases for their role in lipid signalling and cell proliferation and comprise 13 isoforms classified in 6 distinct sub-families. In particular, signalling activated by Phospholipase C γ, mostly activated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, is well characterized in different cell systems. Increasing evidence suggest that Phospholipase C γ plays a key role in cell migration and invasion. Because of its role in cell growth and invasion, aberrant Phospholipase C γ signalling can contribute to carcinogenesis. A major challenge facing investigators who seek to target Phospholipase C γ directly is the fact that it is considered an "undruggable" protein. Indeed, isoform specificity and toxicity represents a big hurdle in the development of Phospholipase C γ small molecule inhibitors. Therefore, a future development in the field could be the identification of interacting partners as therapeutic targets that could be more druggable than Phospholipase C γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Lattanzio
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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16
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Yang YR, Follo MY, Cocco L, Suh PG. The physiological roles of primary phospholipase C. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:232-241. [PMID: 24041464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The roles of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) have been extensively investigated in diverse cell lines and pathological conditions. Among the PLC isozmes, primary PLCs, PLC-β and PLC-γ, are directly activated by receptor activation, unlike other secondary PLCs (PLC-ɛ, PLC-δ1, and PLC-η1). PLC-β isozymes are activated by G protein couple receptor and PLC-γ isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Primary PLCs are differentially expressed in different tissues, suggesting their specific roles in diverse tissues and regulate a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions. Thus, dysregulation of phospholipases contributes to a number of human diseases and primary PLCs have been identified as therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of diseases. Here we review the roles of primary PLCs in physiology and their impact in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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17
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Mackenzie LS, Lymn JS, Hughes AD. Linking phospholipase C isoforms with differentiation function in human vascular smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3006-3012. [PMID: 23954266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes consists of a number of isoforms, each of which has different cellular functions. PLCγ1 is primarily linked to tyrosine kinase transduction pathways, whereas PLCδ1 has been associated with a number of regulatory proteins, including those controlling the cell cycle. Recent studies have shown a central role of PLC in cell organisation and in regulating a wide array of cellular responses. It is of importance to define the precise role of each isoform, and how this changes the functional outcome of the cell. Here we investigated differences in PLC isoform levels and activity in relation to differentiation of human and rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Using Western blotting and PLC activity assay, we show that PLCδ1 and PLCγ1 are the predominant isoforms in randomly cycling human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs). Growth arrest of HVSMCs for seven days of serum deprivation was consistently associated with increases in PLCδ1 and SM α-actin, whereas there were no changes in PLCγ1 immuno-reactivity. Organ culture of rat mesenteric arteries in serum free media (SFM), a model of de-differentiation, led to a loss of contractility as well as a loss of contractile proteins (SM α-actin and calponin) and PLCδ1, and no change in PLCγ1 immuno-reactivity. Taken together, these data indicate that PLCδ1 is the predominant PLC isoform in vascular smooth muscle, and confirm that PLCδ1 expression is affected by conditions that affect the cell cycle, differentiation status and contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Mackenzie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Joanne S Lymn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK; Institute of Cell Signalling, The School of Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK
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18
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PKG II inhibits EGF/EGFR-induced migration of gastric cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61674. [PMID: 23613900 PMCID: PMC3627897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous research results showed that Type II cGMP dependent protein kinase (PKG II) could block the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and consequently inhibit the proliferation and the related MAPK/ERK-mediated signal transduction of gastric cancer cell line BGC-823, suggesting that PKG II might inhibit other EGFR-triggered signal transduction pathways and related biological activities of gastric cancer cells. This paper was designed to investigate the potential inhibition of PKG II on EGF/EGFR-induced migration activity and the related signal transduction pathways. Methodology/Principal Findings In gastric cancer cell line AGS, expression and activity of PKG II were increased by infecting the cells with adenoviral construct encoding PKG II cDNA (Ad-PKG II) and treating the cells with cGMP analogue 8-pCPT-cGMP. Phosphorylation of proteins was detected by Western Blotting and active small G protein Ras and Rac1 was measured by “Pull-down” method. Cell migration activity was detected with trans-well equipment. Binding between PKG II and EGFR was detected with Co-IP. The results showed EGF stimulated migration of AGS cell and the effect was related to PLCγ1 and ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. PKG II inhibited EGF-induced migration activity and blocked EGF-initiated signal transduction of PLCγ1 and MAPK/ERK-mediated pathways through preventing EGF-induced Tyr 992 and Tyr 1068 phosphorylation of EGFR. PKG II bound with EGFR and caused threonine phosphorylation of it. Conclusion/Significance Our results systemically confirms the inhibition of PKG II on EGF-induced migration and related signal transduction of PLCγ1 and MAPK/ERK-mediated pathways, indicating that PKG II has a fargoing inhibition on EGF/EGFR related signal transduction and biological activities of gastric cancer cells through phosphorylating EGFR and blocking the activation of it.
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19
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Dong X, Han JH, Heo CH, Kim HM, Liu Z, Cho BR. Dual-color imaging of magnesium/calcium ion activities with two-photon fluorescent probes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8110-3. [PMID: 22967146 DOI: 10.1021/ac302210v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report two-photon probes (FMg1 and FMg2) that can selectively detect intracellular free Mg(2+) ([Mg(2+)](i)) in live cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy. Combined with BCaM, a two-photon probe for near-membrane Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](m)), FMg2 allows dual-color imaging of Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) activities in live cells and [Mg(2+)](i) /[Ca(2+)](m) distributions in live tissues at a depth of 100-200 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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20
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Whitsett TG, Cheng E, Inge L, Asrani K, Jameson NM, Hostetter G, Weiss GJ, Kingsley CB, Loftus JC, Bremner R, Tran NL, Winkles JA. Elevated expression of Fn14 in non-small cell lung cancer correlates with activated EGFR and promotes tumor cell migration and invasion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:111-20. [PMID: 22634180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide; approximately 85% of these cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with NSCLC frequently have tumors harboring somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene that cause constitutive receptor activation. These patients have the best clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Herein, we show that fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14; TNFRSF12A) is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC tumors, and Fn14 levels correlate with p-EGFR expression. We also report that NSCLC cell lines that contain EGFR-activating mutations show high levels of Fn14 protein expression. EGFR TKI treatment of EGFR-mutant HCC827 cells decreased Fn14 protein levels, whereas EGF stimulation of EGFR wild-type A549 cells transiently increased Fn14 expression. Furthermore, Fn14 is highly expressed in EGFR-mutant H1975 cells that also contain an EGFR TKI-resistance mutation, and high TKI doses are necessary to reduce Fn14 levels. Constructs encoding EGFRs with activating mutations induced Fn14 expression when expressed in rat lung epithelial cells. We also report that short hairpin RNA-mediated Fn14 knockdown reduced NSCLC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Finally, Fn14 overexpression enhanced NSCLC cell migration and invasion in vitro and increased experimental lung metastases in vivo. Thus, Fn14 may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC, in particular for those with EGFR-driven tumors who have either primary or acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Whitsett
- Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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21
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Lindholm EM, Kristian A, Nalwoga H, Krüger K, Nygård S, Akslen LA, Mælandsmo GM, Engebraaten O. Effect of antiangiogenic therapy on tumor growth, vasculature and kinase activity in basal- and luminal-like breast cancer xenografts. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:418-27. [PMID: 22521242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of bevacizumab in breast cancer, and even if growth inhibiting effects have been registered when antiangiogenic treatment is given in combination with chemotherapy no gain in overall survival has been observed. One reason for the lack of overall survival benefit might be that appropriate criteria for selection of patients likely to respond to antiangiogenic therapy in combination with chemotherapy, are not available. To determine factors of importance for antiangiogenic treatment response and/or resistance, two representative human basal- and luminal-like breast cancer xenografts were treated with bevacizumab and doxorubicin alone or in combination. In vivo growth inhibition, microvessel density (MVD) and proliferating tumor vessels (pMVD = proliferative microvessel density) were analysed, while kinase activity was determined using the PamChip Tyrosine kinase microarray system. Results showed that both doxorubicin and bevacizumab inhibited basal-like tumor growth significantly, but with a superior effect when given in combination. In contrast, doxorubicin inhibited luminal-like tumor growth most effectively, and with no additional benefit of adding antiangiogenic therapy. In agreement with the growth inhibition data, vascular characterization verified a more pronounced effect of the antiangiogenic treatment in the basal-like compared to the luminal-like tumors, demonstrating total inhibition of pMVD and a significant reduction in MVD at early time points (three days after treatment) and sustained inhibitory effects until the end of the experiment (day 18). In contrast, luminal-like tumors only showed significant effect on the vasculature at day 10 in the tumors having received both doxorubicin and bevacizumab. Kinase activity profiling in both tumor models demonstrated that the most effective treatment in vivo was accompanied with increased phosphorylation of kinase substrates of growth control and angiogenesis, like EGFR, VEGFR2 and PLCγ1. This may be a result of regulatory feedback mechanisms contributing to treatment resistance, and may suggest response markers of value for the prediction of antiangiogenic treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evita M Lindholm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Pb 4953 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Yang YR, Choi JH, Chang JS, Kwon HM, Jang HJ, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Diverse cellular and physiological roles of phospholipase C-γ1. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:138-151. [PMID: 21964416 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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23
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Li FY, Chaigne-Delalande B, Kanellopoulou C, Davis JC, Matthews HF, Douek DC, Cohen JI, Uzel G, Su HC, Lenardo MJ. Second messenger role for Mg2+ revealed by human T-cell immunodeficiency. Nature 2011; 475:471-6. [PMID: 21796205 PMCID: PMC3159560 DOI: 10.1038/nature10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The magnesium ion, Mg(2+), is essential for all life as a cofactor for ATP, polyphosphates such as DNA and RNA, and metabolic enzymes, but whether it plays a part in intracellular signalling (as Ca(2+) does) is unknown. Here we identify mutations in the magnesium transporter gene, MAGT1, in a novel X-linked human immunodeficiency characterized by CD4 lymphopenia, severe chronic viral infections, and defective T-lymphocyte activation. We demonstrate that a rapid transient Mg(2+) influx is induced by antigen receptor stimulation in normal T cells and by growth factor stimulation in non-lymphoid cells. MAGT1 deficiency abrogates the Mg(2+) influx, leading to impaired responses to antigen receptor engagement, including defective activation of phospholipase Cγ1 and a markedly impaired Ca(2+) influx in T cells but not B cells. These observations reveal a role for Mg(2+) as an intracellular second messenger coupling cell-surface receptor activation to intracellular effectors and identify MAGT1 as a possible target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yen Li
- Molecular Development Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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