1
|
Santos DD, Sasso GRS, Belote NM, da Silva RA, Lice I, Correia-Silva RD, Borges FT, Carbonel AAF, Gil CD. Galectin-3 is a key hepatoprotective molecule against the deleterious effect of cisplatin. Life Sci 2023; 318:121505. [PMID: 36804309 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluate the role of galectin-3 in the liver using an acute model of cisplatin-induced toxicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Modified citrus pectin (MCP) treatment was used to inhibit galectin-3. Rats were distributed into four groups: SHAM, CIS, MCP and MCP + CIS. On days 1-7, animals were treated by oral gavage with 100 mg/kg/day of MCP (MCP and MCP + CIS groups). On days 8, 9 and 10, animals received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg/day of cisplatin (CIS and MCP + CIS groups) or saline (SHAM and MCP groups). KEY FINDINGS Cisplatin administration caused a marked increase in hepatic leukocyte influx and liver degeneration, and promoted reactive oxygen species production and STAT3 activation in hepatocytes. Plasma levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10), and hepatic toxicity biomarkers (hepatic arginase 1, α-glutathione S-transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase) were also elevated. Decreased galectin-3 levels in the livers of animals in the MCP + CIS group were also associated with increased hepatic levels of malondialdehyde and mitochondrial respiratory complex I. Animals in the MCP + CIS group also exhibited increased plasma levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and aspartate transaminase 1. Furthermore, MCP therapy efficiently antagonized hepatic galectin-9 in liver, but not galectin-1, the latter of which was increased. SIGNIFICANCE Reduction of the endogenous levels of galectin-3 in hepatocytes favors the process of cell death and increases oxidative stress in the acute model of cisplatin-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego D Santos
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Gisela R S Sasso
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Nycole M Belote
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael André da Silva
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Izabella Lice
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Rebeca D Correia-Silva
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Borges
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04038-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana A F Carbonel
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D Gil
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Tumour‑derived exosomes and their emerging roles in leukaemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:126. [PMID: 36845960 PMCID: PMC9947586 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of ~40-100 nm that are secreted by the majority of endogenous cells under normal and pathological conditions. They contain abundant proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and biomolecules such as signal transduction molecules, adhesion factors and cytoskeletal proteins, and play an important role in exchanging materials and transmitting information between cells. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathophysiology of leukaemia by affecting the bone marrow microenvironment, apoptosis, tumour angiogenesis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, exosomes are potential biomarkers and drug carriers for leukaemia, impacting the diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia. The present study describes the biogenesis and general characteristics of exosomes, and then highlight the emerging roles of exosomes in different types of leukaemia. Finally, the value of clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers is discussed with the aim to provide novel strategies for the treatment of leukaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Da-Lin Di, Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China . com
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Darvin P, Rajappan P, Jagathnath Krishna KM, Anoop TM, Augustine P, Mathew AP, Cherian K, Bhargavan RV, Somanathan T, Radhakrishna Pillai M, Santhosh Kumar TR, Sujathan K. Co-expression of galectin-3 and vimentin in triple negative breast cancer cells promotes tumor progression, metastasis and survival. Tumour Biol 2023; 45:31-54. [PMID: 37574746 DOI: 10.3233/tub-230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of druggable targets and complex expression heterogeneity of known targets is common among TNBC subtypes. An enhanced expression of galectin-3 in TNBCs has already been documented. We have observed a tumor progression-dependent galectin-3 expression in TNBCs compared to adjacent epithelium and non TNBCs. OBJECTIVE To unravel the association of galectin- 3 in tumor progression, aggressiveness and drug resistance in TNBC patients. METHODS Galectin-3 expression in 489 breast cancer tissues was correlated with clinicopathological features and the results were validated in cell lines and mouse model by silencing galectin-3 using shRNA and the proteins were profiled by western blot and qRT-PCR. Protein interaction was analyzed by GFP Trap and Mass spectrometry. RESULTS Galectin-3 expression correlated with tumor stage in TNBC and a lower galectin-3 expression was associated with poor patient survival. The positive correlation between galectin-3, vimentin and CD44 expression, pinpoints galectin-3 contribution to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, drug resistance and stemness. Vimentin was found as an interacting partner of galectin-3. Duplexing of galecin-3 and vimentin in patient samples revealed the presence of tumor cells co-expressing both galectin-3 and vimentin. In vitro studies also showed its role in tumor cell survival and metastatic potential, elementary for tumor progression. In vivo studies further confirmed its metastatic potential. CONCLUSIONS Tumor progression dependent expression pattern of galectin 3 was found to indicate prognosis. Co-expression of galectin-3 and vimentin in tumor cells promotes tumor dissemination, survival and its metastatic capability in TNBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Pramod Darvin
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Prakash Rajappan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - T M Anoop
- Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Paul Augustine
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Peter Mathew
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kurian Cherian
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rexeena V Bhargavan
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - T R Santhosh Kumar
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Xiao K, Ren L, Sui Y, Chen J, Zhang T, Li XQ, Cao W. Leukemia cells apoptosis by a newly discovered heterogeneous polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
5
|
Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Ferro DG, Sobral RA, Venturini MAFA, Corrêa HL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 Expression Correlates with Post-surgical Survival in Canine Oral Melanomas. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:49-57. [PMID: 31812173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H M Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Ferro
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Sobral
- Onco Cane Veterinária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - H L Corrêa
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Kott AF, Shati AA, Ali Al-Kahtani M, Alharbi SA. The apoptotic effect of resveratrol in ovarian cancer cells is associated with downregulation of galectin-3 and stimulating miR-424-3p transcription. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13072. [PMID: 31603261 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if the well-reported anti-tumor effects of resveratrol (RES) is mediated by modulation levels of galectin-3 (GAL-3), an anti-apoptotic lectin that is highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells. SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 OC cells were untreated or incubated with DMOS or increasing concentrations of RES (25, 50, 100 μM) for 72 hr. RES, in a dose-dependent manner and in both cell lines, induced cell death and inhibited cell migration and invasion It also downregulated Bcl-2 levels, increased cleaved caspase-3, and GAL-3 protein (but not mRNA) levels, suggesting increased breakdown. These effects were associated with reduced levels of p-NF-κB P65, p-IKKα/β, and p-Akt, major targets of Gal-3. Further investigation showed that RES enhanced levels of miR-424-3p which is able to degrade GAL-3. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that RES induced apoptosis in cancerous cells is associated with increased levels of miR-424-3p and reduced levels of GAL-3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study highlights a possible mechanism by which RES could enhance cell death in OC cells and enhances their sensitivity to cisplatin. RES apoptotic effect and enhancement of OC cells to chemotherapy were associated with decreased abundance of GAL-3, a common cell survival molecule that promotes tumorigenesis and increased transcription of miR-424-3p that has the ability to degrade cellular GAL-3. These findings add a possible new mechanism by which RES acts and opens a window for further research to understand its mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samah A Alharbi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stojanovic B, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Strazic Geljic I, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML, Milovanovic M. Galectin-3 Deficiency Facilitates TNF-α-Dependent Hepatocyte Death and Liver Inflammation in MCMV Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30800112 PMCID: PMC6376859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has a role in multiple inflammatory pathways. Various, opposite roles of Gal-3 in liver diseases have been described but there are no data about the role of Gal-3 in development of hepatitis induced with cytomegalovirus infection. In this study we aimed to clarify the role of Gal-3 in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced hepatitis by using Gal-3-deficient (Gal-3 KO) mice. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 has the protective role in MCMV-induced hepatitis. Enhanced hepatitis manifested by more inflammatory and necrotic foci and serum level of ALT, enhanced apoptosis and necroptosis of hepatocytes and enhanced viral replication were detected in MCMV-infected Gal-3 deficient mice. NK cells does not contribute to more severe liver damage in MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Enhanced expression of TNF-α in the hepatocytes of Gal-3 KO mice after MCMV infection, abrogated hepatocyte death, and attenuated inflammation in the livers of Gal-3 KO mice after TNF-α blockade suggest that TNF-α plays the role in enhanced disease in Gal-3 deficient animals. Treatment with recombinant Gal-3 reduces inflammation and especially necrosis of hepatocytes in the livers of MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Our data highlight the protective role of Gal-3 in MCMV-induced hepatitis by attenuation of TNF-α-mediated death of hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strazic Geljic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MiR-424-3p suppresses galectin-3 expression and sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 299:1077-1087. [PMID: 30585294 PMCID: PMC6435611 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Assessment of miR-424-3p mimic capability to sensitize SK-OV-3 and TOV-21G ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by decreasing the expression of galectin-3, which is an anti-apoptotic protein overexpressed in ovarian cancer and associated with resistance to chemotherapy. Methods We performed a reverse transfection of miR-424-3p mimic into SK-OV-3 and TOV-21G ovarian cancer cells, followed by Real Time™ RT-PCR analysis of the expression of miR-424-3p and galectin-3 mRNA as well as ELISA assay for galectin-3 protein level. Next, we studied the viability (XTT assay), proliferation (EdU incorporation assay), and apoptosis (ELISA assay) of the both cell lines transfected with the mimic and treated with cisplatin. Results We demonstrated that miR-424-3p mimic effectively transfects into SK-OV-3 and TOV-21G ovarian cancer cells in which it significantly suppresses the expression of galectin-3 at the protein level, but not at the mRNA level. Reverse transfection of both cell lines with the mimic, followed by treatment with cisplatin, resulted in a reduction in cell viability and proliferation as well as an increase in the induction of apoptosis. Conclusions MiR-424-3p mimic sensitizes SK-OV-3 and TOV-21G ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by decreasing the expression of galectin-3.
Collapse
|
9
|
Morin decreases galectin-3 expression and sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:1181-1194. [PMID: 30267152 PMCID: PMC6244704 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed at evaluating whether morin (a natural flavonoid and a known inhibitor of NF-κB) can sensitize ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by decreasing the expression of galectin-3, which is an anti-apoptotic protein regulated by NF-κB transcription factor. Methods To assess the possibility of augmentation the activity of cisplatin by morin, we studied the separate and the combined effect of morin and cisplatin on viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of TOV-21G (cisplatin-sensitive) and SK-OV-3 (cisplatin-resistant) ovarian cancer cells. We also analysed the effect of morin and cisplatin on galectin-3 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Results We demonstrated that morin possess antitumor activity against TOV-21G and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells by reducing cell viability and proliferation as well as increasing the induction of apoptosis. Co-treatment of the cells with selected concentrations of morin and cisplatin, accordingly to specific treatment approaches, reveals a synergism, which leads to sensitization of the cells to cisplatin. During this sensitization, morin significantly reduces the expression of galectin-3 at the mRNA and protein level, regardless of the presence of cisplatin. Conclusions Morin sensitizes TOV-21G and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin, what is associated with a decrease of the expression of galectin-3.
Collapse
|
10
|
The emerging roles of exosomes in leukemogeneis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50698-50707. [PMID: 27191983 PMCID: PMC5226614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between leukemia cells and their environment is essential for the development and progression of leukemia. Exosomes are microvesicles secreted by many types of cells that contain protein and RNA and mediate intercellular communication. The involvement of exosomes has been demonstrated in the crosstalk between leukemic cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells, consequently promoting the survival of leukemic cells, protection of leukemic cells from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, angiogenesis and cell migration. At the same time, exosomes can be used for the detection and monitoring of leukemia, with some advantage over current methods of detection and surveillance. As they are involved in immune response towards leukemic cells, exosomes can also potentially be exploited to augment immunotherapy in leukemia. In this review, we first describe the general characteristics of exosomes and biogenesis of exosomes. We then highlight the emerging role of exosomes in different types of leukemia. Finally, the clinical value of exosomes as biomarkers, in vivo drug carriers and novel exosome-based immunotherapy are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tseng PC, Chen CL, Shan YS, Lin CF. An increase in galectin-3 causes cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ-induced signal transduction and growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15150-60. [PMID: 26934444 PMCID: PMC4924776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β facilitates interferon (IFN)-γ signaling by inhibiting Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP) 2. Mutated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) cause AKT activation and GSK-3β inactivation to induce SHP2-activated cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ in human gastric cancer AGS cells. This study investigated the potential role of galectin-3, which acts upstream of AKT/GSK-3β/SHP2, in gastric cancer cells. Increasing or decreasing galectin-3 altered IFN-γ signaling. Following cisplatin-induced galectin-3 upregulation, surviving cells showed cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ. Galectin-3 induced IFN-γ resistance independent of its extracellular β-galactoside-binding activity. Galectin-3 expression was not regulated by PI3K activation or by a decrease in PTEN. Increased galectin-3 may cause GSK-3β inactivation and SHP2 activation by promoting PDK1-induced AKT phosphorylation at a threonine residue. Overexpression of AKT, inactive GSK-3βR96A, SHP2, or active SHP2D61A caused cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ in IFN-γ-sensitive MKN45 cells. IFN-γ-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in AGS cells were observed until galectin-3 expression was downregulated. These results demonstrate that an increase in galectin-3 facilitates AKT/GSK-3β/SHP2 signaling, causing cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that causes a wide variety of cutaneous and systemic infections. Although originally thought to be an extracellular bacterium, numerous studies have demonstrated that GAS can trigger internalization into nonimmune cells to escape from immune surveillance or antibiotic-mediated killing. Epithelial cells possess a defense mechanism involving autophagy-mediated targeting and killing of GAS within lysosome-fused autophagosomes. In endothelial cells, in contrast, we previously showed that autophagy is not sufficient for GAS killing. In the present study, we showed higher galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression and lower Gal-8 expression in endothelial cells than in epithelial cells. The recruitment of Gal-3 to GAS is higher and the recruitment of Gal-8 to GAS is lower in endothelial cells than in epithelial cells. We further showed that Gal-3 promotes GAS replication and diminishes the recruitment of Gal-8 and ubiquitin, the latter of which is a critical protein for autophagy sequestration. After knockdown of Gal-3 in endothelial cells, the colocalization of Gal-8, parkin, and ubiquitin-decorated GAS is significantly increased, as is the interaction of Gal-8 and parkin, an E3 ligase. Furthermore, inhibition of Gal-8 in epithelial cells attenuates recruitment of parkin; both Gal-8 and parkin contribute to ubiquitin recruitment and GAS elimination. Animal studies confirmed that Gal-3-knockout mice develop less-severe skin damage and that GAS replication can be detected only in the air pouch and not in organs and endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that Gal-3 inhibits ubiquitin recruitment by blocking Gal-8 and parkin recruitment, resulting in GAS replication in endothelial cells. In epithelial cells, GAS can be efficiently killed within the lysosome-fused autophaosome compartment. However, we previously showed that, in spite of LC-3 recruitment, the autophagic machinery is not sufficient for GAS killing in endothelial cells. In this report, we provide the first evidence that Gal-3, highly expressed in endothelial cells, blocks the tagging of ubiquitin to GAS by inhibiting recruitment of Gal-8 and parkin, leading to an enhancement of GAS replication. We also provide the first demonstration that Gal-8 can interact with parkin, the critical E3 ligase, for resistance to intracellular bacteria by facilitating the decoration of bacteria with ubiquitin chains. Our findings reveal that differential levels of Gal-3 and Gal-8 expression and recruitment to GAS between epithelial cells and endothelial cells may contribute to the different outcomes of GAS elimination or survival and growth of GAS in these two types of cells.
Collapse
|
13
|
Radosavljevic GD, Pantic J, Jovanovic I, Lukic ML, Arsenijevic N. The Two Faces of Galectin-3: Roles in Various Pathological Conditions. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-3, a unique chimaera-type member of the lectin family, displays a wide range of activities. This versatile molecule is involved in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, apoptosis and immune responses.
This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the biological actions and diverse effects of Galectin-3 in many pathological conditions, with a specific focus on autoimmunity, inflammation and tumour progression. We report herein that Galectin-3 exerts deleterious functions determined by promotion of tumour progression and liver inflammation or aggravation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Galectin-3 exhibits a protective role in metabolic abnormalities and primary biliary cirrhosis.
The paradoxical “yin and yang” functions of Galectin-3 depend not only on its tissue and cellular localization but also on its availability, glycosylation status and the expression level of its ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana D. Radosavljevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deletion of Galectin-3 Enhances Xenobiotic Induced Murine Primary Biliary Cholangitis by Facilitating Apoptosis of BECs and Release of Autoantigens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23348. [PMID: 26996208 PMCID: PMC4800400 DOI: 10.1038/srep23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a carbohydrate binding lectin, with multiple roles in inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity including its antiapoptotic effect on epithelial cells. In particular, increased expression of Gal-3 in epithelial cells is protective from apoptosis. Based on the thesis that apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) is critical to the pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), we have analyzed the role of Gal-3 in the murine model of autoimmune cholangitis. We took advantage of Gal-3 knockout mice and immunized them with a mimotope of the major mitochondrial autoantigen of PBC, 2-octynoic acid (2-OA) coupled to BSA (2OA-BSA) and evaluated the natural history of subsequent disease, compared to control wild-type mice, by measuring levels of antibodies to PDC-E2, immunohistology of liver, and expression of Gal-3. We report herein that deletion of Gal-3 significantly exacerbates autoimmune cholangitis in these mice. This is manifested by increased periportal infiltrations, bile duct damage, granulomas and fibrosis. Interestingly, the BECs of Gal-3 knockout mice had a higher response to apoptotic stimuli and there were more pro-inflammatory lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) in the livers of Gal-3 knockout mice. In conclusion, Gal-3 plays a protective role in the pathways that lead to the inflammatory destruction of biliary epithelial cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Fujii A, Shearer TR, Azuma M. Galectin-3 enhances extracellular matrix associations and wound healing in monkey corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2015; 137:71-8. [PMID: 26072024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poor healing of epithelial wounds in cornea is a major clinical problem, leading to persistent epithelial defects and ulceration. The primary cause is poor cell migration over the wound. Carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 binds to extracellular matrixes (ECMs) and promotes lamellipodia formation by cross-linking to α3 integrin. Recombinant galectin-3 also facilitates wound healing in the rodent cornea. The purposes of the present experiments were to: (1) establish epithelial wound healing models in monkey corneal explant culture, the models more relevant to human, (2) evaluate the healing effect of galectin-3 in our models, and (3) determine if galectin-3 enhances cell adhesion by interacting with ECMs on corneal surface and their ligand integrins. Monkey corneas with central wounds produced by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or n-heptanol were incubated with or without recombinant galectin-3. The defected area was stained with sodium fluorescein. Primary isolated corneal epithelial cells from monkey were cultured with or without galectin-3 on plates coated with ECMs or integrins, and the number of adhering cells was counted. Galectin-3 expression in various eye tissues was visualized by immunoblotting. NaOH caused loss of epithelial cells and basement membrane. n-Heptanol removed epithelial cells, but the basement membrane was retained. These corneal defects spontaneously became smaller in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous galectin-3 enhanced wound healing in both NaOH and n-heptanol models. Galectin-3 also enhanced cell adhesion onto the major ECMs found in the basement and Bowman's membranes and onto integrins. Relatively high levels of galectin-3 were detected in corneal and conjunctival epithelium, but tear fluid contained negligible galactin-3. These results suggested that the enhanced binding of epithelial cells to ECMs and integrins caused by galectin-3 might promote cell migration over wounded corneal surfaces. Since tear fluid contained relatively low levels of galectin-3, exogenous galectin-3 may be a beneficial drug to enhance re-epithelialization in human corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Fujii
- Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, 4640 SW Macadam Ave., Suite 200C, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Thomas R Shearer
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, 4640 SW Macadam Ave., Suite 200C, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Bertrand FE, Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Abrams SL, Montalto G, D'Assoro AB, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Maestro R, Basecke J, Rakus D, Gizak A, Demidenko ZN, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Cervello M. GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2881-911. [PMID: 24931005 PMCID: PMC4102778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koh YW, Jung SJ, Park CS, Yoon DH, Suh C, Huh J. LGALS3 as a prognostic factor for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1338-44. [PMID: 24603587 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LGALS3, a member of the lectin family, has an important role in tumor progression through inhibition of apoptosis. LGALS3 shares several significant structural properties with BCL2. In this study, we examined the prognostic significance of LGALS3 and BCL2 in uniformly treated classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagnostic tissues from 110 patients with uniformly treated classical Hodgkin's lymphoma were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemical analysis of LGALS3 and BCL2 expression. The median follow-up time was 6.2 years (range, 0.2-17.3 years). Twenty-seven patients (25%) expressed LGALS3 protein in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells, which was associated with poor overall survival and event-free survival (P=0.007 and P<0.001). Fifteen patients (14%) expressed BCL2 protein in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells, which was not associated with overall survival and event-free survival (P=0.928 and P=0.900).There was no correlation between LGALS3 and BCL2 expression (P=0.193). Multivariate analysis identified LGALS3 protein as an independent prognostic factor for event-free survival (P=0.007). Subgroup analysis according to the Ann Arbor stage of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma showed that LGALS3 protein expression had a prognostic value in limited-stage classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (P<0.001). The results of this study suggest that LGALS3 is an independent prognostic factor in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, and may allow the identification of a subgroup of patients with limited-stage classical Hodgkin's lymphoma who require more intensive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Wha Koh
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheolwon Suh
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooryung Huh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mirandola L, Nguyen DD, Rahman RL, Grizzi F, Yuefei Y, Figueroa JA, Jenkins MR, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M. Anti-galectin-3 therapy: a new chance for multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer? Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:417-27. [PMID: 24801755 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.911855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the role of Galectins in the molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer, with a special focus on Glectin-3. Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy worldwide. Because the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma is still incompletely understood, there is no ultimately effective cure, and this cancer results fatal. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Due to the lack of screening techniques for early detection, patients are mostly diagnosed with advanced disease, which results ultimately fatal. Multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer have different biologies, but they share a strong dependence on adhesion with extracellular matrix and other cells. Galectin-3 plays a key role in regulating such adhesive abilities of tumor cells. Here we discuss the outcomes and possible mechanism of action of a truncated, dominant negative form of Galectin-3, Galectin-3C, in these malignancies. Overall, we report that Galectin-3C is a promising new compound for effective adjuvant therapies in advanced, refractory multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- 1Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Funasaka T, Raz A, Nangia-Makker P. Nuclear transport of galectin-3 and its therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:30-8. [PMID: 24657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of β-galactoside-binding gene family is a multi-functional protein, which regulates pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis and mRNA processing. Its unique structure enables it to interact with a plethora of ligands in a carbohydrate dependent or independent manner. Galectin-3 is mainly a cytosolic protein, but can easily traverse the intracellular and plasma membranes to translocate into the nucleus, mitochondria or get externalized. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, cancer type and stage, galectin-3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear or distributed between the two compartments. In this review we have summarized the dynamics of galectin-3 shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the nuclear transport mechanisms of galectin-3, how its specific interactions with the members of β-catenin signaling pathways affect tumor progression, and its implications as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States; John D. Dingell V.A. Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Galectin-3 in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:185-91. [PMID: 24530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in normal and pathologic tissues. Accumulated evidences indicate that Gal-3 is closely involved in tumor cell transformation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, the associations of the expression and localization of Gal-3 as well as its potential action mechanism in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers were summarized and concluded. Gal-3 is gaining its attraction as a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of certain tumors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Vladoiu MC, Labrie M, St-Pierre Y. Intracellular galectins in cancer cells: potential new targets for therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1001-14. [PMID: 24452506 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of galectin expression is frequently observed in cancer tissues. Such an abnormal expression pattern often correlates with aggressiveness and relapse in many types of cancer. Because galectins have the ability to modulate functions that are important for cell survival, migration and metastasis, they also represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. This has been well-exploited for extracellular galectins, which bind glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Although the existence of intracellular functions of galectins has been known for many years, an increasing number of studies indicate that these proteins can also alter tumor progression through their interaction with intracellular ligands. In fact, in some instances, the interactions of galectins with their intracellular ligands seem to occur independently of their carbohydrate recognition domain. Such findings call for a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, concerning the activity of galectins in cancer and may force us to revisit our strategies to develop galectin antagonists for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee YK, Lin TH, Chang CF, Lo YL. Galectin-3 silencing inhibits epirubicin-induced ATP binding cassette transporters and activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway via β-catenin/GSK-3β modulation in colorectal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82478. [PMID: 24303084 PMCID: PMC3841143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), an unfavorable factor compromising the treatment efficacy of anticancer drugs, involves the upregulation of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and induction of galectin-3 signaling. Galectin-3 plays an anti-apoptotic role in many cancer cells and regulates various pathways to activate MDR. Thus, the inhibition of galectin-3 has the potential to enhance the efficacy of the anticancer drug epirubicin. In this study, we examined the effects and mechanisms of silencing galectin-3 via RNA interference (RNAi) on the β-catenin/GSK-3β pathway in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. Galectin-3 knockdown increased the intracellular accumulation of epirubicin in Caco-2 cells; suppressed the mRNA expression of galectin-3, β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), MDR-associated protein (MRP) 1, and MRP2; and downregulated the protein expression of P-gp, cyclin D1, galectin-3, β-catenin, c-Myc, and Bcl-2. Moreover, galectin-3 RNAi treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of GSK-3β, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9; remarkably increased the Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio; and upregulated the GSK-3β and Bax protein expressions. Apoptosis was induced by galectin-3 RNAi and/or epirubicin as demonstrated by chromatin condensation, a higher sub-G1 phase proportion, and increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, indicating an intrinsic/mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Epirubicin-mediated resistance was effectively inhibited via galectin-3 RNAi treatment. However, these phenomena could be rescued after galectin-3 overexpression. We show for the first time that the silencing of galectin-3 sensitizes MDR cells to epirubicin by inhibiting ABC transporters and activating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis through modulation of the β-catenin/GSK-3β pathway in human colon cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Kuo Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CFC); (YLL)
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CFC); (YLL)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu Y, Gu X, Gong M, Guo G, Han K, An R. Galectin-3 inhibition sensitizes human renal cell carcinoma cells to arsenic trioxide treatment. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:897-906. [PMID: 23917726 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) were well established in acute promyelocytic leukemia, but not in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recent evidences indicate that galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays an anti-apoptotic role in chemotherapy induced tumor cell death. This study was intended to clarify the exact roles of Gal-3 performed in ATO-induced apoptosis in RCC cells. Weak apoptosis was observed in Gal-3-positive RCC cells (Caki-1, Caki-2, 786-0, and ACHN) following ATO treatment. However, ATO treatment upregulated Gal-3 expression concurrently caused a Synexin-cooperated translocation of Gal-3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Gal-3-knockdown cells were more sensitive to ATO treatment as indicated by a strong mitochondria-dependent apoptosis following ATO treatment. Meanwhile, Gal-3 was found to inhibit ATO-induced apoptosis through enhancing Bcl-2 expression and stabilizing mitochondria. To confirm the results obtained from genetic method, we employed a Gal-3 inhibitor, modified citrus prectin (MCP), and co-treated the RCC cells with ATO. The cells showed an increased apoptosis in the syngeneic application of Gal-3 inhibition and ATO compared with ATO application alone. Based on these results, we conclude that Gal-3 inhibition sensitizes human renal cell carcinoma cells to ATO treatment through increasing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Our studies implicate synergetic application of ATO and Gal-3 inhibition as a potential strategy for RCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Department of Urological Surgery; The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Heilongjian, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Higher bone marrow LGALS3 expression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2013; 121:3172-80. [PMID: 23449638 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-443762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of galectin-3 expression are often seen in cancers and may contribute to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. The studies concerning clinical implications of galectin-3 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are scarce. We investigated the expression of LGALS3, the gene encoding galectin-3, in the bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells from an original cohort comprising 280 adults with primary non-acute promyelocytic leukemia. Higher LGALS3 expression was closely associated with older age, French-American-British M4/M5 subtypes, CD14 expression on leukemic cells, and PTPN11 mutation, but negatively correlated with CEBPA mutation and FLT3-ITD. Compared with patients with lower LGALS3 expression, those with higher expression had lower complete remission rates, higher primary refractory rates, and shorter overall survival. This result was validated in an independent validation cohort. A scoring system incorporating higher LGALS3 expression and 8 other risk factors, including age, white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and gene mutations, into survival analysis proved to be very useful to stratify patients with AML into different prognostic groups (P < .001). In conclusion, BM LGALS3 expression may serve as a new biomarker to predict clinical outcome in patients with AML, and galectin-3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in those patients with higher expression of this protein.
Collapse
|