1
|
Marino L, Kim A, Ni B, Celi FS. Thyroid hormone action and liver disease, a complex interplay. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00521. [PMID: 37535802 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is involved in virtually all physiological processes. It is well known that the liver and thyroid are intimately linked, with thyroid hormone playing important roles in de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation (fatty acid oxidation), cholesterol metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical and mechanistic research studies have shown that thyroid hormone can be involved in chronic liver diseases, including alcohol-associated or NAFLD and HCC. Thyroid hormone action and synthetic thyroid hormone analogs can exert beneficial actions in terms of lowering lipids, preventing chronic liver disease and as liver anticancer agents. More recently, preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that some analogs of thyroid hormone could also play a role in the treatment of liver disease. These synthetic molecules, thyromimetics, can modulate lipid metabolism, particularly in NAFLD/NASH. In this review, we first summarize the thyroid hormone signaling axis in the context of liver biology, then we describe the changes in thyroid hormone signaling in liver disease and how liver diseases affect the thyroid hormone homeostasis, and finally we discuss the use of thyroid hormone-analog for the treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marino
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Alliance Pharma, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su X, Chen X, Wang B. Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11025-11035. [PMID: 36097119 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As shown in the previous studies, hypothyroidism (HT) is identified to be closely associated with the elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and with the decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the thyroid hormone (TH), which has been considered as a vital hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, are well-established to regulate the metabolism of plasma TC; whereas other evidence proposed that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also regulated the plasma cholesterol metabolism independently of the TH, which further promotes the progression of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism is still not illustrated. It is worth noting that several studies has found that the progression of HT-induced hyperlipidemia might be associated with the down-regulated plasma levels of TH and the up-regulated plasma levels of TSH, revealing that HT could promote hyperlipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Otherwise, multiple novel identified plasma proteins, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have also been demonstrated to embrace a vital function in modulating the progression of hyperlipidemia induced by HT. In the present comprehensive review, the recent findings which elucidated the association of HT and the progression of hyperlipidemia were summarized. Furthermore, other results which illustrated the underlying mechanisms by which HT facilitates the progression of hyperlipidemia and its cardio-metabolic disorders are also listed in the current review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 527:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Christoph S, Alexander Q, Fritz T, Walter SS, Steffi U, Ralf K, Joachim O. MiRNA-181d expression correlates in tumor versus plasma of glioblastoma patients - the base of a preoperative stratification tool for local carmustine wafer use. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:e324-e333. [PMID: 34942386 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with low micro-RNA-181d level in glioblastoma tissue benefit most of carmustine wafer use. The study compares preoperative miRNA-181d plasma and tumor expression. This may form the base to decide, from a preoperative blood test, if carmustine wafer implantation is recommendable. METHODS A total of 60 patients suffering from glioblastoma treated between 2018 and 2020 were enrolled prospectively. Preoperatively, blood was drawn; and the plasma was isolated. Tumor specimens were collected. Blood samples from 30 healthy individuals served as a reference. Micro-RNA-181d expression in plasma and tumor were acquired as fold change, using qRT-PCR. Results were correlated with relevant demographic, clinical and histopathologic aspects of the cohort. Further factors like tumour volume as well as blood panel results were considered. A TCGA analysis was performed to investigate specific miRNA-181d - protein interactions to elude how miRNA-181 impact therapy response to carmustine. RESULTS Patients with glioblastoma showed a significant overexpression of miRNA-181d compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.029). There was a significant correlation between miRNA-181d expression in tumor tissue and plasma (p = 0.001, R = 0.51). Sensitivity of low miRNA-181d expression in plasma predicting low miRNA-181d tumor expression was 76.6%. Tumor volume, preoperative medication as well as items of blood panel analysis did not influence the prognostic value of plasma miRNA-181d expression. TCGA analysis revealed eight potential protein targets to be regulated by miRNA-181d. CONCLUSION miRNA-181d seems to be a potential molecular marker which can reliably be detected in blood samples of glioblastoma patients. It should therefore prospectively be evaluated as a potential preoperative prognostic marker regarding carmustine wafer implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sippl Christoph
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Quiring Alexander
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Teping Fritz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Schulz-Schaeffer Walter
- Institute of Neuropathology, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Urbschat Steffi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ketter Ralf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Oertel Joachim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Espina JEC, Bagamasbad PD. Synergistic gene regulation by thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid in the hippocampus. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:35-81. [PMID: 35180933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is considered the center for learning and memory in the brain, and its development and function is greatly affected by the thyroid and stress axes. Thyroid hormone (TH) and glucocorticoids (GC) are known to have a synergistic effect on developmental programs across several vertebrate species, and their effects on hippocampal structure and function are well-documented. However, there are few studies that focus on the processes and genes that are cooperatively regulated by the two hormone axes. Cross-regulation of the thyroid and stress axes in the hippocampus occurs on multiple levels such that TH can regulate the expression of the GC receptor (GR) while GC can modulate tissue sensitivity to TH by controlling the expression of TH receptor (TR) and enzymes involved in TH biosynthesis. Thyroid hormone and GC are also known to synergistically regulate the transcription of genes associated with neuronal function and development. Synergistic gene regulation by TH and GC may occur through the direct, cooperative action of TR and GR on common target genes, or by indirect mechanisms involving gene regulatory cascades activated by TR and GR. In this chapter, we describe the known physiological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of TH and GC synergistic gene regulation in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ezekiel C Espina
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pia D Bagamasbad
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang PS, Chang CC, Wang CS, Lin KH. Functional roles of non-coding RNAs regulated by thyroid hormones in liver cancer. Biomed J 2021; 44:272-284. [PMID: 33077406 PMCID: PMC8358202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown the important role of the non-coding part of human genome RNA (ncRNA) in cancer formation and progression. Among several kinds of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNA) play a pivotal role in cancer biology. Accumulating researches have been focused on the importance of non-coding genes in various diseases. In addition to miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also been extensively documented. Recently, the study of human liver cancer has gradually shifted to these non-coding RNAs that were originally considered "junk". Notably, dysregulated ncRNAs maybe influence on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and metastasis. Thyroid hormones play critical roles in human development and abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels are associated with various diseases, such as liver cancer. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) act as ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors to affect multiple functions through the gene-level regulation in the cells and several studies have revealed that thyroid hormone associated with ncRNAs expression. TR actions are complex and tissue- and time-specific, aberrant expression of the various TR isoforms have different effects and are associated with different types of tumor or stages of development. In this review, we discuss various aspects of the research on the thyroid hormones modulated ncRNAs to affect the functions of human liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia yi, Chia yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Siu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia yi, Chia yi, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aranda A. MicroRNAs and thyroid hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111175. [PMID: 33515639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally repress gene expression by binding generally to the 3'-untranslated regions of their target mRNAs. miRNAs regulate a large fraction of the genome, playing a key role in most physiological and pathological processes. The thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are major regulators of development, metabolism and cell growth. The thyroid hormones (THs) are synthetized in the thyroid gland and enter the cells through transporter proteins. In the cells, T4 and T3 are metabolized by deiodinase enzymes and bind to nuclear receptors (TRs), which have a higher affinity by T3. TRs act as hormone dependent transcription factors by binding to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the target genes and recruiting transcriptional coregulators. There is increasing evidence that a variety of miRNAs target deiodinases and the receptor, thus regulating TH signaling is different tissues. In turn, the THs have been shown to modulate the expression of specific miRNAs and their mRNA targets in different cell types and organs. In many cases, the existence of TREs in the regulatory regions of these miRNAs has been identified, and the hormone bound receptors transcriptionally regulate expression of these molecules. Changes in the levels of miRNAs have been demonstrated to mediate some of the important actions of the THs in processes such as muscle and heart function, lipid liver metabolism or skin physiology. In addition, miRNA regulation is involved in the effects of TRs on cell proliferation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang HW, Shi Y, Liu JB, Wang HM, Wang PY, Wu ZJ, Li L, Gu LP, Cao PS, Wang GR, Ma YS, Fu D. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNA-24-3p enhances colon cancer cell resistance to MTX by down-regulating CDX2/HEPH axis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3699-3713. [PMID: 33621425 PMCID: PMC8051723 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‐24‐3p (miR‐24‐3p) has been implicated as a key promoter of chemotherapy resistance in numerous cancers. Meanwhile, cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can secret exosomes to transfer miRNAs, which mediate tumour development. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p in colon cancer (CC). Hence, this study intended to characterize the functional relevance of CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p in CC cell resistance to methotrexate (MTX). We identified differentially expressed HEPH, CDX2 and miR‐24‐3p in CC through bioinformatics analyses, and validated their expression in CC tissues and cells. The relationship among HEPH, CDX2 and miR‐24‐3p was verified using ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter gene assays. Exosomes were isolated from miR‐24‐3p inhibitor–treated CAFs (CAFs‐exo/miR‐24‐3p inhibitor), which were used in combination with gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments and MTX treatment. CCK‐8, flow cytometry and colony formation assays were conducted to determine cell viability, apoptosis and colony formation, respectively. Based on the findings, CC tissues and cells presented with high expression of miR‐24‐3p and low expression of HEPH and CDX2. CDX2 was a target gene of miR‐24‐3p and could up‐regulate HEPH. Under MTX treatment, overexpressed CDX2 or HEPH and down‐regulated miR‐24‐3p reduced cell viability and colony formation and elevated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, miR‐24‐3p was transferred into CC cells via CAF‐derived exosomes. CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p inhibitor diminished cell viability and colony formation and increased cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumour growth in vivo under MTX treatment. Altogether, CAF‐derived exosomal miR‐24‐3p accelerated resistance of CC cells to MTX by down‐regulating CDX2/HEPH axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Zhang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Second People's Hospital, Nantong, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Liu Li
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Peng Gu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Sheng Cao
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Da Fu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Nagy LE, Liangpunsakul S, Wang L. Non-coding RNA crosstalk with nuclear receptors in liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166083. [PMID: 33497819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NRs) underlies the pathogenesis of a variety of liver disorders. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are defined as RNA molecules transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two types of ncRNAs that have been extensively studied for regulating gene expression during diverse cellular processes. NRs as therapeutic targets in liver disease have been exemplified by the successful application of their pharmacological ligands in clinics. MiRNA-based reagents or drugs are emerging as flagship products in clinical trials. Advancing our understanding of the crosstalk between NRs and ncRNAs is critical to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings on the reciprocal regulation between NRs and ncRNAs (mainly on miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their implication in liver pathophysiology, which might be informative to the translational medicine of targeting NRs and ncRNAs in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hypothyroidism-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (HIN): Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165927. [PMID: 32824723 PMCID: PMC7460638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging worldwide problem and its association with other metabolic pathologies has been one of the main research topics in the last decade. The aim of this review article is to provide an up-to-date correlation between hypothyroidism and NAFLD. We followed evidence regarding epidemiological impact, immunopathogenesis, thyroid hormone-liver axis, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. After evaluating the influence of thyroid hormone imbalance on liver structure and function, the latest studies have focused on developing new therapeutic strategies. Thyroid hormones (THs) along with their metabolites and thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonist are the main therapeutic targets. Other liver specific analogs and alternative treatments have been tested in the last few years as potential NAFLD therapy. Finally, we concluded that further research is necessary as well as the need for an extensive evaluation of thyroid function in NAFLD/NASH patients, aiming for better management and outcome.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang H, Wei H, Wang J, Li L, Chen A, Li Z. MicroRNA-181d-5p-Containing Exosomes Derived from CAFs Promote EMT by Regulating CDX2/HOXA5 in Breast Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:654-667. [PMID: 31955007 PMCID: PMC6970169 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, novel mechanisms underlying the pro-tumorigenic effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified in several cancers, including breast cancer. CAFs can secrete exosomes that are loaded with proteins, lipids, and RNAs to affect tumor microenvironment. Herein, we identify CAF-derived exosomes that can transfer miR-181d-5p to enhance the aggressiveness of breast cancer. Cancerous tissues and matched paracancerous tissues were surgically resected from 122 patients with breast cancer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were employed to identify interaction between homeobox A5 (HOXA5) and caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2), as well as between CDX2 and miR-181d-5p, respectively. Human breast cancer Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells were cocultured with CAF-derived exosomes. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, TUNEL staining, Transwell invasion assays, and scratch tests were carried out to evaluate MCF-7 cell functions. Nude mice bearing xenografted MCF-7 cells were injected with CAF-derived exosomes, and the tumor formation was evaluated. HOXA5 expressed at a poor level in breast cancer tissues, and its overexpression retarded MCF-7 cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and facilitated its apoptosis in vitro. miR-181d-5p targets CDX2, a transcription factor binding to HOXA5 promoter. Coculture of CAFs and MCF-7 cells showed that CAFs prolonged proliferation and antagonized apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via release of exosomes. Coculture of MCF-7 cells and exosomes derived from CAFs identified miR-181d-5p as a mediator of the exosomal effects on MCF-7 cells, in part, via downregulation of CDX2 and HOXA5. CAF-derived exosomes containing miR-181d-5p promoted the tumor growth of nude mice bearing xenografted MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, exosomal miR-181d-5p plays a key role in CAF-mediated effects on tumor environment in breast cancer, likely via CDX2 and HOXA5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wei
- In-Patient Department of Ultrasound, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyue Chen
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Li
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hormonal regulation of visfatin gene in avian Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110592. [PMID: 31669171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Visfain has been extensively studied in mammals and has been shown to play an important role in obesity and insulin resistance. However, there is a paucity of information on visfatin regulation in non-mammalian species. After characterization of chicken visfatin gene, we undertook this study to determine its hormonal regulation in avian (non-mammalian) liver cells. Addition of 5 ng/mL TNFα, 100 ng/mL leptin, 1, 3, 10 or 100 ng/mL T3 for 24 h upregulated visfatin gene expression by 1.2, 1.8, 1.95, 1.75, 1.80, and 2.45 folds (P < .05), respectively, compared to untreated LMH cells. Administration of 10 ng/mL of orexin A significantly down regulated visfatin gene expression by 1.35 folds compared to control cells. In contrast, treatment with IL-6 or orexin B for 24 h did not influence visfatin mRNA abundance. These pro-inflammatory cytokines and obesity-related hormones modulate the expression of CRP, INSIG2, and nuclear orphan receptors. Hepatic CRP gene expression was significantly upregulated by IL-6, TNFα, orexin B, and T3 and down regulated by leptin and orexin A. LXR mRNA abundances were increased by orexin A, decreased by orexin B, and T3, and did not affected by IL6, TNFα, or leptin. The expression of FXR gene was induced by IL-6, leptin, and T3, but it was not influenced by TNFα, orexin A or B. CXR gene expression was up regulated by TNFα, leptin, orexin B, and T3, down regulated by 5 ng/mL orexin A, and did not affected by IL-6. INSIG2 mRNA levels were increased by TNFα (5 ng/mL), leptin (100 ng/mL), and T3 (1, 3, 10, and 100 ng/mL), decreased by orexin A, and remained unchanged with IL-6 or orexin B treatment. Together, this is the first report showing hormonal regulation of visfatin in avian hepatocyte cells and suggesting a potential role of CRP, INSIG2, and nuclear orphan receptor LXR, FXR, and CXR in mediating these hormonal effects.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sinha RA, Bruinstroop E, Singh BK, Yen PM. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists. Thyroid 2019; 29:1173-1191. [PMID: 31389309 PMCID: PMC6850905 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating lipoprotein, triglyceride (TAG), and cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic TAG storage and metabolism. These effects are mediated by intricate sensing and feedback systems that function at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and transcriptional levels in the liver. Dysfunction in the pathways involved in lipid metabolism disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypercholesterolemia. There has been strong interest in understanding and employing THs, TH metabolites, and TH mimetics as lipid-modifying drugs. Summary: THs regulate many processes involved in hepatic TAG and cholesterol metabolism to decrease serum cholesterol and intrahepatic lipid content. TH receptor β analogs designed to have less side effects than the natural hormone are currently being tested in phase II clinical studies for NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. The TH metabolites, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) and T1AM (3-iodothyronamine), have different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism compared with triiodothyronine (T3), although their clinical application is still under investigation. Also, prodrugs and glucagon/T3 conjugates have been developed that direct TH to the liver. Conclusions: TH-based therapies show clinical promise for the treatment of NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. Strategies for limiting side effects of TH are being developed and may enable TH metabolites and analogs to have specific effects in the liver for treatments of these conditions. These liver-specific effects and potential suppression of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis raise the issue of monitoring liver-specific markers of TH action to assess clinical efficacy and dosing of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh BK, Sinha RA, Yen PM. Novel Transcriptional Mechanisms for Regulating Metabolism by Thyroid Hormone. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3284. [PMID: 30360449 PMCID: PMC6214012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone plays a key role in energy and nutrient metabolisms in many tissues and regulates the transcription of key genes in metabolic pathways. It has long been believed that thyroid hormones (THs) exerted their effects primarily by binding to nuclear TH receptors (THRs) that are associated with conserved thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) located on the promoters of target genes. However, recent transcriptome and ChIP-Seq studies have challenged this conventional view as discordance was observed between TH-responsive genes and THR binding to DNA. While THR association with other transcription factors bound to DNA, TH activation of THRs to mediate effects that do not involve DNA-binding, or TH binding to proteins other than THRs have been invoked as potential mechanisms to explain this discrepancy, it appears that additional novel mechanisms may enable TH to regulate the mRNA expression. These include activation of transcription factors by SIRT1 via metabolic actions by TH, the post-translational modification of THR, the THR co-regulation of transcription with other nuclear receptors and transcription factors, and the microRNA (miR) control of RNA transcript expression to encode proteins involved in the cellular metabolism. Together, these novel mechanisms enlarge and diversify the panoply of metabolic genes that can be regulated by TH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Z, Xu R, Li N. MicroRNAs from plants to animals, do they define a new messenger for communication? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:68. [PMID: 30302122 PMCID: PMC6167836 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of single-stranded non-coding RNA of about 22 nucleotides, are potent regulators of gene expression existing in both plants and animals. Recent studies showed that plant miRNAs could enter mammalian bloodstream via gastrointestinal tract, through which access a variety of tissues and cells of recipients to exert therapeutic effects. This intriguing phenomenon indicates that miRNAs of diet/plant origin may act as a new class of bioactive ingredients communicating with mammalian systems. In this review, in order to pinpoint the reason underlying discrepancies of miRNAs transmission from diet/plant to animals, the pathways that generate miRNAs and machineries involved in the functions of miRNAs in both kingdoms were outlined and compared. Then, the current controversies concerning cross-kingdom regulations and the potential mechanisms responsible for absorption and transfer of diet/plant-derived miRNAs were interpreted. Furthermore, the hormone-like action of miRNAs and the intricate interplay between miRNAs and hormones were implicated. Finally, how these findings may impact nutrition and medicine were briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100005 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruodan Xu
- 2Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ning Li
- 2Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that thyroid hormones have prominent effects on hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. Indeed, hypothyroidism has been associated with increased serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Advances in areas such as cell imaging, autophagy and metabolomics have generated a more detailed and comprehensive picture of thyroid-hormone-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism at the molecular level. In this Review, we describe and summarize the key features of direct thyroid hormone regulation of lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, cholesterol synthesis and the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in normal and altered thyroid hormone states. Thyroid hormone mediates these effects at the transcriptional and post-translational levels and via autophagy. Given these potentially beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, it is possible that thyroid hormone analogues and/or mimetics might be useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases involving the liver, such as hypercholesterolaemia and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- ;
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- ;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng Y, Zhao C, Zhang N, Kang W, Lu R, Wu H, Geng Y, Zhao Y, Xu X. Serum microRNA miR-206 is decreased in hyperthyroidism and mediates thyroid hormone regulation of lipid metabolism in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5635-5641. [PMID: 29484422 PMCID: PMC5866004 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of thyroid hormone (TH) on lipid metabolism in the liver are associated with a number of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms through which TH impacts on lipid metabolism remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hyperthyroidism on the serum levels of the microRNA (miR) miR‑206 and the role of miR‑206 on TH‑regulated lipid metabolism in liver cells. Serum was obtained from 12 patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and 10 healthy control subjects. Human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells were used to study the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) and miR‑206 on lipid metabolism. Expression of miR‑206 in serum and cells was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells was assessed with Oil Red O staining. Suppression or overexpression of miR‑206 was performed via transfection with a miR‑206 mimic or miR‑206 inhibitor. Serum miR‑206 was significantly decreased in patients with hyperthyroidism compared with euthyroid controls. Treatment of HepG2 cells with T3 led to reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) content, accompanied by reduced miR‑206 expression. Inhibition of endogenous miR‑206 expression decreased intracellular TG and TC content in HepG2 cells. By contrast, overexpression of miR‑206 in HepG2 partially prevented the reduction in TG content induced by treatment with T3. In conclusion, serum miR‑206 expression is reduced in patients with hyperthyroidism. In addition, miR‑206 is involved in T3‑mediated regulation of lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells, indicating a role for miR‑206 in thyroid hormone‑induced disorders of lipid metabolism in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shu Yang Union Medical College Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223600, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 82nd Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Naijian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 82nd Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Wenqin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shu Yang Union Medical College Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223600, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shu Yang Union Medical College Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223600, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 82nd Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Yingxue Geng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shu Yang Union Medical College Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223600, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Postgraduates, BengBu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shu Yang Union Medical College Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223600, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh BK, Sinha RA, Ohba K, Yen PM. Role of thyroid hormone in hepatic gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and autophagy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:160-168. [PMID: 28216439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) actions on development and metabolism have been studied ever since the discovery of thyroxine almost a century ago. Initial studies focused on the physiological and biochemical actions of TH. Later, the cloning of the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms and the development of techniques enabled the study of TH regulation of complex cellular processes (such as gene transcription). Recently we found that TH activates secondary transcription factors such as FOXO1, to amplify gene transcription; and also is a potent inducer of autophagy that was critical for fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. This review summarizes the recent advancements in our understanding of TH regulation of gene expression of metabolic genes (via co-regulators/transcription factors and epigenetic control) and autophagy in the liver. Our deeper understanding of TH action recently has led to the development of tissue- and THR isoform-specific TH mimetics that may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 430-0929, Japan
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vella KR, Hollenberg AN. The actions of thyroid hormone signaling in the nucleus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:127-135. [PMID: 28286327 PMCID: PMC5592130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are a critical regulator of mammalian physiology. Much of their action is due to effects in the nucleus where T3 engages thyroid hormone receptor isoforms to mediate its effects. In order to function properly the TR isoforms must be recruited to regulatory sequences within genes that they up-regulate. On these positive regulated target genes the TR can activate or repress depending upon whether the receptor is bound to T3 or not and the type of co-regulatory proteins present in that cell type. In contrast to T3 mediated activation, the mechanism by which the TR represses transcription in the presence of T3 remains unclear. Herein we will review the components of the transcriptional response to T3 within the nucleus and attempt to highlight the outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Su XW, Lu G, Leung CK, Liu Q, Li Y, Tsang KS, Zhao SD, Chan DTM, Kung HF, Poon WS. miR-181d regulates human dendritic cell maturation through NF-κB pathway. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28731516 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as the cellular regulators which post-transcriptionally modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes including cell development and immunity. In this study, we investigated functions of miR-181d in dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, and the underlying mechanisms were also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we did the miRNA screening in human DCs in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expressions of DCs maturation markers were measured after miRNA mimics transfections. The pharmacological inhibitors of signalling pathways were applied to examine miR-181d effect on DCs maturation by Western blot. Luciferase assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were also performed to reveal the target gene of miR-181d and test the viability of T cells treated with miR-181d transfected DCs. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-181d per se is sufficient to promote DCs maturation, and up-regulate CD80 and CD83 expressions without LPS. Besides, we showed that miR-181d activated NF-κB pathway and also promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL12 and TNF-α. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway suppressed DCs maturation. Luciferase reporter assay and target gene knockdown assay indicated that miR-181d targets regulator cylindromatosis (CYLD), a primary negative regulator of NF-κB pathway. MLR assay showed that miR-181d-transfected DCs could promote T-cell proliferation than iDCs in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that miR-181d is required for DCs maturation through the activation of NF-κB pathway by targeting CYLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wei Su
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Kwan Leung
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Sze Tsang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Dou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danny Tat Ming Chan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Otto Wong Brain Tumour Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiang Fu Kung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Otto Wong Brain Tumour Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chng CL, Lim AYY, Tan HC, Kovalik JP, Tham KW, Bee YM, Lim W, Acharyya S, Lai OF, Chong MFF, Yen PM. Physiological and Metabolic Changes During the Transition from Hyperthyroidism to Euthyroidism in Graves' Disease. Thyroid 2016; 26:1422-1430. [PMID: 27465032 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum metabolomic profile and its relationship to physiological changes during hyperthyroidism and restoration to euthyroidism are not known. This study aimed to examine the physiological, adipokine, and metabolomic changes that occur when subjects with Graves' disease transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism with medical treatment. METHODS Chinese women between 21 and 50 years of age and with newly diagnosed Graves' disease attending the endocrine outpatient clinics in a single institution were recruited between July 2012 and September 2014. All subjects were treated with thioamides to achieve euthyroidism. Clinical parameters (body weight, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient via indirect calorimetry, and reported total energy intake via 24 h food diary), biochemical parameters (thyroid hormones, lipid profile, fasting insulin and glucose levels), serum leptin, adiponectin, and metabolomics profiles were measured during hyperthyroidism and repeated in early euthyroidism. RESULTS Twenty four Chinese women with an average age of 36.3 ± 8.6 years were included in the study. The average duration of treatment that was required to reach euthyroidism for these subjects was 38 ± 16.3 weeks. There was a significant increase in body weight (52.6 ± 9.0 kg to 55.3 ± 9.4 kg; p < 0.001) and fat mass (14.3 ± 6.9 kg to 16.8 ± 6.5 kg; p = 0.005). There was a reduction in resting energy expenditure corrected for weight (28.7 ± 4.0 kcal/kg to 21.5 ± 4.1 kcal/kg; p < 0.001) and an increase in respiratory quotient (0.76 to 0.81; p = 0.037). Resting energy expenditure increased significantly with increasing free triiodothyronine levels (p = 0.007). Significant increases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were noted. There was no significant change in leptin levels, but adiponectin levels increased significantly (p = 0.018). Significant reductions in fasting C2, medium-chain, long-chain, and total acylcarnitines were observed, but no changes in the fat-free mass, branched chain amino acid levels, or insulin sensitivity during recovery from hyperthyroidism were noted. CONCLUSIONS Serum metabolomics profile changes complemented the physiological changes observed during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism. This study provides a comprehensive and integrated view of the changes in fuel metabolism and energy balance that occur following the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaw-Ling Chng
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | | | - Hong Chang Tan
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- 2 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Kwang Wei Tham
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Yong Mong Bee
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Weiying Lim
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Sanchalika Acharyya
- 3 Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Oi Fah Lai
- 4 Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- 5 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) , A*star, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- 2 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Perra A, Plateroti M, Columbano A. T3/TRs axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: new concepts for an old pair. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R353-69. [PMID: 27353037 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its burden is expected to further increase in the next years. Chronic inflammation, induced by multiple viruses or metabolic alterations, and epigenetic and genetic modifications, cooperate in cancer development via a combination of common and distinct aetiology-specific pathways. In spite of the advances of classical therapies, the prognosis of this neoplasm has not considerably improved over the past few years. The advent of targeted therapies and the approval of the systemic treatment of advanced HCC with the kinase inhibitor sorafenib have provided some hope for the future. However, the benefits obtained from this treatment are still disappointing, as it extends the median life expectancy of patients by only few months. It is thus mandatory to find alternative effective treatments. Although the role played by thyroid hormones (THs) and their nuclear receptors (TRs) in human cancer is still unclear, mounting evidence indicates that they behave as oncosuppressors in HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms by which they exert this effect and the consequence of their activation following ligand binding on HCC progression remain elusive. In this review, we re-evaluate the existing evidence of the role of TH/TRs in HCC development; we will also discuss how TR alterations could affect fundamental biological processes, such as hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation, and consequently HCC progression. Finally, we will discuss if and how TRs can be foreseen as therapeutic targets in HCC and whether selective TR modulation by TH analogues may hold promise for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la Recherche, Lyon, France
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ohba K, Leow MKS, Singh BK, Sinha RA, Lesmana R, Liao XH, Ghosh S, Refetoff S, Sng JCG, Yen PM. Desensitization and Incomplete Recovery of Hepatic Target Genes After Chronic Thyroid Hormone Treatment and Withdrawal in Male Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1660-72. [PMID: 26866609 PMCID: PMC4816733 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical symptoms may vary and not necessarily reflect serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels during acute and chronic hyperthyroidism as well as recovery from hyperthyroidism. We thus examined changes in hepatic gene expression and serum TH/TSH levels in adult male mice treated either with a single T3 (20 μg per 100 g body weight) injection (acute T3) or daily injections for 14 days (chronic T3) followed by 10 days of withdrawal. Gene expression arrays from livers harvested at these time points showed that among positively-regulated target genes, 320 were stimulated acutely and 429 chronically by T3. Surprisingly, only 69 of 680 genes (10.1%) were induced during both periods, suggesting desensitization of the majority of acutely stimulated target genes. About 90% of positively regulated target genes returned to baseline expression levels after 10 days of withdrawal; however, 67 of 680 (9.9%) did not return to baseline despite normalization of serum TH/TSH levels. Similar findings also were observed for negatively regulated target genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of representative positively regulated target genes suggested that acetylation of H3K9/K14 was associated with acute stimulation, whereas trimethylation of H3K4 was associated with chronic stimulation. In an in vivo model of chronic intrahepatic hyperthyroidism since birth, adult male monocarboxylate transporter-8 knockout mice also demonstrated desensitization of most acutely stimulated target genes that were examined. In summary, we have identified transcriptional desensitization and incomplete recovery of gene expression during chronic hyperthyroidism and recovery. Our findings may be a potential reason for discordance between clinical symptoms and serum TH levels observed in these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohba
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (K.O., B.K.S., R.A.S., R.L., S.G., P.M.Y.), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology (M.K.-S.L.), Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore 229899; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (M.K.-S.L.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore 117609; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and Department of Pharmacology (J.C.G.S.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cathcart P, Lucchesi W, Ottaviani S, De Giorgio A, Krell J, Stebbing J, Castellano L. Noncoding RNAs and the control of signalling via nuclear receptor regulation in health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:529-43. [PMID: 26303081 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that play central roles in human biology, orchestrating a large variety of biological functions in both health and disease. Understanding the interactions and regulatory pathways of NRs will allow development of potential therapeutic interventions for a multitude of disease processes. Non-coding RNAs have recently been discovered to have significant interactions with NR signalling pathways via a variety of biological connections. This review summarises the known interactions between ncRNAs and the NR superfamily in health, embryogenesis and a plethora of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cathcart
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Walter Lucchesi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading Berks RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Silvia Ottaviani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alex De Giorgio
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bozhkov AI, Nikitchenko YV. Thermogenesis and longevity in mammals. Thyroxin model of accelerated aging. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:173-82. [PMID: 25446982 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of experimental models of life span regulation is an important goal of modern gerontology. We proposed a thyroxin model of accelerated aging. Male Wistar rats at the age of 17 months received thyroxin in drinking water at a concentration of 6 mg/L for 2 months as a model of induced hyperthyroidism (IH). Administration of thyroxin resulted in a decrease in life span and a 2°C increase in body temperature that was accompanied by a 2 fold increase in thyroxin level and a 40% increase in triiodothyronine in blood serum. Induced hyperthyroidism can be used as a model of accelerated aging. We also found that thyroxin administration acts as uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation as treatment was accompanied by an increase in the generation of superoxide radicals by 50%. Antioxidant enzyme activity remained unchanged (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase mitochondrial) or was reduced (glutathione-S-transferase by 1.7 times) as compared with the control. The activity of glucose-6-transferase was increased by 2.8 times as compared with control, and malate dehydrogenase activity in liver increased by 6.8 times. Induced hyperthyroidism in rats resulted in distinct epigenotype which was accompanied by a decrease in life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Bozhkov
- Research Institute of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, 61022 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Yu V Nikitchenko
- Research Institute of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, 61022 Kharkov, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:538-45. [PMID: 25127738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has important roles in regulating hepatic lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. Recent findings suggest that clinical conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are associated with dysregulated hepatic metabolism, may involve altered intracellular TH action. In addition, TH has key roles in lipophagy in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial quality control, and the regulation of metabolic genes. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the functions of TH in hepatic metabolism, the relationship between TH and metabolic disorders, and the potential therapeutic use of thyromimetics to treat metabolic dysfunction in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Figliozzi RW, Chen F, Balish M, Ajavon A, Hsia SV. Thyroid hormone-dependent epigenetic suppression of herpes simplex virus-1 gene expression and viral replication in differentiated neuroendocrine cells. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:164-73. [PMID: 25175854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A global HSV-1 gene repression occurs during latency in sensory neurons where most viral gene transcriptions are suppressed. The molecular mechanisms of gene silencing and how stress factors trigger the reactivation are not well understood. Thyroid hormones are known to be altered due to stress, and with its nuclear receptor impart transcriptional repression or activation depending upon the hormone level. Therefore we hypothesized that triiodothyronine (T3) treatment of infected differentiated neuron like cells would reduce the ability of HSV-1 to produce viral progeny compared to untreated infected cells. Previously we identified putative thyroid hormone receptor elements (TREs) within the promoter regions of HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) and other key genes. Searching for a human cell line that can model neuronal HSV-1 infection, we performed HSV-1 infection experiments on differentiated human neuroendocrine cells, LNCaP. Upon androgen deprivation these cells undergo complete differentiation and exhibit neuronal-like morphology and physiology. These cells were readily infected by our HSV-1 recombinant virus, expressing GFP and maintaining many processes iconic of dendritic morphology. Our results demonstrated that differentiated LNCaP cells produced suppressive effects on HSV-1 gene expression and replication compared to its undifferentiated counterpart and T3 treatment has further decreased the viral plaque counts compared to untreated cells. Upon washout of the T3 viral plaque counts were restored, indicating an increase of viral replication. The qRT-PCR experiments using primers for TK showed reduced expression under T3 treatment. ChIP assays using a panel of antibodies for H3 lysine 9 epigenetic marks showed increased repressive marks on the promoter regions of TK. In conclusion we have demonstrated a T3 mediated quiescent infection in differentiated LNCaP cells that has potential to mimic latent infection. In this HSV-1 infection model thyroid hormone treatment caused decreased viral replication, repressed TK expression and increased repressive histone tail marks on the TK promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Figliozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, College of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, College of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Matthew Balish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, College of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Amakoe Ajavon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, College of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - S Victor Hsia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, College of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|