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Chen J, Wu L, Li Y. FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease. Biomark Res 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38816776 PMCID: PMC11141035 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a complex group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, emerging as a major global health concern. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of fibrinogen-like proteins, specifically fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), in the regulation of various liver diseases. FGL1 plays a crucial role in promoting hepatocyte growth, regulating lipid metabolism, and influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME), contributing significantly to liver repair, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver cancer. On the other hand, FGL2 is a multifunctional protein known for its role in modulating prothrombin activity and inducing immune tolerance, impacting viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of fibrinogen-like proteins is essential for the development of effective therapeutic approaches for liver diseases. Additionally, FGL1 has demonstrated potential as a disease biomarker in radiation and drug-induced liver injury as well as HCC, while FGL2 shows promise as a biomarker in viral hepatitis and liver transplantation. The expression levels of these molecules offer exciting prospects for disease assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure and roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in different liver conditions, emphasizing the intricate molecular regulatory processes and advancements in targeted therapies. Furthermore, it explores the potential benefits and challenges of targeting FGL1 and FGL2 for liver disease treatment and the prospects of fibrinogen-like proteins as biomarkers for liver disease, offering insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongming Chen
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Huang Z, Wang Z, Xu C, Yan Y, Cao X, Zhang F, Shen B. FGL2 as a predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy in bladder cancer. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:1447-1460. [PMID: 38903931 PMCID: PMC11186416 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.91874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis and immunosuppression result in unfavorable prognosis in bladder cancer (BLCA). FGL1 and FGL2 are two members of the fibrinogen-related proteins family, but their potential effects on BLCA remain elusive. Methods: The expression profile of FGL1 and FGL2 in BLCA was analyzed in multiple databases. Furthermore, the expression of FGL2 was validated in BLCA tissues. The predictive capability of FGL2 was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate analysis, and multivariate Cox regression. A nomogram model was constructed based on FGL2 expression and clinicopathological parameters for clinical practice. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) were performed to investigate enrichment in the biological processes. In addition, the correlation between FGL2 and immunological characteristics in the BLCA tumor microenvironment (TME), including tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs), cancer-immunity cycles, immune checkpoint molecules (ICPs), immunophenoscores (IPS), and response to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy was further analyzed. Results: FGL2 was found to be downregulated in BLCA due to hypermethylation of the FGL2 promoter region, which was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Moreover, BLCA patients with high FGL2 expression exhibited better response to immunotherapy. Conclusions: Our research revealed that FGL2 was downregulated in BLCA and was negatively correlated with DNA methylation. High FGL2 expression was confirmed as an independent risk for prognosis. Moreover, FGL2 is a promising indicator for the response to immunotherapy in patients with BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Huang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 200040, China
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiangqian Cao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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Xi F, Sun H, Peng H, Lian Z, Wei H, Tian Z, Sun R, Chen Y. Hepatocyte-derived FGL1 accelerates liver metastasis and tumor growth by inhibiting CD8+ T and NK cells. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173215. [PMID: 38973608 PMCID: PMC11383586 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) contributes to the proliferation and metabolism of hepatocytes; however, as a major ligand of the immune checkpoint, its role in the liver regional immune microenvironment is poorly understood. Hepatocytes specifically and highly expressed FGL1 under normal physiological conditions. Increases in hepatic CD8+ T and NK cell numbers and functions were found in Fgl1-deficient (Fgl1-/-) mice, but not in the spleen or lymph node, similar to findings in anti-FGL1 mAb-treated wild-type mice. Furthermore, Fgl1 deficiency or anti-FGL1 mAb blockade restrained liver metastasis and slowed the growth of orthotopic tumors, with significantly prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Tumor-infiltrating hepatic CD8+ T and NK cells upregulated the expression of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and exhibited stronger antitumor activities after anti-FGL1 treatment. The antitumor efficacy of FGL1 blockade depended on cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells, demonstrated by using a cell-deficient mouse model and cell transfer in vivo. In vitro, FGL1 directly inhibited hepatic T and NK cells related to the receptor LAG-3. In conclusion, hepatocyte-derived FGL1 played critical immunoregulatory roles in the liver and contributed to liver metastasis and tumor growth by inhibiting CD8+ T and NK cell functions via the receptor LAG-3, providing a new strategy for liver cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjia Xi
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zhexiong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, the Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
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Huang S, Zhang J, He P, Cui X, Hou Y, Su W, Li F. Radiation-induced upregulation of FGL1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis via IMPDH1. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:557. [PMID: 38702629 PMCID: PMC11067193 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While radiation therapy remains pivotal in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treatment, the perplexing phenomenon of post-radiation metastasis presents a formidable clinical challenge. This study investigates the role of fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) in driving ESCC metastasis following radiation exposure. METHODS FGL1 expression in post-radiation ESCC cells was meticulously examined using qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The impact of FGL1 on ESCC cell invasion and migration was assessed through Transwell and wound healing assays. In vivo, the metastatic potential of ESCC in response to FGL1 was scrutinized using nude mice models. Comprehensive RNA sequencing and functional experiments elucidated the intricate mechanism associated with FGL1. RESULTS Radiation induced upregulation of FGL1 in ESCC cells through FOXO4, intensifying ESCC cell invasion and migration. Targeted knockdown of FGL1 effectively alleviated these characteristics both in vitro and in vivo. FGL1 depletion concurrently suppressed IMPDH1 expression. Rescue experiments underscored that IMPDH1 knockdown robustly reversed the pro-invasive effects induced by FGL1 in ESCC cells. ESCC tissues exhibited heightened IMPDH1 mRNA levels, demonstrating a correlation with patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced upregulation of FGL1 propels ESCC metastasis through IMPDH1, proposing a potential therapeutic target to mitigate post-radiotherapy metastasis in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China
| | - Pu He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, China
| | - Wanghui Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, ShaanXi, China
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Shafieizadeh Z, Shafieizadeh Z, Davoudi M, Afrisham R, Miao X. Role of Fibrinogen-like Protein 1 in Tumor Recurrence Following Hepatectomy. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:406-415. [PMID: 38638375 PMCID: PMC11022061 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Partial hepatectomy is a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Within 2 weeks following partial hepatectomy, specific molecular pathways are activated to promote liver regeneration. Nevertheless, residual microtumors may also exploit these pathways to reappear and metastasize. Therapeutically targeting molecules that are differentially regulated between normal cells and malignancies, such as fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), appears to be an effective approach. The potential functions of FGL1 in both regenerative and malignant cells are discussed within the ambit of this review. While FGL1 is normally elevated in regenerative hepatocytes, it is normally downregulated in malignant cells. Hepatectomy does indeed upregulate FGL1 by increasing the release of transcription factors that promote FGL1, including HNF-1α and STAT3, and inflammatory effectors, such as TGF-β and IL6. This, in turn, stimulates certain proliferative pathways, including EGFR/Src/ERK. Hepatectomy alters the phase transition of highly differentiated hepatocytes from G0 to G1, thereby transforming susceptible cells into cancerous ones. Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by FGL1 allele loss on chromosome 8, a tumor suppressor area, may also cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, FGL1 is specifically expressed in the liver via HNF-1α histone acetylase activity, which triggers lipid metabolic reprogramming in malignancies. FGL1 might also be involved in other carcinogenesis processes such as hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immunosuppression, and sorafenib-mediated drug resistance. This study highlights a research gap in these disciplines and the necessity for additional research on FGL1 function in the described processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shafieizadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Shafieizadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xiaolei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
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Tang F, Lu C, He X, Lin W, Xie B, Gao X, Peng Y, Yang D, Sun L, Weng L. E3 ligase Trim35 inhibits LSD1 demethylase activity through K63-linked ubiquitination and enhances anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113477. [PMID: 37979167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) can improve tumor immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with elevated T cell infiltration and sensitize tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy. However, the lack of reliable biomarkers limits utilization of LSD1 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Here, we identify an E3 ligase, Trim35, as an effective biomarker for high activity of LSD1 to predict prognosis of LSD1-targeted therapy as well as immunotherapy. Mechanistically, Trim35 represses LSD1 demethylase activity by mediating K63 ubiquitination at lysine site 422 of LSD1. Suppressed LSD1 activity facilitates ERGIC1 transcription, followed by autophagy inhibition and IFNGR1 stabilization to activate IFN-γ signaling, leading to increased MHC class I expression and immune surveillance of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, combinational use of an LSD1 inhibitor and anti-PD-1 therapy can significantly eradicate poorly immunogenic lung cancer with low Trim35. These findings strongly suggest that Trim35 is a promising biomarker for prediction of immunotherapy outcome in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Tang
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China; Center for Molecular Imaging of Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Can Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiang He
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Gynecology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Desong Yang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China; Center for Molecular Imaging of Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Gerontological Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Liang Weng
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China; Center for Molecular Imaging of Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Changsha, China; Institute of Gerontological Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha 410008, China.
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Nagdas SK, Britney T, Simpson D, Salters T, Raychoudhury SS. Fibrinogen-Related Protein, Fgl2, of Hamster Cauda Epididymal Fluid: Enzymatic Characterization, and Identification of Fgl2-Binding Proteins and Ligand of Defective Hamster Sperm Organelles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 8:10.23880/ijbp-16000228. [PMID: 39135670 PMCID: PMC11318641 DOI: 10.23880/ijbp-16000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The luminal environment of the mammalian epididymidis performs a dual function; sperm maturation and maintaining sperm viability. We previously identified a secretory protein (260/280KDa oligomers) of hamster cauda epididymal principal cells that binds to nonviable sperm. The 260/280KDa oligomers are composed of 64kDa FGL2 (fibrinogen-like protein-2) and 33kDa FGL1) (fibrinogen-like protein-1). The potential mechanism by which FGL2 binds to degenerative sperm is not clearly demonstrated. In this study, we report the downstream sequence of prothrombinase activity of FGL2, the identification of organelles, and characterize candidate proteins that bind FGL2. The following reaction sequence confirms that FGL2 is a phospholipid-activated serine protease; the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by FGL2, followed by the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymers by thrombin. FGL2 binds intensely to tails than heads of de-membranated sperm. A spectrum of polypeptides of cauda sperm tails binds to FGL2. Proteomic analyses of 65KDa, 16kDa, and 13kDa polypeptides of tails correspond to a-Kinase anchor protein 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, respectively. Annexin V, a calcium-dependent phosphatidylserine-binding protein localized to the flagellum and co-precipitated with FGL2. We have demonstrated a novel protective mechanism for recognizing and eliminating defective spermatozoa from viable sperm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - T Britney
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - D Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - T Salters
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, USA
| | - SS Raychoudhury
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, USA
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Gao Y, Lu LJ, Zhang ZZ, Yang X, Du J, Wen K, Huang H, Wang XP, Sun XL. Xue-jie-San prevents the early development of colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis by blocking Notch1 and FGL1 signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 315:116678. [PMID: 37263315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xue-Jie-San (XJS), as a traditional Chinese herb prescription, has satisfactory effects on improving clinical symptoms and facilitating the healing of intestinal ulcers in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This motivates the application of XJS on CD-associated complications. AIM OF THE STUDY Intestinal fibrosis is a debilitating complication of CD. Currently, there is no effective medication available for preventing or reversing CD-related intestinal fibrosis. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of XJS in the treatment of colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of CD-related intestinal fibrosis was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid administration and treated with XJS. The pathological changes of intestinal fibrosis were evaluated using Masson staining. Collagen deposition and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were verified by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) was assessed with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining as well as western blot analysis. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to observe autophagosomes. The levels of autophagy-related proteins were detected via immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Finally, the mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway regulated by Notch1 or FGL1 was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS The results found that XJS ameliorated intestinal fibrosis through reducing the deposition of collagens such as Collagen 1 and Collagen 3. XJS inhibited the EMT process by increasing E-cadherin levels and decreasing the expressions of N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail, which played a crucial role in collagen secretion and intestinal fibrosis. In addition, XJS also repressed the EndoMT process as reflected by the upregulation of CD31 and VE-cadherin levels and the downregulation of FSP1 and α-SMA expressions. Autophagy was activated following XJS treatment via suppression of the mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, XJS acted as an inhibitor of Notch1 and FGL1 signals, both of which regulated the mTOR signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validated that XJS prevented the early development of CD-related intestinal fibrosis by blocking the Notch1 and FGL1 signaling pathways to activate autophagy and thereby inhibit EMT and EndoMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Li-Juan Lu
- Department of Gynaecology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Zhao-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Xue-Liang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. LAG-3 Contribution to T Cell Downmodulation during Acute Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 36680187 PMCID: PMC9865459 DOI: 10.3390/v15010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on immune cells, such as activated T cells, and binds to MHC class II with high affinity. LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor, and its multiple biological activities on T cell activation and effector functions play a regulatory role in the immune response. Immunotherapies directed at immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, have become a promising strategy for controlling malignant tumors and chronic viral diseases. Several studies have suggested an association between the expression of LAG-3 with an inadequate immune response during respiratory viral infections and the susceptibility to reinfections, which might be a consequence of the inhibition of T cell effector functions. However, important information relative to therapeutic potential during acute viral lower respiratory tract infections and the mechanism of action of the LAG-3 checkpoint remains to be characterized. In this article, we discuss the contribution of LAG-3 to the impairment of T cells during viral respiratory infections. Understanding the host immune response to respiratory infections is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mario A. Ramírez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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10
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Yi W, Qiao T, Yang Z, Hu L, Sun M, Fan H, Xu Y, Lv Z. The regulation role and diagnostic value of fibrinogen-like protein 1 revealed by pan-cancer analysis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100470. [PMID: 36345363 PMCID: PMC9636576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) in tumorigenesis is well known, a pan-cancer analysis of FGL1 lacks. We used bioinformatics techniques to analyze cancer data from publicly available datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, UALCAN, TIMER, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, cBioPortal, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and DAVID. FGL1 expression was significantly regulated in various common tumors than in normal tissues; it was increased in lung adenocarcinoma and decreased in colon adenocarcinoma. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the upregulation of FGL1 expression was correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in stomach adenocarcinoma, brain low-grade glioma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and endocervical adenocarcinoma. Decreased FGL1 methylation levels were observed in majority of tumor types. FGL1 expression was significantly associated with the levels of immune cell subtypes and immune checkpoint genes. Deep deletion was the most common genetic mutation in FGL1 that led to frame-shift mutations, which was closely associated with poor progression-free interval, disease-specific survival, and OS in patients with FGL1 mutations. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that FGL1-related genes participate in diverse pathways. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is significantly correlated to the function of FGL1, which was identified for the first time in the present study. This pan-cancer study provides a deep understanding of the functions of FGL1 in progression of many tumors and demonstrates that FGL1 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and immune infiltration in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Yanchang Middle Road 301, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Tingting Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Yanchang Middle Road 301, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ziyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hengwei Fan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yanping Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, No.1239 SiPing Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Yanchang Middle Road 301, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Yang Y, Liu X, Chen H, Wang P, Yao S, Zhou B, Yin R, Li C, Wu C, Yang X, Yu M. HPS protects the liver against steatosis, cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with steatohepatitis. FEBS J 2022; 289:5279-5304. [PMID: 35285180 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepassocin (HPS) is a hepatokine associated with metabolic regulation and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, previous reports on HPS are controversial and its true function is not yet understood. Here, we demonstrated that hepatic HPS expression levels were upregulated in short-term feeding and downregulated in long-term feeding in high-fat diet (HFD)- and methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice, as well as in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. HFD- and MCD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis were more pronounced in HPS knockout mice than in the wild-type mice. Moreover, HPS depletion aggravated HFD-induced insulin resistance. By contrast, HPS administration improved MCD- or HFD-induced liver phenotypes and insulin resistance in HPS knockout and wild-type mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that MCD-induced hepatic oxidative stress was significantly increased by HPS deficiency and could be attenuated by HPS administration. Furthermore, palmitic acid-induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress were exclusively enhanced in HPS knockout hepatocytes and diminished by HPS cotreatment. These data suggest that HPS ameliorates NASH in mice, at least in part, by inhibiting the oxidative stress. HPS expression levels are downregulated in human fatty liver tissues, suggesting that it may play an important protective role in NASH. Collectively, our findings provide clear genetic evidence that HPS has beneficial effects on the development of steatohepatitis in mice and suggest that upregulating HPS signaling may represent an effective treatment strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Pengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Songhui Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, HeBei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Changyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Chutse Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.,Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, HeBei University, Baoding, China
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12
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Huang J, Huang Q, Xue J, Liu H, Guo Y, Chen H, Zhou L. Fibrinogen like protein-1 knockdown suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of TU-686 cells and sensitizes laryngeal cancer to LAG-3 blockade. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221126874. [PMID: 36173010 PMCID: PMC9528049 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221126874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the expression of fibrinogen like protein-1 (FGL-1) in laryngeal cancer and evaluate its effect on tumor proliferation, metastasis, and antitumor immunity. METHODS ELISA and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect FGL-1 expression in laryngeal cancer. The effects of FGL-1 knockdown on the proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of laryngeal cancer cells were evaluated by the CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, Transwell migration, and western blot assays. We detected changes in tumorigenesis and drug response in vivo following FGL-1 knockdown as well as the effects of anti-LAG3 immunotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine CD8 and LAG-3 expression in mouse tumor tissues. RESULTS FGL-1 was highly expressed in the plasma and tumor tissues of laryngeal cancer patients. FGL-1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation of TU-686 cells and inhibited the migration and invasion of laryngeal cancer by blocking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, silencing FGL-1 inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo and synergized with anti-LAG3 immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the high expression of FGL-1 in laryngeal cancer and identified FGL-1 as a potential marker for immunotherapy in laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Huang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyao Xue
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Liu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Guo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Sun X, Liu L, Chen S, Wang J, Cai X, Song J, Zhou M, Guo D, Kuai L, Ding X, Li B, Li X. Fibrinogen-Like Protein 1 as a Novel Biomarker of Psoriasis Severity. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4637-4647. [PMID: 35996685 PMCID: PMC9391933 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s378953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic systemic inflammatory skin disease whose diagnosis and severity assessment pose challenges for clinicians worldwide. The use of serum biomarkers facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis. Methods This case–control study compared tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, IL-10, and fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) levels of 139 untreated psoriasis patients and 140 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify their levels. Subgroups were analyzed according to abnormal lipid metabolism status. Results Compared to controls, patients with psoriasis exhibited lower concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-17, and FGL1 (P < 0.05). A correlation analysis showed that FGL1 was inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and IL-17 in the psoriatic state. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that FGL1 and total cholesterol were the independent determinants of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score in psoriasis patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of FGL1 assessing moderate-to-severe psoriasis and mild psoriasis was 0.70, while the area under the curve (AUC) assessing severe psoriasis and mild-to-moderate psoriasis was 0.67, better than that of IL-17. In addition, FGL1, but not IL-17, was able to identify psoriasis with abnormal lipid metabolism to a certain extent (AUC = 0.60). Conclusion In conclusion, serum FGL1 may be a promising biomarker for diagnosing and staging psoriasis. It may also be involved in its progression and comorbid abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoce Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Song
- Dermatology of TCM, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjie Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hua N, Chen A, Yang C, Dong H, He X, Ru G, Tong X, Zhou F, Wang S. The correlation of fibrinogen-like protein-1 expression with the progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7911-7919. [PMID: 35776395 PMCID: PMC9304048 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen-like-protein 1 (FGL1), a member of the fibrinogen-related protein (FREP) family, is a major ligand of the immune inhibitory receptor lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). While FGL1 is strongly implicated in the development and prognosis of a variety of diseases, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still disputed. Therefore, the role of FGL1 expression in the progression and prognosis of HCC was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, bioinformatics analysis was first used to probe the expression profile of FGL1 in multiple malignant tumor tissues and paired normal tissues, and to explore the possible relationship between FGL1 and prognosis of HCC patients. Thereafter, the expression levels of FGL1 were determined and compared in human HCC cell lines, HCC tissues, peri-tumor tissues and normal liver tissues by western blot analysis. Furthermore, tissue microarrays were used to detect the expression of FGL1 through immunohistochemical staining and to verify whether the FGL1 expression level was associated with clinicopathological features and the prognosis of HCC patients. The results showed that FGL1 was downregulated significantly in most of the HCC cells lines and HCC tissues, corresponding to the results of the bioinformatics and western blot analyses. FGL1 expression level in HCC was found to be correlated to Edmondson grade and metastasis of the HCC. Additionally, high FGL1 expression was associated with better overall survival in HCC patients, suggesting that FGL1 could function as a tumor suppressor. CONCLUSIONS The expression level of FGL1 can be correlated with the progression and prognosis of HCC, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanni Hua
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Cancer Center, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxian Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Departments of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqing Ru
- Departments of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Cancer Center, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Departments of TCM Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shibing Wang
- Cancer Center, Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Shi AP, Tang XY, Xiong YL, Zheng KF, Liu YJ, Shi XG, Lv Y, Jiang T, Ma N, Zhao JB. Immune Checkpoint LAG3 and Its Ligand FGL1 in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:785091. [PMID: 35111155 PMCID: PMC8801495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LAG3 is the most promising immune checkpoint next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. High LAG3 and FGL1 expression boosts tumor growth by inhibiting the immune microenvironment. This review comprises four sections presenting the structure/expression, interaction, biological effects, and clinical application of LAG3/FGL1. D1 and D2 of LAG3 and FD of FGL1 are the LAG3-FGL1 interaction domains. LAG3 accumulates on the surface of lymphocytes in various tumors, but is also found in the cytoplasm in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. FGL1 is found in the cytoplasm in NSCLC cells and on the surface of breast cancer cells. The LAG3-FGL1 interaction mechanism remains unclear, and the intracellular signals require elucidation. LAG3/FGL1 activity is associated with immune cell infiltration, proliferation, and secretion. Cytokine production is enhanced when LAG3/FGL1 are co-expressed with PD-1. IMP321 and relatlimab are promising monoclonal antibodies targeting LAG3 in melanoma. The clinical use of anti-FGL1 antibodies has not been reported. Finally, high FGL1 and LAG3 expression induces EGFR-TKI and gefitinib resistance, and anti-PD-1 therapy resistance, respectively. We present a comprehensive overview of the role of LAG3/FGL1 in cancer, suggesting novel anti-tumor therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Shi
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Xi-Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Lu Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Fu Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian-Gui Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Lv
- College of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Liu XH, Qi LW, Alolga RN, Liu Q. Implication of the hepatokine, fibrinogen-like protein 1 in liver diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer: The need to harness its full potential. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:292-300. [PMID: 34975333 PMCID: PMC8692158 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) is a novel hepatokine that forms part of the fibrinogen superfamily. It is predominantly expressed in the liver under normal physiological conditions. When the liver is injured by external factors, such as chemical drugs and radiation, FGL1 acts as a protective factor to promote the growth of regenerated cells. However, elevated hepatic FGL1 under high fat conditions can cause lipid accumulation and inflammation, which in turn trigger the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. FGL1 is also involved in the regulation of insulin resistance in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles as a means of communication between the liver and other tissues. In addition, the abnormally changed FGL1 levels in the plasma of cancer patients make it a potential predictor of cancer incidence in clinical practice. FGL1 was recently identified as a major functional ligand of the immune inhibitory receptor, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), thus making it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy except for the classical programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. Despite the potential of FGL1 as a new cancer biomarker and therapeutic target, there are few related studies and much of what has been reported are superficial and lack depth and particularity. Therefore, elucidating the role and underlying mechanisms of FGL1 could be crucial for the development of promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for related diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the cellular mechanisms and clinical prospects of FGL1 in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer, and proffer suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Raphael N Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Cheng TL, Chen CH, Wu MH, Lai CH, Lee KH, Lin SH, Shiau AL, Wu CL, Kang L. Upregulation of Fibrinogen-Like 1 Expression Contributes to Reducing the Progression of Preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:757643. [PMID: 34957095 PMCID: PMC8692364 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1) is involved in liver injury and liver regeneration, but its role in placenta and preeclampsia (PE) remains unclear. We assessed FGL1 expression in serum and placenta from L-NAME-induced PE-like mouse and in women with (n = 38) and without (n = 42) PE. For the mouse study, pregnant C57Bl/6 mouse (n = 6/group) were subcutaneously administered L-NAME with or without FGL1 once daily starting on days 7–14 of pregnancy and were sacrificed on gestational day (GD) 20. Maternal body weight, blood pressure, and urinary protein were assessed during GDs 8–20. The weight and length of the placenta and fetus were assessed. The placental structure was evaluated using hematoxylin staining. In the human study, the sera of the pregnant women during the late trimester were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). FGL1 expression in human trophoblast cell lines under L-NAME stimulation was measured using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The detected FGL1 protein levels in serum and placenta were both significantly upregulated in patients and mouse with PE compared with those in the non-PE groups. FGL1 treatment decreased maternal hypertension and proteinuria, decreased fetal weight in mouse with PE, downregulated proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1b and interleukin-6) levels, and maintained the balance between antiangiogenic (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) and proangiogenic (placental growth factor) substances in the placenta. L-NAME-upregulated FGL1 expression was inhibited following overexpression of FoxO3a. In summary, FoxO3a reduction is a potential pathophysiological mechanism leading to upregulated placental FGL1 expression that may play a pivotal role in preventing PE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Hung Lee
- An-an Women and Children Clinic, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- College of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Yang Y, Zhai H, Wan Y, Wang X, Chen H, Dong L, Liu T, Dou G, Wu C, Yu M. Recombinant Human HPS Protects Mice and Nonhuman Primates from Acute Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12886. [PMID: 34884691 PMCID: PMC8657617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury shares a common feature of hepatocytes death, immune system disorders, and cellular stress. Hepassocin (HPS) is a hepatokine that has ability to promote hepatocytes proliferation and to protect rats from D-galactose (D-Gal)- or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury by stimulating hepatocytes proliferation and preventing the high mortality rate, hepatocyte death, and hepatic inflammation. In this paper, we generated a pharmaceutical-grade recombinant human HPS using mammalian cells expression system and evaluated the effects of HPS administration on the pathogenesis of acute liver injury in monkey and mice. In the model mice of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, HPS treatment significantly reduced hepatocyte death and inflammation response, and consequently attenuated the development of acute liver failure. In the model monkey of D-GalN-induced liver injury, HPS administration promoted hepatocytes proliferation, prevented hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidation stress, and resulted in amelioration of liver injury. Furthermore, the primary pharmacokinetic study showed natural HPS possesses favorable pharmacokinetics; the acute toxicity study indicated no significant changes in behavioral, clinical, or histopathological parameters of HPS-treated mice, implying the clinical potential of HPS. Our results suggest that exogenous HPS has protective effects on acute liver injury in both mice and monkeys. HPS or HPS analogues and mimetics may provide novel drugs for the treatment of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huali Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (H.C.); (L.D.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (H.C.); (L.D.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, He Bei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (H.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Lihou Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (H.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Taoyun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (T.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Guifang Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (T.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Chutse Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (T.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (H.C.); (L.D.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, He Bei University, Baoding 071002, China
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19
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Qian W, Zhao M, Wang R, Li H. Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1): the next immune checkpoint target. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:147. [PMID: 34526102 PMCID: PMC8444356 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has achieved significant efficacy by blocking inhibitory pathways to release the function of T lymphocytes. In the clinic, anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have progressed to first-line monotherapies in certain tumor types. However, the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAbs is still limited due to toxic side effects and de novo or adaptive resistance. Moreover, other immune checkpoint target and biomarkers for therapeutic response prediction are still lacking; as a biomarker, the PD-L1 (CD274, B7-H1) expression level is not as accurate as required. Hence, it is necessary to seek more representative predictive molecules and potential target molecules for immune checkpoint therapy. Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) is a proliferation- and metabolism-related protein secreted by the liver. Multiple studies have confirmed that FGL1 is a newly emerging checkpoint ligand of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), emphasizing the potential of targeting FGL1/LAG3 as the next generation of immune checkpoint therapy. In this review, we summarize the substantial regulation mechanisms of FGL1 in physiological and pathological conditions, especially tumor epithelial to mesenchymal transition, immune escape and immune checkpoint blockade resistance, to provide insights for targeting FGL1 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qian
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, 110006, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian, 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjingbei Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, 110006, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian, 116001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjingbei Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Fibrinogen-Like Protein 1 Modulates Sorafenib Resistance in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105330. [PMID: 34069373 PMCID: PMC8158706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite liver cancer being the second-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, few systemic drugs have been approved. Sorafenib, the first FDA-approved systemic drug for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is limited by resistance. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Since fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1) is involved in HCC progression and upregulated after anticancer therapy, we investigated its role in regulating sorafenib resistance in HCC. FGL1 expression was assessed in six HCC cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, Hep3B, SNU387, SNU449, and SNU475) using western blotting. Correlations between FGL1 expression and sorafenib resistance were examined by cell viability, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays. FGL1 was knocked-down to confirm its effects on sorafenib resistance. FGL1 expression was higher in HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B cells than in SNU387, SNU449, and SNU475 cells; high FGL1-expressing HCC cells showed a lower IC50 and higher sensitivity to sorafenib. In Huh7 and Hep3B cells, FGL1 knockdown significantly increased colony formation by 61% (p = 0.0013) and 99% (p = 0.0002), respectively, compared to that in controls and abolished sorafenib-induced suppression of colony formation, possibly by modulating ERK and autophagy signals. Our findings demonstrate that sorafenib resistance mediated by FGL1 in HCC cells, suggesting FGL1 as a potential sorafenib-resistance biomarker and target for HCC therapy.
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21
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Zhang X, Zhu H, Zheng X, Jiao Y, Ning L, Zhou EM, Mu Y. A Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Swine Fibrinogen-Like Protein 1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670626. [PMID: 33968077 PMCID: PMC8102871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), a member of the fibrinogen family, is a specific hepatocyte mitogen. Recently, it has been reported that FGL1 is the main inhibitory ligand of lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3). Furthermore, the FGL1-LAG3 pathway has a synergistic effect with programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway and is regarded as a promising immunotherapeutic target. However, swine FGL1 (sFGL1) has not been characterized and its detection method is lacking. In the study, the sFGL1 gene was amplified from the liver tissue of swine and then inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector, pQE-30. The recombinant plasmid pQE30-sFGL1 was transformed into JM109 competent cells. The recombinant sFGL1 was induced expression by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and the purified sFGL1 was used as an antigen to produce mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb). After identification, a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for sensitive and specific detection of sFGL1 was developed. Swine FGL1 in samples was captured by anti‐sFGL1 mAb followed by detection with anti‐sFGL1 rabbit pAb and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The limit of detection of the developed sFLG1-DAS-ELISA is 35 pg/ml with recombinant sFLG1. Besides, it does not show cross‐reactivity with the control protein. Then serum samples of PRRSV-negative and -positive pigs were tested with the established DAS-ELISA and calculated according to the equation of y=0.0735x+0.0737. The results showed that PRRSV infection enhanced the serum FGL1 levels significantly. Our research provides a platform for the research on the functional roles of swine FGL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yunjie Jiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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22
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Yu J, Li J, Shen J, Du F, Wu X, Li M, Chen Y, Cho CH, Li X, Xiao Z, Zhao Y. The role of Fibrinogen-like proteins in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1079-1087. [PMID: 33867830 PMCID: PMC8040309 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-associated protein (FREP) family is a family of proteins with a fibrin domain at the carboxyl terminus. Recent investigations illustrated that two members of FREP family, fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2), play crucial roles in cancer by regulating the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumor cells, or regulating the functions of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, they are potential targets for medical intervention of tumor development. In this review, we discussed the structure, and the roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in tumors, especially the roles in regulating immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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23
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Nagdas SK, Wallace S, Eaford D, Baker R, Carr K, Raychoudhuri SS. Fibrinogen-related protein, FGL2, of hamster cauda epididymal fluid: Purification, kinetic analysis of its prothrombinase activity, and its role in segregation of nonviable spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:1206-1218. [PMID: 33216420 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the epididymal environment promotes the maturation and survival of spermatozoa, not all spermatozoa remain viable during passage through the epididymis. Does the epididymis has a protective mechanism(s) to segregate the viable sperm from defective spermatozoa? Previously, we identified 260/280 kDa oligomers (termed eFGL-Epididymal Fibrinogen-Like oligomer) are composed of two disulfide-linked subunits: a 64 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2) and a 33 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1). Our morphological studies demonstrated that the eFGL, secreted from the principal cells of the cauda epididymis, is polymerized into a death cocoon-like complex (DCF), masking defective luminal spermatozoa but, not the viable sperm population. In the present study, we purified FGL2 from hamster cauda epididymal fluid toward homogeneity and its prothrombinase catalytic activity was examined. Time-course conversion studies revealed that all prothrombin was converted to thrombin by purified hamster FGL2. Our biochemical studies demonstrate that FGL2 is a lipid-activated serine protease and functions as a lectin by binding specific carbohydrate residues. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that FGL2 of cauda epididymal fluid is ubiquitinated but not the FGL1. We propose that FGL2/FGL1 oligomers represent a novel and unique mechanism to shield the viable sperm population from degenerating spermatozoa contained within the tubule lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Nagdas
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shamar Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Don Eaford
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rashad Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ky'ara Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Materials Science, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samir S Raychoudhuri
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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24
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Wang J, Wei W, Tang Q, Lu L, Luo Z, Li W, Lu Y, Pu J. Oxysophocarpine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth and sensitizes the therapeutic blockade of anti-Lag-3 via reducing FGL1 expression. Cancer Med 2020; 9:7125-7136. [PMID: 32810392 PMCID: PMC7541159 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited effective treatments and ranks as the second most lethal tumor. Immunotherapy has brought great hope for HCC treatment. Oxysophocarpine is a bioactive alkaloid which poses various pharmacological functions including neuroprotective, anti‐virus, anti‐convulsant, and anti‐nociception. However, there is little systematic study of Oxysophocarpine against HCC and its underlying potential and mechanism combined with immunotherapy in HCC treatment remain poorly unknown. This study was aimed to investigate whether Oxysophocarpine can distinctly suppress HCC cells and sensitize the immunotherapy of CD8+ T cells against HCC. We used HepG2, Hepa1‐6, and primary CD8+ T cells to perform in vitro assays and Hepa1‐6 subcutaneous tumor to conduct in vivo assay. Oxysophocarpine inhibited the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of HepG2 and Hepa1‐6 cells, meanwhile suppressed the migration of HepG2 and Hepa1‐6 cells. Oxysophocarpine sensitized the Lag‐3 immunotherapy effect of CD8+ T cells against HCC in vivo and in vitro by decreasing Fibrinogen‐like protein 1 (FGL1) expression through downregulating IL‐6‐mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling, whereas Oxysophocarpine treatment had a little effect of CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity function against HCC with PD‐1, Tim‐3, or TIGIT blockade. Our studies provided preclinical basis for clinical application of Oxysophocarpine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Wang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Qianli Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.,Clinic Medicine Research Center of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Libai Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zongjiang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Wenchuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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25
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Sun C, Gao W, Liu J, Cheng H, Hao J. FGL1 regulates acquired resistance to Gefitinib by inhibiting apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Respir Res 2020; 21:210. [PMID: 32778129 PMCID: PMC7418324 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the role of fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) in regulating gefitinib resistance of PC9/GR non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The effect of different concentrations of gefitinib on cell proliferation were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. FGL1 expression in the normal human bronchial epithelial cell line Beas-2B, as well as four lung tumor cell lines, H1975, A549, PC9, and PC9/GR, was investigated by using western blotting and qRT-PCR. FGL1 was knocked down using small interfering RNA to evaluate the effects of FGL1 on PC9 and PC9/GR. The correlation between FGL1 expression and gefitinib resistance was determined in vitro via CCK-8 and colony formation assays, and flow cytometry and in vivo via flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results FGL1 expression was significantly upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer cells with EGFR mutation and higher in the gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell line PC9/GR than in the gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC cell line PC9. Further, FGL1 expression in PC9 and PC9/GR cells increased in response to gefitinib treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of FGL1 suppressed cell viability, reduced the gefitinib IC50 value, and enhanced apoptosis in PC9 and PC9/GR cells upon gefitinib treatment. Mouse xenograft experiments showed that FGL1 knockdown in PC9/GR tumor cells enhanced the inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing actions of gefitinib. The potential mechanism of gefitinib in inducing apoptosis of PC9/GR cells involves inhibition of PARP1 and caspase 3 expression via suppression of FGL1. Conclusions FGL1 confers gefitinib resistance in the NSCLC cell line PC9/GR by regulating the PARP1/caspase 3 pathway. Hence, FGL1 is a potential therapeutic target to improve the treatment response of NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilan Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jiatao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jiqing Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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26
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Bie F, Wang G, Qu X, Wang Y, Huang C, Wang Y, Du J. Loss of FGL1 induces epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:697-707. [PMID: 31322182 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase b1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor, and the inactivated mutation frequency of LKB1 in lung adenocarcinoma is ~20%. The present study aimed to explore potential novel biomarkers in LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Gene expression data from lung adenocarcinoma patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases. R software was used to analyze the gene expression profiles. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were used to examine gene expression and function. Gene function was further explored via gene set enrichment analysis. A colony formation assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation. A wound‑healing assay and immunofluorescence analysis were used to evaluate cell migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), respectively. Wound healing assay, immunofluorescence, western blot, RT‑qPCR and IHC results for EMT‑associated markers demonstrated that a loss of fibrinogen‑like 1 (FGL1) induced EMT in LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma. RT‑qPCR and IHC analyses of angiogenesis‑related markers revealed that loss of FGL1 promoted angiogenesis in LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Overall, the present results demonstrated that loss of FGL1 induced EMT and angiogenesis in LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma. FGL1 may be a novel biomarker to indicate EMT and angiogenesis in patients with LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglong Bie
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Qu
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Huang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Du
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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27
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Desaulniers D, Khan N, Cummings-Lorbetskie C, Leingartner K, Xiao GH, Williams A, Yauk CL. Effects of cross-fostering and developmental exposure to mixtures of environmental contaminants on hepatic gene expression in prepubertal 21 days old and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:1-27. [PMID: 30744511 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1542360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The notion that adverse health effects produced by exposure to environmental contaminants (EC) may be modulated by the presence of non-chemical stressors is gaining attention. Previously, our lab demonstrated that cross-fostering (adoption of a litter at birth) acted as a non-chemical stressor that amplified the influence of developmental exposure to EC on the glucocorticoid stress-response in adult rats. Using liver from the same rats, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether cross-fostering might also modulate EC-induced alterations in hepatic gene expression profiles. During pregnancy and nursing, Sprague-Dawley dams were fed cookies laced with corn oil (control, C) or a chemical mixture (M) composed of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides (OCP), and methylmercury (MeHg), at 1 mg/kg/day. This mixture simulated the contaminant profile reported in maternal human blood. At birth, some control and M treated litters were cross-fostered to form two additional groups with different biological/nursing mothers (CC and MM). The hepatic transcriptome was analyzed by DNA microarray in male offspring at postnatal days 21 and 78-86. Mixture exposure altered the expression of detoxification and energy metabolism genes in both age groups, but with different sets of genes affected at day 21 and 78-86. Cross-fostering modulated the effects of M on gene expression pattern (MM vs M), as well as expression of energy metabolism genes between control groups (CC vs C). In conclusion, while describing short and long-term effects of developmental exposure to EC on hepatic transcriptomes, these cross-fostering results further support the consideration of non-chemical stressors in EC risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Desaulniers
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - N Khan
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - C Cummings-Lorbetskie
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - K Leingartner
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - G-H Xiao
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - A Williams
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - C L Yauk
- a Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Zhang Y, Qiao HX, Zhou YT, Hong L, Chen JH. Fibrinogen‑like‑protein 1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1465-1472. [PMID: 29845203 PMCID: PMC6072172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective role of fibrinogen-like-protein 1 (FGL1) in liver injury has been reported previously. However, there are few studies on FGL1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, and the role of FGL1 in GC remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between FGL1 expression and prognosis in GC patients. Data was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and 50 pairs of GC tissues and the corresponding non-tumor tissues were collected between 2008 to 2011. Furthermore, FGL1 expression was silenced in order to explore its role in SGC-7901 cell proliferation, invasion and migration using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, Transwell invasion and migration assays, respectively. Finally, whether FGL1 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation in SGC-7901 cells was determined by western blotting. The results revealed that FGL1 expression was upregulated in GC tissues, and the overall survival time of GC patients with high FGL1 expression levels was markedly shorter than that of GC patients with low FGL1 expression levels (P=0.005). In addition, silencing FGL1 significantly inhibited SGC-7901 cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro. Finally, western blot analyses indicated that knockdown of FGL1 markedly increased E-cadherin expression levels (P<0.01), and significantly decreased N-cadherin (P<0.01) and vimentin expression levels (P<0.01), thereby suggesting that FGL1 may promote EMT. These results indicated that FGL1 has the potential to be a predictor in GC patients as well as a target for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xia Qiao
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Xi'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Tao Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Fujian Province Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Province Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Hui Chen
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Fujian Province Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
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